TRANSPORTATION OF TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIRDANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR

LEARNING FROM THE MISFORTUNESLEARNING FROM THE MISFORTUNESOF OTHERSOF OTHERS

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

• To give a brief overview of the requirements for the To give a brief overview of the requirements for the transport of dangerous goods by airtransport of dangerous goods by air• To identify deficiencies in the supply chain that could To identify deficiencies in the supply chain that could

lead to serious accidents/incidentslead to serious accidents/incidents• To demonstrate the challenges facing industry in To demonstrate the challenges facing industry in

ensuring compliance with the regulationsensuring compliance with the regulations

DEFINITION OF DANGEROUS GOODSDEFINITION OF DANGEROUS GOODS

Dangerous Goods are articles or substances which are capable of posing a risk to health, safety, property or the environment, and which are shown in the list of Dangerous Goods in the Dangerous Goods Regulations or which are classified according to these Regulations.

ENABLING LEGISLATION FOR THE SAFE ENABLING LEGISLATION FOR THE SAFE TRANSPORT BY AIR OF DANGEROUS TRANSPORT BY AIR OF DANGEROUS GOODSGOODS

• Annex 18 to the ConventionAnnex 18 to the Convention• Aviation Act No. 74 of 1962Aviation Act No. 74 of 1962• ICAO Technical InstructionsICAO Technical Instructions• ICAO Technical Instruction SupplementICAO Technical Instruction Supplement• Civil Aviation Regulations of 1997; Part 92Civil Aviation Regulations of 1997; Part 92• SA-CATS-DGSA-CATS-DG• ICAO Emergency Response Guidance for aircraft ICAO Emergency Response Guidance for aircraft

incidents involving dangerous goodsincidents involving dangerous goods• Part 141 Dangerous Goods TrainingPart 141 Dangerous Goods Training• IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations – used by IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations – used by

industry (mostly IATA Members) – contains all the industry (mostly IATA Members) – contains all the requirements in the ICAO Technical Standards requirements in the ICAO Technical Standards

USE OF THE ICAO TECHNICAL USE OF THE ICAO TECHNICAL INSTRUCTIONS and IATA DGR ManualINSTRUCTIONS and IATA DGR Manual

• Classify & identify proper shipping nameClassify & identify proper shipping name• Check if permitted on passenger/cargo aircraft or Check if permitted on passenger/cargo aircraft or

if forbiddenif forbidden• If forbidden, check if subject to exemptionIf forbidden, check if subject to exemption• Check quantity and packagingCheck quantity and packaging• Prepare consignment – mark/label/documentPrepare consignment – mark/label/document• Sign Transport Document and offer for transportSign Transport Document and offer for transport• State Variation RequirementsState Variation Requirements• Operator VariationsOperator Variations

LIMITATIONS OF DANGEROUS GOODS ON LIMITATIONS OF DANGEROUS GOODS ON AIRCRAFTAIRCRAFT

• Forbidden for air transport under any circumstancesForbidden for air transport under any circumstances- certain explosives- certain explosives- substances liable to produce dangerous evolution of - substances liable to produce dangerous evolution of heatheat• Forbidden for transport unless exempted by various Forbidden for transport unless exempted by various

States States • Acceptable for transport on both Passenger and Cargo Acceptable for transport on both Passenger and Cargo

AircraftAircraft• Forbidden for transport on a Passenger Aircraft,Forbidden for transport on a Passenger Aircraft,

but acceptable on Cargo Aircraft onlybut acceptable on Cargo Aircraft only

LEARNING FROM THE MISFORTUNES OF LEARNING FROM THE MISFORTUNES OF OTHERSOTHERSPROBABLE CAUSEPROBABLE CAUSE

•Valujet 592; Chemical Oxygen Generators• Pan American B-707; Onboard nitric acid fire•American Airlines DC-10; Chemical Oxygen

Generators• Fed-Ex DC-10; Flammable Liquids in Lab

Machine• Continental Airlines B-727; Safety Matches•DC-8 Freighter in Dallas; Carbon Dioxide fumes•American Airlines DC-9; Hydrogen Peroxide

CONTRIBUTING FACTORSCONTRIBUTING FACTORS

• Lack of trainingLack of training• NegligenceNegligence• Reluctance to declare correct contents - ShippersReluctance to declare correct contents - Shippers• Undeclared dangerous goodsUndeclared dangerous goods• Mis-declared dangerous goodsMis-declared dangerous goods• Lack of communicationLack of communication• Incorrect packagingIncorrect packaging

UNDECLARED/HIDDEN DANGEROUS UNDECLARED/HIDDEN DANGEROUS GOODS A MAJOR RISK TO THE SAFETY OF GOODS A MAJOR RISK TO THE SAFETY OF CIVIL AVIATIONCIVIL AVIATION

• Risk to the safety of passengers & crewRisk to the safety of passengers & crew• Risk of explosionRisk of explosion• Risk of smoke or fireRisk of smoke or fire• Risk of incapacitation of crew – toxic inhalationRisk of incapacitation of crew – toxic inhalation• Exposure to Ionizing RadiationExposure to Ionizing Radiation• Exposure to contaminated substances/liquidsExposure to contaminated substances/liquids• Risk to aircraft radiation contaminationRisk to aircraft radiation contamination• Incompatible dangerous goods - a tickingIncompatible dangerous goods - a ticking

time bombtime bomb

UNDECLARED DANGEROUS GOODSUNDECLARED DANGEROUS GOODS

ORIGINAL CONSIGNMENT OF ACIDSORIGINAL CONSIGNMENT OF ACIDS

UNDECLARED SULPHURIC AND UNDECLARED SULPHURIC AND HYDROCHLORIC ACIDHYDROCHLORIC ACID

CORROSION CAUSED BY ACID TOCORROSION CAUSED BY ACID TOPALLET BASEPALLET BASE

UNDECLARED FLAMMABLE PAINTUNDECLARED FLAMMABLE PAINT

UNDECLARED FLAMMABLE PAINTUNDECLARED FLAMMABLE PAINT

UNDECLARED COMPRESSED GASUNDECLARED COMPRESSED GAS

UNDECLARED SPILLABLE BATTERYUNDECLARED SPILLABLE BATTERY

UNDECLARED FLAMMABLES/AEROSOLSUNDECLARED FLAMMABLES/AEROSOLS

How Could They Have Been PreventedHow Could They Have Been Prevented

• Correct content declarationCorrect content declaration• Correct classificationCorrect classification• Adequately trained personnelAdequately trained personnel• Educated clientsEducated clients• Documented and packed as dangerous goodsDocumented and packed as dangerous goods• UN Specification packagingUN Specification packaging• Concerted effort by all to ensure an overallConcerted effort by all to ensure an overall

level of safety (Don’t buck the system)level of safety (Don’t buck the system)

SUPPLY CHAIN (AS STRONG AS ITS SUPPLY CHAIN (AS STRONG AS ITS WEAKEST LINK)WEAKEST LINK)

Road

FreightForwarder/

Agent

CARGOTERMINAL

CARRIER

Shipper/

CourierOrg.

Consolidator

PACKER

RailRail

SeaSea

SUPPLY CHAIN - GENERAL CONSIDERATIONSUPPLY CHAIN - GENERAL CONSIDERATION

• Communication - Instructions from shipper clear Communication - Instructions from shipper clear • Compliance with relevant regulationsCompliance with relevant regulations• Supply chain commercially driven – No shortcutsSupply chain commercially driven – No shortcuts• Packing - 99% of undeclared dangerous goods not packed Packing - 99% of undeclared dangerous goods not packed

in accordance with the regulationsin accordance with the regulations• Honesty/trust - Reluctance of Shippers to declare contentsHonesty/trust - Reluctance of Shippers to declare contents• Safety/security consciousness – do not compromise safety Safety/security consciousness – do not compromise safety • Know what you are shipping Know what you are shipping • Liability issues in Supply ChainLiability issues in Supply Chain• Dangerous goods packing organisations canDangerous goods packing organisations can

assistassist

SHIPPER’S RESPONSIBILITY GENERAL SHIPPER’S RESPONSIBILITY GENERAL REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS• Dangerous Goods not to be transported under any Dangerous Goods not to be transported under any

circumstancescircumstances• Identified/classifiedIdentified/classified• Packed – essential component/Valid Package Packed – essential component/Valid Package

Performance Test Certificate – expiry date of Performance Test Certificate – expiry date of packaging packaging • UN Specified PackagingUN Specified Packaging• Marked Marked • LabelledLabelled• Accompanied by a properly executed transport Accompanied by a properly executed transport

document (Shippers Declaration)document (Shippers Declaration)• Transport document to be signed by trainedTransport document to be signed by trained

personnelpersonnel

OPERATOR’S RESPONSIBILITYOPERATOR’S RESPONSIBILITY

• Acceptance ProceduresAcceptance Procedures• Storage and loadingStorage and loading• Inspection Inspection • Retention of recordsRetention of records• TrainingTraining• Provision of information, Including emergency Provision of information, Including emergency

response informationresponse information

DANGEROUS GOODS TRAININGDANGEROUS GOODS TRAINING

• Requirement of regulations – ICAO/CARS and Requirement of regulations – ICAO/CARS and IATA DGRIATA DGR• Job SpecificJob Specific• Different categories of trainingDifferent categories of trainingoShippers personnel involved in the preparation Shippers personnel involved in the preparation

of a dangerous goods shipment and contractorsof a dangerous goods shipment and contractorsoAir Operators personnel/aircrew/cabin Air Operators personnel/aircrew/cabin

crew/acceptance personnel/warehouse/driverscrew/acceptance personnel/warehouse/driversoRamp personnel/security screening personnelRamp personnel/security screening personneloFreight Forwarders/processing dangerous Freight Forwarders/processing dangerous

goodsgoods

• Training by a CAA accredited organisationTraining by a CAA accredited organisation

ENFORCEMENT BY THE APPROPRIATE ENFORCEMENT BY THE APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY (SACAA)AUTHORITY (SACAA)

• CAR 185 & Section 19 of the Aviation Act of 1962CAR 185 & Section 19 of the Aviation Act of 1962• Criminal charges - on conviction; fine or Criminal charges - on conviction; fine or

imprisonment or to both fine & imprisonmentimprisonment or to both fine & imprisonment• First Time Offender – if not serious - warningFirst Time Offender – if not serious - warning• Injury to persons or damage to property; SAPS Injury to persons or damage to property; SAPS

will consider findings before moving for possible will consider findings before moving for possible prosecutionprosecution• Safety/security is a co-operative ventureSafety/security is a co-operative venture

ROLE OF SHIPPERS IN TRANSPORTING ROLE OF SHIPPERS IN TRANSPORTING DANGEROUS GOODS BY AIRDANGEROUS GOODS BY AIR

• Transported in accordance with RegulationsTransported in accordance with Regulations• Overall level of safety maintained at all timesOverall level of safety maintained at all times• Security of dangerous goodsSecurity of dangerous goods• Personnel current in dangerous goods training Personnel current in dangerous goods training • Ongoing training Ongoing training • Educate clients &personnel about dangerous Educate clients &personnel about dangerous

goods goods • If a chemical is forbidden for transportation by If a chemical is forbidden for transportation by

Air check with CAA if Exemption is applicableAir check with CAA if Exemption is applicable

TODAY’S CHALLENGESTODAY’S CHALLENGES

•Multi-modal transport – stake holders acting in silos?Multi-modal transport – stake holders acting in silos?• Vision for the future – key role playersVision for the future – key role players• Fragmented regulationsFragmented regulations• Proper managementProper management• Identification of critical issuesIdentification of critical issues• International requirementsInternational requirements• Complexities in complianceComplexities in compliance• Harmonisation – A distant dream?Harmonisation – A distant dream?