ITTO PPD 28/01 Rev. 2 (F)

Formulating a Proposal on Demonstration of

Integrated Models for Sustainable Tropical Forestry Development

Current Models

of integrated Development inTropical Region of China

InO

International TropicalTimber Organization

Chinese Academy of Forestry

CAE8

Trio PPD 28/01 Rev. 2 (F)

Formulating a Proposal on Demonstration of

Integrated Models for Sustainable Tropical Forestry Development

Current Models of Integrated Development

in Tropical Region of China

Pre-Project Group

Chinese Academy of Forestry

I lingli attention attached from governments ..................,.,...*....................,..,.,,,,. 22 Law system and its standard set-up .,.,.,.*.....................,.,*,........................,,...,,.. 33 Institutional construction ... . . . ..... ... . . . . .. ......, .. , .. . . . . ... . . .. . . . .. ..... ,. ., .,., ,... . ;. .. . .. .. . ..... .. 74 Policies ,........................,..*.,,...,........................,..,,.,..................,..,,,,,............... 105 Development strategies and practices .,.......................,..., **..........................,.. 136 Forest management techniques .................,.. *,.......................,,.,.,.................... 17Ninox I , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , , . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Aimex 2. .,,,,,.........,.....................,..,,,,,*,......................,,.,...,,..................,,....,.,........... 24Annex 3 . . , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . , , . , , , . . , , , . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . , . . . , . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . 26Ninox 4 .,.,...................................,,.,.............................,,,,......................,,.....,..,........ 29Aimex 5 . , . . . . . , , , * , . * , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . * . , * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . * . , , , . . .. . . 31

CONTENTS

Current Models of ,ritegrated Development

in Tropical Region of China

In the past 10 years, China has implemented a plenty of international integrated forestrydevelopment projects, including ITrO, in tropical area, Those projects are usuaMy based ondemonstration sites, Meanwhile, Chinese government has done a lot of trials and demonstrations,extensions and policy adjustments in legislations, financial supports, and institutionalconstruction, However, to summarize those management and development models on a "sp^"basis (e. g. by county), particularly on the basis of land use type with technique as one basicproduction element* is very difficult 10 reflect successful experiences of integrated developmentin tropic forest area in China. Therefore, this report is trying to generalize the concept of mode,and extending it 10 land use techniques, policies, laws, and institutions; and then furtherextending it to development theories and methodologies.

Considering of foUowing factors, this report does not put its emphasis on the experience of thesustainable management of tropical forests along the coastal area in Guangdong, Guamgxi, andFujian provinces, but the experience in Yunan and Haman provinces.

+ In general, it is relatively consistent in policies, laws and institutions throughoutChina, particularly those regarding forestry development.

+ Tropical area in China are vast, hence very significant differences are seen in theseareas in terms of social, economic and nature conditions, Successful tropical forestmanagement and local development are very much related to the local humanity,geographical, and socio-economic circumstances, In Ihe coastal area alongGuangdong, Guang, i and Fujian these 3 provinces, their economic development isrelatively less Tenani on their tropical forests. Irisiead, their econontic growth isdepending more and more on investment, trade, technological progress, and humanpower capital rather than local nature resource, to be more specific, tropical forestresources. Furthermore, in those areas, Ihe primary tropical forests and theirconcomitant biodiversity have been disrupted to some certain extent.

+ The project proposal is expected to tritegi'ate poverty elimination, and ruralcomprehensive development and tropical forest sustainable management. Taken thisexpectation into account, Yunnan and Haman provinces' experiences are of morereference value.

+ Yunan and Haman provinces are the most important tropical forest area in China,where biodiversity is rich and it is relatively well preserved. However, this area isfound with the most complicated relationship between tropical forest protection andlocal economic development while it is the most essential area to protect ito icalr~--~,_ , r, L, ~

In the past 20 years, China has been staying at the stage of sodo-econoinic transition period.During this period, it has been experiencing significant changes in such aspects as policies, laws,institutions, social structure, e. conomic development, and culture. All these changes in turnshave tremendous influence upon tropical forest management

On one hand, some experiences may have time linttation, which work very effectiveIy onlyduring a certain period of time. On the o1her hand, some experiences may have locationIintitation, which only fit the local extremely complicated SOCio-economtic features at thetransition period. Hence we would like to stand a higher position to analyze and sununarize theexperiences in China, with the practical experience of sustainable forest management as themain framework. For example, use policies, laws, institutions, forest management, land usesystem, and comprehensive rural development, capacity building such items to arrange thestructure of the report, and with case study as the main content to relatively systematicallyanalyze experiences in integrated development of tropical forests in China.

Successful experiences of tropical forest protection via integrated development mainly sourcefrom 2 approaches of practice. One is international practices in China, and the other one isChina's national efforts/practices. These Iwo are supportive and complemented to each other.The international practices put their emphasis on absorbing international successful experiences,and current achievements of human recogyilions. However, they also emphasize thein digenization of those experience and jinowledge. China's own practices at thenrselves are alsoone important component of international practices in China to accumulate experiences, Thisreport is trying to stand at such a point to selectively sununarize experiences from the practicesin China (incl. National and international practices) with the intention to contribute to globaltropical forest preservation and development.

I High attention attached from governments

Governments at all levels are playing very outstanding role in sustainable forest managementand development. The Central Government adopted "Sustainable Development Strategy" as oneof its fundamental national development strategy, Forestry is recognized as the main body ofecological construction, and forestry is believed as one of the basic industries and publicinterests undertakings for sustainable socio-economic development. During the 9'' 5-year period,monetary input from the Central Government's financial appropriation in an kinds of forestrydevelopment in the country increased nearly 4 times compared with the 8'' 5-year period. In the10 5-year Nanonal Development Plan, ecological improvement, and environment preservationwere regarded as one important component of economic development and improvement ofpeople's living standard. In the plan, such viial tasks as natural forests preservation, conversionof land use from farming to forests, or grasses, water and soil erosion control were assigned.The Chinese Government recognized and legalized forestry's important status in theimplementation of "Sustainable Development Strategy" and its pmary position in ecologicalAnno+". n+; rin

Companying with the transit of the century, Chinese forestry entered a new era in the 21stCentury. Ecological construction has been becoming one of main tasks of forestry development:natural forest resource is strictly preserved; timber production is changing from previouslynatural forests harvest donimated gaduaMy to plantations harvest donnated. The LandConversion Program, and the Desertification Prevention and Control Program are on going in alarge scale, Forests Ecological Benefit Compensation Charge is going to be put in force.Forestry development is transferring from timber production dominancy to ecologicalconstruction dontinancy

With high attention from the Central Government, the local government at each level andcivilian society are propeUed to carry out all kinds of activities from publicity and education topractical implementation. A mode with Chinese unique characteristics of "governments' propel,and the public's understanding coupled with standardized legislation, and civmian society'sparticipation, *' was fonned.

From the actions of the government at each level, the Central Government's right policies canbe proved. On Feb. 6, 1999, Haman Province passed one legislative decision Ihrougli HamanProvincial People's Congress, which is caUed literally "Decision on Developing HamanProvince into an Ecological Province". In this legislative decision, an the residents in theprovinces are demanded to increase their environmental awareness, and all kinds of activities

are demanded to intogi'ate environmental awareness to outright enforce SustainableDevelopment Strategy, to preserve natural resources, and to actively develop eco-agriculture,eco-tourism, to ultimately build Haman Province into an ecologicaUy esthetical, economicalIystrong province. For details, please refer to the Box I below.

2 Law system and its standard set-up

In the past 20 years, China forestry legislation has been developing very fast. 7sets/times of national statutory laws, including the Forestry Law, and the Law of theP. R. China on the Protection of Wildlife have been passed, promulgated lamemded.The 'State Council have issued and implemented a total of 12 sets of forestry-relatedexecutive regulations by sequence as shown in the below: "Regulation on Forestsand Wildlife Protection Area Management" "Pamphlet on the Implementation ofthe Forestry Law", "Regulation on Forest Fire" " Regulation on Forest Pest andDisease Prevention", "Regulation Continental Wildlife ProtectionOn

Implementation", "Regulation on Plant Quarantine" "Regulation on NatureReserve", "Regulation on Wild Plant Protection" and "Regulation on theImplementation of Forestry Law".

in addition, China has signed 8 multi-lateral and bilateral international agreements,multi-lateral agreements like, "Convention on international Trade of Endangered,,,:," @ A~:~" T, -..-- -_. T, ,-~_,, ,, ttr^,,_ _, r. _ .* ,, ,,,-,, . ^ ,

Birds Protection Agreement".

Box I:

Main measures to build llaman Province into an" ECologic Province"

Hanan Province obtains the largest tropical rain forests in China in ternis of acreage within its3,4000 Kin territory, It is very rich in biodiversity, Particularly, the tropical rain forests in themountainous areas in the nitddle part of Haman Province enjoy the name of " Natural GreenHouse" for flora and fauna.

In order to protect the eco-diversity in Haman Province effectiveIy, Haman Province has stipulateda series of local environment regulations, plans and proposals. Among of them, the major ones areas follows: " The Regulation on Environment Protection of Haman Province" "The Local

Regulation on Nature Reserves of Rainan Province" " The Development Plan of Nature Reservesin Haman Province", " The Protection Plan of Wind Flora and Fauna in Haitian Province" " The

Study on the Protection Plan of Bio-Diversity in Haman Province" and " The Proposal on theECologic Functions Protected Area in the Mountainous Area in the nitddle part of HamanProvince".

Various concrete measures on biodiversity protection have been adopted hitherto in HamanProvince. Such measures include: 65 nature reserves with a coverage of 2.7 minion Ha in totalwere established, which accounts for 5% of the Iotal land area; 281 bleeding fanns of endangeredanimals were foamed to provide those endangered animals a "shelter'. I botanical garden of tro toplants and 4 farms of rare plants were set up; public education was carried out to guide the public'sparticipation.

in recent years, broadcast, television and newspapers were used to intensiveIy publicizebiodiversity protection. As one of the results, tens of thousands of people promised to say "NO" tothe food made from rare or endangered wild animals with their signatures. Tropic agriculture andeco-tourism are encouraged to develop to combine the reasonable utilization and protection of therich ecologic resources to enhance sustainable development.

The China forestry legislation is gradually integrating into the international standard.Particularly after the entry into the WTO, China is very active in borrowing andabsorbing successful forest protection and management experience internationally,for example, the going-to-be-promulgated "Forest Harvest Regulation" and thenational standard "China Sustainable Forestry Management Standard andindicators"

Relevant statutory law system to sustainable forest management still hasdeficiencies in such aspect as, community participation, protection and utilization of

tightly woven, interlocking net of sectoral, environmental and multi-sectoral cross-cuttinglegislation, which together governs forest sector development, and covers the practical contentsof international forest sustainable management (including TFTO). The highlighted contents areas fomows:

I) Sustainability as a cross-cutting concept for development is reflected in the Chinese

forestry legislation. This translates into the acknowledgement of multiple forestfunctions, benefits and uses (manifest and potential) in the relevant forestry legislation.Accordingly, production, pro^Ciiom and conservation are cited as national forest

objectives. For this purpose, China maintains and protects a Permanent Forest Estate,and pursues reforestation, afforestation, and forest protection.

2) China forestry relevant law system provides for an interlocking institutionalframework, with a clear and transparent assignment of tasks, and sharedresponsibilities between central-level institutions, and decentralized branches of

government. Tasks and responsibilities are speUed out in detail in various pieces ofsubsidiary legislation, down to the level of Iechnical guidelines. These laws underline

the dominance of state-institutions for both forest-sector development, andenvironmental managenienVadministraiion. Many references have been discoveredstating the universal applicability of legal norms, which means that a more or less

uniform level of professionalism and pertonnance is required from all actors activelyengaged in forest-sector development, Directly related to rules dealing with theinstitutional framework are references to funding arrangements, investment in theforest sector, and the use of financial instruments.

3) Despite the fact that production, conservation and protection are cited asforest-political objectives - to be pursued in paraMel - the Chinese legal frameworkwas found to be heavily preoccupied with forest protection, and nature conservation,as well as with the enforcement of controls and restrictions on access to, and use of

forests. This trialudes legal provisions against megal logging, as well as provisionsagainst illegal trade in forest products,

4) Establishment of protected areas is one very important component of forest protection,State-of-the-art concepts such as ecosystem-protection and in-situ as well as ex-situ

conservation of rare and endangered species are adopted. The causal relationship'between protection of soil and water, and forest degradation and desertitication arenoticed. In this respect, legal provisions for the identitication of

mumerable/endangered areas have been put in place, as . well as procedures forplanning, implementation and enforcement. These features reflect yet another - recent

lopic of the international forest political dialogue: Forest Law Enforcement,Governance and Trade (FLEGT). The aforementioned examples together itInstralevividly China's successful inlegation into cross-cutting environmental issues (manyof which are related to MEA, such as biodiversity conservation, the struggle againstdesertification, protection of wetlands, etc),

5) The legal framework also provides (enviromnental) monitoring and evaluation of., , .. , ..

river-basin development projects, re-cultivation of waste-land, large-scaleafforestation projects, and large-scale harvesting/transport operations.

6) Rules in respect of forest management chiefly deal with maintenance/protection of thepenmanel, I forest estate (F'FE) on the one hand, and reforestation I afforestation I

rehabilitation measures on the other. This shows China's forestry law system has atendency to preserve remaining natural forests; and at the same time to establish I

extent planted forests for their commercial value, as suppliers of forest products andservice, and to increase job opportunities.

7) Despite the state's apparent donimance in general, the legislation holds references inrespect of the righis of the indigenous minorities, forest dweUers. While all

land-ownership rests with either the state, or collectives, access and use rights ofprivate individuals and gyoups are expressly protected. Private minative for

tree-planting is encouraged, That does not suggest, however, that privateindividuals/groups or civil-society actors would in any way be fonnaUy involved indecision-making processes.

8) The above observation receives additional backing from findings in respect of thepromotion of science and technology, and capacity building. While the relevantlegislation underlined to promote/develop, document, and dissentnaie scientific

discovery and advanced technologies (also by means of education and training), itremains noticeably silent on TFRK-issues. The forestry legislation promoted tropicalforest management and protection in China.

9) Each locality fonnulated series of local environmental regulations according to theirspecific features. in Haman Province, for example, they have tonnulated followingregulations: "Nature Reserve Regulation", "Development Plan of Nature Reserves"

"Plan for Witd Fauna and Flora Protection" "Plan and Study of Biodiversity" andProposal for Ecological Functions Protection in Central Mountainous Area" And in

Xishaungbama Autonomous Municipality, Yunan Province, such regulations as"Nature Reserve Regulation", "Uricuan River Protection Regulation" "ForestProtection Regulation"*

10) In order protect bio-diversity in tropical area, 10 ensure the quality of tropicalagriculture producis, and to increase their marking competing power of tropicalagyiculture products, the Agricultural Ministry and the National Quality ControlBureaujointly promulgated'"Regulation of Nuisance-Free Agriculture Products" andthe Agricultural Ministry promulgated "instructive Guidance for the Safety andQuality of Tropical Agriculture Products". By means of introducing marketing system,and standardizing market entry peruiission, Products Quality Standard System,Technical Innovation System, Quality Check and Certification System, QualityTrace~Back System and Information Service System were set up and integrated intointernational standards.

*

3 Institutional construction

Institutional setting up of Chinese forestry authorities has been confronted numerous doubts. In

the past 20 years, several times of governmental restructure have been pushed though with theintention to establish highly efficient, clean and responsible government, which fits marketeconomy. The actual effectiveness of restructure still needs to be further monitored. However,there are some experiences and trends in institutional construction, which are worth moreattention.

I) Responsibilities are wein taken care of. Although the Chinese government has beenoverstaffed, we have set up an administrative and technical extension system from updown, which ensure Ihe effective enforcement of all governmental policies and laws atthe grass-root level. For example, for the National Land Conversion Program, and theNatural Forest Preservation Program, forestry authorities at all levels set up theirimplementation offices accordingly, which ensured the programs' implementation andthe realization of Iheir expected impacts.

2) Cooperation and co-ordination among governmental institutions are well enhanced.For instance, penmaneni or temporary comprehensive institutions with more power,and stronger co-ordination capacity were established such as Resource, Environment

and Population Coinmittee under the People's Congress, Steering leadership Group,Co-ordination Coinimttee etc. For another instance, academic research institutes and

consultancy firms such intoumediate institutes were entrusted to propose tomulti-sector decision-making.

~.

3) Kinds of in tennediate agencies are developed, These professional agencies provideservice and supports 10 types of customers in kinds of fields such as science and

technology, information, market, and law, and governmental decision-making.

4) Different beneficiary groups inside and outside of a certain community are united toset up market-oriented economic organization. For example, "Company + (Base) +Fanner" model. In this model, the company is in charge of research and development,quality control, monitoring, market exploration and sale channel of products while themassive fanners are the producer of agricultural products, and they invest in form oflabor, land as their stock share. A mechanism of sharing risks and benefits is SGI up inthis model.

5) Community organization is developed. 3 different types of columnnity organizationare found as follows:

A) Coriumunily Cyclical Development Funds. Community Development Group,,," " FA~,", I ,.""a" ^.. . ,,,.. ~, ".. , ~ ": ~ ~ : -, ~ ., . :, L = - A __. _,,

were used to establish the Community Cyclical Development Funds. The onein CaOhai, Gumhou Province is one example as shown in the fomowing Box 2.There are some preliminary development modes linked by tangiblematerials. For example, in some community, first, divide voluntaryparticipant tanners into 2-3 groups. FOUowing participatory developmentprocedures, and fanners' wills, external support institutes provide the firstgroup physical material aids like cattle or sheep. After the first group breedsthem, let's say, after half year, the first group shaU provide the second groupthe same amount of baby cattle or baby sheep. The third group fomows thesame thing.

Box 2:

The Project Villages Development Funds in CaOhai, 'Guizho" Province

The CaOhai Nature Reserve is set up mainly to protect the wetland ecologic system and rarebirds in the CaOhai Plateau. 11 is rich in biological resources with high population density. It hasserious poverty problem and extraordinary contradictionsbetwben development and protection,

The Development Funds requires 3-5 households in the community to form I group. Eachgroup can get about $ 160 donation from the government or international organizations asdisposal funds. The Funds also offers such services as deposit the savings (or accumulatingmonetary capital) from the group members.

The fanners have their own say in deciding operational method. Vinagers can freely organizethemselves into groups, and can vote their director and account keeper. Meetings are required 10be held to discuss funds utilization rules jointly. The rules' coverage includes number ofhouseholds to get loan each time, amount of the loan, loan duration, interests, penalty of laterefund, measures to handle non-refunds, and assistance to adintnislrate Ihe reserve.

file Funds, through supporting various profit-generating activities such as running a smallbusiness, fanning, husbandry, enhanced protection-favorable substitute livelihood, increased thelocal people's income and improved the relationship between the reserve and the local farmers'

The essential experiences can be generalized as followings: training is very important, indudhigthe training on administrative personnel of project and Ihe reserve, and the director of the group;supports should be given to their profit-generating activities, and to let women to play their part;farmers should be organized and Iheir awareness of environment protection should bedeveloped; the coniraci on protecting the reserve must be concluded by groups and the reserveadminisiraiion in order to sieve development projects favorable of the protection of wellandresources.

B) SinaU Credit Model: Follow the suit of "Grameen Bank" in Bangladesh, i. e.under the assistance of external institutes and their staff, farmers are

organized in this way: 3-5 farmer households are organized into one goup;then about 10 such groups are organized to fomi one central group.

c) Farmer Cooperation Organization. Fanners organize themselves into Forests

Management Organization, and other service organizations* One example isthe Village Forests Management Coinmiiiee" in Xishuanbanna Municipality.This committee worked with an the vinagers to stimulate vinage rules toprotect forest resource and wild flora and fauna. In some area with relative

good eco-tourism resources, those involved tanners, foUowing certain rulesin responsibility division and co-ordination, organized themselves 10standardize local tourism, and to improve the quality of tourist products, Forexample, those who are good at dancing and singing in the coriumunity canjoin together to set up "Singing and Dancing Association" to Ginich tourists'stay in the community with indigenous cultural entertainments. In Huoshan

County, Anhui Province, Sino-Dutch Poverty Alleviation Project organizedfanners to use natural forest resources to develop edible fungus in asustainable manner. For more infonnation Please refer Box 4.

6) Supports are given to develop itunovative theories and methods for forest managementand protection. Due to the vast area, tropical forests in China vary a lot in their natural,cultural, social and economic features. Moreover, China has rich, and valuable

indigenous experiences, cultures and measures in forest management and protection;however, they are often ignored by traditional theory and methods. Just to name fewof them, Participatory Forestry Management, Model Forest, and ECo-Tourism.

7) The fact is that Ihose institutes supporting the mainstream research and developmentof innovative theories and methods are very poor in their capacity, and are runtish aswell, This is the weakness compared with the demands historicaUy. Mainstream andnon-mainstream institutes (excl. forestry authorities) have esiablished goverirrnentaland non-governmental supporting bodies, which facilitated the extension and practiceof those innovative theories and methods in forest management and protection inChina. For instance, the Sustainable Development Research Center (governmentalinstitute, for research and development), International Agro-Forestry Training Center(sent-governmental, for training) under Ihe Chinese Forestry Research Academy;Yunan Provincial Community Development and Research Center (non-governmenial,for research and development), Rural Development Conege under China AgriculturalUniversity, Yunani Province Indigenous Knowledge Center (CBIC, Non-governmental,for research and development).

8) System is set up to summarize and promote grass-root indigenous practice of forestf, L:-~ L~- ,L-._-~-,_ ______ _r ~,__,,,__,,_ ,.. ,.. .. . .

management of forests. Traditional forest management refers to forest managementsystem and techniques, which have accumulated and inhetited for thousands of years,The traditional forest management system mainly includes village rules, and religionand culture related to forests. 111 some elmiic gi'oup area in Yunnari Province, theyhave a very long history of village rules* In Zixishan, Chuxiong County, YunnanProvince, there is one stone signboard with hundreds years of history. On thissignboard, it was engiaved with few Chinese characters, which literary means "ForestProtection Signboard". Kinds of "Fengshui Forests qiterally means GeomamticForests)" like "Dragon Mountain Forests" in Dai Ethnic Group area; and "SaintMountain" in Hani Ethnic Group area are existed. From this, on one hand, somespiritualistic superstition can be felt. On the other hand, the organization structure tomaintain the coinmunity and sustainable forest management mode can be identifies,

The organization structure and forest management mode are closely related toco- ordination and mutual help among the communities to meet daily life needs.

Chinese Government changed its altitude towards what used to be believed as "backward andunwise" ideas, and actively guided and supported the extension and innovation of the traditional

forest management kilow!edge to use its power in present forest management.

In Mengsong Couniy, Xishuangbama Municipality, where Hani Ethic Group stays, and Nanongvillage, Guangiian County, the local government guided villagers and stipulated rather profoundvnlage rules. The headman, vinlage head, and the ethic group head were organized to fonn the"Management Coinmittee" to lake charge of the enforcement of the rules. Vinagers hadfomowed Ihe village rules voluntarily later on, so that the purpose of sustainable utilization andprotection of forests were much possibly to be achieved,

Dong Ethic Group living in Hunan Province and Guangxi Autonomous Region, in theirlong-tenn practice of utmization and management of mountainous land, they fonned "rotatingfurrow system", "fire break forest belt', and "plantations" such good forest management practice.They also set up village rules such internal forest management regulations, "Fengshui Forests"and "Saint Mountain" such superstitious system, on the other hand, protected natural forests infact.

4 Policies

The past 20 years China is seen at its econoihic transition period. During this period, China'sforestry policy and forestry refomi have experienced the shift from Planning Economy toMarket Economy with strong time-tied features. Some policy adjustment and refinement need aprocess of "trials and errors", so that in the implementation, they can be further re-improved. Webelieve, however, there are still plenty of good things in China's foresiry policies, which areworth sharing.

Box 3:

The Ti'adjtioi, al forest management or Dong Ethnic Group

As one of the minority group in China, the Dong people live in remote, boundarymountainous areas of Hunan, Guangxi and Gumhou Province for long time. Since historythey have lived onslash-and-burn agriculture, collecting and hunting. They have developeda set of traditional forest knowledge, which has in bented generation by generation. Thesetraditions are briefly explained below:

I) Rational rotating fanow system. In history, the Dong people used to divide their fuel-woodforest land into several plots. There are two methods of rotating fanow. One method usesdemands to detennirie cutting acreage. The other method allows grazing after cutting, andrehabilitates foresis thiough nature regeneration. The Dong people usually keep valuabletimber species such as Chinese fir, Camphor tree intentionally while they are collectingfuel woods.

Fire Barrier. It is located between two forest plots. Its width ranges from several meters tomore than ten meIers. It is used to block the wind and fire during the siie preparation ofburning. in history, Dong people rarely had forest fires.

Bank protection forest. It is planted along both sides of river and logging is strictlyforbidden on them.

Holy Mountain, holy Trees, graves and plants and animals taboos. Dong people believesthat "everything has its own soul" such primitive religion. Hence, mountains, rivers,ancienl trees, scenic forests, huge stones, flora and fauna etc. can all be their worshiptargets, They worship nature's creations, believe Ihat the power of God would bring peoplepeace and health, They pray for the harmony between human beings and nature. Thesetraditions play a supportive role to protect forest.

Village Rules and Regulations. UsuaUy members of one village or several vinages jointlynegotiate to set up those vinage rules and regulations. After then, the members have topromise to fomow them, for this purpose, oaths are made. ActuaUy speaking, thisfacilitated forest protection.

Plantations. Chinese fir is believed as holy tree species by Dong people. This is also Iheunique timber tree species for plantation. Chinese fir forests have to be replanted andtendered after they are harvested. Additionally, plantingtree is one of the progy'amactivities for many important events such as traditional festivals ceremonies, weddings andfunerals.

2)

3)

4)

s)

6)

I) Clarified amd stabilized forestry land usufructs.

In China, forestry land resource belongs to either the state or conedives. With stabilizing andmotivating forests ownership as the main fonn, China is consulnmating contracting rights,loosing management right, and protecting managers' lawful rights, to ensure their correspondingdisposal right and beneficiary rights of forest products. Following 3 principles of "keep

Some few forestry development projects and local govenmients have understood how to protectlocal traditional coriumunity's forest use vigilt. They showed respect to traditional forest userights. They negotiated with local vinagers to work out management measures on sustainableharvest of nonetimber forestry products rather than simply imposing an entry ban or setting upan external forestry body on the scene to charge entries.

2) Emphasized natural forests protection

"Logging Ban" was enforced in maim tropical nature forest area and the Nature ForestProtection Program was implemented with the purpose to rehabilitate the natural forest

eco-system. Following policies were applied upon natural forests for this purpose: "Strictprotection, and active development, combining protection and development, and rehabilitation"

3) Emphasized the development of plantations

T'wo types of measures were adopted for this purpose. One is that the government usedfinancial and economic incentive measures to encourage those private and state-own enterprises,who are dealing with pulp and paper min, and limber processing to adopt intensive managementmodes to establish fast-growing high-yielding foresis with relatively less land input within ashorter duration, to help the unbalance between supply and demand of timer and timber fibre.The other one is the state and the forestry authorities took the opportunity of the "We SIGm ChinaDevelopment Program", and provided quite a lot of funds Ihrough programs such as "the

' National Land Conversion Progyam" and "the Natural forests Protection Program" to developlantations to supplement the deficiency of foresi resource, and to encourage "FoursidePlantation"(i. e. planting around homes, villages, and along roads and ditches), and fuelwoodforests development:

4) Facilitated the development of Nature Reserves.

To pro^Cl, rehabilitate and expand wild flora and fauna habitat, 10 provide adequateprotection on those important endangered wild flora and fauna resources and effectiveprotection to typical eco-systems, to maintain and enrich forest bio-diversity, demarcationcriteria on defining wild flora and fauna habitats are set up, and coercive protection measuresare adopted. Dynaniic resource monitoring system of forest bio-diversity and certificationlabeling system for wild flora and fauna products are fonned.

In tropical forest area, 12 Nanonal Nature Reserves has been set up with a coverage of 580,000Ha, and 8 Tropical Forest Protection Area are under the process of plainiing to set up with anarea of 300,000 Ha in total,

Concrete measures are adopted to improve capacity built-up concerning forest protection andf____, L, _ ,'___ _,. .. . .

protected area to support villagers' alternative econoihic activity, to facilitate joint managementby the community, and to punish those activities breaching wild flora and fauna.

In Xishuangbanna Municipality, Yunnan Province, Nature Reserves are set up; plantation andeco-tourism are developing, and "the National Land Conversion Program" and "the Naturalforests Protection Progyam" are being implemented to advocate eco-village, eco-agriculture, tofacnitate the protection and sustainable management of the tropical forests. Details are shown inthe Box 4 below.

5 Development strategies and practices

As one developing country, considering its tropical natural forests mainlydistributing in relatively poor, remote mountainous area, and Ethnic Grouppopulated area, China's mainstream development strategy for tropical forest area (asexplained in the previous context, Guangdong Province such coastal tropicalprovinces are not included. ) is sigyificantly influenced by the traditional system(such as up-down decision-making process, planned development), Region-targetedsystem is applied to highliglit economic gi'owth and to improve people's livingstandard, to facilitate industrialization process in those remote, poor mountainousarea. The Comprehensive Development Plan for mountainous area, the PovertyEradication Plan, the National Land Conversion Program, the Natural ForestProtection Program are all reflecting the aforementioned development strategy inChina.

ObjectiveIy speaking, the development strategy has brought tremendousachievements during the past over 20 years' reform and opening-up, especially thepoverty population (defined according to Chinese criteria: 685 RMB, and 300 Kilogladn per person per year) dropped dramatically from 0.3 billion to less than 30million. However, the aforementioned development strategy, on the other hand,reflects some weakness such as rigid planning, and disconnection with local people'actual demands, and providing institutional shortcoming which enable relatedgovernmental sectors for rent-seeking.

As the efforts to the sustainable management of nature resource and tropical forestsdevelopment, apart from human resource development, infrastructure, financing,following experiences and lessons are worth more attention,

+ 111 poor area, subsistence issue and environment issue are in mutual causal

relation. The sustainable management and protection of tropical forestssuch nature resource must integrate poverty elimination and development*Development should be highlighted. Economic growth and improvement~C -~~-,-,- ,.__=_ -,_ "^_.

"

---- -. ,

,

,. , . .

Box 4:

Key Meas"res o, 111^pic Natural Forests Protection in Xishuaimba""a Municipality, Y"uria"Province

Xishuanbanna, Dai Autonomous Municipality enjoys typical tropical rain forests within its190,000 Km' territory. The rain forest here is called as the last oasis on the "Tro to of Cancer" as it190,000 Km territory. The rain forest here is called as the last oasis on the "Tropic of Cancer" as itis one of the three plots tropical rain forests remained in the northmost area. The untouched rain

forests here obtain the richest biodiversity not only in China, but also in the world, have beenenjoying titles of " the Kingdom of Planis", "the Kingdom of animals" " the Kingdom of Herbs"and "the Kingdom of Natural Genes". The Chinese Government has adopted a lot of measures inorder to effectiveIy protect the ITopic forest resource and biodiversity in XishuanbannaMunicipality. These measures are mainly as foUows:

I) The establishment of nature reverses. Since 1958, 9 nature reserves and Iropic botanicgardens have been established with coverage of 312,000 Kin' 16.3 percent of the total landarea of the municipality. Corresponding administration institute has been set up for eachreserve to safeguard the effective protection of biodiversity

2) Natural forest Protection and plantations development. The ongoing Nature Forest ProtectionProgram has put 1537 Million Mu natural forests under proneciion. By 1998* 155,000 Muforest closure and 160,000 Mu plantations were tuttiUed through the National LandConversion Program and manual plantations.

3) Wild animals Projection. More than 80,000 various guns have been confiscated this yearwithin the municipality in order to prevent unlawful hunting of wild animals. Meanwhile,some CTintinals who illegalIy hunted protected animals like elephants and golden monkeyswere sentenced.

4) ECo-agriculture development. The municipality has set up demonstration siies ofeco-agriculture in conformity with the principles of "integrity, coordination, recycling andrenewal". Through development of backyard economic model, fanning is combined withhusbandry. As part of the impacts, the volume of chemical fertilizer and pesticide reduced,and plastic fikns for fanning recycled. In this way, it not only reduced environmental pressurecaused by agricultural activities, but also improved the quality of agricultural products,

5) Development of ECo-VIMages. All "ECo-Vnlages Development Plan" has been implementedacross Jingliong City. In order to reduce fanners' demands on fuelwood, such measures asimproving current stoves into energy-saving stoves, using waste to produce bio-gas anddeveloping solar energy were adopted by local governments. By 1999, there have more than100,000 stoves improved, 8,800 in2 of solar energy equipment extended and 918 bio-gasponds built. All of these measures were highly welcomed by local residents, since thesemeasures not only enhanced greatly the pro^Ction of local biodiversity, but also improved theliving standard of local farmers'

6) ECo-tourism development. The state guide and support aboriginal residenis to make use of thelocal abundant biological resources rationalIy to develop eco-tourism so as to increase theincome of local residents and to promote the sustainable management of rain forest andbiodiversity in the municipality.

+ Comprehensive development measures should be adopted; and farming,animal husbandry, and processing should be integi'ated with tourism asrepresentative. Market exploration, and interniediate agencies developmentshould be enhanced to improve community's storage of social capital andmaterial capital, and to improve its development ability in those povertyarea. As far as land use system concerned, comprehensive control bycatchment, and agriculture and forestry combined eco-system can be theoptions to give specific consideration of those specific conditions to makecomprehensive development plan.

+ Adequate attention should be given to local people's basic needs. Poverty vinagers'needs of food and fuel should be put in the first prtotity. For example, to set uppolicies like fundamental fannin!^ land system; to adopt measures like developing fuelwood forests, small-scale rural hydropower generation facility, bio-gas, energy-savingstove.

+ It is recognized that to one individual villager, increasing the number of types ofproperty is more important than increasing the quantity of one single property. Theconcept of property is extending gradually to people's improvement in technique andskills. Internal awareness and demands and development of organization were alsonoticed. Supports to development tend 10 be more comprehensive. Meanwhile,demands upon govermnental organs, and extension institute are even higher.

The aforementioned recognitions are reflecting in a concrete forrn in the practice of Chineseforestry management and mountainous area development, As illustrated in the following Box 5,in Xingtai, He bei Province, under the condition of fundamental fanning land guaranteed, onegovernment-driven little catchment comprehensive governance project, is launched. Thisproject develops fruit forestry, animal husbandry to realize econontic and ecological impactscomprehensiveIy. For arither instance, In Lin'an County, Zhejiang Province, while the count isstrengthening protection and forest management in its natural reserves, it develops bambooshoots, walnuts, and bamboo product processing, eco-tourism. Partnership has been set up withlocal villager to facilitate decision-making system of forest management. Income fromnon-limber forestry products has become one important component of the local villagers' totalin corn^ (annex 5).

The guiding principles of the above development strategies in the practice of tropical forest areaare as follows:

+ The complexity of the protection and sustainable management of tropical forests.Sustainable forest management must be taken account into rural comprehensivedevelopment.

The relation between forest protection/sustainable forest management and poverty isvery complicated. The protection and sustainable management of tropical forests

+

+

considered at the same time,

Overall development view should be adopted with emphasis on the participation andcapacity buildingup of concerned beneficiary groups.Local community's participation is the key issue.+.

Box 5: The ECo- Econo, ntc Development Valleys in Nanyu Village Xingtai City, Hebei^covi"ce

In Nanyu village, biny area covers 8,300 Mu, and is divided into ten units based on its

catchment, Comprehensive plan was made to each catchmeni, and the implemented of the planwas conducted to rehabilitate vegetation. Let's take Mayugou as one example. It has a totalarea of 2,175 Mu, out of which, terraced nat land 390 Mu, ditch-shaped terraced land 286 Mu,and low-yielding land OS g, ing to b^ corvused to fore^Is) 90 M".

On the top of the bins, 825 Mu of locust are planted. On the waist of the bins, chestnut trees

are planted and on the fool, apple trees are planted. Along Ihe valley coin and wheat arecultivated. The economic forests and fanning land are managed intensiveIy throughcomprehensive measures like superior varieties, proportional fertnizing and irrigation in orderto get high and stable yield. The village con"hiltee organized to purchase superior variety ofrabbits and chicken to fanners to raise up.

This eco-econontic development valley model, using catchment as the basic unit, dependingon the specific sit condition, established an fruit forestry dontinaied eco-econontic system withfanning and husbandry as supplement component. Engineering measures and biologicalmeasures were combined and optimised. Appropriate control and productive elements werereasonably combined to form "cubic management". Comprehensive land use and harmonized

economic structure were realized with coordinated agriculture, forestry and husbandrydevelopment.

in Annex 3, it demonstrated Tropical Forests Conservation and Rehabilitation Project, inXishuangbanna Autonomous Municipality, Yunnan Province. This project took the considerationof protection and sustainable management of tropical forests into the comprehensive ruraldevelopment to improve the locals' livelihood, and to improve the capacity of the localcommunity and management institute at each level, and to involve the local community indecision-making of forest management and land use, and monitoring and evaluation.

Local socio-economic, and nature conditions in China vary tremendously. Accordingly actionsand measures vary. Following are the concise sunmiaries of those actions and measures:

Introduce various types of participaiory methods and tools, and develop in digenizedmethods and tools. Then use them in coriumunity land use planning, and the planning,

+

. ..

+ Improve local villagers' awareness of tropical forest protection;+ Establish community forest protection organization, and stipulate village rules and

regulations;

+ Develop such econointc development mode: comprehensiveIy develop agriculture,forestry, and husbandry combined with catchinent treatment as shown in Box 7;

+ Set up supporting institutes to community organization and conmnunity development;+ Promote partnership among governmental officials, technicians and farmers;+ Highlight the extension of science and technology, and develop kinds of extension

methods and measures, with which farmers can understand and gi'asp easily. Suchmethods and measures including establishing field training schools, and fanners' trialsites,

+ Assist farmers to generalize and extend indigenous technique and knowledge. Oneexample is agro-forestry modes in Dehong Municipality, Yunnan Province asillustrated in Box 7.

+ Multi-subject research, and involve farmers into the research team.+ Improve farmers' income, and meanwhile, to realize sustainable uti"zaiion and

protection of forestry resource.

+ Assist fanners to develop non"timber forestry products, eco-tourism, and enhancecapacit^building in the field of market exploration.

+ Joint management of state-owned forests with local community

6 Forest management techniques

Due to the sinct "Cutting Ban*' imposed upon tropical natural forests in China, main forestmanagement activities are limited to plantation development, and forest closure. The main

experiences in research and development of tropical forest management technique are asfollows:

+ Forest closure is a very good practice to rehabilitate secondary nature forestryresource. In some places, under strict protection, some appropriate manualinterventions can be adopted to facilitate the gowth of target tree species.

+ Indigenous tree species should be given adequate attention and other botanicresources including medical herb, fruits, and ornamental plants should be developed.

+ Genetic resource and genetic diversity should be protected and the research of tropicalforest species and eco-system diversity (including landscape) and technicaldevelopment should be emphasized.

+ Fast-growing species should be developed, including the introduction anddevelopment of exotic species, to establish plantation, and at the same time, adequateattention should be given to safety evaluation of those exotic species.

Ecological rehabilitation should depend mainly on indigenous species. Techniquesregarding seed breeding, seedlings nursery and planting of indigenous species should

+.

, . .

Under the support of ITTO, Chinese Forestry Research Academy has experimented differentkinds of harvest measures in Bawangling Forestry Bureau, Haman Province. The expertnient istrying to study those different measures' impacts on son moisture, bio-diversity, and forestgrowth etc. and also to develop database for unlmown species, and the application of "3S" andnetwork into tropical forest management. Details please refer to Box 8.

Box 6: Participatory Land Use Planning in llama" Province

Cine Sino-German Tropic Forest Protection and Recovery Project, Haman Province)

The participaiory land use planning is such an activity, where local people participate jointly 10plan land use, The planning procedures include:

I) Key Informants interview

+ Administrative Vinage: general profile, draw resource map, classification of naturalvillage, land types, village big event record.

+ Natural Village: general profile of natural village and households, fanning calendar,current participatory land use map, current land use types, development opportunitiesand ranking of development priorities.

2) Field Trip

+ Using aerial photos, together with local farmers to analyze and understand currentsituation and problems of land resource.

+ Dotennining one or two representative routes with local infonnants, which camreflect the Teal situation of land use in the natural vinage.

+ Walking through the detennined route with the local people and draw ecologicaltransect map.

+ Drawing participaiory sub~compartment map;+ Observing, analyzing, discussing and then delennining land types and existing

problems of each sub-compartment with the participation of local farmers;

+ fuialyzirig the results and drawing the current land use map, the land ownershipmap and the land use problem map,

3) Deterrimation of planning objectives and delenntnation of projects+ Farmers' demands upon land use;+ Detennination of development objectives of land use and rankings of projects.

Box 73 Agro-Forestry in DemongA"tomomo"s Municipality, Yun"an Province

Dehong Autonomous Municipality, a minority group gathered area, enjoys more than one thousandyears history of traditional ago-forestry. The main grain crop includes rice, upper land rice, wheat,coin, bean, herb.

I) Key Models:

+ Intercropping of Fruit and Grain. Main economical trees include: mango, Iichi,Psidium giiajava, canca paraya, giapefruit, pomegranate, longan, peach, citrus,coffee, plum, chaenomeles cathayensis, banana, chestnut, Para Rubber-tree, Iea,she Mac, etc,

+ Intercropping of Forest and Grain. Main timber tree species include: Cunninghamiiialanceolata, Taiwania F10usiana, Cryptomeria fortunei, Tectina grandis, Pinus KGsiya,Tracphycarpus, Eucalyptus, Ainus cremastogyne, Ginelina arborea, Toona sinensis,Butsla amoides, Catalpa forgesii, MyIilaria Iaosensis, etc. The main fuelwood

species indude: Cassia siamea. Nitrogen fixing species includes Flamenjiamacrophylla.

+ The fannland protection forests, Bamboo is dollimant tree species under this model.

The Methods of intercropping. There are mainly five methods as presented below:+ Mining grain seeds with woody plants seeds, and then sow the mixed seeds. For

example, init the seeds of pinus kesiya and coin, then sow the rimture,

+ Cultivating grains in the open space among trees before their closure, for example,intercropping of coin and upper land rice in Chinese fir forests.

+ Planting woody plants along edges or in fainting land, for example, sow seeds ofpinus kesiya in pineapple field and planting Toona Sinensis and Tracphycaipus onedges of tanning land,

+ Keep wild tree species intentionally duting tending, for example, intercropping ofA1us cremeastogyne, and upper land rice,

+ The intercropping of forest and grain crops, which was formed during the activity ofopening nature forest for fanning by slash-and-burn nomad.

2)

Box 8: The 01^jectives of the TrTO Demonstration Project: Classified Management andSustainable Development orTi. Dpical Forests in llaman Island China,

I) To develop commercial forests, To develop plantation on mesa terrace along coastal area,and to improve effectiveIy management of plantation, to produce more timber (incl.industrial limber, limber for rural consumption, and fuel woody, and to generate moreprofits; to sufficiently utnize the favorable sunlight and warinth condition in Haman Islandto develop tropical econointc trees, This kind of commercial forests can use marketmechanism to accumulate funds to invest.

2) To project Ihe existing primary tropical rain forests in the mountainous area in the middle of

the island with "Culling Ban" funy applied. And to study on bio-diversity, and protectendangered species. In addition to this, to close the vast barren land to rehabilitate

vegetation coverage. The forests in this area are called as "lifeline" for the island. Theycontribute a lot to the water source conservation to the island. They also protectbio-diversity, the common property of China, also of the entire humankind. Thus, the forests

are public interests forests, For this kind of forests, the state and local government at eachlevel should be responsible for management and investment.

3) The existing nature forests in each forest tract, and the plantations along the 1500 Kin costalline shall be treated as multi-function forests. For this kind of multi-function forests,long-duration Totaling harvest shall be applied with developing large timber as the mainpurpose to minimize the disturbance to the forest eco-system. The management body of thiskind of forests can develop multiple businesses and productions to ensure the needed input.file state should provide some supports or reduce tax and levies appropriateIy to this kind offorests because this kind of forests are permitted to extract some timber; however, its

primary purpose is to conserve environment. At the present, "Cutting Ban" is enforced uponthe nature forests in China, which is also a coercive protection measures for multi-functionforests while it does not necessarily change the feature of multi-function forests.

4) In the low land, the place where the most serious conflicls among forestry, agTiculture, andhusbandry take place, agriculture-forestry-husbandry artiticial eco-system shall be

developed. All kinds of activities can be developed intensiveIy depending on the specificsituation and needs to slabilize eco-environment to increase local people's income, to slowdown the expanding of agriculture and husbandry activities to the forestry area in themiddle.

Annex I

Tropical Agro-Products Quality Control/lvlamagei"ent

Regulation in Hamam Province, China

I Establishment of demonstratiom/prod"ction bases for safe, quality tropicalagio-lproduct

A1 the present, 25 demonstration/production bases are already set up, and another 10 are on thepreparation stage. Step by step, the production of ITopic agro-products shall move towards to

industrialization and specialization with its increasingly large scale and expanding bases. Theseproduction bases shall be in coatonniiy to the environmental criteria and the requirements ofbio-diversity protection in tropical rainforests. Funhennore, these bases must be certified.

2 Organizatiom of strict and standardized production

The process to produce tropical ago-products shall sincily follow up the set criteria. The

standardized production of tropical agro-products shall be integrated ' into the development ofnuisance-free agro-products with the set ctiteria penetrating the whole process of production.Tile demonstration bases of good quality, well-known vegetables and tropical fruits suchtropical crops are required to satisfy the following unifonn requirements: environmental

requirements* key technologies, guidelines and criteria, monitoring method, and productstrademark identity, These bases shall be organized strictly in a standardized way for productionand demonstration purposes. These bases shall serve as guide to assist the producers to utilizechenwical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, plant-growth hornione such agricultural inputcorrectly, and shall extend the use of nuisance-free pesticides and organic mature. These bases

shaM promote standardized management in the following stages: harvest and processing,transporting and preservation, sale and wholesale etc.

3 Stipulation of safety and quality criteria

Considering the development priorities and production features of tropical agriculture in China,the fomiulation process of the technical guidelines for the main tropical agriculture cropproduction, and the safety and quality criteria for tropical agriculture products shall be speededup. A set of quality criteria for nuisance-free tropical ago-products sham be set up. Thesecriteria shall match the current China's circumstance, and meanwhile they shall be integrated

,L

production, packing, and preservation and so on so as to guide consumption and to facilitatetrade.

4 Staindardization of market-entry systems

Coordination sha" be made with concerned sectors to establish and refine the market-entrysystems of agriculture input goods, The production and trade of agriculture input goods shall beunder strict supervision; and periltission registration o1 the production and trade sham beimposed. The efforts on moultoring those products' quality and safely shall be strengthened.Transparency in market supervision and management shall be improved. The list of thoseforbidden agriculture input goods shall be timely publicized to the society, and the list of thosewith limited usages as well. The responsibnities of the producer, dealer, and user of those fake,

imitated, low-quality agriculture input goods sham be seriously charged. Those pesticides wiiheither high-residue, or higli toxicity shall be gonen rid off step by step to promotehigh-efficiency, bullow residue pesticides.

5 Promotion of technical innovations jin safe and quality production

For the safely and quadiy issue of tropical agi'iculture products, the development and extensionof new varieties, advanced technologies, and new products, and corresponding technicalservices must be properly arranged, Tropical Agriculture Products Quality Check Centre at theministry level and other related academic research institutes should be urged to develop/designfast but reliable methods/instruments in examining pesticide residues, and heavy metal contents.By means of speeding up the structure optimization and adjustment of the tropical agricultureinput goods, and with proper adjustment on the consumption share of pesticides, fertilizers, and

water as the basis, the application of chemiical Ierl"izer and chemical pesticides shaU be strictlycontrolled, and the use of high-residue agyiculture input goods shall be forbidden so as topromote biological pesticides, integrated cultivation, and natural enemy such measures tocontrol pest and disease. The application of organic fertilizers, biological fertilizers, andtechnology of returning stems to farm shall be extended to make sure the ultimate products meetthe said safety and quality criteria,

6 Establishment amd improvement of check amd certification system

Yunani and Haman such provinces in tropical region sham be propelled to establish tropical cropproducts qualit^check institute to build up tropical agriculture products quality control net.Moreover, efforts shall be made to some of these quality-check institutes to upgrade them tointernationally accepted institutes for tropic crop producis qualiiy-check in China. Based on thecertiticate system and identity trademark system for well-known, good quality Iropic crop bases,

and fine seeds breeding and nursery bases, G^^IF(good management practices), 11ACCP(!lamardanalysis and core control points), ISO900 (criteria for quality management and quality guaranteesystem), and ISO14000 (criteria for environment management system) such certificate system

7 Improvement of market and service system and set-up safety and qualitytrace-back system.

Market and service system for agriculture products shall be further improved to actively propelthe establishaiient of direct links between production bases, and consumption/ market of tropicalago-producis. Safety and quality retroactive system for tropical agro-products during theirentire production process shall be set up.

8 Reinforcement of information services for safety and quality

Chinese Tropical Agriculture Information Net System shaU be adequately used to guide the

production process of tropical agro-products. In tropical region, a number of corresponding datacorrection spots shall be selected and established to conect data, analyze situation, and thenpublish relevant safety and quality infonnation of tropical agro-products.

,

annex 2

Forestry Standardization

in Guamgxi Zhuang Ethnics Autonomous Region

Regional Forestry Bureau in Guangxi Zhuang Ethnics Autonomous Region regarded forestrystandardization as part of the esseniial contents of the strategy canned "Prosperous Forestrythrough Science, Technology and Education" and Sustainable Development Strategy. Thebureau has made laudable achievements in following 3 aspects: forrnulation and refinement offorestry criteria, establishment of demonstration counties to implement forestry criteria, andtechnical control of quality

11ns, iontiomal enhancememt for forestry standardization occurred.

+ Management agencies, which were in charge of forestry standardization, were keptstable. After governmental restructure in 2000, .Science and Technology Divisionunder the Forestry Bureau still retained one deputy direcior and one engineer . tospecifically take charge of forestry standardization. Forestry Bureau of eachmunicipality and county* all their affiliated enterprises and public institutes wererequired to organize their management body for forestry standardization.

+ Regional Timber Products Quality Check and Control Station, Forestry Seeds andSeedlings Quality Check and Control Station, and Regional Forestry InfrastructureQuality Control Station were established in Guangxi Zhuang Ethnics AutonomoiisRegion.

+ Technical training was held very frequently. Annually technical training courses,workshops and academic report meetings were arranged. Study tours to thoseprovinces/region with advanced practices were organized.

+ Management capacity was strengthened, In 2003, Guangxi Zhuang EthnicsAutonomous Region Timber Check and Management Regulation were stipulated,which unitonned the technical and management requirements of timber check.

2 The stimulation of rules and regulations for forestry standardizatiom washighlighted.

+ Joint evaluation by experts was required for the forestry operational design and theworking plan of key projects in order to strictly control the quality of the plan and Ihe

.

+. Bidding system and quality supervision system were employed for afforestation andforestry management 10 gradually bring market concept into project construction andto realize entire process management.Management on seedlings production and circulation was reinforced. In order to

ensure the seedimigs quality, regulations on following 6 aspecis were put into force onseedlings production and management: production penntssion certificate; seedlingscirculation requirements: "one signature and two certiticates"; bidding system forseedlings purchase; hearing on seedlings pricing, entry penntssion for non-localseedlings, seedlings management responsibility.

The extension work of science and technology was strengthened to highly extend theapplication of appropriate, up-to-date, new technologies.

Non-public owned afforestation was encouraged and supported to improve forestrymanagement intensiveIy so as to direct forestry development towards high standard,high quality and large-scale forestry

+

+

+

3 The managememt of forestry standardization projects was highlighted

+ Forestry standardization demonstration cdiinties at the national level were put aspriorities in the management.

+ In 1999, Ziyuan County was selected as the demonstration county for fast-growing,high-yield forests of Fir. This county grasped the opportunity of using loan fordevelopment-driven afforestation, conducted intensive study on comprehensivetechnology. on fast-gi'owing and high-yield fir. At the same time, this county alsostrongly promoted the application of up-to-date, appropriate scientific andtechnological achievements, and earnestly complied with the comprehensive criteriaof fast-gi'owing, high-yield fir, For 5 years, 30 plots of demonstration fir forests were

planted. The growth rate of the demonstration forests' height, diameter at breast height,and stand timber volume was found 10.5%, 31.2% and 205% higher respectivelycompare with ordinary Fir plantation.

+ Management on fast-glowing and high-yield forests with Eucalyptus as the mainspecies was reinforced. Local regulations on fast-growing species: Eucalyptus* ManeYew, Mason Pine, Chinese Fir, Bamboo were organized to stipulate or/and amend.Kinds of media were used to publicize these forestry regulations extensively toimprove Ihe understanding of these regulations. These regulations were sincllyfollowed in the development of fast-growing and high-yield forests and 2 minions Mu

of the fast-growing and bigli-yield plantations yearly are going to be established by2005.

Annex 3

GTZ Ti'opical Forests Conservation and Rehabilitation Project

jin XishuangbammaA"tomojnous Municipality, Yu"nan province

The Project aims to conserve forest ecological system in Xishuangbanna AutonomousMunicipality and its major contents include:

I. Vi"age participatory land use planning

The aims of the planning covers following aspects:+ To improve villagers' 11nderstanding of sustainable urnization of nature resources;+ To help vinagers to clarify the long"terni management larget of the utilizations of

nature resource;

+ To facilitate the sustainable utilization of nature resources at vinage level;+ To improve the management of nature resources at village level.

Villagers wiM organized to explore the actual situation of their own vinage and assistancewin be provided to them on foUowirig issues:+ Analysis of the current situation of their village+ Identification of their own development wills,+ Making development plan,+ Deciding main implementation procedures,+ Identmcation of necessary inputs,+ Understanding the present status of resources, advantages, technical capacities, human

resource, and external assistance needed.

+ Match their aims and the activities planned to filmm these aims to the specific field.

2 Supports to farmers to improve living conditions and prod, ,ction conditions

Activities under this contentinclude construction of smallreservoirs, extension of energy-savingstoves, drinking water supply pro^Ci, terrace building, and fanning land ittigation facilities,Througli these activities* farmers are encouraged to voluntarily shoulder the responsibility ofwatershed protection forests, and to allocate more rotation farming land to plant timber forestsand other long-term Iigieous economic crops.

,.

.

3 Agriculture technical training

The main training topics are as follows:+ Coffee seedling production,+ Lichi plantation techniques

+ Injection of domestic pig Bird flu prevention measures.

4 Seedlings supply

The development of county centralized nursery and village nursery will be supported 10establish local net of seedlings supply

5 Laind coinversion amd forests rehabilitations

Supports will be given to vinagers to use their own rotation farnting land to plant indigenous,fast-glowing, good quafity timber species such as belmettiodendroncommon

(Ben"ettiode"drom 1<pros;pes Melt. ), and grapefruits as long-tenn economic crops. Supportswill also be given 10 villagers to develop high value-added, non-timber forestry products likeamomum and rattan palm in the current nature forests and their own plantations.

6 Facilitation of self-management of village nature resources

Vinage coinimttees will be strengthened in organization and co- ordination to facilitate their

villagers 10 reach agreement regarding public resource urnization and management, and tosupport vinagers to implement their established village codes.

7 Monitoring on biodiversity

At municipality/ prefecture level, tonowingindicators will be monitored:+ Acreage of nature forests+ Forests quality+ Forestry land ownership and land use right+ Acreage of latex forests.Monitoring instruments are:+ Remote sense

+ Geographical information System+ Global POSiiion System.

At village level (at trial vinages), foUowing itemrs win be monitored:+ Land use structure

+ Birds species resource+ Fuel woods consumption and others,

., ,.

+ Participatory evaluation/ sent-structured interview.

8 ^articipatory village bio-diversity monitoring

Activities are, for example, Monitofuig on birds species in in al villages; Training onparticipatory village technical development; Workshops on environment conservation education;Technical training on Geographical Infonnation System.

9 The estab"shrinent of Forestry Management Information System inXishi, angbanna Municipality

The purpose of this content is to constantly grasp the status of forestry resources, to dynamicallyunderstand the changes of forestry land ownership and land use types.

10 Technical training

Training courses will be held on the fonowing aspects: project planning, PRA techniques,participatory bio-diversity monitoring, participatory rural technical development, educationalmeasures for environment protection, Geographical Infonnation System etc.

Annex 4

^'armers'Association in Sino-Dutch Poverty Alleviation Project,

Huoshain Collmty, Arumui Province

Conmiunity forestry sub-project under Sino-Dutch Poverty Alleviation Project adoptsparticipatory approach with improving the society's gender sense and environment pro^Ctionsense as the project basic philosophy. The project aims at poverty alleviation and environmentrehabilitation. The project main activities are as follows:

+ Individual tanners' forestry: Econoimc forests establishment and low-yield forestsimprovement in privatized forests/ forestry land; pest and disease control of

economic forests, training on participatory method and forestry practical technology,forest resource protection.

+ Farmers Econontic Self-help Organization: establishment of fanners' specializationassociation and comumunity development funds, agro"products processing.

+ Smooth-up of inter-sector coordination, and capaciiy build-up of the community andthe involvers from the relevant sectors.

In order to ensure the project sustainable effects, fanners' self-help organization plays the role,which may be difficult to achieve for the governmental institutes* in supporting Villagers'Columntees, and Village Coriumunist Party Committees in the rural econoihic development.'Since 2000, the project has supported the establishment of 10 Farmers' Economic Self-HelpOrganizations'. These organizations are mainly "Chestnut Fainter Association" "ForestryFarmer Association", "Bamboo Fanners' Association" with 1,083 people/llouseholds ofmembership.

These fanner self-help organizations increased self-management capacity and self-developmentpotential of the rural coriumunities, 11 helped poverty household to increase econointc income

and speeded up the process of poverty relief. Through processing industry, the employmentopportunity for the rural idle labour and woman increased, which helped the stabilization ofrural society. The member farmers, through participating in the process of self-management, anddecision-making by themselves, improved their capacity in self-management, andself-responsibility of losses and gains; and also improved their capacity to share risk, to competemarket, and to provide coinmunity service.

For instance, at Danng Village, Taiyang Township, Huoshan County, 120 bamboo dealer

100 households applied to join the association, and at the end, 404 people were registered theirmemberships, which accounted for 26% of the whole vinage population. Each memberhousehold spent 100 R}, in as its share to the factory. The operation of the bamboo-processingfactory resolved the problems of poor transportation, poor infonnation accessibnity, anddifficulties in seming bamboo in the remote mountainous area*

At the year when the factory established, Ihe total production value of processed bambooreached Rli!IB 165 thousand* Apart from depreciations and profits deductions, the labor wagesthe factory paid to the member farmers who worked as labor in the factory was nearly RMB 88thousand. The membership increased from 100 people/110useholds to 120 peopleAiouseholdswith 114 people/110useholds directly participating in the project activities, and 56peopleAiouseholds contracted to the project for a long tenn. The member farmers who workedin the factory eamed 150220 RllylB as their labor wage per month in average. The contractedmember workers' monthly labour wage reached 325 RMB in average with over 500 RMB as thehighest one' Among the 114 people who worked in the factory, 81 of them are women.

thouglt processing, the added value of bamboo increases 1.5 times and the comprehensiveutilization ratio increases to over 90% from 60%. More than 100 pecies of bamboo daily areprocessed. It is predicted 30 thousand pieces of bamboo can be processed yearly. Now thisfactory can produce 20 different products under 4 general types, namely, bamboo dinning trayfor Shousi (a type of typical Janpanese food), food con, bamboo cup, bamboo bowl. Theseproducts are exporting to foreign countrles through provincial and municipal international tradecompanies.

annex 5

Comprehensive Management with Forestry as the leading sector

in Lim'am Municipality, Zhejiaiig Province

I Classified Management of forestry shall be put in practice

It is planned ecological forests 122.6 thousand hm' which covers 47.6% of the entire acreage offorestry land in the county. In order to conserve the nature broad-leaved forests effectiveIy,measures as fomows are taken: foresis closure in large scale shaU be implemented;charcoal-making and opening barren forestry land for agriculture cultivation shall be fullyforbidden and overall siie preparation is not allowed,

2 Reserves' construction shall be strengthemed

Following principles is formulated: " Rentorced protection, active development, reasonableutilization, and take advantage o1 development and utilization to reinforce protection " The areaof reserves increased to 10.8 thousand hm'. Aside from this, I demonstration fann ofecological-cum-economic forestry, 2 provincial demonstration townships Of ecologicalimprovement, 3 ecological demonstration villages were selected and build up.

3 Resource maintenance met shall be set up

Here the primary focus is the build-up of 4 nets, i. e. Forests Maintenance Otganization and StaffNet, Forestry Fire Prevention Net, Forest Quarantine and Preveniion Net, Forestry ResourceInfonnation Net. Moreover, 5 forest resource protection and management systems wereestablished, namely, Co-ordination System for Forest Resource Protection and Management,Classified Forest Management Sysiem, Forest Resource Dynamic Monitoring System, TechiicalSafeguard System for Forest Resource Protection and Management, Check and Review Systemfor Forest Resource Protection and Management.

4 Freferemtial policies were developed to promote nori-timber forestry productsand ecological tourism such backbone industries

in light of the actual circumstances in Lin'an County, such development strategy canned"Bamboo in the East and Fruiis in the West' were fonned, which meant in the eastern art of

the County, the development shall mainly focus on bamboo (3 different varieties divided on the

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focus on the dried fruits development, particularly walnuts bases eslablishiiient. For these bases,fomowing policies: "uniform plan"; "planting in contiguous area"; "separated management byeach individual household"; "who plants, who owns"; "long-term stability' shall be put in place.For the mailer of the financial input, following measures were adopted: "Government shallsupport and guide" "Banks shaU support by means of loan provision"; "Farmers shall invest andmanage". People working in science and technology field are encouraged as well to go tocountryside to contract, or rent or run business.

+ Bamboo forests: At the present, in Un'an County, over 30 thousand households have

developed backyard bamboo forests for bamboo shoot products. Lin'an County isbeconting "the bamboo shoot garden in the southern China, " fo till'an County, therehave 15 Ithousand Ha of bamboo forest in total for dried bamboo shoot products.Through the improvement of the low-yield bamboo forests, the economic returns

increased significanlly through producing and processing " tender, light, dried butfresh" bamboo shoots. Lin'an County has 18 thousand Ha of bamboo forest forbamboo timber with yearly production of mole than 4 million pieces of bambootimber. These bamboo limber can be fully utilized: the timber can be used to producebamboo floor, bamboo thread, bamboo mat, bamboo chopsticks and an kinds ofbamboo crafts etc. Bamboo lip can be used to produce construction ladder. Bamboobranches can be used to make broom or woolen materials. The leaves are the most

suitable covers for their spring early shoots.Fruits: The western part of Lin*an County is the main production area of walnut, ItsDaoshi Township enjoys the reputation of "The No. I Walnut Township in China".In this township alone, the walnut area covers more than 80 thousand Mu (5330 Ha)while the whole loomship population is 18,172 persons. In 2001, the total output ofwalnut reached 1942 ton with total sales income of 48.55 minion RMB. The averageyearly income per person from walnut in the township Teaches 2671 RMB, whichaccounts for 76.7% of the 3803 Rlvm total income.

+.

At the present, Iin'an County has 330 Ihousand inu (22,000 Ha) of walnut, which covers 57% ofthe total warnut planting area in China. Average yearly production reaches 2,500 tons, which is68% of the total walnut production of China. In 2001, the county created his historic record inwalnut production and sales income. in this year, the production reached 6173 tons with 5220

Ions walnuts processed in the 221 manufacturers within the territory, and total sales incomereached 154 minion RMB. The varieties of the products from walnuts induded roasted nuts,whole nut fruits, pure nuts such 3 main product types, and pastry, oil and alcoholic drinks suchsubsidiary products.

Partnership established, All the people relevant 10 forest sustainable management within Un'anCounty were organized, and a voluntary cooperation padneTship was eslablished among themfor the dissemination purpose of new forest management concept. The Model Forest has alsoplayed a very important role during the process of developing and protecting forest resources. ItL-- L_-_.~L, ,_ _, L__ _,, _,_,__L_,"~_~ ,, __ _.,__ ,