trends of economic developments in context of unctad report

7/30/2019 Trends of Economic Developments in Context of Unctad Report

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UNITED STATES UNEMPLOYMENT RATE

The unemployment rate in the United States fell to 8.3 percent in January of 2012, the

lowest since February 2009. From 1948 until 2010 the United States' Unemployment Rateaveraged 5.70 percent reaching an historical high of 10.80 percent in November of 1982and a record low of 2.50 percent in May of 1953. The labour force is defined as the numberof people employed plus the number unemployed but seeking work. The nonlabour forceincludes those who are not looking for work, those who are institutionalised and thoseserving in the military. This page includes: United States Unemployment Rate chart,historical data and news.


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U.S. JOBLESS RATE DOWN TO 8.3%, NONFARM PAYROLLS UP BY 243K

Published on 2/3/2012 1:40:28 PM | By TradingEconomics.com, U.S. Bureau of Labor

Statistics

Total U.S. nonfarm payroll employment rose by 243,000 in January, and the unemployment

rate decreased to 8.3 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Total U.S.nonfarm payroll

employment rose by 243,000 in January, and the unemployment rate decreased to 8.3 percent,

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported on February 3rd. Job growth was widespread in

the private sector, with large employment gains in professional and business services, leisure

and hospitality, and manufacturing.

The unemployment rate declined by 0.2 percentage point in January to 8.3 percent; the rate has

fallen by 0.8 point since August. The number of unemployed persons declined to 12.8 million in

January.

In January, the number of job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs fell to 7.3 million.

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was little changed at 5.5million and accounted for 42.9 percent of the unemployed.

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 243,000 in January. Private-sector employment grew by

257,000, with the largest employment gains in professional and business services, leisure and

hospitality, and manufacturing. Government employment was little changed over the month.


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Government employment changed little in January. Over the past 12 months, the sector has lost

276,000 jobs, with declines in local government; state government, excluding education; and the

U.S. Postal Service.

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for November was revised from +100,000 to

+157,000, and the change for December was revised from +200,000 to +203,000.


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HomeCompaniesMarketsIndustry & EconomyOpinionFeaturesTodayTopics

EditorialColumnsLettersCartoonsBooks

Employment shifts after the global crisis

C.P.CHANDRASEKHAR JAYATI GHOSH
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The only real increase in manufacturing in developing countries seems to have been inself-employment.

The stagnation of employment in developed countries and apparent recovery in developingcountries after the Great Recession of 2008-09, have renewed perceptions of a global shiftin employment to the developing world, particularly in manufacturing activities. Thisedition of MacroScan uses the most recent available ILO data to examine the extent to

which such a shift is actually occurring.

For more than a year now, it has been evident that the recovery from the Great Recession,which has been visible but sputtering in terms of output growth in the core capitalist

countries, has not delivered anything like the increases in employment that were expected.A recent report of the International Labour Organisation (Short-term employment andlabour market outlook and key challenges in G20 countries, ILO and OECD September2011, page 1) points out: With economic activity slowing in several major economies andregions, earlier improvements in the labour market are now fading, hiring intentions aresoftening and there are greater risks that high unemployment and under-employment could

become entrenched. This makes for a highly uncertain outlook as to the timing and strength

of a future recovery in employment. Continued weak growth in employment in many G20countries, in turn, will make it impossible in the near term to close the jobs gapaccumulated during the crisis, which amounts to more than 20 million jobs.

Even the IMF, notorious for giving relatively short shrift to employment and seeing it asgenerally strongly correlated with output, has woken up to the severity of the problem in itslatest World Economic Outlook September 2011.


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As Chart 1 indicates, the collapse of aggregate employment in the US and the continuedstagnation at low levels in the eurozone do not point to any real recovery at all in terms ofemployment. Now that the global economic horizon has been darkened once again by very

real fears of the next dip, the concern is that employment conditions will deterioratefurther.

It is true that the IMF's analysis of the problem and possible solutions remains weak, alsobecause it continues to stress the need to encourage a rebalancing from public to private


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demand in these core capitalist regions, at a time when this is completely unrealistic toexpect. A major cause of the crisis was the excessive build-up of private debt (taken by bothhouseholds and companies) that could not be sustained. These private agents now

necessarily have to go through a period of deleveraging.

In that period, if aggregate demand has to grow at all, it must come from the public sector but the combination of bond market vigilantes and fiscal hawks active politically has forcedthe governments in both these areas to move to premature fiscal retrenchment.

In this analysis, the fact that there was not more of an employment recovery is a source ofsurprise.

After all, the G20 countries did at first combine to provide very large fiscal stimuli in themajor countries, and in the developed world monetary easing has continued, leaving the

world economy awash with liquidity.

The argument seems to be we adopted Keynesian policies, but they have not deliveredemployment growth.

LITTLE STATE SPENDINGThis is actually less than the truth. Part of the problem is that the stimulus measuresadopted in most countries were not weighted in favour of employment generation: adisproportionate amount went as bail-outs and support to large financial institutions thatsimply used the resources to clean up their balance sheets.


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In the US, very little of the money went into direct state spending on activities that directlyincrease employment or have high multiplier effects.

Social spending and government employment fell as local governments were strapped forcash; small businesses have been starved of bank credit; there has been no systematicattempt to address the continuing problem of foreclosures in residential housing markets.

And now, even these half-hearted and slipshod stimulus measures are to be clawed backwith the new focus on fiscal austerity.

In Europe the imbalances in the Eurozone are also being dealt with in a counterproductive

manner forcing regressive austerity measures on to deficit countries and sending theminto a downward spiral of falling output and employment in which their fiscal and publicdebt measures will only get worse.

It is ridiculous to expect private investment and activity to increase to fill the slack createdby public cuts, in this context of continuing crisis. So it is not surprise that employment isnot recovering.

EMERGING TRENDSThe poor performance of employment in the developed countries has reinforcedperceptions that the crisis has intensified and accelerated structural shifts in globalemployment away from the rich countries to certain emerging markets.

Certainly, the data presented in Chart 2 would appear to support that view.


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It is evident that total employment in developed countries has still not recovered to pre-

crisis levels.

However, in developing countries total employment did not fall after the crisis, and sincethen has continued to rise.

The data in Charts 2 to 5 (all from the ILO's Short Term Indicators of the Labour Market,September 2011) should be interpreted with some caution, since they relate only to (around


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54) countries that provide recent employment data of the required periodicity, and largecountries such as China and India are therefore excluded. Even so, they provide a quickestimate of the ongoing trends

Chart 3 indicates a similar picture for paid employment (or number of employees): theslight decline followed by stagnation at below pre-crisis levels in the developed worldaccompanied by continuing increase in such numbers in the developing world.


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The level of paid employment in April 2011 was around one per cent below pre-crisis levelsin the developed countries for which estimates are available, but 15 per cent higher fordeveloping countries.

BIGGEST SHIFT

The biggest shift, and the one that has grabbed the most attention and created disquiet inrich countries, is the shift of manufacturing employment.

This was a shift that was widely discussed, but did not actually take place in the precedingdecades: in fact aggregate manufacturing employment in the developing world did notincrease despite the widespread perception of the North exporting jobs to the South. But

the very recent trends after the global crisis suggest that the shift may be occurring now.

Chart 4 shows that manufacturing employment in developed countries was more than tenper cent below the pre-crisis level in April 2010, and has since recovered only slightly to bestill around 9 per cent lower in April 2011.


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Meanwhile, after a minor blip in early 2009, manufacturing employment in developing

countries continued to increase, such that in April 2011 it was nearly 9 per cent higher thanits level of four years earlier.

Surely this is a clear sign that the much feared (or much anticipated) shift of manufacturingactivity to the South is finally taking place and that the location of additional manufacturingemployment will now be concentrated in the South? It turns out that even this is not soclear, if such employment is further diasaggregated.


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DIFFERENT PICTURE

Chart 5 shows the indices of paid employment in manufacturing (that is, the total numberof employees rather than self-employed engaged in manufacturing activity).

This presents quite a different picture: one in which the level have fallen after the crisis, inboth developed and developing countries!


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Indeed, in April 2009 the collapse in paid manufacturing employment was similar in bothregions, at around 8-10 per cent lower than the April 2007 level. The recovery in developedcountries thereafter was negligible.

Such employment recovered more rapidly and sharply in developing countries, but in April2011 the level was still below the pre-crisis level of paid manufacturing employment even indeveloping countries.

So the only real increase in manufacturing in developing countries seems to have been inself-employment. What exactly does this mean?

This really points to the proliferation of petty activities at the bottom of the productionchain, typically in low productivity and low paid work that usually reflects the absence ofother viable income earning opportunities.

The expansion of self-employment in manfacturing in the developing world, including insome of the most dynamic emerging markets, cannot be seen as a very positive sign ofindustrial relocation, especially in a world in which economies of scale are still rampant.

It essentially indicates a growing tendency to newer forms of organisation of production inwhich there is international centralisation of production but decentralisation of the actualwork processes, with the risks of production borne largely by the self-employed workersthemselves, at the bottom of the production chain.


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Recently released survey data from India (the National Sample Survey for 2009-10) suggestthat even such employment, low paid and adverse as it is, can also be fragile and transientand therefore decline.

If this is a more widespread tendency, when more data are eventually available for alldeveloping countries, we may find that aggregate manufacturing employment in developingcountries has barely recovered after the crisis.

(This article was published on October 3, 2011)

Keywords:International Labour Organisation, employment, G20countries, unemployment, developing countries
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G-20 major economies

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"G20" redirects here. For other uses, seeG20 (disambiguation).

Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors

Member countries in the G-20

Members of the European Union not individually represented

Abbreviation G-20 or G20

Formation 1999

2008 (Heads of StateSummits)

Purpose/focus Bring together systemically important industrialized and developing economies

to discuss key issues in the global economy.[1]

Membership 20[show]

Current chair Mexico(2012)[2]

Staff None[3]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20faq-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20faq-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20faq-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20members-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20members-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G20.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20members-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20faq-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20_(disambiguation)


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Website www.g20.org

The Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (also known as the G-

20, G20, and Group of Twenty) is a group offinance ministersandcentral bankgovernors from 20

major economies: 19 countries plus theEuropean Union, which is represented by thePresidentoftheEuropean Counciland by theEuropean Central Bank.[3]Theirheads of governmentorheads of

statehave also periodically conferred at summits since their initial meeting in 2008. Collectively, the G-

20 economies account for more than 80 percent of the globalgross national product(GNP),[4]80 percent

ofworld trade(including EU intra-trade) and two-thirds of theworld population.[3]They contribute to84.1

percent and 82.2 percent of the world's economic growth by nominal GDP and GDP (PPP)

respectivelyfrom the years 2010 to 2016, according to theInternational Monetary Fund(IMF).

The G-20 was proposed by former Canadian Finance MinisterPaul Martin[5]

(later, Prime Minister) forcooperation and consultation on matters pertaining to theinternational financial system. It studies,

reviews, and promotes discussion (among key industrial and emerging market countries) of policy issues

pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability, and seeks to address issues that go

beyond the responsibilities of any one organization. With the G-20 growing in stature since the2008

Washington summit, its leaders announced on September 25, 2009, that the group will replace

theG8as the main economic council of wealthy nations.[6]

The heads of the G-20 nations met semi-annually atG-20 summitsbetween 2008 and 2011. Following

the most recent summit, which was held inCannesin November 2011, all future G-20 summits are to be

held annually.

The G-20 Summit was created as a response both to thefinancial crisis of 20072010and to a growingrecognition that key emerging countries were not adequately included in the core of global economicdiscussion and governance. The G-20 Summits ofheads of stateorgovernmentwere held in addition tothe G-20 Meetings of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors who continued to meet to prepare
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the leaders' summit and implement their decisions. After the debut summit in Washington, D.C. during2008, G-20 leaders met twice a year inLondonandPittsburghin 2009,TorontoandSeoulin 2010.[10][11]

From 2011, whenFrancechaired and hosted the G-20, the summits will be held only once a

year.

[12]

Mexicowill chair and host the leaders' summit in 2012.

[13]

Role of Asian countries

A 2011 report released by theAsian Development Bankpredicted that Asian nations such as China andIndia would play a more important role in the process of global economic governance reform in thefuture. The report stated that the rise of emerging market economies heralded a new world order, inwhich the G-20 would become the global economic steering committee.[23]

The report noted that Asia had led the global recovery following thelate-2000s recession, and predictedthat the region would have a greater presence on the global stage, shaping the G-20 agenda forbalanced and sustainable growth through strengthening intraregional trade and stimulating domesticdemand.[23]

Member countries and organizations

As of 2012, there are 20 members of the G-20. These include, at the leaders summits, the leaders of 19countries and of the European Union, and, at the ministerial-level meetings, the finance ministers andcentral bank governors of 19 countries and of the European Union. In addition, the Netherlandshave

taken part in the first four G-20 heads of state meetings, whileSpainhas participated in every meetingso far, despite not being recognized members.[3][24]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torontohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torontohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torontohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-mexico2012-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-mexico2012-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-mexico2012-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-The_People.27s_Daily.2C_PRC-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-The_People.27s_Daily.2C_PRC-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-The_People.27s_Daily.2C_PRC-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late-2000s_recessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late-2000s_recessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late-2000s_recessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-The_People.27s_Daily.2C_PRC-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-The_People.27s_Daily.2C_PRC-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-The_People.27s_Daily.2C_PRC-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20members-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20members-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20members-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20members-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20members-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-The_People.27s_Daily.2C_PRC-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late-2000s_recessionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-The_People.27s_Daily.2C_PRC-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Development_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-mexico2012-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torontohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London


19/32

Region MemberOfficial

title

Current

Leader

Official

title

Current

Finance

Minister

Central

Bank

Governor

GDP

(nominal)

$Million

USD

GDP

(PPP)

$Million

USD

GDP per

capita

(nominal)

$USD

GDP

per

capita

(PPP)$USD

HDI Population

AfricaSouth

AfricaPresident

Jacob

Zuma

Minister of

Finance

Pravin

GordhanGill Marcus 422,037 555,340 8,342 10,977 0.619 49,320,500

N.AmericaCanada

Prime

Minister

Stephen

Harper

Minister of

FinanceJim Flaherty Mark Carney 1,758,680 1,391,114 51,147 40,457 0.908 34,088,000

N.AmericaMexico

PresidentFelipe

Caldern

Secretary of

Finance

Jos Antonio

Meade

Kuribea

Agustn

Carstens1,185,215 1,659,016 10,802 15,121 0.770 112,211,789

N.America United

States

PresidentBarack

Obama

Secretary of

the Treasury

Timothy

Geithner

Ben

Bernanke15,064,816 15,064,816 48,147 48,147 0.910 309,173,000

S.AmericaArgentina

President

Cristina

Fernndez

de

Kirchner

Minister of

Economy

Amado

Boudou

Mercedes

Marc del

Pont

435,179 710,690 10,639 17,376 0.797 40,117,096
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(South_Africa)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(South_Africa)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(South_Africa)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravin_Gordhanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravin_Gordhanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravin_Gordhanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_Marcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_Marcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Flahertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Carneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_Finance_and_Public_Credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_Finance_and_Public_Credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_Finance_and_Public_Credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Meade_Kuribe%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Meade_Kuribe%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Meade_Kuribe%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Meade_Kuribe%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Carstenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Carstenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Carstenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Geithnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Geithnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Geithnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernankehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernankehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernankehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Economy_of_Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Economy_of_Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amado_Boudouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amado_Boudouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amado_Boudouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_Marc%C3%B3_del_Ponthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_Marc%C3%B3_del_Ponthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_Marc%C3%B3_del_Ponthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_Marc%C3%B3_del_Ponthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_Marc%C3%B3_del_Ponthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_Marc%C3%B3_del_Ponthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_Marc%C3%B3_del_Ponthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amado_Boudouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amado_Boudouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Economy_of_Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Economy_of_Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernankehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernankehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Geithnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Geithnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Carstenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Carstenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Meade_Kuribe%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Meade_Kuribe%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Meade_Kuribe%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_Finance_and_Public_Credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_Finance_and_Public_Credithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Carneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Flahertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_Marcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravin_Gordhanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravin_Gordhanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(South_Africa)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(South_Africa)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Zumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa


20/32


title

Current

Leader

Official

title

Current

Finance

Minister

Central

Bank

Governor

GDP

(nominal)

$Million

USD

GDP

(PPP)

$Million

USD

GDP per

capita

(nominal)

$USD

GDP

per

capita

(PPP)$USD

HDI Population

S.America Brazil PresidentDilma

Rousseff

Minister of

Finance

Guido

Mantega

Alexandre

Tombini2,517,927 2,309,138 12,916 11,845 0.718 193,088,765

East Asia China President Hu JintaoMinister of

FinanceXie Xuren

Zhou

Xiaochuan6,988,470 11,316,224 5,183 8,394 0.687 1,339,724,852

East Asia JapanPrime

Minister

Yoshihiko

Noda

Minister of

FinanceJun Azumi

Masaaki

Shirakawa5,855,383 4,395,600 45,773 34,362 0.901 127,390,000

East AsiaSouth

KoreaPresident

Lee

Myung-bak

Minister of

Strategy

and Finance

Yoon Jeung-

hyun

Kim Choong-

soo1,163,847 1,556,102 23,749 31,753 0.897 48,875,000

S.Asia IndiaPrime

Minister

Manmohan

Singh

Minister of

Finance

Pranab

Mukherjee

Duvvuri

Subbarao1,843,382 4,469,763 1,527 3,703 0.547 1,210,193,422

SE.AsiaIndonesia

President Susilo

Bambang

Minister of

Finance

Agus

Martowardojo

Darmin

Nasution834,335 1,122,638 3,469 4,668 0.617 237,556,363
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilma_Rousseffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilma_Rousseffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilma_Rousseffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Brazil)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Brazil)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Brazil)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Mantegahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Mantegahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Mantegahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Tombinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Tombinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Xurenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Xurenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Xiaochuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Xiaochuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Xiaochuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiko_Nodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiko_Nodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiko_Nodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Japan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Japan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Japan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_Azumihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaaki_Shirakawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaaki_Shirakawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaaki_Shirakawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Myung-bakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Myung-bakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Myung-bakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Strategy_and_Financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Strategy_and_Financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Strategy_and_Financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Strategy_and_Financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Jeung-hyunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Jeung-hyunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Jeung-hyunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choongsoo_Kimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choongsoo_Kimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvvuri_Subbaraohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvvuri_Subbaraohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvvuri_Subbaraohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyonohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyonohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Indonesia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Indonesia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Indonesia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agus_Martowardojohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agus_Martowardojohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agus_Martowardojohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmin_Nasutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmin_Nasutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmin_Nasutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmin_Nasutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmin_Nasutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agus_Martowardojohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agus_Martowardojohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Indonesia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Indonesia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyonohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyonohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvvuri_Subbaraohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvvuri_Subbaraohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choongsoo_Kimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choongsoo_Kimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Jeung-hyunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Jeung-hyunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Strategy_and_Financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Strategy_and_Financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Strategy_and_Financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Myung-bakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Myung-bakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaaki_Shirakawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaaki_Shirakawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun_Azumihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Japan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Japan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiko_Nodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiko_Nodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Xiaochuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Xiaochuanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Xurenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Tombinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Tombinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Mantegahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Mantegahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Brazil)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Brazil)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilma_Rousseffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilma_Rousseffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America


21/32


title

Current

Leader

Official

title

Current

Finance

Minister

Central

Bank

Governor

GDP

(nominal)

$Million

USD

GDP

(PPP)

$Million

USD

GDP per

capita

(nominal)

$USD

GDP

per

capita

(PPP)$USD

HDI Population

Yudhoyono

W.AsiaSaudi

ArabiaKing Abdullah

Minister of

Finance

Ibrahim

Abdulaziz Al-

Assaf

Muhammed

Al-Jasser560,294 677,663 19,890 24,056 0.770 27,123,977

EurasiaRussia

PresidentDmitry

Medvedev

Minister of

Finance

Anton

Siluanov

Sergey

Mikhaylovich

Ignatyev

1,884,903 2,376,470 13,235 16,687 0.755 141,927,297

EurasiaTurkey

Prime

Minister

Recep

Tayyip

Erdoan

Minister of

Finance

Mehmet

imekErdem Ba 763,096 1,054,560 10,576 14,615 0.699 72,561,312

Europe European

Union

E. Council

President[25]

Commission

Herman

Van

Rompuy

Jos

Manuel

Commissioner

for Economic

and Monetary

Affairs

Olli Rehn Mario Draghi 17,960,000 15,788,000 35,742 31,548 0.853 501,259,840
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyonohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyonohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Finance_(Saudi_Arabia)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Finance_(Saudi_Arabia)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Finance_(Saudi_Arabia)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Abdulaziz_Al-Assafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Abdulaziz_Al-Assafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Abdulaziz_Al-Assafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Al-Jasserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Al-Jasserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Al-Jasserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Russian_Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Russian_Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_Russian_Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_Russian_Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_Russian_Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Siluanovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Siluanovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Siluanovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Mikhaylovich_Ignatyevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Mikhaylovich_Ignatyevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Mikhaylovich_Ignatyevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Mikhaylovich_Ignatyevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Turkey)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Turkey)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Turkey)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_%C5%9Eim%C5%9Fekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_%C5%9Eim%C5%9Fekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_%C5%9Eim%C5%9Fekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdem_Ba%C5%9F%C3%A7%C4%B1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdem_Ba%C5%9F%C3%A7%C4%B1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-EU_rep-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-EU_rep-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-EU_rep-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barrosohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barrosohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Economic_and_Financial_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Economic_and_Financial_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Economic_and_Financial_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Economic_and_Financial_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Economic_and_Financial_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olli_Rehnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olli_Rehnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Draghihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Draghihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Draghihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olli_Rehnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Economic_and_Financial_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Economic_and_Financial_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Economic_and_Financial_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Economic_and_Financial_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barrosohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barrosohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-EU_rep-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdem_Ba%C5%9F%C3%A7%C4%B1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_%C5%9Eim%C5%9Fekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_%C5%9Eim%C5%9Fekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Turkey)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Turkey)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Mikhaylovich_Ignatyevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Mikhaylovich_Ignatyevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Mikhaylovich_Ignatyevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Siluanovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Siluanovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_Russian_Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_Russian_Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Russian_Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Al-Jasserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Al-Jasserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Abdulaziz_Al-Assafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Abdulaziz_Al-Assafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Abdulaziz_Al-Assafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Finance_(Saudi_Arabia)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Finance_(Saudi_Arabia)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono


22/32


title

Current

Leader

Official

title

Current

Finance

Minister

Central

Bank

Governor

GDP

(nominal)

$Million

USD

GDP

(PPP)

$Million

USD

GDP per

capita

(nominal)

$USD

GDP

per

capita

(PPP)$USD

HDI Population

President[25]

Duro

Barroso

EuropeFrance

PresidentNicolas

Sarkozy

Minister of the

Economy,

Industry and

Employment

Franois

Baroin

Christian

Noyer2,808,265 2,216,769 44,400 35,048 0.884 65,447,374

EuropeGermany

ChancellorAngela

Merkel

Minister of

Finance

Wolfgang

Schuble

Jens

Weidmann3,628,623 3,089,471 44,555 37,935 0.905 81,757,600

Europe ItalyPrime

Minister

Mario

Monti

Minister of

Economy

and Finance

Mario Monti Ignazio

Visco2,245,706 1,828,601 37,046 30,165 0.874 60,325,805

Europe United

Kingdom

Prime

Minister

David

Cameron

Chancellor of

the

Exchequer

George

Osborne

Sir Mervyn

King2,480,978 2,253,585 39,604 35,974 0.863 62,041,708

Oceania Australia

Prime

Minister

Julia

GillardTreasurer Wayne Swan

Glenn

Stevens1,507,402 918,978 66,983 40,836 0.929 22,328,632

In addition to these 20 members, the following forums and institutions, as represented by theirrespectivechief executive officers, participate in meetings of the G-20:[3]

theManaging Directorof theInternational Monetary Fund the Chairman of theInternational Monetary Fund
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barrosohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barrosohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barrosohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Economy,_Industry_and_Employment_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Economy,_Industry_and_Employment_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Economy,_Industry_and_Employment_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Economy,_Industry_and_Employment_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Economy,_Industry_and_Employment_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baroinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baroinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baroinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Noyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Noyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Noyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Finance_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Finance_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Finance_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4ublehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4ublehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4ublehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Weidmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Weidmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Montihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Montihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Montihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_Ministers_of_Economy_and_Financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_Ministers_of_Economy_and_Financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_Ministers_of_Economy_and_Financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_Ministers_of_Economy_and_Financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Montihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Montihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Viscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Viscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Viscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Osbornehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Osbornehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Osbornehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_King_(economist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_King_(economist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_King_(economist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gillardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gillardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gillardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Swanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Swanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Stevenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Stevenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Stevenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20members-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20members-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20members-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund#Managing_directorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund#Managing_directorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund#Managing_directorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund#Managing_directorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20members-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Stevenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Stevenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Swanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gillardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gillardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_King_(economist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_King_(economist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Osbornehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Osbornehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Viscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignazio_Viscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Montihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_Ministers_of_Economy_and_Financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_Ministers_of_Economy_and_Financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_Ministers_of_Economy_and_Financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Montihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Montihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Weidmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Weidmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4ublehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4ublehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Finance_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Finance_(Germany)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Noyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Noyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baroinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baroinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Economy,_Industry_and_Employment_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Economy,_Industry_and_Employment_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Economy,_Industry_and_Employment_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Economy,_Industry_and_Employment_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barrosohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barrosohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission


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thePresidentof theWorld Bank theInternational Monetary and Financial Committee

the Chairman of theDevelopment Committee

Membership does not reflect exactly the 19 largest national economies of the world in any given year.The organization states:[1]

In a forum such as the G-20, it is particularly important for the number of countries involved to berestricted and fixed to ensure the effectiveness and continuity of its activity. There are no formalcriteria for G-20 membership and the composition of the group has remained unchanged since it wasestablished. In view of the objectives of the G-20, it was considered important that countries andregions of systemic significance for the international financial system be included. Aspects such asgeographical balance and population representation also played a major part.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank#Leadershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank#Leadershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank#Leadershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_and_Financial_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_and_Financial_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_and_Financial_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Development_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Development_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Development_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20faq-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20faq-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20faq-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies#cite_note-g20faq-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Development_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_and_Financial_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank#Leadership


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PPP -http://www.pppinindia.com/

Overview

The most significant criteria for a continued growth rate of an economy isrests on the provision of a quality infrastructure. According to the PlanningCommission, an approximation of 8 percent of the Gross DomesticProduct or GDP needs to be invested. This would help in acquiring aprospective economy as stated in the 11th Five Year Plan. Fundinvestment of over US $ 494 billion has been conceived of according tothe 11th Five Year Plan with effective from 2007 to 2012. The investmentsectors under consideration are inclusive of telecommunications, electricpower, water transport, road, rail, air, water supply as well as irrigation

amounts to about Rs. 20,27,169 crore according to 2006-07 prices.

In order to meet such demands, various Public Private Partnerships orPPPs are being promoted for implementation of infrastructure projects.PPP is often described as a private business investment where 2 partiescomprising government as well as a private sector undertaking form apartnership. The deficit can be overcome by ensuring much more privatecapital investment. Expert guidance is the only way out for enablingefficiency through subsequent reduction in cost.

Promotion of PPP is therefore necessary since its the most preferredmode. Despite of its benefits, there are some constraints too which can besummarized as:

Sufficient instruments as well as the ability to undertake long-termequity cannot be provided by the market in the present financial

STATES

Andhra Pradesh

Assam

Chhattisgarh

Gujarat

Haryana

HimachalPradesh

Jammu &Kashmir

Karnataka

Kerala

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

Orissa

Punjab

Rajasthan
http://www.pppinindia.com/http://www.pppinindia.com/http://www.pppinindia.com/http://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-andhra-pradesh.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/states_assam.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/states_assam.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-chhattisgarh.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-chhattisgarh.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-gujarat.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-haryana.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-haryana.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-himachal-pradesh.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-himachal-pradesh.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-jammu-kashmir.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-jammu-kashmir.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-karnataka.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-kerala.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-madhya-pradesh.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-madhya-pradesh.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-maharashtra.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/ppp-initiatives-orissa.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-punjab.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-rajasthan.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-rajasthan.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-punjab.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/ppp-initiatives-orissa.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-maharashtra.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-madhya-pradesh.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-kerala.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-karnataka.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-jammu-kashmir.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-jammu-kashmir.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-himachal-pradesh.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-himachal-pradesh.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-haryana.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-gujarat.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-chhattisgarh.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/states_assam.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-andhra-pradesh.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/


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scenario. Also financial liability required by infrastructure projectswould not be sufficed.

Most sectors face a lot of hindrance in enabling a regulatoryframework as well as a consolidated policy. So its important to

convert such policies into PPP friendly. To achieve the desiresresults, active participation of various state projects are essential.

Lack of ability of private sectors to fit into the risk of investing indiversified projects also needs to be overcome. Modernization ofnew airports, transmission systems and building power generatingplants are some of the avenues which required skilled manpower.

Ability of public institutions to manage the PPP process should alsobe subdued. Maximizing the return of the stakeholders needs to bemanaged due to the involvement of long term deals including the lifecycle of the asset infrastructure.

Lack of credibility of bankable infrastructure projects used forfinancing the private sector should also be overcome. Inconsistencyis still visible in the limitations of PPP projects, despite of continuedinitiatives by States and Central ministries.

Inadequate support to enable greater acceptance of PPPs by thestakeholders forms another source of constraint.

Several initiatives have been undertaken by Government of India toenable a greater PPP framework in order to eradicate the abovementioned constraints. Various foreign as well as private investments bywaving off charges are encouraged. Framing of standardized contractualdocuments for laying down the terminologies related to risks, liabilities andperformance standards have been devised. Approval schemes for PPPs inthe central sector has been streamlined through Public Private PartnershipAppraisal Committee or PPPAC.A website has been launched for the

Tamil Nadu

Uttrakhand

West Bengal

Public PrivatePartnerships

Projects

Approval

Committees

Guidelines &Forms

Reports & PolicyDocuments

Financing

Developer -Investors

Case Studies

Database

TransactionAdvisers
http://pppinindia.com/pdf/ProAppPPP.pdfhttp://pppinindia.com/pdf/ProAppPPP.pdfhttp://pppinindia.com/pdf/ProAppPPP.pdfhttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-tamil-nadu.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-tamil-nadu.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-uttaranchal.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-west-bengal.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/projects.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/approval-committees.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/approval-committees.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/guidelines-forms.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/guidelines-forms.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/guidelines-forms.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/reports-policy-documents.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/reports-policy-documents.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/reports-policy-documents.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/financing.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/developer-investors.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/developer-investors.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/developer-investors.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/case-studies.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/database.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/database.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/transaction-advisers.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/transaction-advisers.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/transaction-advisers.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/transaction-advisers.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/transaction-advisers.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/database.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/case-studies.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/developer-investors.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/developer-investors.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/financing.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/reports-policy-documents.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/reports-policy-documents.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/guidelines-forms.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/guidelines-forms.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/approval-committees.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/approval-committees.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/projects.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-west-bengal.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-uttaranchal.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/introduction-tamil-nadu.phphttp://pppinindia.com/pdf/ProAppPPP.pdfhttp://pppinindia.com/pdf/ProAppPPP.pdf


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purpose of virtual PPP market serves as an online database for PPPprojects.

PPPs can only be mainstreamed by continuous response to the varyinggoal of people and economy in general. The boundary domains of PPPsshould be increased in order to prosper the infrastructure development ofIndia.

Content Source: Department of Economic, Affairs PPP Cell

News & Events

Mainstreaming ofPublic Private

Partnerships

Useful Links
http://www.pppinindia.com/news-events.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/mainstreaming-ppp.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/mainstreaming-ppp.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/mainstreaming-ppp.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/useful-links.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/useful-links.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/mainstreaming-ppp.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/mainstreaming-ppp.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/mainstreaming-ppp.phphttp://www.pppinindia.com/news-events.php


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Copyright 2010-2011Dept of Economic Affairs,Ministry of Finance, Govt of India

Foreign direct investment

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaForeign direct investment (FDI) refers to the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting

management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy

other than that of the investor.[1]It is the sum of equity capital,other long-term capital, and short-term

capital as shown in thebalance of payments. It usually involves participation in management,joint-

venture,transfer of technologyand expertise. There are two types of FDI: inward foreign direct

investment and outward foreign direct investment, resulting in a netFDI inflow(positive or negative) and

"stock of foreign direct investment", which is the cumulative number for a given period. Direct investment

excludesinvestment through purchase of shares.[2]FDI is one example ofinternational factor

movements.
http://www.finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/infrastructure_div/I&I_index.asp?pageid=2#PPPCellhttp://www.finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/infrastructure_div/I&I_index.asp?pageid=2#PPPCellhttp://www.finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/infrastructure_div/I&I_index.asp?pageid=2#PPPCellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_paymentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_paymentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_paymentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-venturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-venturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-venturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-venturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_of_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_of_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_of_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_portfolio_investmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_portfolio_investmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_factor_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_factor_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_factor_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_factor_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_factor_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_factor_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_portfolio_investmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_of_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-venturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-venturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_paymentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment#cite_note-0http://www.finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/infrastructure_div/I&I_index.asp?pageid=2#PPPCell


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Foreign Direct Investment

Last Updated: January 2012

Introduct ion

India is a country that has been able to restore investor confidence in its markets, even during thetoughest oftimes. Increase in capital inflows, foreign direct investments (FDI) and overseas entitiesparticipation reflect the fact that Indian markets have fared well in recent times. Moreover, foreigncompanies are viewing the South-Asian nation as a strategic hub for their operations and investmentsowing to investor-friendly policy environment, positive eco-system and huge potential for growth.

India Incs increasing presence over the global canvas and Indian governments consistent support tothe FDI space have facilitated remarkable developments and investments from overseas partners. Some

of them are discussed hereafter:

Key Stat ist ics

FDI inflows rose by 36 per cent to US$ 23.69 billion during January-October 2011, while thecumulative amount of FDI equity inflows from April 2000 to October 2011 stood at US$ 226.05billion, according to the latest data released by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion(DIPP).The services (including financial and non-financial) sectors attracted highest FDI equity inflowsduring April-October 2011-12 at US$ 3.43 billion. India received maximum FDI from countries likeMauritius, Singapore, and the US at US$ 61.2 billion, US$ 15.2 billion and US$ 10 billion,respectively, during April 2000-October 2011.

Global consultancy firm Ernst & Young (E&Y) has stated that the value of mergers and acquisition(M&A) deals involving Indian companies aggregated to US$ 34.4 billion in 2011 involving 806transactions. There were 177 outbound deals with an aggregate disclosed value of US$ 8.8 billion


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in 2011; forming 25.6 per cent of the total M&A pie.

Adani Enterprises acquisition of Abbot Point Coal Terminal in Australia (US$ 2 billion) and the

GVK Groups purchase of Australia-based Hancock Coals Queensland coal assets (US$ 1.3

billion) were among the biggest outbound deals recorded in 2011.

According to data released by auditing and consultancy firm KPMG, India Inc witnessed a 31 percent increment in private equity (PE) investment to US$ 7.89 billion during the first three quartersof 2011. PE firms like Blackstone India and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co (KKR & Co) are bettinghigh on Indian markets. The Blackstone India chief was reported to have said that he intends toclose 5-6 deals a year in India whose financial valuations would revolve around roughly US$ 100million to US$ 120 million each.

According to the weekly statistical supplement of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Indias foreignexchange reserves (forex) stood at US$ 293.54 billion for the week ended January 6, 2012.Foreign currency assets aggregated to US$ 259.80 billion and the value of gold reserves stood atUS$ 26.62 billion for the week. The value of special drawing rights (SDRs) was calculated at US$4.41 billion, and India's reserves with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) came out to be US$$2.69 billion.

Important Developm ents

The government of India is continuously working towards increasing FDI flows into the country. FDI roseby an impressive 56 per cent to US$ 2.53 billion in November 2011. The cumulative flows of for April-November 2011 aggregated to US$ 22.83 billion, exceeding the total FDI of US$ 19.43 billion for 2010-11 fiscal.

Recently, the Government has approved 20 FDI proposals worth Rs 1,935.24 crore (US$ 384.5 million).The approved major investments, that were consulted with Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB)


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as well, are enlisted below:

Sterlite Grid had proposed to act