treatment of seborrheic dermatitis.pdf

Treatment of Seborrheic Dermatitis

Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting areas of the head and trunk where sebaceous glands are most prominent. Lipophilic yeasts of the Malassezia genus, as well as genetic, environmental and general health factors, contribute to this disorder. Scalp seborrhea varies from mild dandruff to dense, diffuse, adherent scale. Facial and trunk seborrhea is characterized by powdery or greasy scale in skin folds and along hair margins. Treatment options include application of selenium sulfide, pyrithione zinc or ketoconazole-containing shampoos, topical ketoconazole cream or terbinafine solution, topical sodium sulfacetamide and topical corticosteroids. (Am Fam Physician 2000;61:2703-10,2713-4.)

The etiology of seborrheic dermatitis remains unknown, although many factors, including hormonal, have been implicated. This chronic inflammatory skin disorder is generally confined to areas of the head and trunk where sebaceous glands are most prominent. When seborrheic dermatitis occurs in the neonatal period, it usually disappears by six to 12 months of age, suggesting that it may be a response

to maternal hormone stimulation.1

Seborrheic dermatitis frequently affects persons in postpuberty. Additional evidence of hormonal influence is provided by research demonstrating that the human sebocyte

responds to androgen stimulation.2

Pityrosporum ovale, a lipophilic yeast of the Malassezia genus, has been implicated in the development of this

condition.3 It has been suggested that seborrheic dermatitis

is an inflammatory response to this organism, but this remains to be proved.4 P. ovale is present on all persons. Why some persons develop seborrheic dermatitis and others do not is unclear. The

colonization rate of involved skin by this organism may be lower than that of uninvolved skin.3

Nonetheless, the fact that seborrheic dermatitis responds to antifungal medications is strongly suggestive of the role of yeast in this disorder.

Genetic and environmental factors, as well as other comorbid diseases, may predispose specific populations to the development of seborrheic dermatitis. Although seborrheic dermatitis affects only 3 percent of the general population, the incidence in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome may be as high as 85 percent. The exact mechanism whereby human immunodeficiency virus infection promotes an atypical and explosive onset of seborrheic dermatitis (and other common inflammatory skin disorders) is unknown, but many factors

have been explored, including CD4-positive T lymphocyte counts,5 P. ovale density6 and nutritional

factors.7

BETTY ANNE JOHNSON, M.D., PH.D., and JULIA R. NUNLEY, M.D.

Medical College of Virginia Campus of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia

A patient information handout on seborrheic dermatitis, written by the authors of this article, is provided on page 2713.

Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder generally confined to areas where sebaceous glands are prominent.

Although specific details remain unknown, Pityrosporum ovale is strongly suspected to play a role in the manifestation of seborrheic dermatitis.

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Persons with central nervous system disorders (Parkinson's disease, cranial nerve palsies, major truncal paralyses) also appear to be prone to the development of seborrheic dermatitis, tend to develop more extensive disease and are frequently refractory to treatment. It has been postulated that seborrheic dermatitis in these patients is a result of increased pooling of sebum caused by immobility.

This increased sebum pool permits growth of P. ovale, which induces seborrheic dermatitis.8

Clinical manifestations of seborrheic dermatitis

Seborrheic dermatitis typically affects areas of the skin where sebaceous glands appear in high frequency and are most active. The distribution is classically symmetric, and common sites of involvement are the hairy areas of the head, including the scalp (Figure 1), the scalp margin (Figure 2), eyebrows, eyelashes, mustache and beard. Other common sites are the forehead (Figure 3), the nasolabial folds (Figure 4), the external ear canals (Figure 5) and the postauricular creases. Seborrhea of the trunk may appear in the presternal area (Figure 6) and in the body folds, including the axillae, navel, groin, and in the inframammary and anogenital areas. Figure 7 illustrates the typically symmetric distribution of seborrheic dermatitis.

One of the characteristics of seborrheic dermatitis is dandruff, characterized by a fine, powdery white scale on the scalp. Many patients complain of the scalp itching with dandruff, and because they think that the scale arises from dry skin, they decrease the frequency of shampooing, which allows further scale accumulation. Inflammation then occurs and their symptoms worsen.

More severe seborrheic dermatitis is characterized by erythematous plaques frequently associated with powdery or greasy scale in the scalp (Figure 8), behind the ears (Figure 9) and elsewhere in the distribution described above. Besides an itchy scalp, patients may complain of a burning sensation in facial areas affected by seborrhea. Seborrhea frequently

FIGURE 1. Seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp.

FIGURE 2. Seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp margin.

FIGURE 3. Seborrheic dermatitis of the forehead.

FIGURE 4. Seborrheic dermatitis of the nasolabial folds.

FIGURE 5. Seborrheic dermatitis of the external ear canal.

FIGURE 6. Seborrheic dermatitis of the presternal area of the chest.

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becomes apparent when men grow mustaches or beards and disappears when the facial hair is removed. If left untreated, the scale may become thick, yellow and greasy and, occasionally, secondary bacterial infection may occur.

Seborrheic dermatitis is more common in men than in women, probably because sebaceous gland activity is under androgen control. Seborrhea usually first appears in persons in their teens and twenties and generally follows a waxing/waning course throughout adulthood.

UV-A and UV-B light inhibit the growth of P.

ovale,9 and many patients report improvement in seborrhea during summer.

Treatment

General Treatment Overview

Hygiene issues play a key role in controlling seborrheic dermatitis. Frequent cleansing with soap removes oils from affected areas and improves seborrhea. Patients should be counseled that good hygiene must be a lifelong commitment. Outdoor recreation, especially during summer, will also improve seborrhea, although caution should be taken to avoid sun damage.

Pharmacologic treatment options for seborrheic dermatitis include antifungal preparations (selenium sulfide, pyrithione zinc, azole agents, sodium sulfacetamide and topical terbinafine) that decrease colonization by lipophilic yeast and anti-inflammatory agents (topical steroids). Suggested products are listed in Table 1. For severe disease, keratolytics such as salicylic acid or coal tar preparations may be used to remove dense scale; then topical steroids may be applied. Other options for removing adherent scale involve applying any of a variety of oils (peanut, olive or mineral) to soften the scale overnight, followed by use of a detergent or coal tar shampoo.

As a last resort in refractory disease, sebosuppressive agents such as isotretinoin (Accutane) may be used to reduce sebaceous gland activity.

Treatment of Scalp and Beard Areas

Many cases of seborrheic dermatitis are effectively treated by shampooing daily or every other day with antidandruff shampoos containing 2.5 percent selenium sulfide or 1 to 2 percent pyrithione zinc.

Alternatively, ketoconazole shampoo may be used.10 The shampoo should be applied to the scalp and beard areas and left in place for five to 10 minutes before rinsing. A moisturizing shampoo may be used afterward to prevent dessication of the hair. After the disease is under control, the frequency of shampooing with medicated shampoos may be decreased to twice weekly or as needed. Topical terbinafine solution, 1 percent, has also been shown to be effective in the treatment of scalp

FIGURE 7. Typical symmetrical distribution of seborrheic dermatitis on the head (top), and on the body (bottom).

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seborrhea.11

If the scalp is covered with diffuse, dense scale, the scale may first be removed by applying warm mineral oil or olive oil to the scalp and washing several hours later with a detergent such as a

dishwashing liquid or a tar shampoo.12 An alternative is an overnight application of a coal tar-keratolytic combination or phenol-saline solution with or without occlusion with a plastic shower cap

followed by shampooing in the morning.13

Extensive scale with associated inflammation may be treated by moistening the scalp and then applying fluocinolone acetonide, 0.01 percent in oil, to the entire scalp, covering overnight with a shower cap and shampooing in the morning. This treatment may be done nightly until the inflammation clears and then decreased to one to three times weekly as needed. Topical corticosteroid solutions, lotions or ointments may be used once or twice daily for one to three weeks in place of the overnight application of fluocinolone acetonide and may be stopped when itching and erythema disappear. Corticosteroid application may be repeated daily for one to three weeks until itching and erythema disappear, and then used as needed. Maintenance with an antidandruff shampoo may then be adequate. Patients should be advised to use potent topical steroids sparingly because excessive use may lead to atrophy of the skin and telangiectasis.

Infants frequently have seborrheic dermatitis, commonly known as "cradle cap." Areas of possible involvement include the scalp, face and intertriginous areas. Involvement may be extensive, but this disorder frequently clears spontaneously by six to 12 months of age and does not recur until the onset of puberty.

A scaly scalp in a prepubertal child is usually caused by tinea capitis, not seborrheic dermatitis. Therapy for infantile seborrheic dermatitis includes frequent shampooing with an antidandruff shampoo. If scale is extensive in the scalp, the scale may be softened with oil, gently brushed free with a baby hairbrush and then washed clear.

Daily shampooing may not be reasonable for some populations, such as black persons or persons who are institutionalized. In general, weekly shampooing is recommended for black persons. As a substitute for daily washing, fluocinolone acetonide, 0.01 percent in oil, may be used as a scalp pomade. Other options include application of a moderate- to mid-potency topical corticosteroid in an ointment base. As with other modes of therapy, these agents are used every day or twice daily until the condition improves. Thereafter, topical corticosteroids are used as needed to keep the condition under control. After initial control is attained, fluocinolone acetonide, 0.01 percent shampoo (FS Shampoo), can be used as an alternative to or in addition to fluocinolone acetonide, 0.01 percent in oil (Derma-Smoothe/FS), for maintenance.

FIGURE 8. Severe seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp manifested by plaques of dense scale.

FIGURE 9. Seborrheic dermatitis behind the ear, manifested by a plaque of scale.

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TABLE 1 Treatment of Seborrheic Dermatitis

Products

Over-the- counter? Scalp Beard Face Body Instructions Cost*

Shampoos

Selenium sulfide, 1% (Selsun Blue)

Yes X X X X 5- to 10-minute application daily initially; then twice weekly as needed

$3 per 120 mL bottle

Selenium sulfide, 2.5% (Exsel, Selsun)

No X X X X Same as above 15 per 120 mL (Exsel) 12 per 120 mL (Selsun)

Pyrithione zinc, 1% (Dandrex, Zincon, Head and Shoulders)

Yes X X X X Same as above 5 per 240 mL (Dandrex) 3 per 120 mL (Zincon) 3 per 450 mL (Head and Shoulders)

Pyrithione zinc, 2% (DHS Zinc, Sebulon, ZNP Bar, Theraplex Z)

Yes X X X X Same as above 7 per 240 mL (DHS Zinc) 11 per 240 mL (Sebulon) 6 per 135 g (ZNP Bar) 7 per 240 mL (Theraplex Z)

Coal tar May be irritating, especially on the face 5- to 10-minute application daily initially, then as needed

Crude coal tar:

DHS Tar (0.5%) Yes X X X X 5 per 120 mL (DHS Tar 0.5%)

Zetar (1%) Yes X X X X 14 per 180 mL (Zetar 1%)

Ionil T Plus (2%)

Yes X X X X 12 per 240 mL (Ionil T Plus 2%)

Coal tar combinations:

Sebutone (0.5% with salicylic acid, 2%, and sublimed sulfur, 2%)

Yes X X X X Same as above 10 per 210 mL (Sebutone)

Coal tar distillate:

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Doak-Tar (3%) Yes X X X X Same as above 7 per 60 mL (Doak-Tar)

Coal tar extract:

Neutrogena T/Gel (2%)

Yes X X X X Same as above 4 per 132 mL (Neutrogena T/Gel)

Tegrin Dandruff (7%)

Yes X X X X 5 per 210 mL (Tegrin Dandruff)

Pentrax (7.71 %)

Yes X X X X 7 per 120 mL (Pentrax)

Coal tar topical solution:

Denorex Medicated (9%)

Yes X X X X Same as above 4 per 120 mL (Denorex Medicated)

Denorex Extra Strength (12.5%)

Yes X X X X 4 per 120 mL (Denorex Extra Strength)

Coal tar solution combinations

Ionil T (5% with salicylic acid, 2%)

Yes X X X X Same as above 8 per 120 mL (Ionil T)

X-Seb T Plus (10% with salicylic acid, 3%)

Yes X X X X 12 per 120 mL (X-Seb T Plus)

Tarsum (10% with salicylic acid, 2%)

Yes X X X X 7 per 120 mL (Tarsum)

Chloroxine Capitrol, 2%

No X 3-minute application twice weekly

20 per 120 mL

Ketoconazole 5- to 10-minute application to scalp before rinsing clear; use daily initially, then twice weekly

Nizoral, 1% Yes X X X X 7 per 120 mL (Nizoral 1%)

Nizoral, 2% No X X X X 21 per 120 mL (Nizoral 2%)

Steroid shampoo FS Shampoo (0.01% fluocinolone acetonide)

No X X 5- to 10-minute application to scalp before rinsing clear; use daily initially until inflammation clears, then as needed

15 per 120 mL

Topical Preparations

Corticosteroids Yes X X X X Apply once or twice daily until inflammation clears, then as needed

Cortaid, 1%; Cortizone 10 (hydrocortisone

3 per 15 g (Cortaid, 1%) 3 per 15 g

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cream, 1%) For scalp preparations, apply to scalp nightly until inflammation clears, then 1 to 3 times weekly as needed

(Cortizone 10) 12 per 15 g (Tridesilon) 25 per 30 g (Hytone) 18 per 120 mL (Derma-smoothe/GS Topical oil)

Tridesilon (desonide, 0.5%)

No X X X X

Hytone (hydrocortisone cream, 2.5%)

No X X X X

Derma-smoothe/FS Topical oil (fluocinolone acetonide, 0.01% in oil)

No X

Antifungals Apply once or twice daily

5 per 15 g (Micatin)

Miconazole cream, 2% (Monistat)

Yes X X

Clotrimazole cream, 1% (Lotrimin)

Yes X X 6 per 12 g (Lotrimin)

Terbinafine solution, 1% (Lamisil)

Yes X X X X 33 per 15 g (Lamisil)

Ketoconazole cream, 2% (Nizoral)

No X X 17 per 15 g (Nizoral)

Other preparations

Sodium sulfacetamide

Sebizon (10% lotion)

No X X X X 24 per 85 g (Sebizon)

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treatment of seborrheic dermatitis.pdf

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