GHG Pla�orm India is a civil society ini�a�ve providing an independent es�ma�on and analysis of India's Greenhouse

Gas (GHG) emissions across key sectors, namely- Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture,

Forestry & Other Land Use (AFOLU) and Waste.

The Pla�orm seeks to add value to the various ongoing GHG emission es�ma�on efforts by helping address exis�ng

data gaps and data accessibility issues, extending beyond the scope of na�onal inventories to state inventories, and by

increasing the volume of analy�cs and policy dialogue on India's GHG emissions sources, profile, and related policies.

The ini�a�ve es�mates and assesses GHG emissions and removals from the following sectors:

*Fuel combusted for Cap�ve Electricity Genera�on (Auto-Producers) has been reported under Energy sector.

Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from 2005 to 2013

Trend Analysisof GHG Emissions in

BIHAR

Bihar at a glance (2013)

ENERGY AFOLUIPPU* WASTE

8.71%Popula�on

2.75%Net GHG Emissions

Per Capita Emissions

0.61tCO₂e(Bihar)

1.93 tCO₂e(India)

Forest Area

8%(Of Bihar‘sTotal Area)

1.04%(Of India’s

Forest Area)

1102 Persons/Sq.Km

(Bihar)

382 Persons/Sq.Km

(India)

Popula�on Density

2.86%

2.83%GDP

Area

Economy-wide Emission Estimates

Emissions of Bihar grew from 45.8 MtCO2e to 66.6 MtCO2e at an estimated CAGR1 of 4.79% from 2005

to 20132 as depicted in Figure 1 above. In 2013, the Energy sector contributed ~56% of the total

emissions of Bihar while the AFOLU sector had a share of ~37%. As inferred from Figure 2 below, share

of the Energy emissions increased from ~50% in 2005 to ~56% in 2013. While the share of the AFOLU

sector decreased from ~43% in 2005 to ~37% in 2013. The contributions from the Waste and IPPU

sectors to GHG emissions of Bihar remained almost the same, with the IPPU sector contribution

remaining below 1%.

Figure 2: Sector-wise Contribution to Economy-wide GHG Emissions of Bihar

2005 2013

1 Compound Annual Growth Rate 2 Calendar year values have been considered for this analysis. For Global Warming Potential (GWP) calculations IPCC-ARII

values have been considered

45.8 46.249.5

51.9 55.258.4

63.7 65.8 66.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Emis

sio

n E

stim

ates

(M

tCO

2e)

Figure 1: GHG Emission Estimates for Bihar (2005 to 2013)

Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Energy

Industrial Product and Process Use Waste

Grand Total

43%

50%

0.4%7%

37%

56%

0.6%

6%

Energy

IPPU

AFOLU

Waste

Per capita emissions of Bihar saw a slight increase from 0.50 tCO2e in 2005 to 0.61 tCO2e in 2013 as

illustrated in Figure 3 above. When compared to India, Bihar recorded significantly lower per capita

emissions. The CAGR of per capita emissions in India and Bihar were 4.07% and 2.53% respectively.

Thus, not only were per capita emissions of Bihar much lower than that of the country, they also grew

at a rate that was significantly lower.

The IPPU sector had registered the highest CAGR of 11.21% but with a very low baseline and negligible

contribution to total emissions, while emissions from the Energy and AFOLU sectors grew at a CAGR

of 6.35% and 2.78% respectively. The growth of GHG emissions for all sectors of Bihar were much

higher than India’s, except for the Energy sector.

1.40 1.42 1.49

1.59 1.65 1.75 1.80

1.88 1.93

0.50 0.49 0.52 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.61 0.62 0.61

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Per

Cap

ita

Emis

sio

n E

stim

ates

(tC

O2e

)

Figure 3: Per Capita GHG Emissions for Bihar and India(2005 to 2013)

Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Energy

Industrial Product and Process Use Waste

India Bihar

6.80% 6.35%5.94%

11.21%

-1.95%

2.78%3.90% 4.06%

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

India Bihar

CA

GR

(%

)

Figure 4: Sector-wise GHG Emissions Growth Ratefrom 2005 to 2013

These growth rates have been compounded annually.

Energy IPPU AFOLU Waste

Energy Sector The Energy sector comprised of ~56% of the total emissions of Bihar in 2013. In general, emissions

from the Energy sector arise from two main sub-sectors – Fuel Combustion (Public Electricity

Generation, Transport, Industries, Agriculture, Commercial and Residential categories) and Fugitive.

Among the two, emissions arising from Fuel Combustion were very large compared to almost

negligible Fugitive emissions in Bihar. The Energy sector emissions increased at a CAGR of 6.3% from

23 MtCO2e in 2005 to 37.6 MtCO2e in 2013 as depicted in Figure 5 below.

Public Electricity Generation was a major contributor to emissions with its share being ~61% of the

total Energy sector emissions of Bihar in 2013. This was followed by the Residential and Transport

categories each contributing ~15% and ~13% respectively in 2013. Emissions arising out of Public

Electricity Generation were mainly from Coal-based Power Generation. Emissions from Public

Electricity Generation grew at a CAGR of 6.9% from 13.4 MtCO2e in 2005 to 22.9 MtCO2e in 2013 as

depicted in Figure 6 below.

13

.4

12

.5 14

.0 15

.4 17

.9

20

.8 21

.8 22

.8

22

.8

13

.4

12

.6 14

.1 15

.5 17

.9

20

.9 21

.9 22

.9

22

.9

-

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Emis

sio

n E

stim

ates

(M

tCO

2e)

Figure 6: GHG Emission Estimates from Coal-based Power Generation (2005 to 2013)

Coal Public Electricity Generation Total

23.0 22.124.3

26.8

30.5

34.135.5

36.9 37.6

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Emis

sio

n E

stim

ates

(M

tCO

2e)

Figure 5: GHG Emission Estimates for Energy Sector in Bihar(2005 to 2013)

Agriculture & Commercial Industries Public Electricity Generation

Residential Transport Total Energy

IPPU Sector The IPPU sector embodied ~0.6% of the total GHG emissions of Bihar in 2013. IPPU emissions from

the state were largely driven by Mineral and Chemical Industries. The emissions of the IPPU sector

grew from 0.18 MtCO2e in 2005 to 0.42 MtCO2e in 2013 as depicted in Figure 7 below. Although the

IPPU sector formed a very minor portion of the total emissions in Bihar, it witnessed a CAGR of 11.2%

during the reference period.

Figure 8 below depicts a trend of GHG emissions by various IPPU categories. While Cement Production

was the key driver of emissions during the reference period, an abrupt increase in the overall

emissions was observed in 2012 owing to reported data of Carbon Black production in the IPPU sector.

0.180.22

0.260.23

0.260.29 0.30 0.30

0.42

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Emis

sio

n E

stim

ates

(M

tCO

2e)

Figure 7: GHG Emission Estimates for IPPU Sector of Bihar (2005 to 2013)

Mineral Industry Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use Chemical Industry Grand Total

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

% S

har

e in

To

tal I

PP

U E

mis

sio

ns

Figure 8: Share of GHG Emissions from IPPU Categories (2005 to 2013)

Carbon Black Cement Production Others

AFOLU Sector Emissions from the AFOLU sector represented almost 37% of the total emissions of Bihar in 2013.

Emissions from the AFOLU sector arise from three main sub-sectors namely Livestock, Land and

Aggregate sources and Non-CO2 Emissions Sources on Land. The AFOLU emissions increased at a CAGR

of 2.78% from 19.6 MtCO2e in 2005 to 24.4 MtCO2e in 2013 as depicted in Figure 9 below. Notably,

the Land sub-sector acted as a sink in all the reference years in Bihar. Livestock emissions contributed

most to the emissions from the AFOLU sector across all the years from 2005 to 2013. This is perhaps

a reflection of the importance of dairy and other associated activities in the animal husbandry sector

in the economy of Bihar. Emissions due to Aggregate Sources and Non-CO2 Emission Sources on Land

did not show any significant change in the years in consideration. Removals from Land decreased

significantly owing to the reduction in the greencover of the state.

On further investigation of the AFOLU sub-sectors, it can be clearly seen that, Enteric Fermentation was a major contributor but with little or no change in the proportion or growth of its emissions. Significantly, the percentage share of emissions from Rice Cultivation decreased from 31% in 2005 to 27% in 2013. There was a sustained increase in the emissions of Agriculture Soils from 9% in 2005 to 12% in 2013. This can be attriburted to the increased usage of fertilizers in Bihar.

19.620.8 21.8 21.7 21.1 20.6

23.9 24.6 24.4

-10

0

10

20

30

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Emis

sio

n E

stim

ates

(M

tCO

2e)

Figure 9: GHG Emission Estimates for AFOLU Sector in Bihar (2005 to 2013)

Aggregate Sources and non CO2 Emissions Sources on land Land Livestock Total AFLOU

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013% S

har

e in

To

tal A

FOLU

Em

issi

on

Est

imat

es

(Exc

lud

ing

Lan

d)

Figure 10: Share of GHG Emissions for AFOLU Sub-sectors (Excluding Land)

Enteric Fermentation Manure Management Agriculture Soils

Biomass Burning in Cropland Biomass Burning in Forest Land Rice Cultivation

Waste Sector The Waste sector contributed to ~6% of the total emissions of Bihar in 2013. The key sources of GHG

emissions from the Waste sector are Municipal Solid Waste3, Domestic Wastewater and Industrial

Wastewater. GHG emissions from Waste grew at a CAGR of 4.06% from 3 MtCO2e in 2005 to 4.2

MtCO2e in 2013. The emissions from the Waste sector in Bihar followed an almost linear trend until

2011.The spike in emissions in 2011 can be attributed to higher Domestic wastewater emissions, which

reflects changing trends in use of various treatment systems as reported in Census of India 2011.

Domestic Wastewater comprised ~92% of the total Waste emissions of Bihar. Emissions of Domestic

Wastewater originating from the rural and urban areas of Bihar grew at a CAGR of 4.2% from 2.8

MtCO2e in 2005 to 3.9 MtCO2e in 2013. Given Bihar's large rural population, over 80% emissions from

this sub-sector originated from its rural areas during the reference period as depicted in Figure 13

below. Discharge of untreated wastewater and use of septic tanks are key drivers of emissions in this

sub-sector.

Municipal Solid Waste contributed approximately 6% of the total Waste emissions in 2013. Emissions

from this sub-sector grew at a CAGR of 2.1% from 2005 to 2013, driven by increasing waste generation

rates, changing composition, and growing population. Industrial Wastewater had a minor share of

~2% in the total Waste emissions in 2013.

3 'Refers to emission in urban areas. Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Disposal in rural areas are not considered, as

disposal predominantly occurs in a dispersed manner and does not generate significant CH4 emissions'

3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.34.0 4.1 4.2

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Emis

sio

n E

stim

ates

(M

tCO

2e)

Figure 12: GHG Emission Estimates from Waste Sector in Bihar (2005 to 2013)

Domestic Wastewater Industrial Wastewater Solid Waste Disposal Grand Total

92%

2%

6%

Figure 11: Category-wise Share of GHG Emissions for Waste Sector (in 2013)

Domestic Wastewater

Industrial Wastewater

Municipal Solid Waste Disposal

0.0

5.0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Emis

sio

ns

Esti

mat

es

(MtC

O2e

)

Figure 13: Areawise GHG Emission Estimates for Domestic Waste Water (2005 to 2013)

Rural Urban

This document has been compiled and analysed by Vasudha Founda�on. All informa�on men�oned in this document is sourced from GHG Pla�orm India. To download this document and to know more about the Pla�orm, please visit www.ghgpla�orm-india.org or write to info@ghgpla�orm-india.org

The Pla�orm comprises of the following civil society:

The GHG Pla�orm India is a civil society ini�a�ve providing an independent es�ma�on and analysis of India's Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions across key sectors, namely- Energy, IPPU, AFOLU and Waste.

The Interna�onal Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) is the global leader in agricultural research for development in wheat and maize-based farming systems.

Shak� Sustainable Energy Founda�on works to strengthen the energy security of the country by aiding the design and implementa�on of policies that encourage energy efficiency, renewable energy and sustainable transport solu�ons.

Vasudha Founda�on, set up in 2010, is a not for profit organisa�on, working in the clean energy and climate policy space.

ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability is a leading global network of over 1,500 ci�es, towns and regions commi�ed to building a sustainable future.

WRI-India is a research organiza�on that turns big ideas into ac�on at the nexus of environment, economic opportunity and human well-being.

Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy (CSTEP) is a not for profit research organisa�on incorporated in 2005 u/s 25 of The Companies Act, 1956.

The is one of South Asia's leading not-for-profit policy research Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW)ins�tu�ons. It uses data, integrated analysis and strategic outreach to explain – and change – the use, reuse, and misuse of resources.

Secretariat Contact

Vasudha Founda�on, CISRS House, 14 Jangpura B,

Mathura Road, New Delhi - 110014, India

Phone No. - 011-24372680

An ini�a�ve supported by