Travel, Tourism, and Travel, Tourism, and Recreation MarketingRecreation Marketing

2.01 Recognize basic 2.01 Recognize basic information associated with the information associated with the

development of the travel, development of the travel, tourism, and recreation industry.tourism, and recreation industry.

Course Orientation

Major historical Major historical developments developments

associated with the associated with the travel, tourism, and travel, tourism, and

recreation.recreation.

Reasons people traveled Reasons people traveled historicallyhistorically

In search of food, shelter, and waterIn search of food, shelter, and water For trade and political reasonsFor trade and political reasons Conquest and warConquest and war ReligionReligion HealthHealth Academic studiesAcademic studies AdventureAdventure To see places of importance or To see places of importance or

curiositiescuriosities Cultural development Cultural development

Early ancient times Early ancient times Babylonia (Sumerians)Babylonia (Sumerians)

4000 BC4000 BC Invented money for exchangeInvented money for exchange Invented and used the wheelInvented and used the wheel

Greek cities-statesGreek cities-states 776 BC776 BC Began the Olympic GamesBegan the Olympic Games

Travel characteristics in ancient times that apply todayTravel characteristics in ancient times that apply today Peace ensures the increase of people traveling to Peace ensures the increase of people traveling to

different destinations.different destinations. Travelers must feel safe and secure in the Travelers must feel safe and secure in the

destinations they are visiting.destinations they are visiting. A common means of communicating must exist.A common means of communicating must exist. An infrastructure must be in place to serve the An infrastructure must be in place to serve the

visitor’s needs.visitor’s needs. There must be some mutually agreed form of There must be some mutually agreed form of

payment between the traveler and the provider in payment between the traveler and the provider in exchange for goods and servicesexchange for goods and services. .

Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution (1800s)(1800s) 1800 Urban mass transit began in New 1800 Urban mass transit began in New

York City, London, and Paris.York City, London, and Paris. 1804 The first successful steam-powered 1804 The first successful steam-powered

locomotive became available.locomotive became available. 1804 The first roller coaster made its 1804 The first roller coaster made its

appearance in Paris.appearance in Paris. 1807 Robert Fulton’s steam-powered 1807 Robert Fulton’s steam-powered

Clermont made her maiden voyage up Clermont made her maiden voyage up the Hudson River. The use of steam the Hudson River. The use of steam engines on ships was the greatest engines on ships was the greatest revolution in water transportation.revolution in water transportation.

1815 Scotsman John McAdams improved 1815 Scotsman John McAdams improved road construction with the use of broken road construction with the use of broken stones covered with tar.stones covered with tar.

Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution (1800s), cont’d(1800s), cont’d

1819 The Savanna was the first steam 1819 The Savanna was the first steam ship to cross the Atlantic.ship to cross the Atlantic.

1836 The first subway system opened in 1836 The first subway system opened in London.London.

1850s Railroad development 1850s Railroad development contributed to the growth of the contributed to the growth of the lodging/hospitality industry. These small lodging/hospitality industry. These small hotels were called “ordinaries.”hotels were called “ordinaries.”

1853 The elevator was invented 1853 The elevator was invented allowing hotels to expand upward.allowing hotels to expand upward.

1869 The east and west coasts of the 1869 The east and west coasts of the United States were connected by the United States were connected by the completion of the transcontinental completion of the transcontinental railroad at Promontory, Utah. This railroad at Promontory, Utah. This helped to speed the east to west helped to speed the east to west movement after the Civil War.movement after the Civil War.

Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution (1800s), cont’d(1800s), cont’d 1870 The first subway system opened 1870 The first subway system opened

in New York City.in New York City. 1870 The first steam-powered 1870 The first steam-powered

Carousel was introduced.Carousel was introduced. 1876 Alexander Graham Bell 1876 Alexander Graham Bell

introduced the telephone.introduced the telephone. 1890 Electric cars, or trolleys, came 1890 Electric cars, or trolleys, came

into their own. The gasoline engine into their own. The gasoline engine led to the beginning of the motor led to the beginning of the motor coach line.coach line.

1895 Edison improved and perfected 1895 Edison improved and perfected motion picture technology. The motion picture technology. The “movies” enabled people to see “movies” enabled people to see destinations that they would otherwise destinations that they would otherwise have only read or heard about Travel, have only read or heard about Travel, Tourism, and Recreation Marketing.Tourism, and Recreation Marketing.

Other early developments Other early developments that helped tourism to grow that helped tourism to grow

1829 The 173 room Tremont House opened 1829 The 173 room Tremont House opened in Boston. It was the first modern hotel.in Boston. It was the first modern hotel.

1885 The first cafeteria opened in New 1885 The first cafeteria opened in New York.York.

1880s Coney Island was established in 1880s Coney Island was established in New York and became the model for New York and became the model for amusement parks.amusement parks.

1890s Automobiles were introduced.1890s Automobiles were introduced. 1891 The first travelers’ checks were 1891 The first travelers’ checks were

introduced by American Express Company.introduced by American Express Company. 1890s The first Stanley Cup (hockey) 1890s The first Stanley Cup (hockey)

playoffs were held and the modern Olympic playoffs were held and the modern Olympic Games returned.Games returned.

Rides at Coney IslandRides at Coney Island

1900-19191900-1919 Early 1900s Electric lights came into use.Early 1900s Electric lights came into use. Davis Cup (tennis) and World Series Davis Cup (tennis) and World Series

(baseball) were introduced.(baseball) were introduced. 1902 The American Automobile 1902 The American Automobile

Association (AAA) was founded in Chicago.Association (AAA) was founded in Chicago. 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright flew the 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright flew the

first powered flight at Kitty Hawk, NC.first powered flight at Kitty Hawk, NC. 1908 Henry Ford introduced the Model T. 1908 Henry Ford introduced the Model T.

The Model T made travel available to The Model T made travel available to people who were not wealthy. By 1914 people who were not wealthy. By 1914 these cars were being mass-produced. these cars were being mass-produced. The price made them available to the The price made them available to the working and middle classes. The use of working and middle classes. The use of the Model T created a demand for better the Model T created a demand for better roads.roads.

1900-1919, cont’d1900-1919, cont’d•Passenger ship accommodations were Passenger ship accommodations were more luxurious and affordable only by the more luxurious and affordable only by the very wealthy. The Titanic was an example very wealthy. The Titanic was an example of this luxury. The movie of this luxury. The movie Titanic Titanic reflects reflects the division of wealth on luxury liners.the division of wealth on luxury liners.•Ellsworth Statler originated the hotel Ellsworth Statler originated the hotel chain concept and became known as the chain concept and became known as the father of the modern commercial hotel father of the modern commercial hotel industry. Conrad Hilton later bought the industry. Conrad Hilton later bought the Statler chain.Statler chain.1914 The first scheduled airline in the US 1914 The first scheduled airline in the US flown with passengers.flown with passengers.• World War I advanced aircraft design World War I advanced aircraft design and development.and development.Car rental began with National Car Rental Car rental began with National Car Rental System.System.Organized airline service developed Organized airline service developed rapidly in Europe.rapidly in Europe.

1920-19291920-1929 Great improvements were made in

US road systems. Railroads faced competition from

automobiles, intercity bus service, and the trucking industry.

1926 Commercial airlines got underway in the US

1920s A new breed of passenger, the tourist, emerged. Liner companies offered world cruises and winter cruises in the Caribbean and Mediterranean.

October, 1929 The Great Depression began.economics

1930-19391930-1939 The Depression bolstered the railroads over the The Depression bolstered the railroads over the

bus industry.bus industry. 1930-1935 Almost 85% of all hotels in the US 1930-1935 Almost 85% of all hotels in the US

went bankrupt.went bankrupt. 1931 The concept of a zoo using open 1931 The concept of a zoo using open

surroundings and concealed barriers to display surroundings and concealed barriers to display its animals was introduced.its animals was introduced.

1938 Marineland opened an outdoor aquarium in 1938 Marineland opened an outdoor aquarium in St. Augustine, FL.St. Augustine, FL.

Late 1930s The first NCAA basketball Late 1930s The first NCAA basketball tournament was held.tournament was held.

Passenger liners increased in size. In the 1930s Passenger liners increased in size. In the 1930s the Cunard Lines launched the Queen Elizabeth, the Cunard Lines launched the Queen Elizabeth, the largest liner built up until that time.the largest liner built up until that time.

September 3, 1939 World War II began in September 3, 1939 World War II began in Europe.Europe.

1940-19491940-1949 World War II brought many advances World War II brought many advances

in aircraft development and design. in aircraft development and design. One important innovation was the jet One important innovation was the jet engine.engine.

Rocket tests were conducted on Rocket tests were conducted on Topsail Island off the North Carolina Topsail Island off the North Carolina coast.coast.

The hotel industry rebounded during The hotel industry rebounded during and immediately following WWII. By and immediately following WWII. By this time, the automobile and jet this time, the automobile and jet plane had radically affected the travel plane had radically affected the travel industry.industry.

1945 Ridership on buses soared. 1945 Ridership on buses soared. WWII brought the rapid growth of WWII brought the rapid growth of intercity bus travel.intercity bus travel.

1945 The airline ticket was created.1945 The airline ticket was created.

1940-1949, cont’d1940-1949, cont’d 1947 United Airlines and American 1947 United Airlines and American

Airlines inaugurated coast-to-coast US Airlines inaugurated coast-to-coast US service.service.

US armed forces came home with the US armed forces came home with the experiences of having traveled to experiences of having traveled to places that they could not have afforded places that they could not have afforded to visit otherwise. They had the money, to visit otherwise. They had the money, time, and interest in traveling for time, and interest in traveling for pleasure as well as for business. The pleasure as well as for business. The seeds of mass tourism began here.seeds of mass tourism began here.

Walter E. Avis opened the first rental Walter E. Avis opened the first rental car office in an airport.car office in an airport.

With the Cold War, certain restrictions With the Cold War, certain restrictions were placed on visiting countries were placed on visiting countries considered as our enemies.considered as our enemies.

1950-19591950-1959 The US enjoyed a decade of relative The US enjoyed a decade of relative

peace and a strong economy.peace and a strong economy. The television was becoming an The television was becoming an

influence in American households. The influence in American households. The small screen brought the world into small screen brought the world into the living room.the living room.

Tourist-class fare was offered for Tourist-class fare was offered for transatlantic flights.transatlantic flights.

1952 Congress created the National 1952 Congress created the National System of Interstate Highways.System of Interstate Highways.

1950s The Jet Age began with an 1950s The Jet Age began with an increase in the number of foreign increase in the number of foreign airlines flying international routes.airlines flying international routes.

The first transcontinental flight was The first transcontinental flight was made from Los Angeles to New York.made from Los Angeles to New York.

1950-1959, cont’d1950-1959, cont’d 1958 The passenger ship industry began to 1958 The passenger ship industry began to

decline because of commercial jet service nonstop decline because of commercial jet service nonstop across the Atlantic.across the Atlantic.

1958 NASA was created to manage the space 1958 NASA was created to manage the space program.program.

1950s Motels came of age with the development 1950s Motels came of age with the development of the interstate highway system in 1956 and the of the interstate highway system in 1956 and the entry of the motel chains. entry of the motel chains.

1952 Holiday Inn was launched by Kemmons 1952 Holiday Inn was launched by Kemmons Wilson with the Holiday Inn Hotel Court in Wilson with the Holiday Inn Hotel Court in Memphis, TN.Memphis, TN.

Hilton became the first coast-to-coast hotel chain.Hilton became the first coast-to-coast hotel chain. 1958 The Jet Age was the greatest period of 1958 The Jet Age was the greatest period of

expansion for hotel chains. Car rentals expanded expansion for hotel chains. Car rentals expanded when the first commercial jet airliners came into when the first commercial jet airliners came into service.service.

1960-19691960-1969 1960s Mass market cruises became 1960s Mass market cruises became

available and shipping companies began available and shipping companies began converting their passenger liners into converting their passenger liners into tropical cruise ships.tropical cruise ships.

1965 Holiday Inn installed the hotel 1965 Holiday Inn installed the hotel industry’s first nationwide computerized industry’s first nationwide computerized reservation system.reservation system.

1967 The first Super Bowl was played.1967 The first Super Bowl was played. 1969 The landing of the first man on the 1969 The landing of the first man on the

moon brought space a step closer as a travel moon brought space a step closer as a travel destination. In response to the Apollo destination. In response to the Apollo mission, Pan Am took over 90,000 ticket mission, Pan Am took over 90,000 ticket reservations for a shuttle to the moon.reservations for a shuttle to the moon.

1970-19791970-1979 1970 The use of credit cards was accepted in 1970 The use of credit cards was accepted in

travel and entertainment.travel and entertainment. 1970 Pan American World Airways flew the first 1970 Pan American World Airways flew the first

Boeing 747 carrying 352 passengers from New Boeing 747 carrying 352 passengers from New York to London, marking the age of the “jumbo York to London, marking the age of the “jumbo jet” and the beginning of mass tourism.jet” and the beginning of mass tourism.

1976 The Concorde, a supersonic transport 1976 The Concorde, a supersonic transport (SST), was developed.(SST), was developed.

1973 The Arab oil embargo increased the price 1973 The Arab oil embargo increased the price of gasoline and oil products, forcing the of gasoline and oil products, forcing the American public to look for energy efficient ways American public to look for energy efficient ways to travel.to travel.

The first personal computer reached the The first personal computer reached the consumer market.consumer market.

Travel became computerized.Travel became computerized. Alex Hailey’s book, Alex Hailey’s book, RootsRoots, was to have an , was to have an

influence on heritage travel.influence on heritage travel.

1980-19891980-1989 1980 Railroads began to decline.1980 Railroads began to decline. 1980-l986 The world’s cruise fleet 1980-l986 The world’s cruise fleet

doubled.doubled. 1982 EPCOT opened at Disney World, FL, 1982 EPCOT opened at Disney World, FL,

and in 1984, Tokyo Disneyland opened.and in 1984, Tokyo Disneyland opened. 1985 The World Tourism Organization’s 1985 The World Tourism Organization’s

General Assembly adopted the Tourism Bill General Assembly adopted the Tourism Bill of Rights and Tourist Code.of Rights and Tourist Code.

Personal computers were made more user Personal computers were made more user friendly. friendly.

Tourism had become important to North Tourism had become important to North Carolina’s economy.Carolina’s economy.

The first tourism curriculum was developed The first tourism curriculum was developed for North Carolina public schools.for North Carolina public schools.

1990-19991990-1999 ATM use spread throughout the world.ATM use spread throughout the world. 1990 The Americans with Disabilities Act passed.1990 The Americans with Disabilities Act passed. 1994 Microsoft established an accredited travel agency 1994 Microsoft established an accredited travel agency

on the Internet.on the Internet. 1994 England and France were connected by the 1994 England and France were connected by the

“chunnel.”“chunnel.” 1993 Web pages were developed and (1995) Netscape 1993 Web pages were developed and (1995) Netscape

was developed as a browser.was developed as a browser. Airlines accepted on-line bookings and took payment on Airlines accepted on-line bookings and took payment on

the internet.the internet. Ticketless travel was introduced.Ticketless travel was introduced. Improved hardware and software and lower prices made Improved hardware and software and lower prices made

the PC available to travelers. LAP made computer the PC available to travelers. LAP made computer portable.portable.

Affinity groups such as veterans returned to former Affinity groups such as veterans returned to former battle sites or duty station to remember. Tour groups battle sites or duty station to remember. Tour groups continue to be popular.continue to be popular.

By the end of the 1990s, virtual reality programs made By the end of the 1990s, virtual reality programs made it possible to see a destination as if one were actually it possible to see a destination as if one were actually there.there.

2000-20032000-2003 Ninety-five percent of all US travel agencies were Ninety-five percent of all US travel agencies were

computerized using a computer reservations system computerized using a computer reservations system (CRS).(CRS).

2000 Americans used personal cars for more than 2000 Americans used personal cars for more than 80% of their vacation trips.80% of their vacation trips.

2000 There were more than 800 million websites.2000 There were more than 800 million websites. 2001 Dennis Tito was the first paid space tourist.2001 Dennis Tito was the first paid space tourist. September 11, 2001 Attacks by terrorists changed September 11, 2001 Attacks by terrorists changed

travel and tourism forever.travel and tourism forever. 2002 The Homeland Security Act of 2002 passed in 2002 The Homeland Security Act of 2002 passed in

response to the September 11 terrorist attacks.response to the September 11 terrorist attacks. 2003 Health related issues disrupted tourism.2003 Health related issues disrupted tourism. 2003 The Concorde (SST) retired from service.2003 The Concorde (SST) retired from service.