IndustrializationDefinition- huge increase in the amount of machine made goods.

Inventions like these make mass production possible:

• -interchangeable parts- precisely made by machine (mass production) -cotton gin- makes cotton able to be used for cloth readily

• -weaving machines: flying shuttle, spinning jenny, spinning mule, etc… leads to:

• -factories- put all the equipment in one building

• -various forms of power: water wheel, steam engine, electricity

Transportation:Many different forms of transportation develop: -steam engine: boats= lots of canals, railroads

-better roads- made to drain better (large stones covered with crushed rock)

-internal combustion engine- Cars eventually

Economic effects:• -increased production, more jobs, more demand for raw materials

• -huge growth in worldwide trade

• -growth of banking and investment businesses (corporations and stocks)

• -wages increase, standard of living goes up (middle class grow, gains wealth)

Social effects:• -huge growth in population

• -overcrowded cities and city problems, trash, sewers, etc…

• -family problems/difficulties: both parents working outside the home, child labor

• -workers/labor taken advantage of; low wages, long hours

Political effects:-child labor laws to protect children

-trade and labor unions: strikes, influence laws, political parties

-Marxism, Socialism, Communism grow

Urbanization-Industrialization caused cities to grow

-London nearly 4x in 70 years, Glasgow almost 8x

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in England?1. -Natural resources: rivers for water power, coal, iron ore, harbors

2. -business investments and strong, growing economy, bank loans available

3. -demand for products was good

4. -stable government, no wars on British soil, military successes

5. -all “factors of production” land, labor and capital available

Germany

• -Politically divided until 1871. 39 separate states did their own thing economically in the "German Confederation." (see the map)

• -scattered resources hampered, pockets like Ruhr Valley (coal)

• -1835 started to copy British, sent people to learn, imported British equipment

• -most important development= built railroads

• -late 1800’s unified Germany was military and industrial power

Japan• -Emperor Meiji started ambitious program to develop industry in 1868

• -Gov’t financed textiles, coal mines, shipyards, cement factories

• -private investment was encouraged, companies like Mitsubishi developed

• -strong economy and military

Adam SmithSmith's famous book Wealth of Nations explains free market economy with no gov’t interference.

- Smith states that there are 3 laws that shape Capitalism or a free market economy. (Like in the US). The 3 Laws are:

1. law of self-interest- businessmen will produce what people want because it makes them profits

2. law of competition- greed is prevented by competition, someone else produces it better and cheaper. So, to be competitive each business must produce the product better and cheaper.

3. law of supply and demand- as people demand products, businesses will develop to meet the demand and competition will keep prices low

These ideas are the "basis of Capitalism." (factors of production privately owned and profits are made)

Karl Marx-Marx' famous book is called "The Communist Manifesto" -Basic ideas:

a. always a conflict between owners (bourgeoisie) and workers (proletariat)

b. owners always take advantage of workers (low wages, bad conditions)

c. workers will eventually revolt and take over businesses, share profits

d. workers seize control of the government in “dictatorship of the proletariat”/proletariat = workers

e. workers share so much no need for gov’t, wither away in pure communism

f. no private property, all means of production would be shared equally by all

World reform

• -Labor unions- workers join together to bargain through “strikes” etc.…

• -resisted by governments at first to protect business

• -later win higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions, child labor laws

• -led to more freedom to vote, influenced political parties, etc…

• -helped to end slavery, unfair competition…

• -helps to start free public education for all-(Horace Mann of Mass)

Women

• earned more than at home, but made 1/3 wage of men

• women’s rights groups were formed, conferences held

• helped bring end to slavery