transversal fracture of the sacrum: place of imaging
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TRANSVERSAL FRACTURE OF THE SACRUM: PLACE OF IMAGING. A ACHOUR, S JERBI OMEZZINE, Z KHADIMALLAH, M SAIDI, Z CHAEIB 1 , N SASSI 1 , HA HAMZA. Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospital Tahar Sfar , Mahdia , Tunisia - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
TRANSVERSAL FRACTURE OF THE SACRUM: PLACE OF IMAGING
A ACHOUR, S JERBI OMEZZINE, Z KHADIMALLAH, M SAIDI, Z CHAEIB1,
N SASSI1, HA HAMZA.
Department of Medical Imaging, University Hospital Tahar Sfar, Mahdia, Tunisia
1Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Tahar Sfar, Mahdia, Tunisia
MK2
Introduction
-Transverse sacral fractures (TSFs) are an uncommon type of
sacral fractures.
-They are classified as zone III sacral fractures.
-Sacral fractures are injuries that frequently are overlooked.
-They present diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas to the
clinicians who evaluate trauma patients.
-Between 40% and 50% of sacral fractures have a concomitant
pelvic fracture.
-Usually associated with neurologic impairment and injuries of
the pelvic ring
-Most commonly, sacral fractures are longitudinal.
-Transverse fractures of the sacrum are frequently difficult to
appreciate on conventional radiographs.
-Knowledge of the range of radiological appearances of sacral
fractures and when to use the appropriate imaging techniques
will enable the radiologist to properly assess the sacrum.
Objectif
Reports on sacral fractures, particularly transverse fractures,
appear infrequently in the literature in comparison to those on
other fractures of the pelvis. This may be due in part to failure to
recognize them due to low suspicion of a fracture or difficult
radiological examination .
Reported is the case of a patient who sustained a transverse sacral
fracture with subsequent neurologic complications.
Materials and methods
-A 20 year-old woman slipped and fell directly onto her low
back.
-She presented later that day with complaints of nonradiating
low back pain made worse with ambulation and weight bearing.
She had urinary hesitancy and could void only small amounts of
urine at a time.
-She denied hematuria, dysuria, or any urinary or fecal
incontinence. --She sustained no other trauma in the fall.
- On examination the patient was in moderate pain.
- The sacrococcygeal area was tender to palpation. Rectal
examination was normal with good sphincter tone.
-She demonstrated good muscle strength of the lower
extremities and her sensation was intapt.
-Both patellar and ankle reflexes were intact bilaterally.
-The patient's pain worsened with walking.
Results
-The initial radiographs of the lumbosacral and coccygeal
areas were read as a fracture through the junction of the mid
and distal thirds of the sacrum with slight anterior
displacement of the distal fragment.
-Tomograms confirmed a fracture through the S 4 level with
minimal displacement and angulation.
DiscussionEpidemiology:-TSF are rare.
-They constitute less than 1% of all spinal fractures and only 3%
to 5% of all sacral fractures .
-TSF are most common among young people between the
second and third life decade, and are slightly more frequent in
males.
-There are diverse types of accidents causing TSF, almost 37%
are caused by motor vehicle accidents (MVA); 35% are caused
by a fall usually landing on buttocks.
Classification:* Zone I fractures involve the alar region.
*Zone II fractures occur in the sacral foraminal area.
*Zone III fractures occur in the vicinity of the central canal.
-Because of the location of zone III fractures, they have a
high incidence of neurological deficits.
-Transverse sacral fractures (TSFs) have been traditionally
included as a type of zone III fractures
DiagnosisBecause of the low incidence and the radiological difficulties to
visualize the fracture, the diagnosis of TSF is often delayed.
Clinical diagnosis:
-The saddle anesthesia, loss of bladder function, and rectal tone
presented in patients with sacral fractures may be masked orr
unrecognized during the acute phase of trauma.
-Sacral injury should be suspected in any patient reporting
sacrococcigeal pain .
-Lacerations, bruising, tenderness, swelling, and crepitus over sacral
area are signs of potential injury .
-Patients with a suspected sacral fracture must have assessment of the
lower sacral roots.
-Rectal examination is very important in these patients; diminished
anal sphincter tone may be present even without bowel or bladder
symptoms.
-The neurological deficit secondary to TSF most commonly
described in the literature are BBD and saddle anesthesia.
-The most common neurological deficit was BBD characterized by
incontinence, retention, or flaccid sphincters. Another common
presentation was nerve root disturbance, usually L5 or S1 roots.
Radiological diagnosis
-Conventional radiography of the sacrum is often difficult to
interpret as overlying bowel gas, bladder, and the normal angulation
of the sacrum make the diagnosis of injury problematic.
-The fracture does not project well on the anteroposterior view
because of the sacral orientation.
-Pelvic inlet and outlet views are recommended as additional studies
to improve visualization of the sacrum in any patient with a
suspected sacral fracture.
-Certain findings intimate the presence of sacral fractures and
suggests the need for more extensive investigation: 1)fracture of a
lower lumbar transverse process; 2) pelvic ring fractures known to
be associated with a sacral fracture (eg, bilateral rami fractures); 3)
discontinuity or asymmetry in the ‘‘sacral notch’’; 4) irregularity of
the arcuate lines in the upper three sacral foramina.
-Although TSF are seen best in lateral radiographs, anteroposterior
radiographs can show the step ladder sign caused by displacement
and overriding of the fracture fragments, this finding is very
suggestive of TSF.
CT SCAN
-Computed tomography is the preferred modality for diagnosing
suspected or known posterior injury of the pelvic ring.
-Computed tomography with 1- to 2-mm cuts as well as sagittal
and coronal reformatted views offers superior visualization of the
fractured sacrum.
MRI
-Because the termination of the thecal sac at the S1–S2 interspace,
myelography is of limited usefulness. Sacral magnetic resonance imaging
may be useful for patients presenting with posttraumatic sacral neurological
deficits which are not explained by conventional radiological test findings;
however, it has little usefulness to define a fracture in an acutely
traumatized patient.
-With MR imaging, the sacral plexus and surrounding structunes
can be studied in detail .
-Mubtiplanar examination aids in the assessment of the effect of diseases on
the sacral plexus. The anatomic axial and oblique coronal planes display the
relevant structures somewhat more distinctly than the sagittal plane does.
-Obtaining axial and oblique coronal images, with T1weighting in
one plane and T2 weighting in the other, appears to be a reasonable
approach to MR imaging of the sacral plexus.
-If necessary, supplemental sagittal images on additional pulse
sequences can be added.
Treatment
-Different types of treatments for TSF have been reported.
-These treatments include : -conservative management
-initial conservative management followed by surgical treatment
-surgical treatment
Conclusion-TSF are a special type of sacral fractures which can be difficult to diagnose initially.
-The U-shaped sacral fracture can be overlooked without appropriate imaging.
-Although it is difficult to discern on anteroposterior radiographs andaxial or coronal CT, the fracture is easily identifiable on CT images in the sagittal plane.
-We advocate reconstruction of CT images of the sacrum in the sagittal plane in trauma to prevent failure of identification.