TRI HARTINI Y

ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY DEPARTMENT

SCHOOL OF MEDICINE

AIRLANGGA UNIVERSITY

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF :

1 OVARY

2 THE GENITAL TUBES :

- UTERINE TUBES (TUBA FALLOPII)

- UTERUS AND PLACENTA

- VAGINA

3 EXTERNAL GENITALIA

4 MAMMARY GLANDS

OVARY

Lies in cavum abdomen Oval-shaped / almond-shaped Composed of cortex and medulla The surface of ovaries is covered by a layer of

cuboidal epithelium called GERMINAL EPITHELIUM

CORTEX

Consists of three layers, are germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea and the ovarian stroma

The tunica albuginea is a dense connective tissue layer

The ovarian stroma consists of ovarian follicles, corpus luteum, and corpus albicans

MEDULLA Located in central region of ovaries Contains fibroelastic connective tissue There are many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and

smooth muscles in the medulla

OVARY

MEDULA

CORTEX

OVARIAN CORTEXGERMINAL EPITELIUM

T. ALBUGINEA

STROMA

OVARIAN FOLLICLES

1. PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE

2. PRIMARY FOLLICLE

3. GROWING FOLLICLE

4. MATURE GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE

5. CORPUS LUTEUM

6. CORPUS ALBICANS

7. ATRETIC FOLLICLE

PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE Primordial follicle is the earliest stage of

follicular development Appears in the prenatal Consists of oocyte surrounded by single layer

of squamous follicle cellsPRIMARY FOLLICLE Appears in baby after he was born Consists of oocyte surrounded by single layer

of squamous follicle cells Histological appearance is like primordial

follicle

PRIMARY FOLLICLE

GROWING FOLLICLE

Formed in puberty, stimulated by Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

The oocyte become larger, together with squamous follicle cells form acidophilic refractil membrane called ZONA PELLUCIDA

Squamous follicle cells become cuboidal, proliferate, form multilayers of cuboidal cells called granulosa cells

Formed cavities that was filled liquor folliculi, called CALL-EXNER BODIES

In this stage, there are THECA FOOLICULI LAYER consists of THECA INTERNA LAYER and THECA EXTERNA LAYER

Theca interna contains cells produced esterogen Theca interna is surrounded by an outer stromal layer called

theca externa The GLASSY MEMBRAN lies between granulosa cells and

theca folliculi layer

GROWING FOLLICLE

CALL-EXNER BODIES

ZONA PELLUCIDA

MATURE GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE Secondary oocyte of mature Graafian follicle will be

expelled from ovary in ovulation Call-exner bodies begin to coalesce, forming a single

cavity called ANTHRUM FOLLICULI The follicle cells form :

CORONA RADIATA : a single layer of follicle cells surrounding oocyte

CUMULUS OOPHORUS : follicle cells located outer of corona radiata, that project into the anthrum fooliculi

MEMBRANA GRANULOSA : multilayer of follicle cells form wall of anthrum folliculi

There is primary oocyte ( oocyte I ) in the primary follicle until in Graafian follicle

The mature Graafian follicle was developed from primary follicle in 10 – 14 days

In this stage, Graafian follicle has the largest anthrum and has a projecting part into the surface of ovary that was called STIGMAIn this region, tunica albuginea and theca folliculi became more slight than in the other sides

Before ovulation occurred, the Graafian follicle had enlarged and had been filled by liquor folliculi. This condition is called PREOVULATORY SWELLING

The anthrum that was filled liquor pressured and ruptured the stigma. Then the oocyte (secondary oocyte), along with zona pellucida and corona radiata moved out from the ovary.

The meiotic I (reduction division) reduced number of chromosom to haploid. So the oocyte I becomes secondary oocyte ( oocyte II )

This process occurred just before ovulation

GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE

1

2

3

1. ANTHRUM FOLLICULI

2. CUMULUS OOPHORUS

3. MEMBRANA GRANULOSA

GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE

CORONA RADIATA

ZONA PELLUCIDA

CORPUS LUTEUM Formed from wall of anthrum after ovulation Consists of 2 types of cells :

1. GRANULOSA LUTEIN CELLS Derived from granulosa cells The big and pale cells located in the central of corpus luteum Produce progesteron

2. THECA LUTEIN CELLS Derived from the cells of theca interna layer The small cells and deeply staining nucleus Located in periphery of corpus luteum

If fertilization occurs, corpus luteum will increase in size to form corpus luteum of pregnancy (CORPUS LUTEUM GRAVIDITAS)

Corpus luteum of pregnancy still exist until five month of pregnancy when placenta was formed completely

In this time, progesteron was produced by placenta

Then corpus luteum will become CORPUS ALBICANS

CORPUS LUTEUM

CORPUS LUTEUM

1

2

1.GRANULOSA LUTEIN CELLS

2. THECA LUTEIN CELLS

CORPUS LUTEUM

1

2

1

2

1. GRANULOSA LUTEIN CELLS

2. THECA LUTEIN CELLS

CORPUS ALBICANS

Derived from degeneration of corpus luteum when fertilization doesn’t occurred

Lutein cells undergo apoptosis, remain a pale fibrous scar called CORPUS ALBICANS

It can be formed from follicular atretics and from corpus luteum graviditas when placenta completely formed

Formed just before menstruation

CORPUS ALBICANS

CORPUS ALBICANS

ATRETIC FOLLICLE

Formed after ovulation Derived from primary follicles, growing follicle, and

immature Graafian follicle Oocyte disappears, because it undergoes

degeneration and autolysis Scattered granulosa cells The zona pellucida becomes folded and collapses

called remnant of zona pellucida

ATRETIC FOLLICLE

REMNANT OF ZONA PELLUCIDA

ATRETIC FOLLICLE

UTERINE TUBES ( FALLOPIAN TUBES ) The uterine tubes transport oocyte from the ovary

to the uterus Divided into 4 segments :

1. Infundibulum

2. Ampulla

3. Isthmus

4. Intramural part

INFUNDIBULUM A funnel-shaped segment of the tubes adjacent to the

ovary The segment opens to the peritoneal cavity Folded mucosa is like fingers called FIMBRIAE at

free side of the segment The fimbriae catch the ovum from the ovary

AMPULLA The longest segment of the tube, is approximately

two thirds of the total length The segment has thin wall and large diameter Has branched mucosal folds Site of fertilization

ISTHMUS

The narrow segment The segment has the thickest wall of the other

segments

INTRAMURAL PART Lies within the uterine wall and opens into the cavity

of the uterus

MICROSCOPIC APPERANCE OF UTERINE TUBES The wall of uterine tubes is consists of three

layers :1. The mucosa inner layer of the wall, forms

longitudinal folds that project into lumen throughout its lumen. The folds are most numerous and complex in the ampulla

Consists of two types of cells, are CILIATED CELLS and NON-CILIATED (PEG CELLS)

2. The muscularis is arranged by two layers of smooth muscles

3. The serosa is composed of loose connective tissue with mesothelium in outer surface

UTERINE TUBES

AMPULA OF UTERINE TUBES ISTHMUS

UTERUS

Consists of 5 parts :

1. Fundus

2. Corpus

3. Isthmus

4. Cervix

5. Portio vaginalis

CORPUS Histological appearance of corpus is similar

to fundus They consist of three layers:A. Serosa ( Perimetrium )

The outer layer, arranged by thin layer of connective tissue that covered by mesothelium

B. Myometrium ( muscularis layer )Arranged by smooth muscles that enlarge in pregnancy

C. EndometriumHistological appearance of endometrium depend on menstrual cycle

ENDOMETRIUM Consists of two layers ; epithel and lamina

propria EPITHEL :

A layer of silindrical epithelium ciliated in some definite sites

This epithel continues to lamina propria and forms uterine glands that have branches in the basal site

LAMINA PROPRIA : Just beneath the epithelium, consists of reticular

fibers There are two types of arteries in lamina propria. Straight arteries in the basal site, and spiral

arteries ( coiled arteries) in the upper site

CYCLE CHANGES OF ENDOMETRIUM Depend on menstrual cycle, endometrium divided

into 4 phases :

1. PROLIFERATIVE PHASE : The other name of this phase is estrogenic or

reparative phase In this phase, the epithelium and the lamina propria

are reconstituted The uterine glands proliferate rapidly Coiled arteries are reformed

PROLIFERATIVE PHASE

1

2

1. ENDOMETRIUM

2. MYOMETRIUM

2. SECRETORY PHASE The other name is LUTEAL OR PROGESTATIONAL

PHASE The uterine glands become hypertrophi Endometrium becomes edematous and may

eventually reach a thickness of 5 to 6 mm The glands make saw-shaped appearance The coiled arteries are numerous and extend to the

surface of the endometrium The stromal cells enlarge and transform into decidual

cells In this phase endometrium becomes the thickest

stage so it can divided into two layers

Theese layers are :1. Functional layer the thick part, will

be sloughed off in menstruation and in partus. Divided into :

Compact layer : nearly to the surface, a thin layer with straight glands

Spongious layer : beneath the compact layer, a thick layer with spiral glands

2. Basal layer : the deeper layer attached to myometrium. This layer is retainedduring menstruation

SECRETORY PHASE

PROLIFERATION PHASE SECRETORY PHASE

3. ISCHEMIC PHASE ( premenstrual phase ) Contraction of coiled arteri wall cause the

stratum functionale become ischemic. Infiltration of leucocytes in stroma .

4. MENSTRUAL PHASE :Endometrium is sloughed off and constitute the vaginal discharge.

Vaginal discharge contains :a. blood

b. epithelial cells and sloughing stroma

c. secret of the glands

MENSTRUAL PHASE

CERVIX UTERIConsists of three layers : MUCOSA :

A layer of silindrical epithelium extend to the lamina propria and have branches called CERVIX GLANDS

Blockage of the openings of the mucosal glands results in the retention of their secretions

This structure becomes a dilated cyst called OVULA NABOTH

The lamina propria consists of connective tissue and it lacks coiled arteries so that it can’t be changed by menstrual cycle

MUSCULARIS : Consists of smooth muscle with

irreguler arrangement The outer is arranged longitudinaly

extending to vagina

ADVENTITIA :Consists of fibroelastic connective tissue

CERVIX UTERI

CERVIX GLANDS 1. OVULA NABOTH

PORTIO VAGINALIS

The portion of the cervix that projects to the vagina

Covered by stratified squamous epithelium

This part is not changed during menstrual cycle

A fibromuscular tube covered by mucosa Consists of theree layers :

1. MUCOSA

Has numerous mocosal folds called RUGAE

Consists of : Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium The lamina propria that has numerous elastic

fibers, bood vessels and nerves

2. MUSCULARIS LAYER Consists of two layers of smooth muscles

3. ADVENTITIAL LAYER Consists of thin connective tissue with

numerous blood vessels and autonomic ganglion

VAGINA

GENITALIA EXTERNA ( VULVA ) Consists of theese structures :

1. Clitoris

2. Labia minora

3. Labia majora

4. Vestibular glands

CLITORIS

The erectile structure that is homolougous to the penis

Covered by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

The lamina propria forms propria papil that has numerous blood vessels and sensory nerve endings (MEISSNER’S CORPUSCLES and PACINIAN CORPUSCLES)

A. EPITHELIUM

B. LAMINA PROPRIA

C. ERECTILE TISSUE

LABIA MINORA Folds of skin that border the vestibule Covered by non-keratinized stratified

squamous epithelium with melanin pigment in the deep cells of the epithelium

Large sebaceous glands in the stroma (lamina propria)

The glands doesn’t connect to hair follicles

SEBACEOUS GLANDS

LABIA MINORA

LABIA MAJORA Folds of skin, covers the labia minora The inner surface is covered by non-

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

The outer surface is covered by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with pubic hair

VESTIBULAR GLANDS

Consists of :

1. Minor vestibular glands The small mocous glands are present primarily

near the clitoris and around external urethral orifice

2. Major vestibular glands (Bartholin’s glands) The large mucous glands in the lateral wall of

the vestibule Secrete lubricating mucous

Modification of sweat glands in subcutan

They are rudimentary in male Composed of 15 – 20 lobes separated

by interlobular tissue (connective tissue) Each lobes has excretory ducts that

assemble in the apex of the nipple

Histological Appearance1. INACTIVE MAMMARY GLANDS

Composed of numerous intralobular ducts Consists of dense connective tissue and thick

adipose tissue

2. ACTIVE MAMMARY GLANDS The alveoli begin to develop Amount of the adipose and the connective tissue

is decrease The alveoli enlarge forming SACCULI that secret

milk in the late pregnancy

INNACTIVE MAMMARY GLAND

ACTIVE MAMMARY GLAND

THE KEYS OF SUCCESS ARE PERSEVERANCE AND DO THE WORK HARDLY