triumf: new tools for materials science at the nanoscalemantica/radio-frib/macfarlane-acs... ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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The βNMR facility at TRIUMF:
new tools for Materials Science at the nanoscale
W.A. MacFarlane1, G.D. Morris2
1Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
2TRIUMF, Vancouver
ACS Boston, FRIB Symposium, Aug 24, 2010
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TRIUMF
UBC
2 km
Whistler
123 km
Downtown
Vancouver
http://www.triumf.ca/ 12 km
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Outline
1. TRIUMF βNMR/βNQR facility
2.Why use βNMR to study materials ?
3.A few examples:
a. magnetic proximity effects in metalsb. spin injection, dilute magnetic semiconductorsc. interface properties of high Tc superconductors
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1. The βNMR Method
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high energy radiation is
easy to detect
use them to elucidate
physical, chemical and biological processes
Radiotracers
Positron
Emission
Tomography
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Parity Violation
ß emission iscorrelated withthe spin directionof the decayingnucleus,
violating mirrorsymmetry
Lee and Yang 1957
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8Li 8Be + e- + ne
Spin=2, Q=+31 mbg =6.3 MHz/T<A>=-1/3 t= 1.2s
q
13 MeV
N(E)
E
Asymmetric Nuclear b-decay of 8Li
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Isotopes for bNMR at ISAC
Isotope Spin τ1/2 g b-Decay Estimated
(MHz/T) Asymmetry Rate (s-1)
8Li 2 0.8 6.3 0.33 108
11Be 1/2 13.8 22 ~0.3 107
15O 1/2 122 10.8 0.66 108
19O 5/2 26.9 4.6 0.71 108
17Ne 1/2 0.1 0.33 106
require: light, short-lived,high asymmetry
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H0
Backward
Forward
βNMResonance
H1cos(ωt)
18895 18900 18905 18910-0.30
-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
Asy
mm
etry
Frequency (kHz)
w0
two polarizations
Bloc
w0 = gH0
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H0
Backward
Forward
1 / T1time
0 2 4 6 8 10-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Asy
mm
etry
Time (s)
Beam on
For 0.5s
Pd Foil
T = 293 K
B0 ~ 140 G
ELi = 30 keV
T1 ~ 1.65 s
βNMR Measurement of the Spin Lattice Relaxation Rate
nb: error bars
grow as exp(t/τ)
data for the
two polarizations
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TRIUMF Implementation
seeβNMR: Morris et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 157601 (2004). βNQR: Salman et al., Phys. Rev. B 70, 104404 (2004).facility: Kiefl et al., Physica B 326, 189 (2003).polarizer: Levy et al., NIMB 204, 689 (2003).
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ISAC Production Target
500 MeV
Proton Beam
Foils:
Ta
SiC
ZrCExtracted ion beam ~30 keV
To
Isotope
Separator
×
M. Dombsky/TRIUMF
for Li+: surface ionization
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βNMR
βNQR
Titan
Osaka
ISAC Low Energy Area
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Optical Polarizer
Circularly Polarized Laser
Li+ ion beam
D1 in Li: 671 nm
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Polarization of 8Li Nuclei in 4.1 T
0 100 200 300
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
0.1
1N
ucle
ar
Po
lari
za
tio
n
Temperature (K)
Thermal Equilibrium Value
Optical Polarized Value
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Spin Polarized 8Li+
Polarizer
βNQR
Spectrometer
βNMR Spectrometer
Fast Kicker (2005) allows semi-simultaneous operation
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βNMR Spectrometer
9 TeslaNMRMagnet
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Loading a sample into the high-field βNMR spectrometer
Load Lock
10-9 torr
Cryostat drives into solenoid bore (9 Tesla)
Gold Foil
Hap
ke/
TR
IUM
F
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βNQR Spectrometer
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8 mm
8Li at 5 keV
beam stoppedin scintillator,imaged with CCD
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βNQR sample ladder
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βNMR Cleanroom
Uses:
- Sample handling
- UHV cryostat
maintenance
R. Abasalti
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1996
Mössbauer
Perturbed Angular Correlations
Muon Spin Rotation SRβNMR
…
Nuclear Techniques to
Study the Solid State
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2. Why use βNMR
to study materials?
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Solid Interfaces
A B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
atomicresolution
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Deceleration of the Ion Beam
Beam
Energy
30.4 keV
range in the probe ions: depth resolution!
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Relation to Fundamental Properties
HM = -= i
)0,0( = AShift:
0
02
1
),()(
1
w
w qqAkT
T q
Relaxation:
Magnetic Susceptibility
Moriya Expression
In the RF (μeV to zero)
can be multicomponentand/or inhomogeneous
also: quadrupolar effects, diamagnetic shielding, ...
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3. Examples
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Magnetic Proximity Effect
Fe Ag
MetallicFerromagnet
NonmagneticMetal
M
?
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Depth Resolved βNMR in Magnetic Multilayers
• Ag/Fe epitaxial heterostructures
• T.A. Keeler et al., Phys. Rev. B 77, 144429 (2008)
25820 25830 25840 25850 25860
Frequency [kHz]
4nm Gold (20 monolayers)
80nm Silver
2nm Iron
GaAs
2 μg!
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e.g. Magnetic Proximity Effect
Fe Ag
MetallicFerromagnet
NonmagneticMetal
M
Using implanted 8Li ßNMR,
aymptotic behaviour of the envelope ~ r -2
Keeler et al. Phys. Rev. B 77, 144429 (2008)
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Towards Spin Injection
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Fe n-GaAsAu
20ML 14ML
magnetized
V
spin injectionSchottky Barrier
- +- +- +
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Access to the Schottky Barrier Region
Q. Song
electrostaticpotentialwithin GaAs
implantationprofilesfrom SRIM
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Avoiding the Schottky Barrier
with
Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors:
GaAs:Mn
Q. Song
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Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors
dilute local (atomic) magnetic momentsMn2+ S = 5/2
a backgroundof free carriers(holes)
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Mn doped GaAs
Mn acceptor (STM)
Yakunin et al. PRL 92, 216806 (04)Substitutional (Ga): Acceptor
Interstitial: Double Donor
Ga1-xMnxAs is not stable in bulk
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180 nm Ga0.95Mn0.05As / GaAs
Sharp Substrate
Line
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Depth Dependence at 50 K (< TC)
broad, negatively shifted line,fast spin relaxation from theMn doped layer
Q. Song et al., Physica B (2009)
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unpublished data removed here
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Time Reversal Symmetry
Breaking Superconductivity?
H. Saadaoui
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AgYBa2Cu3O7
15 nm
d-wave
superconductor
110
5 nm ?
small spontaneous magnetic fields
ProximalDetection
Surface Effects in d wave SC
H // film
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Search for broken time reversal
symmetry near the surface of
<110> YBa2Cu3O7 (Urbana
Tc=86.7K) (Hassan Saadaoui)
Beam energy 2 keV
<110> YBa2Cu3O7 film
from L.H. Greene
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Competition
Low
Energy
Muon
Facility
at PSI
http://lmu.web.psi.ch/
low energy via moderation, reacceleration
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CollaborationR.F. Kiefl (UBC, Phys), K.H. Chow (Alberta, Phys) S.R. Dunsiger (TU
Munich), Z. Yamani (NRC-CINS, Chalk River), E. Morenzoni, Z.
Salman (PSI)
Students: T. Parolin, H. Saadaoui, M.D. Hossain, Q. Song, A. Mansour,
D. Wang, M. Smadella, T. Keeler, I . Fan, and many undergrads
TRIUMF: G.D. Morris, C.D.P. Levy, M.R. Pearson, A. Hatakeyama
(Tokyo), S. Daviel, R. Poutissou, D. Arseneau, R. Baartman, M. Olivo,
S.R. Kreitzman
SAMPLES:L.H. Greene (Urbana), T. Hibma, S. Hak (Groningen), B.
Heinrich (SFU), Y. Maeno (Kyoto), P. Fournier (Sherbrooke), J.Y.T. Wei
(Toronto), J.W. Brill (Kentucky), J. Chakhalian (MPI-Stuttgart,
Arkansas), G. Condorelli, R. Sessoli (Florence), C. Ferdeghini (Genoa),
J.K. Furdyna (Notre Dame), K.M. Yu (LBL), N.J.C. Ingle (UBC), R.
Liang, D.A. Bonn, W.N. Hardy (UBC), E. Katz (Beer Sheva), F. Fujara
(TU Darmstadt), R. Neumann (GSI), T. Tiedje (UBC, UVic)
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End
more info:bnmr.triumf.ca