Breadth of Opportunity

The spread of the Commission's responsibilities over some 148 countries in temperate, mediterranean, tropical and desertclimates provides wonderful opportunities to experiment with nature's wealth of tree species.

We are particularly fortunate in being able to grow many interesting and beautiful trees and we will explain how we managethem and what splendid specimens they can make.

Why Plant Trees?

Trees are planted for a variety of reasons: theiramenity value, leaf shape and size, flowers, fruit,habit, form, bark, landscape value, shelter orscreening, backcloth planting, shade, noise andpollution reduction, soil stabilisation and toencourage wild life. Often we plant trees solely fortheir amenity value. That is, the beauty of the treeitself. This can be from the leaves such as those inRobinia pseudoacacia 'Frisia', the flowers in thetropical tree Tabebuia or Albizia, the crimson stemsof the sealing wax palm (Cyrtostachys renda), or thefruit as in Magnolia grandiflora.

Selection

Generally speaking the form of thetree is very often a majorcontributing factor and this,together with a sound knowledge ofthe situation in which the tree is tobe grown, guides the decision to thebest choice of species.

Exposure is a major limitation to thefree choice of species in northernEurope especially and trees such asSorbus, Betula, Tilia, Fraxinus, Crataegus and fastigiateyews play an important role in any landscape design wherethe elements are seriously against a wider selection. Thevariety of trees we grow in all corners of the world isextensive. A list of trees grown in our five main Areas isprovided at the end of this article.

COMMONWEALTH WAR GRAVES COMMISSION

Tree Planting and Management

above: Sealing wax palms at Taiping War Cemetery, Malaysia withinsert of the fruit of Magnolia grandiflora

left: The tropical tree Tabebuia

below: Flowers of the tropicaltree Albizia julibrissin

Planting Design

Scale is of major importance when considering the type of tree to plant ina cemetery. The layout of the borders and plots will, to a greater extent,dictate where trees can be planted as they are never planted in headstoneor pedestal borders. Avenues offer a splendid opportunity for adventurousschemes as can be seen by the planting of Cypresses in Florence War

Cemetery, Italy compared to the broad-leaved trees grown previously.

A fine avenue of fastigiatehornbeam (Carpinus betulus'Fastigiata') blankets the hill atVillers Bretonneux Military

Cemetery, France to mimiclines of marching soldiers.These trees have grown well onthe shallow chalk soils of thecemetery. In the tropics palmscan make attractive avenuetrees. Roystonea elata palms atTaiping War Cemetery,

Malaysia, lead to the Cross of Sacrifice and contrastwith the dense jungle beyond. When a choice of treehas been made they are planted at final spacings ratherthan planting more to thin later. The exception is withshelter belts where a quicker effect may be needed.

Choice of Stock

The deciduous trees planted in northern Europe are generallyplanted bare rooted. In warmer climates, only container grownplants are available because in many cases trees do not have adormant season. Evergreens are nearly always planted as containergrown stock because of their dislike of root disturbance.

Root balling is used for trees which are not easy to move barerooted, and this includes extra heavy standards which are movedwith a substantial amount of soil attached to the roots. Conifersand evergreens over 1.5 metres are successfully moved as rootballed specimens and can be sprayed with an anti-dessicant the daybefore lifting.

far left: Florence War Cemetery,Italy before planting Cypresses . . ..

left: . . . . .and after plantingCypresses

below: Fastigiate hornbeam(Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata') atVillers Bretonneux MilitaryCemetery, France

Roystonea elata palms at Taiping War Cemetery, Malaysia

Tree Planting Specification

TimingNovember to March is the best time to plant bare rootedstock in northern Europe. Container grown trees areplanted October to April in northern Europe and at the onsetof rains in warmer regions. Where water is available,container grown trees can practically be planted the yearround but the cooler season (November to February) ispreferred in the Mediterranean and Middle East. Evergreensare best planted in October or November and March or Aprilin Europe.

The Planting SiteThe illustration (right) and photographs show clearlythe importance of preparing a planting site, a squarehole in a circle of 1.5m in diameter is prepared to adepth of 30cm, (wide rather than deep holes result inbetter tree establishment).

The sides of the hole are broken to aid root penetrationand the soil returned to the pit allowing space for thetree. Organic matter is generally not added.

PlantingThe tree is placed upright in the centre of the tree pit and the roots spreadout. Roots of container grown trees are teased out and encouraged to growoutwards. It is critical that the tree is planted at the correct depth: plantingtoo deep is a major cause of losses and the root collar should be level withthe surrounding ground (see above). The backfill is firmed around the rootsgently shaking the tree to settle the soil as the tree is heeled in. During thisprocess, mycorrhizal fungi, in the form of a powder, are added and mixedwith the backfill around the roots. If the site has poor, dry soil conditions awater retaining polymer is well mixed with the backfill, but is only added if itcan be regularly 'recharged' with water during dry periods. It is also goodpractice to place an irrigation tube around the roots where water can beprovided in times of drought where no irrigation systems are installed.

Positioning the tree

Positioning the tree

The incorrect and correct method of planting and staking a tree

Positioning an irrigation tube

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Tree Staking and Mulching

While the tree is beingpositioned in the middle of thehole, a short, round stake,10cm diameter, no more thanone third the height of treeabove the ground and 75cmbelow, is placed on thewindward side of the tree.The stake is there to supportand stabilise the roots asregeneration of the finer,

nutrient seeking root hairs takes place. The short stakeallows the stem to sway with the wind which increasesstem diameter. In the early years of growth it is importantthat weeds do not compete with the tree's roots formoisture and nutrients and therefore a thick (8cm) layerof bark mulch is placed around the base of the treekeeping the stem clear to avoid suffocation. This mayneed topping up in future years.

Where more support isrequired and a largertree is being planted,crossbar staking is used.All stakes are generallyremoved the secondspring after planting.

Initial pruning?

Apart from removing any dead or crossing branches,which should not be necessary if good quality stock hasbeen purchased, the tree is not pruned. Older practiceshave often recommended that branches are removed tocompensate for the loss of roots after transplanting.Modern arboricultural practice no longer recommendsthis.

Reducing the number of buds and consequently leaves ona transplanted tree removes starch and sugars and otherphotosynthetic by-products which would otherwise betranslocated to the roots and aid root regeneration.

above: An avenue of clipped Ficus retusa at Alexandria (Hadra) War Memorial Cemetery, Egypt

left: Staking a large tree

A single staked tree

A double staked tree

Tie and stake detail

Forms and Uses of Trees

The five main forms of trees described are the branched-head standard such as the Prunus avium‘Plena’ (below left), multi-stemmed such as the Arbutus andrachne on the Gallipoli peninsular (belowright), weeping standard such as these weeping willows (centre left), fastigiate trees such as the yews,over the page, and central-leader standard such as this tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera - centre right).Specific forms such as these can be produced by careful pruning, but the choice of tree often dictatesthe ultimate form that will result.

Trees can be grown into avariety of shapes andforms, some of which areshown here. Topiary isthe art of clipping treesinto architectural orgeometrical forms asillustrated by the Ficusretusa at Alexandria

(Hadra) War Memorial

Cemetery, Egypt,previous page, wherethere is insufficient spaceto grow a full sized tree, orat Arras Road Cemetery,

France, over the page,where Carpinus betulus

has been clipped intocones. The effect isparticularly striking in mid-winter. At Heliopolis War

Cemetery, Egypt, (left)Ficus retusa trees havebeen shaped into a coveredwalk: an interesting type offormal training.

Branched-head standard

Multi-stemmed tree

Weeping standard

Fastigiate tree

Central-leader standardFicus retusa trees at HeliopolisWar Cemetery, Egypt

Prunus avium ‘Plena’ at Ovillers Military Cemetery, France

Arbutus andrachne at 7th Field Ambulance Cemetery, Gallipoli

Weeping willows at Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery, Belgium

Tulip tree at Ypres Reservoir Cemetery, Belgium

By permission of Dorling Kindersley Limited

Formative Pruning

Prior to such specific pruning it is important to ensure thatin the early stages of growth any double-leaders areremoved if the form required is a tree with a central-leader. Omitting to do so can create a weak junction andfailure of one of the codominant branches in later years.

Pruning Mature Trees

Pruning established trees is a professional job which isperformed by qualified arborists within theCommonwealth War Graves Commission. There arenumerous operations which can be carried out to trees:three of the most important are described. Crown lifting

is an operation which removes the lower branches of atree allowing more light to penetrate beneath the canopyor to allow the passage of vehicles or pedestrians. Raisingthe crown can also open up a vista or view beneath the

tree which may have previously been obscured. Crown

reduction reduces the size of the crown by eitherremoving the tips of most of the branches all around thesides of the tree or all over the canopy. It is performed toreduce the spread of the tree, often in restricted

situations. Crown thinning aims to thin the canopy,possibly due to a congested branch system, allowing morelight into the tree and consequently to shrubs or plantsbeneath it. Crossing and dead branches are removed atthe same time. The correct way to prune a large limb isillustrated over the page. Cuts are made to ensureminimal damage is caused to the tree avoiding snags orflush cutting.

Pollarding must start when the tree is young anddescribes the practice of annually or regularly pruningbranches back to a framework (see illustration on lastpage). Plane trees in the town of Aix en Provence, Franceor Lagerstroemia indica trees in northern Italy areregularly pruned in this way. Lopping or topping are

Crown LiftingSections or all of some lower branches areremoved to create more room below the tree,for example to allow a bus to pass freelybelow or to expose a street light that hasbecome hidden in the branches

Carpinus betulus at Arras Road Cemetery, France

Crown Thinning and Reduction

These operations are often combined to reducethe size of a tree and allow more light and air topenetrate through the crown, reducing windresistance and stress from wide-spreading,heavy branches

By permission of Dorling Kindersley Limited

By permission of Dorling Kindersley Limited

often confused with pollarding which is a sound andgood arboricultural practice. The practice of loppingor topping is not recommended and often results in anugly and unsightly tree as a consequence. It is oftendone on trees which have 'become too large', theproblem having originated by poor species selectionat the beginning. See illustrations over the page.

Pruning of alarge limb

Pruning cuts

above: Fastigiate yew planting atHersin Communal Cemetery Extension

left: The beautiful Erythrinaabyssinica tree at Nanyuki WarCemetery, Kenya

CUTTING TO AN ALTERNATE BUD

Thin blade ofsecateurs nearerthe bud

Bottom of cutjust above topof bud

Make a slanting cut at a point about 5mm(1/2in) above the bud. The gentle slope willallow moisture to roll off the cut surface,discouraging the development of disease

Cut squarely across the shoot above ahealthy pair of buds, as close as you canwithout grazing and damaging the buds. Apair of healthy shoots should then develop

Blade well clearof the tips ofboth buds

Thin blade ofsecateurs nearerthe bud

CUTTING TO OPPOSITE BUDS

By permission of Dorling Kindersley Limited

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Renovation, Replanting andRecycling

After the First World War much planting was done in themid 1920s and many of our oldest trees date from thisperiod. The devastation inflicted by the war brought aneed to recreate a green landscape in the shortest timepossible. There were far fewer cultivars to choose fromthen but earlier selections were made from those treeswhich could withstand severe exposure of a northernEuropean climate. Deciduous trees such as Acercampestre, Betula, Carpinus, Crataegus, Fraxinus, Sorbus(aria and aucuparia) and Tilia were probably the favouredfew. Taxus baccata (in its Fastigiata form) long associatedwith cemetery landscapes, Pinus nigra and Thuja werehardy conifers also frequently used.

Cypresses (Cupressus sempervirens 'Stricta') were afamiliar sight in the countries bordering theMediterranean and known for their association with

cemeteries and it also became one of the more commontrees for cemetery landscaping from northern Italy to theMiddle East, as the yew was in colder, northern Europe.

The passage of time inevitably meant many of the earliestplantings, which were rather dense, needed thinning.Much of this was started in the 1980s in earnest, but workdid begin before when considered necessary. Periodicallyall of the trees in a cemetery may decline, reaching theend of their useful life within an often restricted space inwhich to flourish. They will need to be removed and newtrees chosen suited to the present growing conditionswhich may, in certain circumstances, be quite different towhat they were when the trees were first planted. Dyingtrees are normally removed with their stumps especially ifsome have succumbed to fungal infections, otherwise thestumps are ground in-situ. Infected wood is burnt and therest is chipped and shredded to be composted andreturned to the soil at a later date. The CommonwealthWar Graves Commission has an environmental policy andis committed to achieving environmental best practisethroughout its activities wherever this is practicable. Oneof its objectives, is to maximise environmentally soundwaste reuse and recycling . It is the aim of theCommonwealth War Graves Commission as far aspracticable, to eliminate green waste disposal in itsoperations throughout the world by composting andrecycling plant waste.

In 1996 a programme of recycling commenced with theaim of reducing disposal and eliminating burning.Challenging targets were set for different regions andgood progress has been made with many regions reachinga target of 70%-80% of plant waste now being recycled.

Beirut War Cemetery before and . . . . . . . . . . . . after removal of cypresses

Lopping and Topping is wrong Pollarding is right

Acer capillipesAcer platanoides 'Crimson King'Acer pseudoplatanus Acer rubrum 'Scanlon'Acer rubrum 'Schlesingeri' Acer saccharinumAesculus hippocastanum Betula costataBetula nigraBetula papyrifera Betula pendula Betula pendula 'Youngii' Betula utilis var. jacquemontii 'Grayswood Ghost'Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata'Carya ovataChamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Fletcheri'Corylus colurna Crataegus laevigata 'Paul's Scarlet' Cryptomeria japonica 'Elegans' Cupressus macrocarpaFagus sylvatica 'Dawyck' Gleditsia triacanthos 'Sunburst'Liriodendron tulipifera Magnolia x soulangiana 'Rustica Rubra'

Malus transitoriaMalus x magdeburgensisMalus x purpurea 'Eleyi'Ocyparis leylandii ‘Castlewellan’

syn. x Cupressocyparis leylandii 'Castlewellan'Populus nigra 'Italica'Prunus aviumPrunus avium 'Plena'Prunus 'Hisakura'Prunus lusitanicaPrunus padus 'Colorata'Prunus virginiana 'Schubert' Quercus castaneifolia 'Green Spire'Quercus frainetto 'Hungarian Crown'Quercus roburRobinia hispida 'Rosea'Sorbus 'Joseph Rock'Sorbus aria 'Lutescens'Sorbus aria 'Majestica'Sorbus aucupariaSorbus aucuparia 'Beissneri'Sorbus intermediaSorbus x thuringiaca 'Fastigiata' Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata'

TREES USED IN UNITED KINGDOM

Crytomeria japonica Cupressus arizonicaCupressus funebris Cupressus sempervirensCupressus sempervirens 'Stricta' Elaeagnus angustifoliaEucalyptus camaldulensis Eucalyptus ficifoliaEucalyptus johnstoniiEucalyptus lansdowneana subsp. lansdowneana Eucalyptus platypusFagus sylvatica 'Atropurpurea' Ficus caricaFicus nitidaFraxinus ornusGinkgo bilobaGrevillea robusta Jacaranda mimosifoliaJuglans nigra Juniperus chinensis Koelreuteria paniculataLaburnum vossiiLagerstroemia indica Lagunaria patersonii Laurus nobilisLigustrum lucidumLigustrum lucidum 'Variegatum' Liquidambar styraciflua Liriodendron tulipifera Maclura pomifera Magnolia grandiflora Malus floribundaMalus prunifoliaMalus tschonoskiiMelia azedarach Metrosideros excelsa Morus alba

Acacia baileyanaAcacia dealbataAcer campestre Acer japonicum Acer macrophyllumAcer negundo 'Variegatum'Acer palmatumAcer platanoides 'Columnare'Acer pseudoplatanus Acer saccharinumAcer saccharinum 'Laciniatum'Aesculus x carnea 'Briotii'Albizia grandibracteataAlbizia julibrissinAlbizia lebbekAlnus glutinosa 'Imperialis'Amelanchier lamarckiiArbutus andrachneArbutus unedoBetula pendula 'Dalecarlica'Betula utilis var. jacquemontiiCarpinus betulusCarpinus betulus 'Columnaris'Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata'Casuarina cunninghamianaCasuarina equisetifoliaCatalpa bignonioides Cedrus deodaraCedrus libaniCeltis australis Ceratonia siliqua Cercis siliquastrumChamaerops humilisChorisia crispifloraChorisia ventricosa Cornus masCornus nuttallii.

TREES USED IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

Trees used in the Mediterranean continued

Morus alba 'Pendula' Myrtus communis Olea europaeaPhoenix canariensis Phoenix dactylifera Pinus brutiaPinus halepensis Pinus nigra Pinus pinasterPinus pineaPistacia atlanticaPlatanus orientalisPlatanus x hispanicaPodocarpus falcatusPodocarpus rumphiPopulus nigra 'Italica' Prunus x schmittiiPrunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasifera 'Pissardii' Prunus 'Kanzan' Prunus lusitanica Prunus padus Prunus x subhirtella 'Autumnalis Rosea' Pyrus sp.Quercus cerris Quercus coccifera Quercus frainettoQuercus ilexQuercus macrolepis syn. aegilops Quercus macrolepsis

Quercus pubescensQuerus robur 'Fastigiata'Quercus rubraQuercus suber Robinia hispida 'Rosea'Robinia pseudoacacia Robinia pseudoacacia 'Frisia'Robinia pseudoacacia 'Inermis' Robinia pseudoacacia 'Umbraculifera'Salix chilensis (syn. humboltiana)Schinus molleSophora japonicaSophora japonica 'Pendula'Sophora secundiflora Sorbus aria Sorbus aucupariaTamarix sp.Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata' Thevetia peruvianaThevetia thevetioidesThuja occidentalis Thuja occidentalis 'Spiralis' Thuja orientalisThuja orientalis 'Compacta' Thuja plicata Tilia x euchlora Tilia x europaea Trachycarpus fortuneiWashingtonia filifera

Betula pendula 'Youngii'Betula utilis Betula utilis var. jacquemontiiCarpinus betulusCarpinus betulus 'Fastigiata'Castanea sativaCatalpa bignonioidesCedrus atlanticaCedrus atlantica 'Glauca Group' Cedrus libani Cercis siliquastrumChamaecyparis lawsonianaChamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Allumii' Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Columnaris'Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Erecta Viridis'Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Lanei'Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Stewartii' Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Wisellii' Chamaecyparis nootkatensisChamaecyparis nootkatensis 'Pendula'Cornus kousaCorylus colurnaCrataegus coccineaCrataegus crus-galli Crataegus laevigataCrataegus laevigata 'Paul's Scarlet'Crataegus laevigata 'Plena'Crataegus orientalisCrataegus persimilis 'Prunifolia'Crataegus x lavalleeiCrataegus x lavallei 'Carrierei'Fagus sylvaticaFagus sylvatica 'Asplenifolia'Fagus sylvatica 'Atropurpureum'Fagus sylvatica 'Dawyck' Fagus sylvatica 'Pendula'Fagus sylvatica 'Purpurea Tricolor'

Acer campestreAcer campestre 'Elsryk'Acer davidiiAcer griseumAcer heldreichiiAcer japonicum Acer lobelii Acer opalusAcer palmatumAcer palmatum 'Atropurpureum'Acer pensylvanicumAcer platanoidesAcer platanoides 'Crimson King'Acer platanoides 'Drummondii' Acer platanoides 'Globosum'Acer platanoides 'Schwedleri'Acer pseudoplatanusAcer pseudoplatanus 'Atropurpureum'Acer rubrumAcer saccharinumAcer saccharinum 'Laciniata Wieri'Acer saccharinum 'Pyramidale' Aesculus hippocastanumAesculus hippocastanum 'Baumannii'Aesculus indica 'Sydney Pearce' Aesculus x carneaAesculus x carnea 'Briotii'Alnus cordataAlnus glutinosaAlnus glutinosa 'Imperialis'Alnus incanaBetula ermaniiBetula papyriferaBetula pendulaBetula pendula 'Dalecarlica' Betula pendula 'Purpurea'Betula pendula 'Tristis'

TREES USED IN BELGIUM, HOLLAND AND GERMANY

Trees used in Belgium, Holland and Germany continued

Fagus sylvatica 'Tortuosa Purpurea'Fagus sylvatica f. tortuosaFraxinus angustifoliaFraxinus angustifolia 'Raywood'Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpaFraxinus excelsiorFraxinus excelsior 'Jaspidea'Fraxinus ornusGingko bilobaGleditsia triacanthosJuglans regia Larix deciduaLiquidambar styracifluaLiquidambar styraciflua 'Lane Roberts' Liriodendron tulipiferaLiriodendron tulipifera 'Fastigiatum' Magnolia soulangeanaMagnolia soulangeana 'Picture'Magnolia soulangeana 'Rustica Rubra'Malus baccataMalus floribundaMalus toringoMalus transitoriaMalus tschonoskiiMetasequoia glyptostroboides Ocyparis leylandii ‘Castlewellan’

syn. x Cupressocyparis leylandii 'Castlewellan'Parrotia persicaPaulownia tomentosaPiceaPinus nigraPinus nigra subsp. nigra Pinus sylvestrisPlatanus x hispanicaPopulus canescensPopulus nigraPopulus nigra 'Italica'

Populus simoniiPopulus tremula Populus tremula 'Erecta'Prunus aviumPrunus avium 'Plena'Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasifera 'Pissardii' Prunus cerasusPrunus lusitanica Prunus maackii 'Amber Beauty' Prunus padus Prunus padus 'Watereri'Prunus padus 'Colorata'Prunus sargentiiPrunus sargentii 'Rancho'Prunus serrulaPrunus serrulataPrunus serrulata 'Choshu-hizakura'Prunus serrulata 'Hatazakura' Prunus x juddiiPrunus x juddii 'Kanzan'Pterocarya fraxinifoliaPyrus calleryanaPyrus calleryana 'Chanticleer'Pyrus nivalisQuercus americanaQuercus cerrisQuercus coccineaQuercus frainetto Quercus ilexQuercus palustrisQuercus roburQuercus robur 'Fastigiata Koster' Quercus robur 'Fastigiata'Quercus rubraRobinia pseudoacaciaRobinia pseudoacacia 'Frisia'

Sorbus x intermediaSorbus 'Wilfrid Fox'Taxodium distichumTaxus baccata Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata Aurea'Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata Aureomarginata' Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata Robusta' Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata'Thuja occidentalisThuja plicataThuja plicata 'Dura'Thuja plicata 'Zebrina' Tilia 'Petiolaris'Tilia americanaTilia americana 'Fastigiata'Tilia cordataTilia cordata 'Green Spire' Tilia platyphyllosTilia platyphyllos 'Fastigiata'Tilia tomentosaTilia x euchloraTilia x europaeaUlmus hollandicaUlmus x hollandica 'Lobel'

Salix albaSalix alba 'Tristis'Salix alba var. sericea Salix alba var. vitellina 'Britzensis'Salix babylonicaSalix exiguaSalix x sepulcralisSalix x sepulcralis var. chrysocomaSequoiadendron giganteumSorbus ariaSorbus aria 'Lutescens'Sorbus aria 'Magnifica'Sorbus aria 'Majestica'Sorbus aucuparia Sorbus aucuparia 'Beissneri'Sorbus aucuparia 'Joseph Rock' Sorbus aucuparia 'Sheerwater Seedling'Sorbus commixtaSorbus commixta 'Embley'Sorbus hybridaSorbus hybrida 'Gibbsii'Sorbus intermediaSorbus intermedia 'Brouwers'Sorbus latifoliaSorbus x thuringiaca 'Fastigiata'

Trees used in Belgium, Holland and Germany continued

TREES USED IN FRANCE

Abies albaAbies bracteataAbies cephalonicaAbies concolorAbies concolor 'var lowiana'Abies grandisAbies homolepisAbies nordmannianaAbies numidicaAbies proceraAbies veitchiiAcacia dealbataAcer campestreAcer campestre 'Nanum'Acer capillipesAcer cappadocicumAcer cappadocicum 'Rubrum'Acer davidiiAcer heldreichiiAcer hersiiAcer macrophyllumAcer negundoAcer nikoenseAcer palmatumAcer pensylvanicumAcer platanoidesAcer platanoides 'Columnare'Acer platanoides 'Reitenbachii'Acer platanoides 'Schwedleri'Acer pseudoplatanusAcer pseudoplatanus 'Atorpurpureum'Acer pseudoplatanus 'Brilliantissimum'Acer pseudoplatanus 'Worleii'Acer rubrumAcer rubrum 'Scanlon'Acer rubrum 'Schlesingeri'Acer saccharinumAcer saccharinum 'Fastigiata'Acer saccharinum 'Laciniatum'

Acer saccharinum 'Pyramidale'Acer saccharumAcer velutinumAesculus californicaAesculus x carneaAesculus x carnea 'Briotii'Aesculus turbinataAesculus flavaAesculus hippocastanumAesculus hippocastanum 'Baumannii'Aesculus indicaAesculus neglectaAilanthus altissimaAlnus cordataAlnus glutinosaAlnus glutinosa 'Imperialis'Alnus glutinosa 'Imperialis Laciniata'Alnus incanaAlnus incana 'Aurea'Alnus incana 'Laciniata'Alnus rubraAlnus subcordataAmelanchier canadensisAmelanchier lamarckiiAraucaria araucanaBetula costataBetula ermaniiBetula maximowiczianaBetula nigraBetula papyriferaBetula pendulaBetula pendula 'Dalecarlica'Betula pendula 'Fastigiata'Betula pendula 'Verrucosa'Betula pendula 'Youngii'Betula pubescensBetula tristis 'Pendula'Betula utilisBetula utilis 'Jermyns'

Trees used in France continued

Betula utilis var. jacquemontiiBetula verrucosaBetula verrucosa 'Pendula'Carpinus betulusCarpinus betulus 'Columnaris'Carpinus betulus 'Fastigiata'Carpinus betulus 'Frans Fontaine'Carpinus betulus 'Pyramidalis'Carya cordiformisCarya ovataCarya tomentosaCastanea sativaCatalpa erubescensCatalpa bignonioidesCedrus atlanticaCedrus deodaraCedrus libaniCercidiphyllum japonicumCercis siliquastrumChamaecyparis lawsonianaChamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Allumii'Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Columnaris'Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Columnaris Glauca'Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Ellwoodii'Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Erecta'Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Erecta Viridis'Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Lanei'Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Pembury Blue'Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Stardust'Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Stewartii'Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Triomf Van Boskoop'Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 'Wisellii'Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 'Glauca'Chamaecyparis obtusaChamaecyparis obtusa 'Nana Gracilis'Chamaecyparis pisiferaCorylus colurnaCrataegus crus-galliCrataegus grignonensis

Crataegus laciniata (syn. orientalis)Crataegus laevigataCrataegus laevigata 'Paul's Scarlet'Crataegus laevigata 'Plena'Crataegus laevigata 'Rosea Flore Plena'Crataegus monogynaCrataegus orientalis sanguineaCrataegus persimilis 'Prunifolia'Crataegus tanacetifoliaCrataegus x lavalleeiCrataegus x lavalleei 'Carreirei'Cryptomeria japonicaCupressus glabraCupressus lusitanicaCupressus macrocarpaCupressus torulosaDavidia involucrataEucalyptus gunniiEucalyptus niphophilaEucalyptus nitensEuodia hupehensisFagus sylvaticaFagus sylvatica Cuprea GroupFagus sylvatica 'Dawyck'Fagus sylvatica 'Dawyck Gold'Fagus sylvatica 'Fastigiata'Fagus sylvatica 'Heterophylla'Fagus sylvatica 'Purpurea' TricolorFagus sylvatica 'Riversii'Fagus sylvatica 'Zlatia'Fraxinus americanaFraxinus angustifoliaFraxinus excelsiorFraxinus excelsior 'Jaspidea'Fraxinus excelsior 'Pendula'Fraxinus excelsior 'Westhof's Glorie'Fraxinus ornusFraxinus oxycarpaFraxinus oxycarpa 'Raywood'

Trees used in France continued

Ginkgo bilobaGleditsia triacanthosIlex x altaclerensis 'Camelliifolia'Ilex aquifoliumIlex aquifolium 'Green Pillar'Ilex aquifolium 'Pyramidalis'Ilex aquifolium 'Silver Queen'Ilex x altaclerensisJuglans nigraJuniperus chinensisKoelreuteria paniculataLaburnum watereri 'Vossii'Larix deciduaLarix kaempferiLarix x eurolepisLaurus nobilisLiquidambar formosanaLiquidambar styracifluaLiriodendron tulipiferaMagnolia campbelliiMagnolia denudataMagnolia grandifloraMagnolia salicifoliaMagnolia soulangiana 'Rustica Rubra'Magnolia sprengeriMalus 'Aldenhamensis'Malus 'Lemoinei'Malus baccataMalus 'Eleyi'Malus floribundaMalus hupehensisMalus 'John Downie'Malus moerlandsii 'Profusion'Malus pumilaMalus pumila 'Montreal Beauty'Malus 'Royalty'Malus sieboldiiMalus spectabilisMalus sylvestris

Malus tschonoskiiMalus 'Wisley crab'Malus x atrosanguineaMalus x purpureaMalus x scheideckeriMalus x zumi 'Golden Hornet'Metasequoia glyptostroboidesMorus nigraNothofagus dombeyiNothofagus obliquaNothofagus proceraNyssa sylvaticaOcyparis leylandii ‘Castlewellan’

syn. x Cupressocyparis leylandii 'Castlewellan'Paulownia imperialisPaulownia tomentosaPicea abiesPicea brewerianaPicea glauca 'Conica'Picea omorikaPicea orientalisPicea pungens Glauca GroupPicea sitchensisPinus ayacahuitePinus cembraPinus contorta Pinus jeffreyiPinus leucodermisPinus muricataPinus nigra Pinus nigra subsp. laricioPinus peucePinus pinasterPinus pineaPinus ponderosaPinus radiataPinus wallichianaPlatanus orientalisPlatanus x hispanica

Platycladus orientalisPlatycladus orientalis 'Elegantissima'Platycladus orientalis 'Rheingold'Podocarpus andinusPopulus albaPopulus alba 'Raket'Populus 'Balsam Spire'Populus nigra 'Italica'Populus nigra var. betulifoliaPopulus tremulaPopulus tremuloidesPopulus tremuloides 'Pendula'Populus trichocarpaPopulus x canadensis 'Eugenei'Populus x canadensis 'Robusta'Populus x canadensis 'Serotina'Populus x canescensPrunus 'Amanogowa'Prunus 'Hokusai'Prunus 'Kanzan'Prunus 'Pink Perfection'Prunus 'Tai Haku'Prunus aviumPrunus avium 'Plena'Prunus cerasiferaPrunus cerasifera 'Pissardii'Prunus cerasifera 'Rosea'Prunus cerasusPrunus dulcisPrunus glandulosa 'Alba Plena'Prunus lusitanicaPrunus maackiiPrunus padusPrunus padus 'Albertii'Prunus padus 'Colorata'Prunus padus 'Watereri'Prunus sargentiiPrunus serrula

Prunus serrulataPrunus serrulata 'Shimidsu Zakura'Prunus 'Snow Goose'Prunus x subhirtellaPrunus x subhirtella 'Autumnalis'Prunus subhirtella 'Pendula'Prunus 'Mount Fuji' syn. 'Shirotae'Prunus virginiana 'Schubert'Prunus x schimittiiPrunus x yedoensisPseudotsuga menziesiiPterocarya fraxinifoliaPterocarya x rehderianaPyrus calleryana 'Chanticleer'Pyrus communisPyrus salicifoliaPyrus salicifolia 'Pendula'Quercus acutissimaQuercus canariensisQuercus castaneifoliaQuercus cerrisQuercus coccineaQuercus frainettoQuercus ilexQuercus macrantheraQuercus palustrisQuercus petraeaQuercus phellosQuercus roburQuercus robur f. fastigiataQuercus robusta f. fastigiata 'Koster'Quercus robur 'Pectinata' (syn. 'Filicifolia')Quercus rubraQuercus x hispanica 'Lucombeana'Rhododendron ponticumRobinia hispidaRobinia pseudoacaciaRobinia pseudoacacia 'Frisia'

Trees used in France continued

Trees used in France continued

Robinia pseudoacacia 'Pyramidalis'Robinia x hillieriSalix albaSalix alba 'Liempde'Salix alba var. caeruleaSalix babylonica var. pekinensis 'Tortuosa'Salix capreaSalix daphnoidesSalix fragilisSalix pentandraSalix x sepulcralis 'Chrysocoma'Sequoia sempervirensSequoiadendron giganteumSophora japonicaSorbus alnifoliaSorbus ariaSorbus aria 'Lutescens'Sorbus aria 'Majestica'Sorbus aucupariaSorbus aucuparia 'Aspleniifolia'Sorbus aucuparia 'Beissneri'Sorbus aucuparia 'Dirkenii'Sorbus aucuparia 'Fastigiata'Sorbus aucuparia 'Sheerwater Seedling'Sorbus cashmirianaSorbus commixta 'Embley'Sorbus cuspidata (syn. vestita)Sorbus domesticaSorbus folgneriSorbus hupehensisSorbus intermediaSorbus 'Joseph Rock'Sorbus 'Leonard Spencer' Sorbus sargentianaSorbus thibetica 'John Mitchell'Sorbus x thuringiacaSorbus torminalisSorbus vilmorinii

Sorbus 'Wilfrid Fox'Taxodium distichumTaxodium distichum var. imbricatumTaxus baccataTaxus baccata Aurea GroupTaxus baccata 'Cavendishii'Taxus baccata 'Erecta'Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata'Thuja occidentalisThuja occidentalis 'Malonyana'Thuja occidentalis 'Pyramidalis Compacta'Thuja plicataThuja plicata 'Atrovirens'Thuja plicata 'Aurea'Thuja plicata 'Emerald'Thujopsis dolbrataTilia cordataTilia dasystylaTilia mongolicaTilia ‘Petiolaris’Tilia platyphyllosTilia platyphyllos 'Fastigiata'Tilia tomentosaTilia x euchloraTilia x europaeaTsuga canadensisTsuga carolinianaTsuga heterophyllaTsuga mertensianaUlmus carpinifoliaUlmus glabraUlmus glabra 'Camperdownii'Ulmus minor 'Variegata'Ulmus parvifoliaUlmus proceraUlmus pumilaUlmus x vegeta'Zelkova serrata

Cassia grandis Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Cinnamomum inersCinnamomum zeylanicumCocos nuciferaCordia sebestena Croton megalocarpusCyrtostachys rendaDalbergia sissooDelonix regiaDombeya acutangula Elaeis guineensisElaeodendron sp.Enterolobium contortisiliquum Erythrina abyssinicaErythrina indicaEuphorbia candelabrumFagraea fragransFicus benghalensisFicus luteaFicus retusaFicus robusta Ficus sycamorus Filicium decipiensGrevillea banksii Guaiacum officinaleIlex sp.Ipomoea arborescensLagerstroemia indica

Acacia melanoxylon Acacia niloticaAcacia saligna Acacia seyalAcacia tortilisAlbizia gummiferaAlbizia saman Albizia schimperianaAmherstia nobilisAraucaria columnalisArecastrum romanzoffianumAzadirachta indica Bauhinia blakeanaBauhinia monandraBauhinia purpureaBauhinia racemosaBombax ceibaBombax malabaricumBrachychiton acerifoliumBrachylaena huillensisCallistemon citrinus Calodendrum capensisCananga odorata Caryota mitis Cassia fistulaCassia grandisCassia nodosa Cassia siamea Cassia spectabilis

TREES USED IN THE TROPICS

Trees used in the Tropics continued

Lagerstroemia macrocarpa var. reflexaLagerstroemia speciosa Mamitoa browneoides Mangifera indicaMarkhamia luteaMesua ferreaMichelia albaMichelia champacaMilingtonia hortensisMimusops elengiPeltophorum pterocarpum syn. ferrugineumPhoenix reclinata Phoenix robellini Picrasma ailanthoides Plumeria albaPlumeria rubraPolyalthia longifolia 'Pendula' Pritchardia pacificaPterocarpus macrocarpusRoystonea elataRoystonea regia Spathodea campanulataSterculia acerifolia (syn. Brachychiton acerifolius)Swietenia mahoganiSyagrus romanzoffiana (syn. Arecastrum romanzoffianum) Tabebuia rosea Tamarindus indicusWarszewiczia coccinea