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Történelem angol nyelven középszint — írásbeli vizsga 1713

EMBERI ERŐFORRÁSOK MINISZTÉRIUMA

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TÖRTÉNELEM ANGOL NYELVEN

KÖZÉPSZINTŰ ÍRÁSBELI VIZSGA

2019. május 8. 8:00

Időtartam: 225 perc

Pótlapok száma Tisztázati Piszkozati

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Történelem angol nyelven középszint

1713 írásbeli vizsga 2 / 28 2019. május 8.

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Important information Give clear answers and make all your work unambiguous – even if you need to make corrections in your text. Try to be concise and keep to the point. Do not use more space than is provided. Only write the number of words or items specified in the task. (If you write more, your answers will be evaluated in the order they appear.) Please write in blue ink.

When working on the exam tasks consider the following. • Read the instructions carefully. • Do exactly what the instructions tell you. • Check how many sub-tasks the task consists of, and make sure you do all of them. • Study the sources provided (pictures, diagrams, texts, maps). Please keep in mind that

the English translations of sources are intended to render the meaning of the original texts, but not their sometimes archaic style.

• Consider your answers carefully before writing them down so that you do not have to correct them later.

• Use the resources that you are allowed to use for each task: the maps of the secondary school Historical Atlas [középiskolai történelmi atlasz] and the bilingual dictionaries. People, topographical data and concepts can only be evaluated when correctly spelled.

We advise you to follow these steps when dealing with the shorter or longer essay-type questions:

1. Identify the place and time of the given event or problem. 2. Use the given sources and the map [középiskolai történelmi atlasz] to understand the task. 3. Collect the general concepts (for example: development, change, production) and the

time-specific concepts (for example: serf, guild, personality cult) that can be used to describe the given event or problem.

4. Include the information contained in the sources, or the conclusions that can be drawn from them, in your answers.

5. Identify the events leading up to the given situation, its causes and its results. 6. Include your own knowledge as well as your own opinions and personal perspective. 7. Make drafts or outlines before writing your answers if necessary. 8. Make sure that your sentences are clearly structured, and that your ideas are easy to follow.

9. Your whole answer should have a clear structure. Check your grammar and spelling. For your information:

The following will be considered when your essays are evaluated: • understanding of the task • proper and relevant content that satisfies requirements • logical overall structure and accurate language.

Good Luck!



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I. SHORT ANSWER TASKS 1. This task is about Julius Caesar’s attempt at tyranny. Do the tasks using the excerpts from the works of Suetonius. a) Match the excerpts with the concepts that suit them best. Write the number of the correct concept on the dotted line after each excerpt. There is an extra concept. (Score: 1 point for each correct item.) Concepts: 1. province 2. popular tribune 3. triumvirate 4. dictator

A) ’Caesar also patched up a peace between Pompey and Marcus Crassus, who had been enemies since their consulship, which had been one of constant wrangling. Then he made a pact with both of them, that no step should be taken in Rome in public affairs which did not suit any one of the three.’ „Caesar kibékítette Pompeiusszal Marcus Crassust is, aki pedig nagy viszálykodásban viselt közös consulságuk óta régi ellensége volt; szövetkezett mind a kettővel, hogy Rómában semmi ne történhessék, amit hármuk közül akár egy is nem akarna.”

……

B) ’Yet after all, his other actions and words so turn the scale, that we can declare that he abused his power and was justly slain. For not only did he accept excessive honours, such as an uninterrupted consulship, the dictatorship for […] life, […] there were no honours which he did not receive or confer at pleasure.’ „Egyéb cselekedetei és mondásai épp eleget nyomnak a latban, hogy kimondjuk: visszaélt hatalmával, és nem ok nélkül gyilkolták meg. Mert nem elég, hogy mérték-telenül sok tisztséget elfogadott – örökös consulságot, élete végéig tartó […] hatalmat, […]; minden tisztséget kényére-kedvére adott s kapott.” …... C) ) ’[He conquered] all that part of Gaul which is bounded by the Pyrenees, the Alps and the Cévennes, and by the Rhine and Rhone rivers, a circuit of some three million seven hundred thousand Roman feet, […] and imposed upon it a yearly tribute of 40,000,000 sesterces. […] He adorned the principal cities of Asia and Greece with magnificent public works, as well as those of the provinces of Gaul and Spain. […] He crossed to Gaul, and after holding all the assizes, halted at Ravenna.’ „Egész Galliát – az erdős Pyrenaeusok, az Alpok és a Gebenna hegység, valamint a Rhenus és Rhodanus határolta hárommillió-hétszázezer római lépésnyi területet [meghódította, s] nagyvenmillió sestertius évi adót vetett ki rá. […] A két Gallia s a két Hispania, de még Asia és Görögország legnagyobb városait is remek épületekkel ékesítette. […] Galliába ment; ott igazságszolgáltatási körútjának befejezése után megállapodott Ravennában.”

……



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b) Put the excerpts in order according to the chronology of the events described by them. Write the letters of the excerpts into the table. Start with the earliest. (1 point)

1. 2. 3.

2. This task is about the economy and society of Mediaeval Europe. Using the picture and your own knowledge, decide which one of the italicised and numbered expressions fits each sentence. Circle the number of the appropriate expression. (1 point for each correct item.)

Mediaeval manor

4 points

Glossary Közös legelő common pasture Közös erdőhasználat forest in common use Szolgáltatások services Robot corvée Halászat fishing Dűlő field



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a) In the picture, the arrows indicate the services done for the landlord by 1. vassals / 2. serfs / 3. burgesses. b) The produce that was delivered was stored in the centre of the manor 1. at the landlord’s dwelling place / 2. on the fief / 3. in the town. c) In the picture, the letter ‘M’ indicates 1. the manor / 2. uncultivated land / 3. corvée. d) In the picture, the number of fields indicates 1. guild farming / 2. rotation farming / 3. self-sufficient farming.

4 points

3. This task is about the reign of Charles (Robert) I. Read the two sources below. Decide which source’s content each statement refers to. Write an X in the appropriate boxes of the table. In one row there can be only one X. (0.5 points for each correct item.) A) ’Although our country’s traditions, firmly upheld in olden times and still today, require all land and estates on the territory of which gold or silver mines shall be found, whether they belong to the Church or any noble of our country, to be transferred into the king’s possession via honourable exchange, still, [...], as a result of the fear of our country’s citizens’ of such requisition of land and estates, the country’s [...] treasury remains buried in the depths of the lands, for they do not intend to open these up, unless they are properly rewarded. [...] we graciously and for all time order that should gold or silver mines be found on the land and estates of any prelates, friars and lay priests, or any nobles, and so far as they do not deny their existence nor refuse to open them up, then they themselves should forever rejoice in the possession of those lands[...]. Furthermore, they will also receive one third of the king’s royalties, which are due according to the traditions of miners, from the income of the gold and silver mines found on their estates, forever.’ (Charter of Charles I, 1327) „Jóllehet országunk régi és most szilárdan megtartott szokása kívánja meg, hogy mind az egyháznak, mind az országunk bármely nemese földjeinek, illetve birtokainak, amelyek területén arany- vagy ezüstbányát találnak, valamely méltányos csere révén a király kezéhez kell jutniuk, mégis, mivel a […] földek és birtokok ilyenféle elvétele miatti félelemből országunk lakói révén az ország […] kincstára a földek mélyén rejtve marad, mert nem akarják feltárni, ha csak nem jut nekik ebből megfelelő ellenszolgáltatás. […] elrendeljük örökre szólóan, hogy ha a főpapok, szerzetesek és világi papok vagy a nemesek bármelyikének földjein és birtokán arany- illetve ezüstbányát fognak találni, s amennyiben nem tagadják le azok létezését és nem tagadják meg a feltárásukat, akkor ugyanők örökre élvezzék örvendezve azon földjeik



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változatlan birtoklását, […] sőt a földjükön talált arany- és ezüstbányákból származó, a bányászok szokása szerint befolyó királyi jövedelmek harmadrészét is kapják meg teljességgel örök időkre.” (I. Károly oklevele, 1327) B) ’As we wish that our coinage, which is one-third debased and is to be minted in greater quantity, should remain in constant circulation and spread throughout the country, while the dinars that our treasuries issued last year, the year before that and four years ago should all stay in circulation together with these newly minted ones and that they should be accepted just like these, [...] we have ordered and commanded that in each county, after every gate through which a cart loaded with hay or cereals can pass in and out – even if three or four or more people should live behind the same gate or plot with a gate, unless they are so miserable and poor that they cannot pay even that, [...] excepting our servants to the king and the queen, [...] also excepting the churches, towns and others who enjoy obvious privileges and liberties, will have to pay 18 dinars to the bailiff of the treasury within 15 days after it has been levied. ’ (Charter of Charles I, 1342) „Mivel azt akarjuk, hogy harmadrészig égetett és nagyobb számban kibocsátandó ezen mostani pénzünk egész országunkban változatlanul állandó forgalomban maradjon, és azt elárassza, s hogy kamaráink tavalyi, tavalyelőtti és a négy évvel ezelőtt kibocsátott dénárjai ugyanezen újakkal együtt, egyidejűleg legyenek forgalomban, s azokat emezekkel egyformán fogadják el – határozván elrendeltük és parancsoljuk, hogy minden megyében, minden egyes kapu után, amelyen szénával vagy gabonával megrakott szekér képes befordulni vagy azon át kijönni – lakjék bár ugyanazon kapu mögött, ill. kapuval rendelkező telken három vagy négy vagy ennél több ember, hacsak nem annyira szűkölködő és szegény, hogy azt sem képes kifizetni, […] kivévén a mi királyi és királynéi szolgáinkat […] kivévén továbbá az egyházakat, városokat vagy másokat, akik nyilvánvaló kiváltságot, szabadságot élveznek, a kirovás megtörténte után 15 napon belül 18 dénárt a kamarák ispánjainak a kezéhez kell szolgáltatni és fizetni.” (I. Károly oklevele, 1342)

Statements

Source A B Both Neither

a) It orders the division of a royalty.

b) It establishes the plot as the basis for taxation.

c) It ensures the conditions for issuing a stable gold currency.

d) It abolishes the annual exchange of coinage.

e) It defines the sum of the ninth as 18 dinars.

f) It abolishes the compulsory exchange of estates.

3 points



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4. This task is about the ideas of the Enlightenment. (complex task) Do the tasks using the sources and your own knowledge.

Match the quotations from texts from the period of the Enlightenment with those excerpts from the Hungarian Fundamental Law which have the same content. Write the letter of the quotations from the period of the Enlightenment into the appropriate boxes of the table. There are two extra quotations. (1 point for each correct item)

A) ’That among these [unalienable Rights] are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.’ (The Declaration of Independence, 1776)

„Ezek közé a jogok közé tartozik a jog az élethez és a szabadsághoz, valamint a jog a boldogságra törekvésre.” (Függetlenségi Nyilatkozat, 1776)

B) ‘The deputies of the people, therefore, are not and cannot be its representatives: they are merely its stewards, and can carry through no definitive acts.’ (Social Contract by Rousseau, 1762)

„A népképviselők tehát nem a nép képviselői és nem is lehetnek azok, csupán megbízottai a népnek: soha nem dönthetnek végérvényesen.” (Rousseau: A társadalmi szerződésről, 1762)

C) ‘When [...] are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty; because apprehensions may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner.’ (On the Spirit of Laws by Montesquieu, 1748)

„Ha […] ugyanabban a személyben vagy ugyanabban a hatósági testületben egyesül, nincsen szabadság, mivel attól lehet tartani, hogy az ilyen uralkodó vagy az ilyen testület zsarnoki törvényeket fog hozni, s azokat zsarnoki módon fogja végrehajtani.” (Montesquieu: A törvények szelleméről, 1748)

D) ‘Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty.’ (The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789)

„Mindaddig, míg bűnössé nem nyilvánítják, minden ember ártatlannak vélelmezendő.” (Emberi és polgári jogok nyilatkozata, 1789)

E) ‘But in a free state the legislative power has a right and ought to have the means of examining in what manner its laws have been executed.’ (On the Spirit of Laws by Montesquieu, 1748)

„Szabad államban a törvényhozó hatalomnak joga van, és lehetősége kell, hogy legyen arra, hogy megvizsgálja, miként hajtják végre az általa hozott törvényeket.” (Montesquieu: A törvények szelleméről, 1748)

F) ‘Whoever refuses to obey the general will shall be compelled to do so by the whole body. This means nothing less than that he will be forced to be free.’ (Social Contract by Rousseau, 1762)

„Aki nem hajlandó követni az általános akaratot, azt az egész testület fogja engedelmességre kényszeríteni, más szóval kényszeríteni kell őt, hogy szabad legyen.” (Rousseau: A társadalmi szerződésről, 1762)



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G) ’ The legislative power should reside in the whole body of the people. But since this is impossible in large states, and in small ones is subject to many inconveniences, it is fit that the people should transact by their representatives what they cannot transact by themselves.’ (On the Spirit of Laws by Montesquieu, 1748)

„A nép egészét kell, hogy illesse a törvényhozó hatalom. Minthogy azonban ez nagy államokban keresztülvihetetlen, és kis államokban is sok hátránnyal jár, a népnek a maga képviselői útján kell megtennie mindazt, amit maga nem tud megtenni.” (Montesquieu: A törvények szelleméről, 1748)

Excerpts from the Fundamental Law The letter of the quotation from the period of

Enlightenment a) ’The functioning of the Hungarian State shall be based on the principle of the separation of powers.’ „A magyar állam működése a hatalom megosztásának elvén nyugszik.”

b) ’No one shall be considered guilty until his or her criminal liability has been established by the final decision of a court.’ „Senki nem tekinthető bűnösnek mindaddig, amíg büntetőjogi felelősségét a bíróság jogerős határozata nem állapította meg.”

c) ’The inviolable and inalienable fundamental rights of MAN shall be respected.’ „Az ember sérthetetlen és elidegeníthetetlen alapvető jogait tiszteletben kell tartani.”

d) ’Members of the National Assembly shall be elected by [...] citizens entitled to vote.’ „Az országgyűlési képviselőket a választópolgárok […] választják.”

e) ’The Government shall be accountable to the National Assembly.’ „A Kormány az Országgyűlésnek felelős.”

f) Of the statements below, choose the two correct ones. Circle the number of the two correct statements. (1 point for each correct item.)

1. According to Montesquieu, direct democracy is in conflict with the principle of the separation of powers.

2. Montesquieu preferred the system of representatives over direct democracy for practical reasons.

3. According to Rousseau, although the representatives of the people are the people’s delegates, legislation is still not their exclusive right.

4. According to Montesquieu, the whole of the people are entitled to legislative power, thus it would be more straightforward to pass laws at referendums.

5. According to Rousseau, legislation must happen under full consent; this is what he calls the General Will.

7 points



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5) This task is about the demographic changes which took place in Hungary in the 18th century. Do the tasks using the sources and your own knowledge. (1 point for each correct item.) A) ‘The honourable Aulic War Council is no doubt aware of the fact that the upper parts of Hungary have been scourged by […] God, to the extent that damage done to both the inhabitants and livestock of all kinds is dire beyond belief […]. With the arising of a favourable opportunity […] I strive with all my strength to populate the deserted dwellings […] with the Swabians, who in their present situation are forced to leave behind their homes and find their daily food somewhere else, and at the same time […] to perform my obligatory duties […].’ (Sándor Károlyi’s petition, 1712) „A magas Udvari Haditanács kétségtelenül eléggé ismeri, hogy Magyarország felső részeit isten ostorai […] sújtották, annyira, hogy lakosokban és mindenfajta barmokban hihetetlen mértékben súlyos veszteségeket szenvedtek […]. A kedvező alkalom kínálkozásával […] minden erővel azon fáradozom, hogy svábokkal, akik a jelenlegi helyzetük következtében otthonukat elhagyni és betevő falatjukat más vidéken […] keresni kénytelenek, az üres helységeket népessé tegyem […] egyúttal pedig a […] kötelezettségek ellátásáról gondoskodjam […].” (Károlyi Sándor folyamodványa, 1712) B) ‘Our leaving […] does not imply that we leave our country because we are reckless and suspicious, dubious elements, but […] because [our country] is saturated with people.’ (Written by a Swabian settler, 1739) „A mi eltávozásunk […] nem abban áll, hogy azért mennénk el hazánkból, mintha könnyelmű és gyanús, kétes emberek lennénk, hanem […] mivel [hazánk] telítve van emberekkel.” (Egy sváb telepes írása, 1739)

C) ’With all due respect, I intend the following as an answer to your aforementioned lordships’ kind letter sent to me on October 30, […] on the subject of my Lutheran [Slovakian] settlers. […] [as] we have been unable to agree on their continuing to freely practise their religion, thus […] for them I fully ensured the possibility of moving freely, as many of them had already moved to the honourable county of Békés.’ (Letter from János Podmaniczky, landlord in Heves county, to the foremen of the county, 1735) „Minden illő tisztelettel a következőket szánom válaszul említett uraságtok október hó 30-ik napján küldött nekem szóló kegyes levelére ágostai hitvallású [evangélikus] [szlovák] telepeseim ügyében […]: [mivel] nem tudtunk megállapodni arról, hogy a szabad vallásgyakorlatot folytassák, ezért […] számukra […] teljesen biztosítottam a szabad költözés lehetőségét, hiszen már sokan át is költöztek a tekintetes Békés megyébe.” (Podmaniczky János, Heves megyei birtokos levele a megyei elöljárókhoz, 1735) a) How did landlords profit from the arrival of settlers on their estates? Use your own words to answer, with the help of source A). …………………………………………………………………………………………………...



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b) What encouraged the Swabian (German) settlers to leave their own country? Give a characteristic reason in your own words, on the basis of source B). ………………………………………………………………………………………………....... c) What type of population movement does source A) refer to? Circle the number of the correct answer. 1. organized immigration 2. self-directed/spontaneous immigration 3. internal migration 4. forced displacement d) What type of population movement does source C) refer to? Circle the number of the correct answer.

1. organized immigration 2. self-directed/spontaneous immigration 3. internal migration 4. forced displacement 6. This task is about the First Industrial Revolution. Do the tasks by comparing the diagrams and using your own knowledge. (1 point for each correct item.) A)

4 points

Glossary Nap day Óra hour Perc minute



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B)

C)

The time it took to travel from London to the most important British cities between 1750 and 1855 Complete the sentences by choosing the ending with the appropriate content. Circle the correct number. a) In comparison to 1750, in 1855 the journey from London to Dover ...

1. was about 5 times as fast. 2. was about 3 times as fast. 3. was about 7 times as fast.

b) Between 1750 and 1830, the time it took to cover the distance from London to Birmingham ...

1. decreased by half. 2. descreased to one quarter of the original, 3. decreased to one eighth of the original.

c) Name the invention of the First Industrial Revolution which made the changes reflected in the diagrams possible. ...................................................................................................................................................... d) Name at least one economic consequence of the reduction in travelling time between cities. ......................................................................................................................................................

4 points



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7. This task is about the history of Hungary in the Reform Period. Do the tasks using the sources and your own knowledge. (1 point for each correct item) a) Name the author of the source. Write your answers on the dotted lines. Choose from the people in the list. There are two extra names. People: Lajos Batthyány, Ferenc Deák, Lajos Kossuth, Ferenc Kölcsey, István Széchenyi 1. Here I sit [in Pozsony] in Magyar street, at number 495. […] I’m feeling deserted. Because tell me: […] is it possible for the poet so far from those who are dear to his heart, so far from all those who have seen into his soul, who have known and understood his soul, to live without anxieties? […] The palatine is not yet here; the delegates arriving one after the other are arranging their winter residences; and as for me – I am locked in my room thinking about my country, in the name of which I have come to work, and in all certainty: to fight.’ (Diary, 1832)

„Itt ülök [Pozsonyban] a Magyar utczában, 495 szám alatt […]. Elhagyatva érzem magamat. Mert valljátok meg: […] lehetséges-e a költőnek illy messze a nékie kedvesektől, illy messze mind azoktól, kik lelkébe pillantottak, kik lelkét ismerték és értették, szorongás nélkül élnie ? […] Még a nádor nincs itt; az egymás után érkező követek téli lakaikat rendelgetik; s én szobámba zárkózva gondolkozom a hazáról , mellynek nevében jöttem munkálni, és minden bizonnyal :— küzdeni.” (Napló, 1832) ……………………………………………………………

2. ‘After four years of not inconsiderable effort – in which I have been blessed by Providence – I [have managed to further] the case of the permanent bridge to be built between Buda and Pest to the point that there is very little left to do before we conclude the case, according to which a law could be passed – and as a result a bridge could also be constructed. That […] there should be a permanent bridge between Buda and Pest, and on it everybody should pay toll, has been passed already by both Tables […].’ (Letter, 1835)

„Négyesztendei nem csekély fáradozásim után – melyekben a mennyei Gondviselés megáldott – annyira [vittem] a Buda s Pest közt építendő állóhíd ügyét, hogy csak egy kicsi kell még a tárgynak oly befejezésére, mely szerint törvény készülhessen – s ennek következésében híd is épülhessen […]. Az […] már mind a két táblán végzésbe ment, hogy Buda s Pest közt állóhíd legyen, azon mindenki fizessen […].” (Levél, 1835) ……………………………………………………………

3. ‘As we are getting down to editing, we do this out of the conviction that of the numerous needs of the day there is barely any more urgent than a periodical to be the true mirror of the nation’s life; The nation must first […] know itself, and its needs; then debate aims and means, tasks and ways from every side, and if then the time of legislation arrives, every law will be filled with blessings […]’ (The editorial of the first edition of Pesti Hírlap, 1841)



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„Midőn a szerkesztéshez fogunk, olly meggyőződésből tesszük azt, hogy a napnak tömérdek szükségei között alig van egy-egy sürgetőbb, mint olly időszaki lap, mely a nemzet életének hű tükre legyen; Ismerni kell […] a nemzetnek előbb önmagát, és ismernie kell szükségeit; aztán megvitatni czélt és eszközöket, dolgot és módokat, minden oldalról, s ha ekkor elkövetkezik a törvényhozás ideje, áldásdús leend mindenik törvény […].” (A Pesti Hírlap első számának vezércikke, 1841) …………………………………………………………… b) The underlined parts of all three excerpts refer to the functioning of one institution. Name this institution. ……………………………………………………………

4 points

8. This task is about the events leading up to the Second World War. Answer the questions with the help of the sketch map and your own knowledge. (1 point for each correct item.)

Europe on the eve of the Second World War



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a) The map shows the political borders at the end of a certain year. Which year is it? Circle the number of the correct answer. 1. 1937 2. 1938 3. 1940 b) Considering the borders depicted in the map, which of the following territories was most recently annexed by Germany? Circle the number of the correct answer. 1. Alsace and Lorraine 2. The Saar 3. Sudetenland c) The independence of one country, which emerged after the First World War, had ceased by the period depicted in the map as a result of German expansion. Which is this country? ..................................................................... d) The map depicts the enlarged territory of a country which was defeated in the First World War. Which is this country? ..................................................................... 9. This task is about the consequences of the Trianon peace treaty. Do the tasks using the sketch map and your own knowledge. (1 point for each correct item.)

Economic effects of the Trianon peace treaty

4 points



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a) For which annexed territories of pre-Trianon Hungary is the following statement true? Circle the numbers of two correct answers. With its annexation, Hungary lost mines and important industrial centres, as well as large tracts of forest. 1. Burgenland 2. Southern territories (Délvidék) 3. Transylvania 4. Upper Hungary (Felvidék) 5. Subcarpathia (Kárpátalja) b) On the basis of the map, explain why it was difficult to run factories in post-Trianon Hungary. ....................................................................................................................................................... c) What characterised the situation of railways in post-Trianon Hungary? Circle the number of the correct statement. Circle only one number. 1. During the air raids in the war, the majority of the main railway lines were destroyed, so rail transport was marginalised in comparison to road transport. 2. The city which was the most significant hub of railway transport was annexed from Hungary, so the construction of a new railway network was needed. 3. The disruption of a railway network which had been constructed under the Dual Monarchy made railway transportation difficult. 4. The Trianon peace treaty had no impact on the situation of railway transport.

4 points

Glossary Réz copper Kősó rock salt Szén coal Vasérc iron ore Erdő forest Iparvidékek industrial area Főbb vasútvonalak main railway lines A 20-nál több munkást foglalkoztató üzemben dolgozok száma Number of employees in factories employing more than 20 workers A körök nagysága arányos a dolgozók számával The size of circles is proportionate to the number of employees



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10. This task is about the confrontation between the Eastern and Western blocs. Do the tasks using the sources and your own knowledge. A)

The world’s crude oil production (million barrels ) Year 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984

Soviet Union

3,600 3,822 4,013 4,204 4,307 4,432 4,476 4,506 4,528 4,506

United States

3,653 3,563 3,600 3,750 3,700 3,722 3,716 3,723 3,730 3,800

OPEC countries

8,647 9,814 9,947 9,459 9,861 8,531 7,085 5,970 5,300 5,068

Total world production

20,162 21,851 22,607 23,134 24,011 23,059 21,645 20,645 20,441 20,744

1 barrel = 163.66 litres B)

Changes in the price of oil in dollars per barrel

C) ’This crisis is increasingly convincing the masses that capitalism is a society which has no future; at the same time this crisis also multiplies the number of followers of the other path, socialism. This crisis cannot be halted by the attempts of the military-political bloc of the imperialists nor by the arms race, nor with the economic integration of monopolies, nor the illusion of social reforms, nor oppression.’ (Speech by Soviet General Secretary Brezhnev, 1976) „Ez a válság egyre jobban meggyőzi a tömegeket arról, hogy a kapitalizmus olyan társadalom, amelynek nincs jövője; egyszersmind ez a válság megsokszorozza a másik, a szocialista út híveinek számát is. Ezt a válságot nem lehet megállítani sem az imperialisták katonai-politikai tömbjének próbálkozásaival és a fegyverkezési hajszával, sem a monopóliumok gazdasági integrációjával, sem a társadalmi reformok látszatával, sem pedig elnyomással.” (Brezsnyev szovjet pártfőtitkár beszéde, 1976)



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a) Choose the correct explanation for the content of source C). Circle the number of the correct explanation. (1 point)

1. Brezhnev predicted the collapse of capitalism resulting from the fall in oil prices.

2. According to Brezhnev, the boom in oil prices ensured the financial framework for the Soviet weapons programme.

3. According to Brezhnev, the competition between the two world orders had basically already been decided: socialism was going to win.

4. According to Brezhnev, the rise in oil prices blocked the way to the introduction of social reforms.

b) Decide which of the italicised and numbered expressions fit the sentence. Circle the number of each correct expression. (0.5 points for each correct item.) Between 1979 and 1983, while Soviet crude oil production 1. rose / 2. stagnated / 3. fell, crude oil production by OPEC countries 1. rose / 2. stagnated / 3. fell. c) Name the military-political bloc underlined in source C). (1 point) .................................................................... 11. This task is about everyday life in the Kádár period. Do the tasks using the sources and your own knowledge. (1 point for each correct item.) ‘Naturally, Soviet society is more developed than ours. […] Unfortunately, however, the self-awareness of the people has not developed yet [in our country]. They want to have a better life. This is exactly why they have to be made motivated. If someone does honest work, let him have his house, weekend house, car. We allowed [the peasants] to have their own household plots, but we did not integrate these into collective farms. […] Peasants work day and night, they do not have to be told to work. They live well now, and have the means to bring up their children […].’ (Conversation between János Kádár and Mikhail Gorbachev, 1985) „Természetesen a szovjet társadalom fejlettebb, mint a miénk. […] Sajnos azonban [nálunk] még nem fejlődött ki az emberek öntudata. Jobban akarnak élni. Éppen ezért van szükség az érdekeltségre. Ha valaki tisztességesen dolgozik, legyen neki háza, hétvégi háza, gépkocsija. Megengedtük [a parasztoknak], hogy háztáji telkük legyen, de ezeket nem integráltuk a kollektív gazdaságba. […] A parasztok éjt nappallá téve dolgoznak, a munkára nem kell őket felszólítani. Ők most jól élnek és rendelkeznek a gyermekeik felneveléséhez szükséges eszközökkel […].” (Kádár János beszélgetése Mihail Gorbacsovval, 1985)

3 points



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1960 1970 1980 1983

Fridge 1 35 87 97 Washing machine 19 70 91 95 Car 0 6 26 32 Television 5 66 99 105

The number of durable goods per 100 households in Hungary between 1960 and 1983 a) On the basis of the excerpt, decide which statement reflects the content of Kádár’s words. Circle the number of the correct statement.

1. The planned economy ensured higher living standards.

2. Peasants worked day and night on collective farms.

3. High living standards were ensured by income from privately owned farms.

Match the two technical terms given below with the most appropriate expressions underlined in the statements in sub-task a). Write the number of the relevant statement next to the technical term. b) household plot .................. c) farmers’ cooperative .................... d) Circle the number of the statement which explains the logical connection between the excerpt and the table. 1. The second economy produced the income needed to purchase consumer goods. 2. The demand for durable goods only increased in the 1980s. 3. In Soviet society, there were more durable goods per 100 households. e) Both sources are about the relative well-being which developed during the Kádár period. Using your own words, explain the political aim of this.

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5 points



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12. This task is about taxes and contributions. Decide which of the excerpts from paragraphs of laws define the base for Value Added Tax (VAT) [áfa], which one defines the base for Personal Income Tax (PIT) [szja], and which one defines their rates. Write the letter of the appropriate paragraph excerpt in the table. In each set, there is one extra excerpt. In the text of the paragraphs, we have replaced the expressions tax and contribution with the expression tax/contribution throughout. (1 point for each correct item.)

Tax base A) ‘The net receipts from sales, other receipts and receipts from financial transactions […] as stated in the accounts referring to the tax year.’

„Az adóévre vonatkozó beszámolóban kimutatott […] értékesítés nettó árbevétele, egyéb bevételek és pénzügyi műveletek bevételei.” B) ‘In case of selling products and providing services the base of tax/contribution […] is the value as expressed in money, which the entitled person receives […] from the purchaser of the product or of the service.’

„Termék értékesítése, szolgáltatás nyújtása esetében az adó/járulék alapja […] a pénzben kifejezett ellenérték, amelyet a jogosult kap […] a termék beszerzőjétől, szolgáltatás igénybevevőjétől.” C) ‘Income is the total sum received by a private individual […] or that sum with the legally documented expenses […] subtracted from it.’

„Jövedelem a magánszemély által […] megszerzett bevétel egésze, vagy a bevételnek e törvény szerint elismert költséggel […] csökkentett része.”

Tax rate D) ’The rate of tax/contribution payable after the income within the scope of this paragraph […] is 15 percent of the base of the tax/contribution.’

„Az e törvény hatálya alá tartozó jövedelem után az adó/járulék mértéke […] az adó-/járulék alap 15 százaléka.”

E) ‘The rate of tax/contribution is 27 percent of the tax base. [In other cases] 5 percent. [In other cases] 18 percent.’

„Az adó/járulék mértéke az adó alapjának 27 százaléka. [más esetben] 5 százaléka. [más esetben] 18 százaléka.”

F) ‘The insured pays […] a tax/contribution of 8.5 percent. [Within this one of the] tax/contributions is 4 percent, the [other] tax/contribution is 3 percent, the [third] tax/contribution is 1.5 percent.’

„A biztosított által fizetendő […] adó/járulék mértéke 8,5 százalék. [Ezen belül az egyik] adó/járulék 4 százalék, a [másik] adó/járulék 3 százalék, a [harmadik] adó/járulék 1,5 százalék.”

Name of tax Tax base Tax rate Value Added Tax Personal Income Tax

4 points



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II LONGER, ESSAY-TYPE QUESTIONS

Please read the following instructions carefully. You must do two of the following tasks. You must make your selection according to the following rules: You must do: one short task on world history and one long task on Hungarian history. The short task on world history and the long Hungarian task must be about different periods – one on the period up to 1849, the other on the period after 1849. (In the chart, the periods are separated by a double line.) Study the tasks carefully.

Period Number Tasks Task type

World history

Up to 1849 13 Calvinist church organisation short

After 1849 14 Triple Alliance short

Hungarian

history

Up to 1849 15 The foundation of the Hungarian

state long

After 1849 16 The Rákosi period long

After studying the tasks, circle the numbers of the tasks that you have chosen. In the table below we have indicated the two possible options. Mark your choice by putting an X into the appropriate row. Mark only one of the options.

Numbers of the selected tasks

Your choice marked with an X

13 and 16

14 and 15

Only do the two tasks that you have selected. Write your answers on the dotted lines below the two tasks of the same type.

Before doing the tasks please study the Important Information on page 2 of this booklet. You can make drafts while working on the answers. You will find the evaluation criteria after each task. The scores will be decided by the correcting teacher.



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13. This task is about the Calvinist reformation. (short) Using the source and your own knowledge, describe the Calvinist church organisation and its theoretical bases. ’Owing, therefore, to the vices or defects of men […], it is safer and more tolerable when several bear rule, that they may thus mutually assist, instruct, and admonish each other, and should any one be disposed to go too far, the others are censors […] But whatever may be thought of the acts of the men themselves, the Lord by their means equally executed his own work, when he broke the bloody sceptres of insolent kings […]. Let princes hear and be afraid! […] For when popular magistrates have been appointed to curb the tyranny of kings, so far am I from forbidding these officially to check the undue license of kings.’ (Institutes of the Christian religion by Calvin, 1536) „Az emberek bűne és hibája idézi elő […], hogy biztosabb és tűrhetőbb, ha a kormányzatot többen tartják kezükben, hogy egyik a másiknak támogatója legyen, egymást tanítsák, és ha valamelyik továbbmegy, többen legyenek a bírák […]. Ámde bármiként is ítéltessenek meg az emberek cselekedetei, az Úr mégis azok által egyformán saját művét hajtotta végre, akik a fennhéjazó királyok kormánypálcáját összetörték. Hallják meg ezt a fejedelmek és rettegjenek! […] Ha vannak most a néptől szerezve felsőbbségek, amelyek a királyok önkényének korlátozására vannak felállítva, annyira nem vagyok az ellen, hogy ezek kötelességszerűen közbelépjenek.” (Kálvin: A keresztyén vallás rendszere, 1536)

14. This task is about the events leading up to the First World War. (short) Using the source and your own knowledge, outline the emergence and significance of the Triple Alliance.

’In case Italy, without direct provocation on her part, should be attacked by France for any reason whatsoever, the two other Contracting Parties shall be bound to lend help and assistance with all their forces to the Party attacked. This same obligation shall devolve upon Italy in case of any aggression without direct provocation by France against Germany. (The contract forming the Triple Alliance) „Abban az esetben, ha Olaszországot közvetlen kihívás nélkül bármiféle okból támadás érné Franciaország részéről, a másik két magas szerződő fél kötelezi magát, hogy minden eszközzel segítséget és támogatást nyújt a megtámadott félnek. Ugyanilyen kötelezettség terheli Olaszországot abban az esetben, ha Franciaország közvetlen kihívás nélkül támadást intéz Németország ellen.” (A hármas szövetség szerződése)



Név: ........................................................... osztály:......

Number of the chosen short task on world history: ….

Your answer:

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Criteria Maximum Achieved

points

Understanding of task 2

Location in place and time L 2

Communication, use of special vocabulary

C1 2

C2 2

Acquisition of information, use of sources

S 3

Describing reasons behind an event, critical and problem-centred thinking

E1 3

E2 3

Total/Exam points 17



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15. This task is about the foundation of the Hungarian state. (long) Using the sources and your own knowledge, describe the activities of (Saint) Stephen I which were concerned with the establishment of the Church and were intended to spread Christianity. In your answer you should highlight the political significance of the consolidation of Christianity. Use the secondary school history atlas.

‘Those who attend church in order to participate in the Mass, and there, during the celebration of Mass, murmur to each other, disturb others by telling useless stories and do not pay attention to the holy readings and spiritual nourishment, should they be older they must be reprimanded and chased out of the church in shame; should they be young and of common birth, for their reckless behaviour they must be tied up in the church porch in front of everybody, and be punished by flogging and having their heads shaved.’ (Law, around 1001)

„Azok, akik az istentisztelet hallgatására a templomba menvén, ott a misék szertartása alatt egymás közt mormognak, és másokat zavarnak, haszontalan történeteket mesélgetve és nem figyelve a szent olvasmányokra és a lelki táplálékokra, ha idősebbek, dorgálják meg őket, és gyalázattal űzzék ki a templomból, ha pedig fiatalabbak és közrendűek, e nagy vakmerőségükért a templom előcsarnokában mindenki szeme láttára kötözzék meg, s ostorozással és hajuk lenyírásával fenyítsék meg őket.” (Törvény, 1001 körül)

‘I, Stephen, […] having established, built and furnished the convent of the holy Mother of God in Veszprém [meaning: Veszprémvölgy], and collected a number of nuns, […] dispose of the following. I endow this convent with nine villages including land. […][I give] […] a ferry, with seven ferrymen, as well as customs dues on markets, and sixty servants on horseback, twelve fishermen on the Danube […].’ (Charter, around 1018)

„Én István, […] miután létesítettem, felállítottam és berendeztem a szentséges Istenanya veszprémi [értsd: veszprémvölgyi] […] monostorát, s összegyűjtöttem benne apácák seregét, […] így rendelkezem. Ajándékozok ennek a monostornak kilenc falut földestől együtt. […] [Adok] […] révet, hét révésszel, hasonlóan a vásárvámot is, valamint lovas szolgát hatvanat, halászt a Dunán tizenkettőt […].” (Oklevél, 1018 körül)

‘As the rank of royalty is only to be gained by believers and followers of the Catholic Faith, thus we put the Holy Faith first in our commands. My dearest son, if you desire to honour the royal crown, I wish, I advise, I counsel, I urge you above all things to maintain the Catholic and Apostolic Faith with such diligence and care that you may be an example for all those placed under you by God.’ (Admonitions to Prince Emeric by Saint Stephen, before 1031)

„Minthogy a királyi méltóság rangját csakis a hívők és a katolikus hitet vallók nyerhetik el, ezért parancsainkban a szent hitet tesszük első helyre. Ha a királyi koronát meg akarod becsülni, legelőször azt hagyom meg, tanácsolom, illetve javaslom és sugallom, kedves fiam, hogy a katolikus és apostoli hitet akkora buzgalommal és éberséggel őrizd, hogy minden Istentől rendelt alattvalódnak példát mutass.” (Szent István: Intelmek Imre herceghez, 1031 előtt)



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16. This task is about the Rákosi period. (long) Using the sources and your own knowledge, outline the economic policy of the Rákosi period, and the effects it had on living conditions. Use the secondary school history atlas. ‘Now democracy has helped me to a healthy, nice flat. From my salary I have bought furniture for my room and kitchen, valuable pictures and a fur coat for my wife. I can add that this year I have slaughtered two big pigs and I have filled my larder with them.’ (Speech by Barnabás Varga, Stakhanovite coal miner, at the First National Conference of Stakhanovites, 1950) „Most a demokrácia egészséges, szép lakáshoz juttatott. Keresetemből szoba-konyha bútort, értékes képeket, rádiót, feleségemnek pedig bundát vettem. Hozzátehetem, hogy az idén két nagy disznót is vágtam és a spejzomat teleraktam vele.” (Varga Barnabás élmunkás vájár beszéde a Sztahanovisták I. Országos Tanácskozásán, 1950)

Poster from the 1950s

Number of working hours needed to purchase some products Year Man’s woollen winter coat 1,000 bricks 1 kg of leg of pork 1 kg of bread 1938 178 73 4.4 0.8 1952 243 178 6.5 0.6

Number of the chosen long task on Hungarian history: ….

Your answer:

Gyorsan teljesítsd a beadást! Fulfill the delivery obligations swiftly! Gazdag termésből könnyebb a beadás, Delivery is easier from a rich harvest, marad bőven a piacra. there will be plenty left for the market.



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Criteria Maximum Achieved points

Understanding of task 2

Location in place and time L1 2

L2 2

Communication, use of special

vocabulary

C1 2

C2 2

C3 2

Acquisition of information,

use of sources

S1 3

S2 3

S3 3

Describing reasons behind an

event,

critical and problem-centred

thinking

E1 3

E2 3

E3 3

E4 3

Total/Exam points 33



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Név: ........................................................... osztály:......

points

maximum achieved

I Short answer tasks

1. Julius Caesar 4 2. Mediaeval economy and society 4 3. The reign of Charles (Robert) I. 3 4. Enlightenment 7 5. Demographic changes in the 18th century 4 6. The First Industrial Revolution 4 7. Hungary in the Reform Period 4 8. World War II 4 9. Consequences of the Trianon peace treaty 4 10. Eastern and Western blocs 3 11. The Kádár period 5 12. Taxes and contributions 4

Total 50 I. Achieved points rounded up

II Longer, essay-type questions

13. Calvinist church organisation 17 14. Triple Alliance 17 15. Foundation of the Hungarian state 33 16. The Rákosi Period 33

Total 50 II. Achieved points rounded up

I. + II. Total score for the written exam 100

Date Correcting teacher __________________________________________________________________________

pontszáma egész számra kerekítve

elért programba beírt

I. Egyszerű, rövid választ igénylő feladatok II. Szöveges (kifejtendő) feladatok

dátum dátum

javító tanár jegyző

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