Design of Drainage

in Barangay Sebac, Tudela Misamis Occidental

A Project Proposal Presented

To the Faculty of

College of Engineering and Architecture

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

By:

Akiat, Trishia U.

Henosolango, Jessel Pie P.

Alarde, Nell Albert

CHAPTER 1

1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Over the last few years, towns and cities of Misamis Occidental had experienced an

increased number of floods. Flood as one of the natural hazards in urban and rural areas often

results in enormous damage on people and socio-economic values in some areas. As an effect

heavy rains, it has caused severe traffic delays, large damage to properties, infrastructures and

pavements in urban and rural areas. These damages could greatly affect the rapid development of

an area and bring various environmental nuisances, and high levels of pollutants in its

surrounding areas.

Drainage system is a vital infrastructure that will convey stormwater from urban and rural

areas to the catchbasin. It does not only aim to minimize flooding or eliminate surface water, but

it also aims to enhance the ground water quality.

A drainage system comes in different types and applicability. One must consider a lot of

things to decide whether what type and design of drainage system will it be. Traditionally,

drainage system is an underground structure mainly consisting of networks of pipes. Drainage

projects can be costly, but the need to integrate this in our designs is very important and worthy

to protect our properties and investments due to the reduced risk of flooding. Given a functioning

drainage system at present, its design capacity is challenged due to the extreme rainfalls added

by climate change, so floods are expected to occur when the system gets overloaded.

People considering the installation of a drainage system must also know their rights and

responsibilities concerning the removal of excess water and its transfer to other land. A drainage

system must be designed and installed with all of its requirements and with its prevailing

conditions in order to attain its purpose, which is actually to give solution to water drainage

problems.

2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Barangay Sebac is one of the most flooded area here in Tudela Misamis Occidental.

During heavy rains, the place is submerged with water, in which it could be due to inadequate

drainage systems. This is one of the issues which were not given much attention especially in

rural areas.

This research seeks answer the following questions:

1. What particular area in Barangay Sebac is most affected by the flood?

2. What best engineering design is most suitable to the area affected?

3. How efficient is the old drainage system in Barangay Sebac in collecting the

stormwater runoff?

4. Will the proposed drainage system accumulates all the stormwater runoff?

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To determine the amount of runoff brought by heavy rains in Barangay Sebac, Tudela

Misamis Occidental

2. To formulate a drainage master plan in the most affected area in Barangay Sebac,

Tudela Misamis Occidental

3. To assess whether the designed drainage could accumulate all the stormwater runoff

III. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Designing an effective drainage system in Tudela Misamis Occidental eliminates surface

water on road pavements and the discharged of water can be properly managed from the

carriageway and surrounding areas & lead it to an exit point where it can be safely discharged.

An effective drainage system is therefore essential to allow water to flow off and away from the

road as quickly as possible.

This research will help the barangay officials and Engineers’ of the municipality of

Tudela as reference for future plans about constructing a drainage system.

This research will also benefit the residents of Barangay Sebac, because this could serve

as the solution for the flooding problems in the place.

IV. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study focuses in the design of drainage systems that is capable of conveying

stormwater runoff from road pavements in Tudela Misamis Occidental. This is limited to

Barangay Sebac. The area, width and length covered shall be based on the results of the survey

questionnaires given to the resident of the barangay.

V. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Terms here are conceptually defined for better understanding of the readers.

1. Stormwater runoff – excess water from rain that does not seeps to the ground but instead

it runs off.

2. Irrigation – it is the artificial increase in supply of water that will eventually help assist

the growing agricultural crops and vegetation.

3. Precipitation – is the product of the condensation of water which reaches to the earth

from the atmosphere.

4. Waterways – is a navigable channel, usually a river, canal, lake, sea or ocean.

5. Impermeable surfaces – are mainly artificial structures like pavements that are covered or

protected by materials that cannot penetrate water.

6. Sewer systems - is facility consisting of pipes or conduits, generally closed but does not

flow. It is for carrying off liquid or solid sewage.

7. Runoff – water that comes from precipitation that neither evaporates nor penetrates but

flows to the ground surface or into the pipes, finding its way to streams/ rivers.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Causes of Floods

Flooding has been the main concern of the people in Barangay Sebac, Tudela Misamis

Occidental. Over the past few years, the place was devastated by flood brought by the typhoons.

The flood brought several damages to the houses, roadways and vegetation in the barangay. The

flooding scenario in Barangay Sebac, is the consequence of inadequate drainage system in the

place.

2.2 Floods in the Philippines

Acoording to Briceño, the Philippines is regularly exposed to climate-related hazards

such as intensifying typhoons and floods, as well as seismic and volcanic events that have

affected whole regions of the country. It is recognized that nowadays climate change does have

great impacts on the water cycle and precipitation patterns.

Several towns and cities from Misamis Occidental experienced such calamities brought

by climate change. Flood is the most common problem in Misamis Occidental. Every year, lives

and properties were devastated by floods.

In some places such as in Tudela , especially the ones that are located in lowlands, it is

expected to entail an increase in the frequency and intensity of stormwater due to heavy rains,

thus leading to increased risk of flooding. The rapid growth and development of infrastructure in

the place, may result to increased volume of wastewater from storm, therefore it is inevitable to

experience inadequacy of water drainage.

Since flooding is one of the most serious concerns in Barangay Sebac, the researchers

sought the solution of the problem with the assistance of the Local Government Unit of Tudela.

The main objective of the project is to formulate a drainage master plan, which will serve as a

guide for the development of a well-planned and well-designed drainage system in Barangay

Sebac. This research will hopefully help the barangay improve their environment, making it

flood free areas and reducing hazards that could greatly affect lives in the community.

2.3 Drainage and Stormwater Management Strategies for Rural Communities

According to Melbourne Water (2013),the land use, management practices and landform

could greatly influenced the movement of stormwater through rural landscapes. Lands that are

used for agricultural purposes increases stormwater to waterways. Rural land generates more

runoff which in turn increases transportation of sediment, agricultural fertilizers, nutrients and

chemicals to waterways and the bays. Together with increased dependence on rivers and creeks

for irrigation and water supply, this has changed the natural timing and volume of flows in rural

waterways, leading to reduced stream flows during dry periods and increased stream flows after

storms.

According to Stauffer, that in rural areas, the cumulative impact of countryside living

subdivisions, roads and buildings causes an increase in peak flow rates, and the volume of water

that is discharged after storm events. This leads to 2 key effects: flooding and stream erosion

(ARC 2010). The main problem in rural areas is impermeable surfaces that are either caused by

roads and buildings and overstrained sewer systems. In rural areas and agricultural land it can

lead to erosion.

A study by D. Sharma , in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata in India and other parts of

developing countries, wherein stated that these places mainly suffered from localized flooding

problems and water pollution due to insufficient, unscientific and weakly maintained drainage. A

system of underground man made pipes were designed and constructed to prevent flooding by

flushing away immediately. These drainage systems are designed for specific flow rate of water

and thus they are unable capture the fluctuations due to change in the volume the water. As a

result of the construction of drainage systems, pollutants from Delhi enter the river of Yamuna

which is the only source of water for the city with a population of more than one million.

Conventional drainage systems are unable to control poor runoff quality. The drainage system

has been unsustainable option impacting both the terrestrial and aquatic environments. This

might have been the cause of ignoring completely the community facilities and landscape while

constructing this drainage. It strongly affects the water problem in city like Delhi which is

greatly dependent upon the groundwater.

According to Stauffer (2010), stormwater management is essential to prevent erosion of

agricultural land and flooding of inhabited urban or rural areas. Both cases can cause severe

damages and contamination of the environment if sanitation facilities are flooded. This results in

high costs and notably massive suffering for the local communities.

2.4 Design of Drainage

Planning and designing an effective drainage system really takes time. It also requires

factors that need to be considered such as topographic features, the characteristics of soil,

intensity of rainfall, effect on wetlands, environmental impacts and the present crops and

vegetation.

According to the study of Saeed Ahmed Khokhar, a professor and head of Civil

Engineering department in Parul Institute of Engineering and Technology, it is important to

study and understand the rainfall runoff process of such areas, so that runoff which is an essential

parameter for planning of drainage measures. He added that in planning a surface drainage, the

following aspects have to be considered such as rainfall patterns and frequencies, land use and

characteristics, and the human interference in the drainage basin. The purpose of the drainage

system, in whether urban and rural areas, the operational aspects, whether gravity or pump

drainage and the hydrological effects also need to be considered.

One of the most important factors in designing a drainage system is its physical aspects

that needs to be provided to achieve flood control and minimize the impact of pollution of

srormwater runoff.

It is also important that all drainage should be designed according to set of criterias such

as economic, social and environmental aspects. The design process therefore should be of proper

planning and management, where these criterias are meet.

2.5 Related Studies in the Design of Drainage System

According to the study of Renato Cruz, flooding was the identified as a problem. In 1986,

Metro Manila experienced flood and was submerged in water reaching a depth of 2.1 meters in

some areas. Investigations were made and revealed that inadequate drainage and serious

clogging of drainage system causes the flooding problem. Since then, the Philippine government

in cooperation with the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) has engaged in

declogging programs, has constructed drains in low-lying areas and has renovated drains and

river walls. The government has spent an average of PI 00 million for each of the past five years

for flood control activities.

Some international countries also conducted studies concerning drainage systems. A

study made by R.J.Oosterbaan about drainage in India where it is not well developed. Main

drains were not enough to provide a drainage exit. Water logging is the cause of flooding in

India. According to Oosterbaan, it is due to the inflow of groundwater through the aquifer that is

fed by percolation losses from the irrigated agriculture and the monsoon rainfalls. When high

intensity rainfalls occur, farmers pump the excess surface water into the irrigation canals that

overtop in the low-lying parts.

The construction and development of drainage system in India took place in the latter

years. The drains were connected to a piped collector to form a composite drainage system.

Water was then pumped out and all synthetic material performed well.

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

The researchers focused on the most affected area in Barangay Sebac, Tudela Misamis Occidental. To gather the information needed, the researchers used the following procedures as stated below.

PART ONE

A. The researchers conduct a survey through distribution of questionnaires to the residents of the certain barangay. This will eventually help them determine the most affected area in the barangay.

B. The researchers select an area to be focused and studied on..

PART TWO –PROFILE LEVELING

Data Gathering Instruments:

1. Leveling instrument - is an optical instrument used to determine the elevation of the ground.

2. Leveling rods - used in measuring the vertical distance between a point on the ground or the difference in elevation.

5. Steel tape – an instrument in linear scale usually in meters or inches; used for taking horizontal and vertical measurements.

6. Stakes – a piece of wood or metal pinned into the ground to mark the points to be shot by the instrument.

Procedure :

The researchers followed these steps to accomplish the work.

1. Established stations and labeled it as stations A, B and C.

2. Set up and leveled the instrument that is accessible to the other side.

3. Performed a back sight on a nearby benchmark and recorded the height of the

instrument.

4. Took foresights from centerline points up to within practical limits of sightings

and recorded the rod readings.

5. Took a foresight on the established turning point, determine its elevation when the

rod has been advanced to a point which further readings to ground points cannot

be observed.

6. Transferred the instrument in another farther position, set up and took a back sight

on turning point which has just been established. Continue taking rod readings on

the established points on the ground until the end points was reached.

7. Values obtained from the profile leveling were tabulated, observed, and computed

accordingly.

PART THREE – DRAINAGE DESIGN METHOD:

The following data must be gathered before designing a drainage:

1. Profile of the proposed canal

2. Area

3. Side Slope

4. n; coefficient of roughness

5. Water Supply (discharge, Q)

Steps in Drainage Design

1. To obtain the desired slope, preliminary grade lines must be drawn.

2. Calculate the discharge of the drainage using the slope.

3. Calculate the preliminary depth of water with slope (S) and discharge (Q) .

4. Solve the velocity using the Manning’s formula.

5. Check the discharge obtained with the required in step 2.

Note: They must be more or less equal.

Designing Structures

1. Determine the drainage elements to be designed.

2. Determine whether you what type to be used, whether it is a barrel or a pipe.

Guide: For Q less than 0.50 m3/s, recommend it for pipe.

3. Using the formula of discharge , get the most possible value of A.

4. Get the actual Vs with the actual area of pipe to be use.

5. Determine the head loss.

6. Determine the fill elevation.

TIME FRAME

JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN

Proposal

Data GatheringDiscussion Analysis

Conclusion

Final Defense

REFERENCES

1. http://www.fao.org/3/a-ai587e/ai587e01.pdf 2. http://www.ecrr.org/Publications/tabid/2624/mod/11083/articleType/ArticleView/

articleId/3316/Rural-sustainable-drainage-systems.aspx3. http://soilandwater.ohiodnr.gov/portals/soilwater/pdf/swcd/Drainage_Report.pdf 4. http://essc.org.ph/content/wp-content/uploads/2007/02/5.1.3%20case%201.2%20-

%20drcc,%20davao%20city,%20mindanao.pdf5.