trends in the 1920s. politics scandal and return to “laissez faire”

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Trends in the 1920s

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Page 1: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Trendsin the1920s

Trendsin the1920s

Page 2: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

POLITICS

Scandal and return to

“Laissez Faire”

Page 3: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Poor President HardingPoor President Harding President Harding:

Decent man but surrounded by bad people (Grant – 50 years ago)

Ohio Gang Harding’s buddies from back

home

Teapot Dome Scandal Navy oil reserves secretly sold

by Harding’s Appointees to private companies

Harding goes on tour of Alaska Dies of Heart Attack Soon after

Page 4: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Teapot Dome ScandalTeapot Dome Scandal

Harding: “ I have no trouble w/ my enemies… But my damned Friends… They’re the ones that keep me walking the floor at nights!”

Page 5: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

President Coolidge “The business of America is business.”

Assumes Power after death of Harding

Firm Believer in Laissez FaireMcNary Haugen Bill

Passed by Congress to assist farmers Vetoed twice

Bonus ActProposed to help families of WWI

vetsVetoed

Revenue ActsReduced Income Taxes

Page 6: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

ISOLATIONISM

Page 7: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

““NormalcyNormalcy”” and and IsolationismIsolationism Warren G. Harding: runs for president –

motto becomes “return America to simpler days”

Harding pursuing an isolationist policy

Page 8: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Washington Naval Conference (1921)

21 Major powers invited to prevent a naval arms race

Countries agreed to scale back their navy and scrap large warships

Charles Evan Hughes (Sec. of State) – No more warships built for 10 years

Page 9: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Kellogg-Briand Pact Kellogg-Briand Pact (1929)(1929)

renounces war as an instrument of national policy

1515 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy.war as tools of foreign policy.

ProblemsProblems lack of enforcement and gave lack of enforcement and gave Americans a false sense of security. Americans a false sense of security.

Page 10: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

ReparationsReparations United States demanding Great Britain/France

pay debts ($10 billion to U.S). G.B./France demand Germany (bankrupt) pay

reparations France sends troops into Germany’s Ruhr Valley

– U.S. steps in to prevent war U.S. banks loan Germany $2.5 billion to pay

reparations to G.B. & France Called the Dawes Plan (Charles Dawes –

banker) G.B. & France takes money from Germany and

pays back the U.S. U.S. being repaid with its own money U.S. didn’t pay fair share of costs of WWI – G.B. &

France angry

Page 11: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

European Debts to the European Debts to the USUS

Page 12: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Hyper-Inflation in Germany: 1923Hyper-Inflation in Germany: 1923

Page 13: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Dawes PlanDawes Plan (1924)(1924)

Page 14: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

NATIVISM

Page 15: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

The Russian Revolution and The Russian Revolution and CommunismCommunism

Bolshevik Revolution in Russia

Seen as Anti Capitalism in the U.S.

70,000 radical in U.S. join Communist Party

Result: Red Scare

Page 16: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

The Russian Revolution and CommunismThe Russian Revolution and Communism(continued)(continued)

A. Mitchell Palmer- U.S. Attorney GeneralAnti CommunistKnown for “Palmer

Raids”

J. Edgar HooverFirst head of FBI Hunts down suspected

Communists/Anarchists

Page 17: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

The Russian Revolution and CommunismThe Russian Revolution and Communism(continued)(continued)

Page 18: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

The Red Scare Fuels NativismThe Red Scare Fuels Nativism Nicola Sacco &

Bartolommeo Vanzetti both were Italian,

anarchists & evaded WWI draft

Charged with murdering a paymaster & stealing $15,000

Evidence circumstantialfound guilty &

executed

Page 19: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

The Red Scare Fuels NativismThe Red Scare Fuels Nativism(continued)(continued)

1961: ballistic tests show Sacco pistol was murder weapon

No proof Sacco pulled the trigger

1977: Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis declared not a fair trial

Page 20: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

The Ku Klux KlanThe Ku Klux Klan Rise of nativism & communism

Rebirth of the Klan

By 1924 – 4.5 million membersNow nationwide organization

Supported prohibition – opposed unions

Hated Roman Catholics, Jews, foreigners

Believed in 100% Americanism

Page 21: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

The Ku Klux Klan

Page 22: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Limiting ImmigrationLimiting Immigration Emergency Quota Act (1921):

Established max number of immigrants from any one country

Primarily focused on S. and E EuropeIncrease in Western Hemisphere

immigrants1920s: 1 million Canadians – 500,000

Mexicans enter US

National Origins Act (1924) set limit at 2% for each country

Page 23: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”
Page 24: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Emergency Quota Act

Page 25: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

LABOR UNREST

Page 26: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Unions and Labor Unions and Labor UnrestUnrest During War -Strikes not allowed

After War - 3,000 strikes in 1919 alone wages not keeping up with prices

Growing numbers of Unskilled LaborersOften Left out of Labor UnionsAfrican Americans excluded from most unionsPush for Open Shops

1920 – union membership was 5 million 1929 – union membership was 3.5 million

Page 27: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Coal Miners Strike (1919) United Mine Workers

elected John Lewis their new President.

He organized a nationwide strike and was able to get a 27% wage increase, but could not win shorter hours.

Page 28: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

WEALTH

Page 29: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

The Impact of Automobiles

Let Americans take vacations to new areas

Construction of paved roads such as the famous Route 66 gave rise to homes with garages, gas stations, motels, and repair shops popping up everywhere

Page 30: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Impact of Automobiles(continued)

Allowed workers to live miles from their jobs creating urban sprawl

By late 1920s – 80% of all registered vehicles in the world were in the US

Page 31: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

1927: First underwater tunnel- Holland Tunnel

Page 32: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

1929: Woodbridge Cloverleaf in NJ– first cloverleaf intersection

Page 33: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

The Airplane Industry Cause of growth:

carried mail for U.S. government

1927: Charles Lindberg – first solo flight across Atlantic Ocean (“Spirit of St. Louis”)

1927: Pan American Airways made first transatlantic passenger flights

Page 34: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Electrical Conveniences

Development of alternating current allowed electricity to be distributed over longer distances

Electrical items such as the refrigerators and toasters made life of the housewife easier

Page 35: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Rise of Modern Advertising Companies hired

psychologists to study how to appeal to people’s desires

Advertising will gradually become one of the most profitable industries in America

Leads to Increasing Consumerism

Page 36: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Consumer Economy

Page 37: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Superficial Prosperity

Page 38: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

The Roaring Life of the 1920s

Culture

Page 39: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

New Urban Scene5 65 cities with over

100K people

5 People judged each other by their accomplishments

5 Drank, gambled, casually dated, danced

5 City life was fast-paced & impersonal

Page 40: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Prohibition Experiment 5 Liquor led to crime,

family abuse and accidents on the job

5 18th Amendment passed making it illegal to manufacture, sale and transport alcohol

5 Volstead Act established the Prohibition Bureau, but it was underfunded and undermanned

Page 41: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Prohibition Experiment5 Speakeasies were

places where people could illegally buy liquor

They were in cellars and hardware stores

5 Bootleggers were individuals who smuggled alcohol into the U.S

Page 42: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Prohibition Experiment5 Al Capone was the

most famous organized crime boss in Chicago

5 Killed off most of his competition

5 By Mid 20s only 19% support Prohibition

5 1933: 21st Amendment repealed Prohibition

Page 43: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

American Fundamentalism5 Fundamentalism

believed in the literal interpretation of the bible.

5 They were skeptical of science and rejected theory of evolution

5 Use religious revivals or radio to spread word of God

Page 44: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

The Scopes Trial5 1925: TN made it a

crime to teach evolution

5 John Scopes defied the law and the ACLU hired Clarence Darrow to defend him

5 Prosecutor: William Jennings Bryan

Page 45: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

The Scopes Trial (July 10, 1925)

5 Called Bryan to the stand

5 Bryan: “Not 6 days of 24 hours”

5 Scopes found Guilty

5 TN Supreme Court overturned ruling

Darrow and Bryan

Page 46: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Women5 Emancipated

women who embraced new fashions and attitudes were called FLAPPERS

5 Smoked, drank, talked about sex

5 Marriage an equal partnership

Page 47: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Women5 Not all subscribed to

Flapper

5 Casual Dating rose

5 Men could have greater sexual freedom, while women had to observe stricter standards. This is known as the double standard

Page 48: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Changing Family

5 Births decreased Margaret Sanger

Advocated use of Contraceptives

5 Free time for women

5 More children in schools

Page 49: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Education and News5 Newspaper

circulation rose

5 Mass circulation magazines summarized the weeks news

5 Americans tuned into radio which became the most powerful means of mass communication

Page 50: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

American Heroes in the 1920s

Charles Lindberg made the first non stop solo flight across the Atlantic

Flew in his plane the Spirit of St. Louis.

Became a national hero

Page 51: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Movies, Writers, and Artists5 A national pastime

5 In 1927 The Jazz Singer was the first “Talkie”

5 Steamboat Willie was the first talking animated movie

5 Talkies doubled attendance

Page 52: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

F. Scott Fitzgerald and Sinclair Lewis

5 Fitzgerald coined the term “Jazz Age”

5 The Great Gatsby showed negative side of the period

5 Sinclair Lewis: first American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature

Page 53: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

The Lost GenerationThe Lost Generation The “Lost Generation”

was a term used to describe people in post WWI America

This term also characterizes a specific group of writers during this era.

Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein and Ernest Hemingway were some of this “club’s” members

Most of these authors focused on the negative aspects of the era

Page 54: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Civil Rights in the 1920’s5 African Americans

Harding Supported Anti Lynching

Laws First Prez to openly do so

Coolidge Spoke in favor of Af Am

Rights Applauded role in WWI

Southern Democrats filibustered most proposed laws

5 Native Americans Indian Citizenship Act

1924Signed by CoolidgeGranted citizenship to all

Native Americans

Page 55: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

The Harlem RenaissanceThe Harlem Renaissance

5 A period of African-American artistic activity

Expressing previous struggles of African Americans (under slavery)

Pride in African American heritage and folklore

Speaking out against discrimination and prejudice

Page 56: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Duke Ellington

5 Jazz pianist5 Self-taught

musician5 “Soda Fountain

Rag” at the age of 15

Page 57: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Louis Armstrong

5 One of the most influential musicians in the history of Jazz

Page 58: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Marcus Garvey

5 Immigrant from Jamaica

5 Founded the UNIA(Universal Negro Improvement Association)

5 Advocated for blacks to start a colony in Africa

Page 59: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

James Weldon Johnson

5 Poet5 Lawyer5 Executive

Secretary of the NAACP

Page 60: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Lift Every Voice and Sing ---James Weldon Johnson

Lift every voice and sing, till earth and Heaven ring,Ring with the harmonies of liberty;

Let our rejoicing rise, high as the listening skies,Let it resound loud as the rolling sea.

Sing a song full of the faith that the dark past has taught us,Sing a song full of the hope that the present has brought us;

Facing the rising sun of our new day begun,Let us march on till victory is won.

Page 61: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Claude McKay

5 Jamaican immigrant

5 Poems – militant versus encouraged blacks to resist prejudice

Page 62: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

If We Must Die --Claude McKay

If we must die—let it not be like hogs Hunted and penned in an inglorious spot,

While round us bark the mad and hungry dogs, Making their mock at our accursed lot.

If we must die—oh, let us nobly die, So that our precious blood may not be shed

In vain; then even the monsters we defy Shall be constrained to honor us though dead! Oh, Kinsmen! We must meet the common foe;

Though far outnumbered, let us show us brave, And for their thousand blows deal one death blow!

What though before us lies the open grave? Like men we’ll face the murderous, cowardly pack,

Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back.

Page 63: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

Langston Hughes

5 Poet5 Describes the

difficult lives of working-class African Americans

Page 64: Trends in the 1920s. POLITICS Scandal and return to “Laissez Faire”

I, too, sing America ---Langston HughesI am the darker brother.

They send me to eat in the kitchenWhen company comes,

But I laugh,And eat well,

And grow strong.Tomorrow,

I'll be at the tableWhen company comes.

Nobody'll dareSay to me,

"Eat in the kitchen,"Then.

Besides,They'll see how beautiful I am

And be ashamed -I, too, am America.