transportation and climate change : information …franceintheus.org › img › pdf ›...

www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr

French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy

TRANSPORTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE :Information and adaptation measures implemented in France

Pascal ChambonHead of Research and Prospective Studies Division

Gilles CroquetteAndré LeuxeBenjamin Collin General Directorate for Infrastructures, Transport and the Sea

16th January 2013 – World Bank

16/01/2013 2

Transportation and Climate Change

1 – Mitigation measure :

Information about CO2 emissions from transport

2 – Adaptation measure :

National climate change adaptation plan 2011-2015,

Infrastucture and transport measures

16/01/2013 3


From October 1st 2013 :

Public or private persons organising or selling a transport service, departing from, or arriving to a location in France, will have to inform the beneficiary of the transport on the quantity of CO2 emitted by the means of transport used

Goals :

- Make citizens and companies aware of the carbon footprint of the transport service they use

- Promote transport that produces the least amount of CO2 … and finally reduce emissions !

16/01/2013 4

Transport GHG Emissions in France Transport GHG emissions in France : 133 MteqCO2 in 2011

(international transport not included)

27 % of total GHG emissions in France, first economic sector in terms of GHG emissions

A steady growth between 1990 and 2005, slightly decreasing now

Source : French Climate Action Plan, 2011

16/01/2013 5

A Major Issue for The Reduction of GHG Emissions

The share of transport in total emissions is going to increase

Evolution scheduledin a business as usual(BAU) scenariowithout newpolitical measure

16/01/2013 6

Targets for GHG Emissions IPCC : A worldwide reduction of 50 % to restrict global warming to 2°C

EU for 2020 : A reduction of 20 % (compared to 1990-level)

A reduction of 10 % is needed for non-ETS emissions (compared to 2005-level)

The target for non-ETS emissions (which include transport) in France is a reduction of 14 %

EU for 2050 :

A reduction of at least 80 % of GHG emissions (compared to 1990-level)

For the transport sector, the reduction needed has been evaluated to about 60%

National targets (defined at different times) :

2050 : a reduction of 75 % (factor 4) : For the transport sector, the reduction needed has been evaluated to about 65 %

2020 : Reduction of 20 % of GHG emissions in 2020

16/01/2013 7

Grenelle laws for environment (2009 - 2010)

For the transport sector : Reduction of 20 % of GHG emissions in 2020

Promotion of motorways of the sea and rail motorways

Construction of new high speed railway lines

Development of urban public transport (new dedicated lines)

For information on GHG emissions Information on the environmental impact of products

Information on GHG emissions of public entities (state activity and local authorities) and private companies

Information on CO2 emissions from transport services

National Specific Measures (France)

16/01/2013 8

Information about CO2 Emissions from transport services

Work initiated in 2008

Creation of an Observatory for energy and environment in transport

Review of existing methods for CO2 calculation in transport (eco-comparator, calculation on a voluntary basis)

The final version of the european standard has been published in january 2013

16/01/2013 9

Information on Transport Services CO2 Emissions – The French regulation

Article L. 1431-3 of the transport code

“ Public or private persons organising or selling a transport service for passengers, goods or moving purposes have to provide to the beneficiary of the transport service the quantity of carbon dioxide emitted by the means of transport used. »

The decree enforcing this article was published on the 25th of October 2011

The ministerial orders giving the details for the application of the decree were published in April 2012

16/01/2013 10

Information about CO2 Emissions from transport

Main characteristics

CO2 emissions only (CEN standard allows for all GHG emissions)

Information has to be given by every person or entity in charge of organizing or selling transport services

All modes of transport are concerned (aviation, maritime, road, rail, urban transport and inland waterways)

Trips taken into account : at least a departure or an arrival in France, the international part of the journey is also included

No exclusion for « small » services (packages deliveries, cabs)

All loaded and empty trips are taken into account

Mandatory information

16/01/2013 11

Scope of Emissions Processes included

Vehicles processes (tank-to-wheels)

Energy processes (well-to-tank)

For fuels : cultivation, refining, transformation, transport and distribution of energy

For electricity : extraction and transport of primary energy, transformation, power generation, losses in electricity grid

Processes not included Short term assistance to the vehicle for movement security reasons

(tugboats in harbor, aircraft tractors in airports, …)

Transhipments or cargo movement or passengers movement by external handling, transhipment or movement devices

Processes at the administrative level (operation of buildings, personnel movement, computer systems, …)

Vehicles construction, maintenance and scrapping ; transport infrastructures construction, service, maintenance and dismantling

16/01/2013 12

Methodology for Calculation

Identification of the different legs of the transport service

Leg : section of a route within which the cargo or the passenger is carried with a given vehicle

Calculation of CO2 emissions for each leg

Sum of the results for each leg

A CB Dtruck trucktrain

Leg 1 Leg 3Leg 2

16/01/2013 13

Emissions for a Leg: Measurement Unit The calculation is done for a given vehicle which can be

used to realize several transport services

For the calculation, a measurement unit has to be chosen for each prestation share assessment For passenger transport : passenger x kilometer, …

For freight transport : ton x kilometer, m3 x kilometer or kilometer, …

For mix transport (passenger and freight) : ton x kilometer (aviation), number of decks (maritime, ropax), …

A CB D20 ttruck

100 km 200 km 50 km

10 ttruck

30 ttruck

2 000 t.km + 6 000 t.km + 500 t.km = 8 500 t.km

30 t 10 t20 t

16/01/2013 14

Categories of Values

The following categories of values, given by order of preference, may be used :

Specific measured values

Transport operator vehicle-type or route-type specific values

Transport operator fleet values

Default values (for small companies or when data is not available)

16/01/2013 15

Methodology for Calculation

Main formula (which can be adapted) :

Kilometricconsumption

rate

Number ofkilometers for the service

x x

Number of unitstransported for

the service

Average numberof units transported

in the vehicle

x Emissionfactor

16/01/2013 16

An Order defines the reference values

Illustration : Emission factors (in kg CO2 by unit of energy source)

16/01/2013 17

An Order defines the reference values Illustration : Default values for road transport

Description (depending on the nature of vehicle and the type of transport provided) (1) indicating the source (s) of energies used (s)

Number of units carried in the transport means (2)

Consumption rate of the energy source of transport

means (in unit of measurement of the amount

of energy source per kilometer) (3)

Light-duty vehicle - 3.5 tonnes GVW (permitted gross vehicle weight) Express Diesel fuel

0.46 tonnes

0.160 litre / km

Straight truck - 19 tonnes GVW Express Diesel fuel

2.50 tonnes

0.270 litre / km

Articulated vehicle combination - 40 tonnes GCW (gross combination weight) Shipping service Diesel fuel

6.00 tonnes

0.342 litre / km

Articulated vehicle combination -40 tonnes GCW General cargo / Long-distance Diesel fuel

12.50 tonnes

0.342 litre / km

Straight truck - 45 cubic meters Removal Diesel fuel

15.80 cubic meters 0.270 litre / km

16/01/2013 18

Example Vehicle used :

Consumption rate : 0,34 litres per km

Quantification of units transported :

Mass (tons)

Average number of units transported in the vehicle :

15 tons (for a vehicle capacity of 25 tons)

Description of the service :

Distance : 400 km Transported units : 5 tons

Emission factor : 3.07 kgCO2 per litre (diesel) (data given in a ministerial order)

16/01/2013 19

Calculation

0.34 l / km x 400 km x x 3.07 kgCO 2 / l = 139 kg CO 25 t

15 t

Information given to the beneficiary

Values givenby order

Values specificto the company or

given by order

Values specific tothe service

A guideline is available since October 2012 with explanation on general rules and examples for diversified transport activities (34 examples)

16/01/2013 20

Communication of CO2 Information

CO2 emissions from well-to-wheels and possibly also from well-to-tank and tank-to-wheels

According to circumstances, information will have to be given before or after the fulfillment of the transport service

In some cases, a simplified communication will be possible : for example, for public transport (subway ticket without origin nor destination)

16/01/2013 21

Conclusions

Many experiences of CO2 information in the world but the fact that it is mandatory in France is a real innovation

Defining a unique methodology to calculate emissions enables making comparisons on a fair basis

European standards is a good thing but we need :

To be transparent with emission factors used in each country

To have a worldwide standard

In addition to CO2 information, many other applications may be developped to help the companies and the local authoriries to reduce their CO2 emissions from transport

16/01/2013 22

Transportation and Climate Change

1 – Mitigation measure :


2 – Adaptation measure :

National climate change adaptation plan 2011-2015,

Infrastucture and transport measures

The general part is taken from a communication made by Nicolas Beriot and Jean Jouzel at UN climate change conference in 2011

23

National Plan : preliminary facts

2001 : creation of a national observatory on climate change impacts, with mssions on adaptation

2006 : definition of a national adaptation strategy

2009 : a national economic assessment of climate change impacts in France pointed out costs and benefits

2009 : Law of August 3rd, 2009 (Grenelle 1), art. 42 : « a national adaptation plan to climate change will be realized before 2011 for major sectors »

24

National Plan : genesis Until november 2010 : a 10-month participatory

process involving all adaptation national stakeholders,

a local concertation

a citizen consultation (via internet)

November 23rd, 2010 : final roundtable

January 2011 : the French community of climate science released data and maps describing the state of the knowledge and climate indicators needed for adaptation planning

July 2011 : approval of the national plan

25

The concertation mechanism Adaptation : complex, socio-economic implications and

behavioral shift to anticipate => different stakeholders need to be involved into the decision-making process

Climate science => science-based scenarios need to be synthetized and communicated

A national concertation group with diverse stakeholders : elected representatives, trade unions & employers, state-administration, civil society (NGOs), scientists :

Build a common understanding of adaptation issue : information, reference scenarios, capacity building

Build common recommendations : transparency and consensus Build mutual trust : Government commited itself in implementing

each recommendation that could find a consensus position

26

Results of the concertation

More than 200 recommandations adopted at the national level

Local level consultation : critical analysis & new proposals… and awareness raising about the future local adaptation actions

Citizen consultation : strong interest in climate change issues and broad support to the outputs of the process

In November 2010, 211 recommendations were reported to the Minister

27

National Plan : content Translating recommendations into concrete mesures

was carried out through public expertise and cross-ministerial coordination

80 actions declined in 230 concrete measures have been designed for implementation between 2011 and 2015

20 domains are covered :CROSS-CUTTING ACTIONS, HEALTH, WATER RESOURCES, BIODIVERSITY, NATURAL HAZARDS, AGRICULTURE, FOREST, FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE, ENERGY AND INDUSTRY, INFRASTRUCTURES AND TRANSPORT SYSTEMS, URBAN PLANNING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT, TOURISM, INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND TRAINING, RESEARCH, FUNDING AND INSURANCE, COASTLINE, MOUNTAIN, EUROPEAN and INTERNATIONAL ACTION, GOVERNANCE

28

Actions for infrastructures

Transportation part- action 1 : Technical documents evaluation

In the « Transportation » part of the plan : 4 actions

But also in other parts of the plan :

Research

Urbanism

Natural hazards

Insurance and Finance

Governance

29

Data and scenarios used Simulations based on 2 greenhouse gas emission

scenarios (IPCC Fourth Assessment Report) :

scenario B2, which is quite optimistic

scenario A2, which is quite pessimistic

19 climate indices (climate averages and extremes) were established : temperature, precipitation, soil moisture and extreme winds).

presented separately by reference period : 1980-1999 or 1970-1999, horizons of 2030, 2050 and 2100 respectively

Significant data for :

Temperatures

Precipitation

Rising sea levels

Watercourse flow in continental France

30

Climatic scenarios Reminder : hypothesis and scenarios from IPCC (2007)

Figures show , without specific climate policies and for different scenarios :

2000-2100 evolution of the world GHG emissions

The previsions of surface temperature

31

Evolution of world temperatures and sea level by 2100

The uncertainty magnitude is triggered by both uncertainties in climate modeling and in anthropic GHG emissions.

French further work was conducted using scenarios A2 and B2.

32

Modeling of the average daily temperatures in summer, and discrepancy between modeled and reference scenarios.

Units : °C

Models : Arpege-climat (by MeteoFrance) and LMDZ (by a group of French climat modeling labs)

Data used

33

Last results Average temperature elevation in France (Arpege MeteoFrance

model), between 2000 and 2100 :

● Scenario B2 (low GHG emissions) : +2 to +2.5°C

● Scenario A2 (high GHG emissions) : +3 to +3.5°C

Average Earth temperature elevation by 2100 : +1.1 to + 6.4°C

Average sea level elevation (cm) :

Hypothèse 2030 2050 2100

Optimiste B2 10 17 40

Pessimiste A2 14 25 60

Extrême 22 41 100

34

Main results from national concertation about transportation

Impacts strongly depend on territories and activities :

Climate change affect each territory differently

Social inequalities

Need for knowledge and infomation

Adaptation requires organization (resistance and resiliency)

The State must define reference values for climate change and scenarios

Debates are needed to decide if the support must be individual or collective (state organized, insurance, local authorities, companies)

Definition of acceptable risk => responsibility

New governance methods might be used to diagnose and to elaborate adaptation strategies

35

Main outcomes for infrastructures Defining climate reference scenarios and account for extremes

events

Review and update technical handbooks about conception, exploitation, maintenance, safety having regard to these scenarios

Strenghten the scientific research on materials and structures behavior, for better resistance and resiliency

Prospective studies about links between climate change and mobility behaviors

Fine cartography of risks (waves, sea flooding, protective structures, natural specificities, coastal erosion)

Review and update crisis management tools

Review diagnosing methods, and diagnose protective structures

Training professionnals, and informing users

36


In the « Transportation » part of the plan : 4 actions

But also in other parts of the plan :

Research

Urbanism

Natural hazards

Insurance and Finance

Governance

37


Transportation part- action 1 : Technical documents evaluation

All domains : structures, foundation, roads, facilities, embankment, landing runways,

All documents : Eurocodes, French regulation

3 main steps :● Inventory technical documentation, and find where

climate conditions have an impact● The State gives the climatic information (values)● Propose and review modifications of the documents

38

Transportation part- action 2 : Study the impact of climate change on transportation needs, and how to reorient services supply :

Interurban level : economic activities and tourism planning

Urban level : study links between urban planning and transportation

Civil Aviation : follow up the ICAO air trafic evolution studies

Freight : study the evolution of economic activities implantation, and freight corridors


39

Transportation part- action 3: harmonize infrastructure and services vulnerability diagnosis methodologies :

General methodology, dealing with transportation networks

Adaptation to signular points (bridges, ports …)

Guidelines to be used by local authorities, infrastructures exploiting companies, service providers


40

Transportation part- action 3 : take stock of infrastrucutres and services vulnerability ; prepare progressive strategies at both national and local scale :

Vulnerability studies of all transportation systems, paying attention to territories with few high capacity infrastructures,

Animate an expert network, to foster dissemination and methodological support to local authorities and companies

The Scientific and Technical network of the ministry can provide competence and workforce


41

Transportation part- action 4 : prepare adaptation strategies for coastal floodplains :

Infrastructure moving ? Vulnerability diagnosis, socio-economic studies

Infrastructure adaptation ? Protective devices and structures

Always preserving users safety, and access to ports and airports, to keep economic activities and territories attractivity

What about temporary submersion ? ● Need for watching and alert services● Bypass routes (more time, more safety)● Post-submersion inspections● Resiliency concerns


42

Research part- action 3 : develop thematic researches :

Study materials and stuctures behavior with new or thougher sollicitations (temperatures, wind, waves, trafic..). The reflection includes vehicles, vessels, safety devices, port facilities..

Accounting for the quality of service and use value

Urbanism part- action 1 : taking climate change into account in urbanism and planning documents :

Grenelle 2 Law enforces climate-energy plans for metropolitan areas (>50,000 inhabitants), accounting for risks and climate change in the local urbanism plans.

Fight against heatwaves in cities, « Ecoquartier 2012 » certification


43

Natural risks part – action 3 : develop knowledge (risks, stakes, methods) in sensitive zones

Extreme seafloods and impact evaluation

Ground-sliding-stricken areas

Hydrographic inland floods (modeling, cartography including climate change)

Hurricanes and avalanches better comprehension (trajectory, duration, frequency..)

Data collection


44

Finance and Insurance part – action 1 : update handbooks and regulation dealing with sustainable development :

Take climate change into account while evaluating plans, programs and infrastructure projects

Cost-benefits evaluation of adaptation actions (the World Bank and and the UN have evaluated from 1 to 6 billion dollars per year the adaptation cost in France, although further studies are needed to have a more reliable estimation). France only have some sectorial studies, but they are partial

Governance part – action 1 : support local climate change adaptation strategies :

Provide coherence between the several local climate-energy plans


45

French coastal infrastructures potential vulnerability

From a study « Vulnerability of the national territory to sea risks »by CETMEF, CETE Ouest and CETE Mediterranee

National (continental) total length (km) of infrastructures in «low zones»

Not taking into account the existing protectives structures (dams..). Calculation done with reference to the present 100-year flood sea levels (labeled L100).

L100-1m L100 L100+1mHighways 160 301 355

% of national network 1.3% 2.5% 2.9%

National Roads 79 148 198% of national network 0.7% 1.3% 1.7%

Departmental roads 2074 3314 4338% of national network 1.12% 1.3% 1.7%

Local roads 7032 11559 15522% of national network 1.12% 1.84% 1.1%

Railways 812 1482 1967% of national network 2.6% 4.8% 6.3%

46

This study expresses the vulnerability in percentage of network, depending on the elevation of the sea level for roads and railroads. Regional differences can be caused by the extent of « low zones », or the variation in the infrastructure densities.


CORSE

PROVENCE-ALPES-COTE D'AZUR

LANGUEDOC-ROUSSILLON

AQUITAINE

POITOU-CHARENTES

PAYS DE LA LOIRE

BRETAGNE

BASSE-NORMANDIE

HAUTE-NORMANDIE

PICARDIE

NORD PAS-DE-CALAIS

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

niveaux centennaux + 1mniveaux centennaux niveaux centennaux – 1m

Length (km) of transportation infrastructures located in « low zones », for each region.

Source : CETMEF study

47

Economic stakes :

● Added value of the transportation sector : 4.2% of GDP● Investments for infrastructures production : 0.6% of GDP● Value of national road network (2008) : 121 G€ for 13,000

km● Cost to maintain the national network (2008) : 3 G€ (0.25

M€ / km) ● These data are not directly usable for local network, since

it has not the same characteristics and it is more extended

A regional stake example in South-West, for permanent submersion:


48

Tentative cost estimate of the impact on French coastal roads First estimate of state financial risks linked with sea level elevation :

L100= 100-year flood level

Average cost of roads : 10 M€ / km ( ~21M$ / mi)

Other aspects must be accounted for...

Under L100 - 1m Between L100 - 1m and L100

Between L100 and L100 + 1m

Highways 160 km(~1600 M€)

141 km(~1410 M€)

54 km(~540 M€)

National roads

79 km(~790 M€)

69 km(~690 M€)

50 km(~500 M€)

49

Extreme events : are we adapted to present meteo variability ?

Quick floods :

Consequences for passengers ? People? Economic activity ?

Who will insure these risks ? How are the responsibilities shared? Must construction norms be revised ?

Xynthia storm at La Rochelle (2010).

Source : SNCF

50

« low zones » in Charente-Maritime and Gironde


Need for a high-resolution mapping (quick floods / long term floods ; protection/ withdrawing strategies)

51

Need for mid-term modelingNeed for mid-term modeling

August 2003 (drought) : closed-to-navigation waterwaysreduced traffic waterways reduced traffic waterways

Railways deformations : train Railways deformations : train circulation not possible for 3 circulation not possible for 3 weeksweeks


www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr

French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy

Thank you for listening !

Any Questions ?

Contact :[email protected]

Diapo 1Diapo 2Diapo 3Diapo 4Diapo 5Diapo 6Diapo 7Diapo 8Diapo 9Diapo 10Diapo 11Diapo 12Diapo 13Diapo 14Diapo 15Diapo 16Diapo 17Diapo 18Diapo 19Diapo 20Diapo 21Diapo 22Diapo 23Diapo 24Diapo 25Diapo 26Diapo 27Diapo 28Diapo 29Diapo 30Diapo 31Diapo 32Diapo 33Diapo 34Diapo 35Diapo 36Diapo 37Diapo 38Diapo 39Diapo 40Diapo 41Diapo 42Diapo 43Diapo 44Diapo 45Diapo 46Diapo 47Diapo 48Diapo 49Diapo 50Diapo 51Diapo 52

transportation and climate change : information …franceintheus.org › img › pdf ›...

Documents