transparency international corruption perception index 2008 transparency international-estonia
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Transparency International Corruption Perception Index
2008
Transparency International-Estonia
Corruption Perception Index(CPI)
• Transparency International (international anti-corruption organisation) has been analysing the corruption perception since 1995.
• In Estonia corruption perception has been analysed since 1998.
• Today, on the 23rd of September CPI of 2008 is launched globally and simultaneously by local chapters of Transparency International.
Corruption Perception Index(CPI)
• Estonia’s index improved by 0.1 grade and position by one rank.
• 2008 – score 6,6, 27th position
• In comparison: 2007 – score 6,5, 28th position
• 2008 – 180 countries
• 2007 – 180 countries
What is CPI 2008?
• Measures the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians.
• Draws on 13 different polls and surveys from 11 independent institutions carried out among experienced observers, such as business people and country analysts, including local experts.
Objectives
• Measure the level of corruption in public sector by experienced observers, researchers (business people, academic persons, risk analysts).
• To enhance comparative understanding of levels of corruption.
• To offer a snapshot of the views of experts who influence trade and investment.
• To stimulate scientific research and complementary diagnostic analysis on causes and consequences of corruption, both at international and national level.
• To create public awareness of corruption – and create a climate for change.
Methodology
• CPI is regularly conducted survey of surveys
• Broad definition of corruption – use of public power for private benefits.
- Minimum of 3 surveys per country
- CPI 2008 consists of 2 previous years (-2005 3 years)
• Country scores on a scale from 10 (very clean) to 0 (very corrupt).
• A composite index - different sampling and varying methodologies.
What is taken into account?• Focused on perception not hard data(difficult to access and
questionable value – is it possible to compare condemnatory judgements, cases, publications etc.).
• Is considered:
• Bribery of civil servants;
• Drawbacks or hinders in public procurement ;
• Embezzlement of public appliances;
• Existence of anti-corruption policies and strategies and studies concerning their functioning;
Includes as well as administrative and political corruption.
Year to year comparison
• CPI gives a hint for the business people and different analysts, not so much focusing on the time-series trends.
• Score matters more than rank.
Sources 2008
All the sources estimate the level of corruption in public sector
• ADB: Country Performance Assessment Ratings by the ADB • AFDB: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment by the AFDB• BTI: Bertelsmann Transformation Index (Estonia 2007)• CPIA: Country Policy and Institutional Assessment by the IDA and IBRD• EIU: Economist Intelligence Unit (Estonia 2008)• FH: Freedom House, Nations in Transit (Estonia 2008)• GI: Global Insights (formerly World Markets Research Centre) (Estonia
2008)• IMD: World Competitiveness Report of the Institute for Management
Development (Estonia 2007, 2008)• MIG: Merchant International Group (Estonia 2007)• PERC: Political and Economic Risk Consultancy, Hong Kong• WEF: Global Competitiveness Report of the World Economic Forum
(Estonia 2007)
CPI challenges
• Composite methodology can result in misinterpretation
- Only the countries with sufficient information are analysed
- Endeavours of the countries to fight corruption is not measured
- inclusion of information of 2-3 years instead of one
• Political sensitivity of CPI
- Accusation that fingers are pointed at developing countries.
- Ignores the actions taken in the countries to fight corruption
What is CPI good for?
• promote public debates
• Provide an incentive to conduct complementary local diagnostics
• Create worldwide media coverage (raise awareness and draw attention)
• Drive demand for change, as a powerful advocacy tool
• Brand-identify TI globally
CPI 2008 RankingCountries perceived as being least corrupt
Follow:Finland, Switserland, Iceland, Nederlands, Australia, Canada, Luxembourg, Austria, Hong Kong, Germany, Norway, Ireland, United Kingdom, Belgium, Japan, USA, Saint Lucia, Barbados, Chile, France, Uruguay, Slovenia, Estonia
Rank Country Score Surveys used
1 Denmark 9.3 6
New Zealand 9.3 6
Sweden 9.3 6
4 Singapore 9.2 9
Rank Country Index 1. Denmark 9,3
1. Sweden 9,34. Finland 9,07. Nederlands 8,911. Luxembourg 8,312. Austria 8,114. Germany 8,116. Ireland 7,716. United Kingdom 7,718. Belgium 7,323. France 6,926. Slovenia 6,727. Estonia 6,628. Spain 6,531. Cyprus 6,432. Portugal 6,136. Malta 5,845. Czech Republic 5,247. Hungary 5,152. Slovakia 5,052. Latvia 5,055. Italy 4,857. Greece 4,758. Lithuania 4,658. Poland 4,670. Rumenia 3,872. Bulgaria 3,6
CPI-riikide järjestus 1- 31
1 Denmark 9,3 6 0,2
1 New Zealand 9,3 6 0,2
1 Sweden 9,3 6 0,1
4 Singapore 9,2 9 0,3
5 Finland 9,0 6 0,8
5 Switzerland 9,0 6 0,4
7 Iceland 5 0,9
7 Netherlands 8,9 6 0,5
9 Australia 8,7 8 0,7
9 Canada 8,7 6 0,5
11 Luxembourg 8,3 6 0,8
12 Austria 8,1 6 0,8
12 Hong Kong 8,1 8 1,0
14 Germany 7,9 6 0,6
14 Norway 7,9 6 0,6
16 Ireland 7,7 6 0,3
16 United Kingdom 7,7 6 0,7
18 Belgium 7,3 6
18 Japan 7,3 8
18 USA 7,3 8
21 Saint Lucia 7,1 3
22 Barbados 7,0 4
23 Chile 6,9 7
23 France 6,9 6
23 Uruguay 6,9 5
26 Slovenia 6,7 8
27 Estonia 6,6 8
28 Qatar 6,5 4
28Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines 6,5 3
28 Spain 6,5 6
31 Cyprus 6,4 3
CPI-riikide järjestus 32- 7032 Portugal 6,1 6
33 Dominica 6,0 3
33 Israel 6,0 6
35 United Arab Emirates 5,9 5
36 Botswana 5,8 6
36 Malta 5,8 4
36 Puerto Rico 5,8 4
39 Taiwan 5,7 9
40 South Korea 5,6 9
41 Mauritius 5,5 5
41 Oman 5,5 5
43 Bahrain 5,4 5
43 Macao 5,4 4
45 Bhutan 5,2 5
45 Czech Republic 5,2 8
47 Cape Verde 5,1 3
47 Costa Rica 5,1 5
47 Hungary 5,1 8
47 Jordan 5,1 7
47 Malaysia 5,1 9
52 Latvia 5,0 6
52 Slovakia 5,0 8
54 South Africa 4,9 8
55 Italy 4,8 6
55 Seychelles 4,8 4
57 Greece 4,7 6
58 Lithuania 4,6 8
58 Poland 4,6 8
58 Turkey 4,6 7
61 Namibia 4,5 6
62 Croatia 4,4 8
62 Samoa 4,4 3
62 Tunisia 4,4 6
65 Cuba 4,3 4
65 Kuwait 4,3 5
67 El Salvador 3,9 5
67 Georgia 3,9 7
67 Ghana 3,9 6
70 Colombia 3,8 7
70 Romania 3,8 8
CPI- riikide järjestus 72- 10272 Bulgaria 3,6 8
72 China 3,6 9
72 FYR Macedonia 3,6 6
72 Mexico 3,6 7
72 Peru 3,6 6
72 Suriname 3,6 4
72 Swaziland 3,6 4
72 Trinidad and Tobago 3,6 4
80 Brazil 3,5 7
80 Burkina Faso 3,5 7
80 Morocco 3,5 6
80 Saudi Arabia 3,5 5
80 Thailand 3,5 9
85 Albania 3,4 5
85 India 3,4 10
85 Madagascar 3,4 7
85 Montenegro 3,4 5
85 Panama 3,4 5
85 Senegal 3,4 7
85 Serbia 3,4 6
92 Algeria 3,2 6
92Bosnia and
Herzegovina 3,2 7
92 Lesotho 3,2 5
92 Sri Lanka 3,2 7
96 Benin 3,1 6
96 Gabon 3,1 4
96 Guatemala 3,1 5
96 Jamaica 3,1 5
96 Kiribati 3,1 3
96 Mali 3,1 6
102 Bolivia 3,0 6
102 Djibouti 3,0 4
102 Dominican Republic 3,0 5
102 Lebanon 3,0 4
102 Mongolia 3,0 7
102 Rwanda 3,0 5
102 Tanzania 3,0 7
CPI-riikide järjestus 109- 145109 Argentina 2,9 7
109 Armenia 2,9 7
109 Belize 2,9 3
109 Moldova 2,9 7
109 Solomon Islands 2,9 3
109 Vanuatu 2,9 3
115 Egypt 2,8 6
115 Malawi 2,8 6
115 Maldives 2,8 4
115 Mauritania 2,8 7
115 Niger 2,8 6
115 Zambia 2,8 7
121 Nepal 2,7 6
121 Nigeria 2,7 7
121Sao Tome and
Principe 2,7 3
121 Togo 2,7 6
121 Viet Nam 2,7 9
126 Eritrea 2,6 5
126 Ethiopia 2,6 7
126 Guyana 2,6 4
126 Honduras 2,6 6
126 Indonesia 2,6 10
126 Libya 2,6 5
126 Mozambique 2,6 7
126 Uganda 2,6 7
134 Comoros 2,5 3
134 Nicaragua 2,5 6
134 Pakistan 2,5 7
134 Ukraine 2,5 8
138 Liberia 2,4 4
138 Paraguay 2,4 5
138 Tonga 2,4 3
141 Cameroon 2,3 7
141 Iran 2,3 4
141 Philippines 2,3 9
141 Yemen 2,3 5
145 Kazakhstan 2,2 6
145 Timor-Leste 2,2 4
CPI-riikide järjestus 147-166147 Bangladesh 2,1 7
147 Kenya 2,1 7
147 Russia 2,1 8
147 Syria 2,1 5
151 Belarus 2,0 5
151Central African
Republic 2,0 5
151 Côte d´Ivoire 2,0 6
151 Ecuador 2,0 5
151 Laos 2,0 6
151 Papua New Guinea 2,0 6
151 Tajikistan 2,0 8
158 Angola 1,9 6
158 Azerbaijan 1,9 8
158 Burundi 1,9 6
158 Congo, Republic 1,9 6
158 Gambia 1,9 5
158 Guinea-Bissau 1,9 3
158 Sierra Leone 1,9 5
158 Venezuela 1,9 7
166 Cambodia 1,8 7
166 Kyrgyzstan 1,8 7
166 Turkmenistan 1,8 5
166 Uzbekistan 1,8 8
166 Zimbabwe 1,8 7
CPI –riikide järjestus 171- 180
171 Congo, Democratic Republic 1,7 6
171 Equatorial Guinea 1,7 4
173 Chad 1,6 6
173 Guinea 1,6 6
173 Sudan 1,6 6
176 Afghanistan 1,5 4
177 Haiti 1,4 4
178 Iraq 1,3 4
178 Myanmar 1,3 4
180 Somalia 1,0 4
CPI 2008 Ranking
Countries perceived as being most corrupt
Rank Country Score Surveys used
177 Haiti 1.4 4
178 Iraq 1.3 4
Myanmar 1.3 4
180 Somalia 1.0 4
Interesting:
Ranking Country Index
• 109 (117) Moldova 2,9 (2,8) • 67 (79) Georgia 3,9 (3,4)
• 134 (118) Ukraine 2,5 (2.7)
• 147 (143 ) Russia 2,1 (2,3)
• 151 (150) Belorussia 2,0 (2.1)
Estonia in CPI tabel 1998 - 2007
Year Countries Ranking Index Sources
1998 85 26 5,7 3
1999 99 27 5,7 7
2000 90 27 5,7 4
2001 91 28 5,6 5
2002 102 29-30 5,6 8
2003 133 33-34 5,4 12
2004 146 31-33 6,0 12
2005 158 27 6,4 11
2006 163 24-25 6,7 8 (2a)
2007 180 28 6,5 8 (2a)
2008 180 27 6.6 8 (2a)
Possible influence on Estonia’s CPI
Positive:
• Adoption of new anti-corruption strategy for the years 2008-2012
• Active investigation of corruption by law machinery
• Raise in general corruption awareness
Negative:
• Disclosure of new corruption impeachments
• Insufficient control over local governments and public procurement
• Insufficient supervision over party financing
