trends in biodiversity, regional, european and global… · trends in biodiversity, regional,...
TRANSCRIPT
www.alter-net.info
Trends in biodiversity, regional, Trends in biodiversity, regional, European and globalEuropean and global……
Allan Watt – Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Banchory and Edinburgh, UK
Outline of presentationOutline of presentation
• Biodiversity: levels, taxonomy and function• Quantifying biodiversity• Trends: – extinctions – risk of extinction– abundance– distribution– prediction
• Trends and pressures• Trends and responses
Preying mantisMartin Speight
What is biodiversity?What is biodiversity?Convention on Biological Diversity definition of biodiversity (Article 2:
"biological diversity means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems".
Species: taxonomy and functionSpecies: taxonomy and function
Social wasps – VespidaeVespula vulgarisbio.kuleuven.be/ento/photo_gallery.htm
Digger wasp (Sphecidae)Scoliid wasp (Scoliidae) Bee fly
Longhorn beetle
Clearwing moth
Hover fly
Banded horntail sawflyIchneumon wasp
Robber Fly
Functional diversityFunctional diversity
Honey bee – ApidaeApis melliferawww.texarkanacollege.edu/~mstorey/bugs
Technomyrmex 2; Crematogaster stadelmanni Mayr; Crematogaster striatula Emery; Crematogaster clariventris Mayr; Oecophylla longinoda (Latreille); Crematogaster africana Mayr ; Pheidole 3; Paratrechina 1; Crematogaster 2; Atopomyrmex cryptoceroides Emery; Cataulacus guineensis Smith; Crematogaster gabonensis Emery; Myrmicaria exigua André; Technomyrmex 1 ; Crematogaster buchneri Forel; Polyrhachis decemdentata André; Cataulacus kohli Mayr; Crematogaster wellmani Forel; Crematogaster 3; Polyrhachis laboriosa Smith; Crematogaster depressa (Latreille); Crematogaster1; Paratrechina 2; Tetraponera mocquerysi (André); Camponotus 4 ; Crematogaster 5; Camponotus 2; Polyrhachis alexisi Forel; Camponotus 1; Cataulacus egenus Santschi; Lepisiota 1; Tetraponera ophthalmica (Emery); Polyrhachis fissa Mayr; Cataulacus pullus Santschi; Camponotus 5 ; Crematogaster 9; Monomorium egens Forel; Pheidole 1; Polyrhachis n.sp nr. Lanuginosa Santschi; Tetramorium aculeatum (Mayr); Cataulacus 4; Melissotarsus weissi Santschi; Pheidole 4; Cataulacus mocquerysi André; Axinidris ghanensis Shattuck; Camponotus 7; Camponotus 8; Crematogaster15; Plagiolepis 2; Technomyrmex 6; Plagiolepis 1; Polyrhachis lestoni Bolton; Axinidris 5; Tetramorium quadridentatum Stitz; Crematogaster 6; Axinidris1; Camponotus 3; Crematogaster 12; Lepisiota 2; Polyrhachis militaris (Fabricius); Tetramorium dumezi Menozzi; Atopomyrmex mocquerysi André; Cataulacus 6; Pyramica maynei (Forel); Cataulacus tardus Santschi; Cataulacus pilosus Santschi; Polyrhachis otleti Forel; Cataulacus 7 ; Cataulacustaylori Bolton; Crematogaster 11; Monomorium exiguum Forel; Tapinoma 2; Camponotus brutus Forel; Crematogaster 13; Crematogaster 8; Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille); Crematogaster 10; Crematogaster 7; Platythyrea conradti Emery; Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius); Axinidris3; Axinidris 4; Cataulacus centrurus Bolton; Cataulacus lujae Forel; Cataulacus vorticus Bolton; Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus); Monomoriumstrangulatum Santschi; Pyramica serrula (Santschi); Strumigenys sp. queen; Tapinoma 3; Tetramarium n.sp nr. Psymanum Bolton; Tetramoriumgegaimi Forel; Axinidris 2; Polyrhachis n.sp nr. braxa Bolton; Phasmomyrmex buchneri (Forel); Phasmomyrmex wolfi (Emery); Tetramorium n.sp nr dumezi Menozzi; Pheidole 6; Technomyrmex 3; Tetramorium rhetidum Bolton; Oligomyrmex 2; Oligomyrmex 3; Pyramica serrula (Santschi); Crematogaster striatula Emery; Strumigenys petiolata Bernard; Tetramorium furtivum (Arnold); Monomorium invidium Bolton; Dorylus 1; Tetramoriumantrema (Bolton); Tetramorium zambezium Santschi; Hypoponera 1; Strumigenys bernardi Brown; Pyramica ludovici (Forel) ; Monomorium bicolorEmery; Oligomyrmex 1; Oligomyrmex 6; Monomorium cryptobium (Santschi); Hypoponera 4; Pachycondyla ambigua André; Pristomyrmex orbiceps(Santschi); Paratrechina 5; Tetramorium capillosum Bolton; Technomyrmex 4; Paratrechina 4; Pheidole 8; Tetramorium muscorum Arnold; Tetramorium geminatum Bolton; Acropyga 1 ; Oligomyrmex 4; Technomyrmex 5; Pachycondyla caffraria (Smith); Anochetus katonae Forel; Phrynoponera bequaerti Wheeler; Technomyrmex 2; Tetramorium n.sp.; Monomorium floricola (Jerdon); Pyramica concolor (Santschi); Hypoponera 3; Anoplolepis tenella (Santschi); Discothyrea mixta Brown; Oligomyrmex 7; Pyramica sistrura (Bolton); Monomorium exiguum Forel; Cerapachysnitidulus Brown; Decamorium decem (Forel); Odontomachus troglodytes Santschi; Pachycondyla brunoi Forel; Pheidole 5 ; Tetramorium coloreumMayr; Cerapachys foreli (Santschi); Pachycondyla fugax Forel; Pheidole 7; Pyramica lujae (Forel); Strumigenys rogeri Emery; Odontomachusassiniensis Emery; Pyramica tetragnatha (Taylor); Leptogenys n.sp.; Pyramica dotaja (Bolton); Pyramica ravidura (Bolton); Probolomyrmex guineensisTaylor; Pyramica depilosa Bolton; Anochetus bequaerti Forel; Cardiocondyla emeryi Forel; Pyramica africana (Bolton); Pachycondyla tarsata(Fabricius); Pheidole 1; Sphinctomyrmex rufiventris Santschi; Tetramorium muralti Forel; Anochetus traegaordhi Mayr; Camponotus brutus Forel; Hypoponera 5; Pachycondyla pachyderma Emery; Pachycondyla soror (Emery); Paratrechina 1; Strumigenys tetraphanes Brown; Tetramoriumweitzeckeri Emery; Anochetus africanus Mayr; Cataulacus kohli Mayr; Centromyrmex sellaris Mayr; Crematogaster clariventris Mayr; Oligomyrmex 8; Paratrechina 3; Phrynoponera gabonensis (André); Prionopelta amieti Terron; Pyramica cavinasis (Brown); Technomyrmex 1; Tetramoriumcamerunense Mayr; Tetramorium gabonense (André); Asphinctopone silvestrii Santschi; Calyptomyrmex nummuliticus Santschi; Cerapachys sp; Crematogaster buchneri Forel; Pyramica roomi (Bolton); Hypoponera 2; Leptogenys bubastis Bolton; Monomorium spectrum Bolton; Oligomyrmex 5; Paedalgus rarus Bolton & Belshaw; Pheidole 9; Polyrhachis rufipalpis Santschi; Pristomyrmex africanus Karavaiev; Pyramica arahana (Bolton); Pyramica enkara (Bolton); Pyramica malaplax (Bolton); Strumigenys ettillax Bolton; Tetramorium pinnipilum Bolton; Tetramorium quadridentatumStitz; Tetramorium zapyrum Bolton
Technomyrmex 2; Crematogaster stadelmanni Mayr; Crematogaster striatula Emery; Crematogaster clariventris Mayr; Oecophylla longinoda (Latreille); Crematogasterafricana Mayr ; Pheidole 3; Paratrechina 1; Crematogaster 2; Atopomyrmexcryptoceroides Emery; Cataulacus guineensis Smith; Crematogaster gabonensis Emery; Myrmicaria exigua André; Technomyrmex 1 ; Crematogaster buchneri Forel; Polyrhachis decemdentata André; Cataulacus kohli Mayr; Crematogaster wellmani Forel; Crematogaster 3; Polyrhachislaboriosa Smith; Crematogaster depressa (Latreille); Crematogaster 1; Paratrechina 2; Tetraponera mocquerysi (André); Camponotus 4 ; Crematogaster5; Camponotus 2; Polyrhachis alexisi Forel; Camponotus 1; Cataulacus egenus Santschi; Lepisiota 1; Tetraponera ophthalmica (Emery); Polyrhachisfissa Mayr; Cataulacus pullus Santschi; Camponotus 5 ; Crematogaster 9; Monomorium egens Forel; Pheidole 1; Polyrhachis n.sp nr. LanuginosaSantschi; Tetramorium aculeatum (Mayr); Cataulacus 4; Melissotarsus weissi Santschi; Pheidole 4; Cataulacus mocquerysi André; Axinidris ghanensisShattuck; Camponotus 7; Camponotus 8; Crematogaster 15; Plagiolepis 2; Technomyrmex 6; Plagiolepis 1; Polyrhachis lestoni Bolton; Axinidris 5; Tetramorium quadridentatum Stitz; Crematogaster 6; Axinidris 1; Camponotus 3; Crematogaster 12; Lepisiota 2; Polyrhachis militaris (Fabricius); Tetramorium dumezi Menozzi; Atopomyrmex mocquerysi André; Cataulacus 6; Pyramica maynei (Forel); Cataulacus tardus Santschi; Cataulacus pilosusSantschi; Polyrhachis otleti Forel; Cataulacus 7 ; Cataulacus taylori Bolton; Crematogaster 11; Monomorium exiguum Forel; Tapinoma 2; Camponotusbrutus Forel; Crematogaster 13; Crematogaster 8; Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille); Crematogaster 10; Crematogaster 7; Platythyrea conradti Emery; Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius); Axinidris 3; Axinidris 4; Cataulacus centrurus Bolton; Cataulacus lujae Forel; Cataulacus vorticus Bolton; Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus); Monomorium strangulatum Santschi; Pyramica serrula (Santschi); Strumigenys sp. queen; Tapinoma 3; Tetramarium n.sp nr. Psymanum Bolton; Tetramorium gegaimi Forel; Axinidris 2; Polyrhachis n.sp nr. braxa Bolton; Phasmomyrmex buchneri (Forel); Phasmomyrmex wolfi (Emery); Tetramorium n.sp nr dumezi Menozzi; Pheidole 6; Technomyrmex 3; Tetramorium rhetidum Bolton; Oligomyrmex 2; Oligomyrmex 3; Pyramica serrula (Santschi); Crematogaster striatula Emery; Strumigenys petiolata Bernard; Tetramorium furtivum (Arnold); Monomorium invidium Bolton; Dorylus 1; Tetramorium antrema (Bolton); Tetramorium zambezium Santschi; Hypoponera 1; Strumigenys bernardiBrown; Pyramica ludovici (Forel) ; Monomorium bicolor Emery; Oligomyrmex 1; Oligomyrmex 6; Monomorium cryptobium (Santschi); Hypoponera 4; Pachycondyla ambigua André; Pristomyrmex orbiceps (Santschi); Paratrechina 5; Tetramorium capillosum Bolton; Technomyrmex 4; Paratrechina 4; Pheidole 8; Tetramorium muscorum Arnold; Tetramorium geminatum Bolton; Acropyga 1 ; Oligomyrmex 4; Technomyrmex 5; Pachycondyla caffraria(Smith); Anochetus katonae Forel; Phrynoponera bequaerti Wheeler; Technomyrmex 2; Tetramorium n.sp.; Monomorium floricola (Jerdon); Pyramicaconcolor (Santschi); Hypoponera 3; Anoplolepis tenella (Santschi); Discothyrea mixta Brown; Oligomyrmex 7; Pyramica sistrura (Bolton); Monomoriumexiguum Forel; Cerapachys nitidulus Brown; Decamorium decem (Forel); Odontomachus troglodytes Santschi; Pachycondyla brunoi Forel; Pheidole 5 ; Tetramorium coloreum Mayr; Cerapachys foreli (Santschi); Pachycondyla fugax Forel; Pheidole 7; Pyramica lujae (Forel); Strumigenys rogeri Emery; Odontomachus assiniensis Emery; Pyramica tetragnatha (Taylor); Leptogenys n.sp.; Pyramica dotaja (Bolton); Pyramica ravidura (Bolton); Probolomyrmex guineensis Taylor; Pyramica depilosa Bolton; Anochetus bequaerti Forel; Cardiocondyla emeryi Forel; Pyramica africana (Bolton); Pachycondyla tarsata (Fabricius); Pheidole 1; Sphinctomyrmex rufiventris Santschi; Tetramorium muralti Forel; Anochetus traegaordhi Mayr; Camponotus brutus Forel; Hypoponera 5; Pachycondyla pachyderma Emery; Pachycondyla soror (Emery); Paratrechina 1; Strumigenys tetraphanesBrown; Tetramorium weitzeckeri Emery; Anochetus africanus Mayr; Cataulacus kohli Mayr; Centromyrmex sellaris Mayr; Crematogaster clariventrisMayr; Oligomyrmex 8; Paratrechina 3; Phrynoponera gabonensis (André); Prionopelta amieti Terron; Pyramica cavinasis (Brown); Technomyrmex 1; Tetramorium camerunense Mayr; Tetramorium gabonense (André); Asphinctopone silvestrii Santschi; Calyptomyrmex nummuliticus Santschi; Cerapachys sp; Crematogaster buchneri Forel; Pyramica roomi (Bolton); Hypoponera 2; Leptogenys bubastis Bolton; Monomorium spectrum Bolton; Oligomyrmex 5; Paedalgus rarus Bolton & Belshaw; Pheidole 9; Polyrhachis rufipalpis Santschi; Pristomyrmex africanus Karavaiev; Pyramica arahana(Bolton); Pyramica enkara (Bolton); Pyramica malaplax (Bolton); Strumigenys ettillax Bolton; Tetramorium pinnipilum Bolton; Tetramoriumquadridentatum Stitz; Tetramorium zapyrum Bolton
Technomyrmex albipeshttp://www.antweb.org/
Estimating global biodiversityEstimating global biodiversity
Frode Ødegaard (2000) How many species of arthropods? Erwin’sestimate revised. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (2000), 71: 583–597
Estimating global biodiversityEstimating global biodiversity
Frode Ødegaard (2000)
Terry Erwin (forces.si.edu/images)
Trends: recorded extinctionsTrends: recorded extinctions• Europe: at least 200,000 plant and animal
species– 13,500 plant taxa, 576 butterflies etc.
• Known extinctions since c1600:– 2 plants– 4 mammals– 2 birds– 6 molluscs– 2 insects
Pyrenean mountain goat: sub-species extinct in 2000
Trends: recorded extinctionsTrends: recorded extinctions• Globally 6-12 million plant and animal species• Known extinctions since c1600: 784– 85 plants– 1 algae– 70 mammals– 21 reptiles– 35 amphibians– 135 birds– 289 molluscs– 59 insects
Bennett's Seaweed Recorded extinct 2003
www.iucn.org
EuropeEurope’’s threatened species s threatened species • IUCN 2006 Red List of Threatened Species.– 16 species extinct– 3 species extinct in wild– 142 critically endangered– 143 endangered – 425 vulnerable– 27 conservation dependent– 233 near-threatened – 169 data deficient– 1126 least concern
Islands and biodiversityIslands and biodiversitySpecies-area relationship for Caribbean Island butterfliesDavies & Spencer Smith (1997) and Lewis (2006)
Species-area relationship for insects in English roundabouts
Helden and Leather (2004)
Habitat loss and biodiversityHabitat loss and biodiversity
Species-area relationships in grassland patchesSteffan-Dewenter and Tscharntke 2000
Estimating extinctions from species-area relationshipLewis (2006)
Predicting extinctionsPredicting extinctions
Deforestation and land conversionDeforestation and land conversion
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
Beetle
sLitt
er a
ntsButte
rflies
Term
ites
Birds
Conversion tofarmlandConversion tomonoculture
Reduction in number of species after deforestation (%)
Alternative land usesAlternative land uses
Change in number of species relative to uncleared forest (%)
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
Beetle
sLitt
er a
ntsButte
rflies
Term
ites
Birds
Conversion tofarmlandConversion tomonocultureConversion toenrichment
Major drivers of change in biodiversityMajor drivers of change in biodiversity
• Land use change: habitat loss, fragmentation etc• Climate change• Pollution• Invasive species• Exploitation and persecution
Field sites (Field sites (““landland--use unitsuse units””))
• Land-use “intensity” gradients– old-growth forest– managed forest– forest / woodland-dominated landscape– mixed-use landscape– pasture-dominated landscape– arable crop-dominated landscape
Land use impacts on biodiversityLand use impacts on biodiversity
11
12
61
98
27
20
17Range
31321Plants
35173Lichens
3534Butterflies
%Species
3037Birds
4068Carabids
2677Macrofauna
2567Collembola
Impact of land use on biodiversityImpact of land use on biodiversity
LUU (Site): Forest to agricultural landscape
1 2 3 4 5 6
Spe
cies
ric
hnes
s
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Collembola Carabids Plants Lichens Butterflies Birds Macrofauna
Impact of land use on biodiversityImpact of land use on biodiversity
LUU (Site): Forest to agricultural landscape
1 2 3 4 5 6
Spe
cies
ric
hnes
s
0
10
20
30
40
Collembola Carabids Butterflies Birds Macrofauna
Drivers, pressures, state, impact and Drivers, pressures, state, impact and responsesresponses
Drivers
Pressures
StatesImpacts
Responses
The DPSIR model
States and trends in biodiversityStates and trends in biodiversity
Drivers
Pressures
StatesImpacts
Responses
Impacts on ecosystem goods and Impacts on ecosystem goods and servicesservices
Drivers
Pressures
StatesImpacts
Responses
Pressures causing change in Pressures causing change in biodiversitybiodiversity
Drivers
Pressures
StatesImpacts
Responses
Drivers of change in biodiversityDrivers of change in biodiversity
Drivers
Pressures
StatesImpacts
Responses
Responses to threats to biodiversityResponses to threats to biodiversity
Drivers
Pressures
StatesImpacts
Responses
Responses Responses –– practice, policy and peoplepractice, policy and people
John Muir and the first protected areas
Legislation and protected areas: UKLegislation and protected areas: UK• National Parks and Access to the Countryside
Act 1949– National Nature Reserves– Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs)• "to form a national network of areas
representing in total those parts of Great Britain in which the features of nature, and especially those of greatest value to wildlife conservation, are most highly concentrated or of highest quality… each site represents a significant fragment of the much-depleted resource of wild nature now remaining in this country."
• Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (and amendments 1985, 1991, 2004)
UK legislation UK legislation contdcontd::
• The Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994– EC Directives incorporated into national law
• Environment Act 1995 (c. 25)• Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000• Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004• Natural Environment and Rural Communities
Act 2006
European legislation European legislation -- Birds DirectiveBirds Directive• The Council Directive 79/409/EEC on the
conservation of wild birds– The maintenance of the favourable conservation
status of all wild bird species across their distributional range (Article 2) – The identification and classification of Special
Protection Areas for rare or vulnerable species…– The establishment of a general scheme of
protection for all wild birds (Article 5). – Restrictions on the sale and keeping of wild birds
(Article 6). – Prohibition of large-scale non-selective means of
bird killing (Article 8). – Requirements to ensure that introduction of non-
native birds do not threatened other biodiversity (Article 11).
Habitats DirectiveHabitats Directive• Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the
Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora – range of measures including the protection
of species listed in the Annexes – surveillance of habitats and species and
produce a report every six years on the implementation of the Directive. – establishment of Special Areas of
Conservation (SACs)
Protected areas in UKProtected areas in UKUK Special Areas of Conservation
SPA, SAC and other protected areas near Isle of Wight
Ten nominated marine NATURA 2000 sites in German EEZ (www.ices.dk and www.habitatmare.de)
““UnprotectedUnprotected”” areas & other problemsareas & other problems
Condition of UK SAC, SPA and other sites 2005(JNCC)
Conventions, Conventions, BAPsBAPs, targets, etc, targets, etc
• Convention on Biological Diversity
• Biodiversity Action Plans • 2010 targets on biodiversity• Biodiversity Communication: Halting the
Loss of Biodiversity by 2010 — and Beyond
EC Biodiversity CommunicationEC Biodiversity Communication
• OBJECTIVE 1: TO SAFEGUARD THE EU's MOST IMPORTANT HABITATS AND SPECIES.• HEADLINE TARGET: Biodiversity loss of most
important habitats and species halted by 2010, these habitats and species showing substantial recovery by 2013• TARGET 1.1: Natura 2000 network…• TARGET 1.2: Sufficiency, coherence, connectivity
and resilience of the protected areas network in the EU…• TARGET 1.3: No priority species in worsening
conservation status by 2010…
Objective 2: to conserve and restore Objective 2: to conserve and restore biodiversity and ecosystem services in the biodiversity and ecosystem services in the wider EU countrysidewider EU countryside• HEADLINE TARGET: In wider countryside
(…outside Natura 2000 network), biodiversity loss halted by 2010…• TARGET 2.1: Member States have optimised use
of opportunities under agricultural, rural development and forest policy…• TARGET 2.1: Risks to soil biodiversity…• TARGET 2.2: …'good ecological status' of
freshwaters…• TARGET 2.3: Principal pollutant pressures on
terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity…• TARGET 2.4: Flood risk management plans…
Biodiversity Communication objectivesBiodiversity Communication objectives
• OBJECTIVE 5: To substantially reduce the impact on eu biodiversity of invasive alien species (IAS) & alien genotypes.• OBJECTIVE 8: To substantially reduce the impact
of international trade on global biodiversity and ecosystem services.• OBJECTIVE 9: To support biodiversity adaptation
to climate change.• OBJECTIVE 10: To substantially strengthen the
knowledge base for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, in the EU and globally.
Trends: monitoring response to policyTrends: monitoring response to policy
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.4
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
Kitt
iwak
e su
cces
s
Trends: monitoring response to practiceTrends: monitoring response to practice
• New Forest burnet moth– Apparently restricted to New Forest in England– Extinct in New Forest in early 1900s
– Rediscovered in Scotland in 1963– Species Action Plan: http://www.ukbap.org.uk/
1
10
100
1000
10000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
New Forest burnet abundance in UKNew Forest burnet abundance in UK
No monitoring
Data from Mark Young and David Barbour
Some conclusionsSome conclusions……
• There is clear evidence of biodiversity loss: extinctions, declining abundance, shrinking distributions (ranges), increased risk of further extinction
• But our knowledge of the extent of biodiversity, the rate of loss of most taxa and our ability to predict future loss are poor
• Likewise our knowledge of the consequences of biodiversity loss
• Action to address biodiversity loss requires ecological, economic and sociological understanding
• Monitoring trends in biodiversity is a key part of this effort