tribochemistry - kyoto, september 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —kyoto, japan tribochemistry by quantum...

TRIBOCHEMISTRY - KYOTO , September 2 nd – 4 th , 2009 —Kyoto, Japan

Tribochemistryby

Quantum Mechanics

Thomas Prevenslik

Discovery Bay, Hong Kong, China

1


Background About 600 BC, the Greeks found rubbing amber rods

with a cloth attracted feathers.

Electrons rubbed off?

Einstein showed electromagnetic and not mechanical energy may remove electrons from atoms.

Electrons are more tightly bound to atoms than atoms are bound to each other. Rubbing is likely to only

produce neutral clusters of atoms2


Hypothesis

Static electricity observed for over 2000 years cannot be reconciled unless the clusters of

atoms produced by rubbing somehow produce electromagnetic radiation that by the photoelectric effect charges the surroundings.

3

neutral


Purpose

4

Show Tribochemistry by QM is the photolytic enhancement of chemical reactions by QED

induced EM radiation induced in NPs that form upon the rubbing of surfaces

QM = Quantum Mechanics QED = Quantum Electro Dynamics NPs = Nanoparticles


QED induced EM radiationClassically, heat is conserved by

an increase in temperature.

But at the nanoscale, QM forbids heat to be conserved by an increase in temperature

because specific heat vanishes.

QED allows heat to be conserved at the nanoscale by the emission of

nonthermal EM radiation5


QM Restrictions

cf Dn2 r Dn2hcE

rP

QM induces the creation of photons of wavelength by supplying EM energy to a box

with walls separated upon /2. For a spherical NP of diameter D having refractive index nr > 1:

6

QM restricts the heat content of atoms depending on temperature and EM confinement given by

the Einstein-Hopf relation


NPs have Zero Heat Content

0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1 10 100 1000

Wavelength - - microns

Pla

nck

Ene

rgy

- E -

eV

1

kThcexp

hc

E

7NPs

0.0258 eV


Specific heat vanishes in NPs

8

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

0 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

NP Diameter - D - microns

Dim

ensi

onle

ss S

peci

fic H

eat

C*

EMEmission

Temp Increase

5 micronsNPs

2

2

1kThcexp

kThcexp

kThc

*C


QED radiation in NPs

• • • Specific Heat Vanishes

No Temperature change

VUVEmission = 2Dnr

Joule Heat

Laser/Solar/Supernova Photons

Molecular Collisions

ResidualThermal kT Energy

NP

13


Tribochemistry

VUVRadiation

e

+

NP

Substrate

Sliding

N

e

e+

+

10Substrate

Sliding

N


Transient /Steady Charging

Transient

VUVRadiation

11

Steady

SolventMolecules


Transient Charging

kTD2

kT3D6

U33

Total kT Energy

Yehc

DnDkTYeEUYeNq r

3

PP

Charge

For D < 50 nm and nr< 2, EP > 6 eV Y < 0.1

12

U < 30 fJ / NP

q < 0.5 fC / NP


Transient Charging At D =45 nm, peak Ne ~ 3000 at WF ~ 6 eV

consistent with q = eNe = 0.5 fC

At D = 7 nm, EP ~ 48 eV and Ne ~ 10

At D ~ 0.3 nm, EP ~ 1 keV and Ne < 1

1 keV electrons not possible in transient charging

13


Transient Charging

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

0.1 1 10 100 1000

NP Diameter D - nm

Plan

ck E

nerg

y E P

- eV

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Num

ber E

lect

rons

- N

e

WF

1 keVnr = 2

48 eV

14

D = .3 nm1 keV, Ne < 1

D =7 nm48 eV, Ne ~ 10

D =45 nm6 eV, Ne ~ 3000


Steady Charging

avag2

C N/MWm,mkTpPD

32Q

Collision Power

CP

P Qdt

dNE Photolysis Power

YemkT

EpPD

32Ye

dtdNI

P

2P

Current

15

For D < 50 nm and nr ~ 2, EP > 6 eV Y < 0.1 MW of PFPE ~ 2000 and p = 1 at D = 50 nm

QC = 4.6 nW I = 75 pA


Steady Charging

16

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

0.1 1 10 100

NP Diameter - D - nm

NP

Pow

er -

Q C -

nW

0.1

1

10

100

NP

Cur

rent

- I -

pA.

.

PFPEp = 1nr = 2

I

QC

QC = 4.6 nW

I = 75 pA


Steady ChargingAt D = 45 nm, the rate dNe/dt ~ 4x108 /s

per NP is consistent with 109 /s data

At D = 0.3 nm and EP = 1 keV, dNe/dt ~ 100 /s

1 keV electrons produced in steady charging

17


Steady Charging

18

1

10

100

1000

10000

0.1 1 10 100

NP Diameter D - nm

Plan

ck E

nerg

y E P

- eV

1.E+00

1.E+02

1.E+04

1.E+06

1.E+08

1.E+10

QED

Ele

ctro

n R

ate,

s -1

PFPEp = 1nr = 2

1 keV

WF

D =45 nm6 eV, 108 / s

D = .3 nm1 keV, 100/ s


Tribomicroplasma

Tribochemistry by a tribomicroplasma comprised of electrons balanced by positive charged ions is consistent with the photolytic process driven by QED induced EM radiation

19


ConclusionsTribochemistry may be considered photochemistry under QED induced EM radiation at VUV levels from

NPs that form upon rubbing surfaces.

Charge is produced at the instant NPs form in rubbing

Current is produced after the NPs form during collisions of surrounding solute molecules

Circumstantial evidence of QED induced radiation everywhere, but need direct evidence 20


Extensions Einstein’s Static Universe

Redshift in NPs means Universe is not expanding and dark energy does not exist.

NP induced DNA damageSolute collisions with NPs initiate Cancer from steady VUV induced DNA damage

Gecko walking on walls and ceilingsSpatulae under index of refraction EM confinement produce electrostatic attraction

Unification of Static ElectricityRubbing of surfaces produces NPs that charge the surroundings.

Nanocatalysts and Chemiluminescence Gold NPs added to chemical reactants in solution enhance chemical reactions

X-rays from peeling Scotch TapeNPs that form as adhesive tears accumulates charge that at breakdown produces x-rays

Casimir forceEM confinement of BB thermal radiation in gap between parallel plates produces attraction

ThermophonesProduce sound in thin films without changing film temperature 21


Questions & Papers Email: [email protected]

http://www.nanoqed.orgor

http://www.nanoqed.net

This talk from paper “Tribochemistry”, 2009

22

http://www.nanoqed.org/

http://www.nanoqed.net/

tribochemistry - kyoto, september 2 nd – 4 th, 2009 —kyoto, japan tribochemistry by quantum...

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