Trustworthy Semantic Web

Knowledge Management + E-Business + Semantic Web = Semantic E-Business

Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham

November 3, 2008

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Outline of the Unit

0 What is Knowledge Management?0 Basic concepts: Components and Models0 Organizational Learning Process0 Knowledge Management Architecture0 Secure Knowledge Management and Trust Negotiation0 Knowledge Models0 Some efforts0 Integration of KM with E-Business and Semantic Web0 Reference: IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and

Cybernetics, May 20060 Chapters 17 and 19 of the textbook

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What is Knowledge Management

0 Knowledge management, or KM, is the process through which organizations generate value from their intellectual property and knowledge-based assets

0 KM involves the creation, dissemination, and utilization of knowledge

0 Reference: http://www.commerce-database.com/knowledge-management.htm?source=google

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Knowledge Management Components

Components:StrategiesProcessesMetrics

Cycle:Knowledge, CreationSharing, Measurement And Improvement

Technologies:Expert systemsCollaborationTrainingWeb

Components ofKnowledge Management: Components,Cycle and Technologies

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Knowledge Models

0 Level 1: Highest Level

- Mental models utilized by psychologists

- Social models (e.g. social network models) used by sociologists

0 Level 2: Mid-level

- Models utilized by expert systems

- Process modeling

0 Level: Bottom level

- Models understood by machines

- E.g., rule-based, frame-based, etc.

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Identification Creation

Diffusion - Tacit, Explicit

Integration Modification

Action

Organizational Learning Process

Metrics

Source:

Reinhardt and Pawlowsky

Incentives

also see: Tools in Organizational Learning

http://duplox.wz-berlin.de/oldb/forslin.html

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Six Principals of Effective Learning

• Effective Learning Requires: Understanding

1) Mental models, paradigms, context, observation, assumptions, opinion, fact, truth

2) Systems Thinking - Variation Skills

3) Ability to challenge assumptions

4) Listen to Understand Process

5) Complete observe, assess (reflection, gain understanding), design (develop theory, prediction, vision), implement (test), cycle

6) Teach others

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Knowledge Management Metrics - The Goal of Metrics

Measuring Success (How am I doing?) Benchmarking (How am I comparatively doing?) Tracking Improvement (Am I getting better?) Direct

future investment (technology, employees) strategy alignment (culture, incentives)

“One way to ensure your doing worse is to not measure” - Adapted from Pressman

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Learning By-Product Measures

Papers in Competitive Journals and Magazines Percentage New Technology compared to all Technology Process Cycle Time Employee Surveys

Involvement with decisions Recognition for work achieved Access to information Rewarding risk taking Overall Satisfaction

Employee Retention ‘Employee Suggestion Process

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Knowledge Management: Incentive-based Approaches

Receiver

Positive Incentives

• Knowledge Gained

• Can teach others what is learned

Teacher

Positive Incentives

• “Knowledge Transfer Champion” prestige

•Can improve knowledge

Negative Incentives

•Time

•Unqualified teacher

Negative Incentives

•Time

•Students not willing to learn

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Knowledge Management: Strategies, Processes, Metrics and Tools

Knowledge Management: Within and Across Corporations and Agencies

Strategiese.g., Management Plans; Policies;Data sharing vs. Privacy

Processese.g., best practices

Metricse.g., web usage

Toolse.g., Semantic Web

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Knowledge Management Architecture

Knowledge Creation and Acquisition Manager

Knowledge RepresentationManager

Knowledge ManipulationManager

Knowledge Dissemination and SharingManager

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Knowledge Exchange & AnnotationEngine (KEAN)

Resides on any web-accessible knowledge base (any intranet, www)

Increases incentive to share information Author gets positive and negative feedback about

information that is submitted Feedback system - no more publishing documents that

disappear into the ether Prestige - top rated document views

Quality filters steer user towards best information Domain specific instances of KEAN are created Works with Java enabled browser

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The Three Versions of KEAN Architecture

Version 1 “beta version” No reuse Two-tiered Stored procedures

Version 2 “newest version” GUI reuse via JavaBeans Two-tiered JDBC access to database

Version 3 “final version” Logic reuse via Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) Three-tiered CORBA access to objects

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Structure of Version 1 - Beta Version of KEAN

“Thin http” client

•Html•JavaScript•Applets

Stored Procedures(PL/SQL)

Database tier

•ORACLE

ORACLE WEBSERVER

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Structure of Version 2

“Thick” client Database tier

•KeanBeans

•ORACLE

JDBC

Code reuse with a two tier architecture

ORACLE WEBSERVER

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Structure of Version 3

“thin” client middle tier server tier

•KeanBeans CORBA ORB

RDBMSs and

OODBMS

web Server

•EJB

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Secure Knowledge Management

0 Protecting the intellectual property of an organization

0 Access control including role-based access control

0 Security for process/activity management and workflow

- Users must have certain credentials to carry out an activity

0 Composing multiple security policies across organizations

0 Security for knowledge management strategies and processes

0 Risk management and economic tradeoffs

0 Digital rights management and trust negotiation

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Trust Management and Negotiation

0 Design a Trust Model

- Investigate the current trust models. Identify the inadequacies of current trust models and design a model for the semantic web/DIVO

=Components include trust management, trust negotiation as well as economic tradeoffs

0 Design a Language for specifying Trust policies

- Start with XML, RDF and Web Rules language and incorporate features for trust management and negotiation

0 Design and develop techniques for enforcing the trust policies

- Automated Trust Negotiation: A attempts to access database D based on access control policies; However before A can access D, triggers go off and owner of D exchanges credential information with A (

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Knowledge Management for Coalitions

ExportKnowledge

ComponentKnowledge for

Agency A

Knowledge for Coalition

ExportKnowledge

ComponentKnowledge for

Agency C

ComponentKnowledge for

Agency B

ExportKnowledge

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Status and Directions

0 Knowledge management has exploded due to the web

0 Knowledge Management has different dimensions

- Technology, Business

0 Tools are emerging

0 Need effective partnerships between business leaders, technologists and policy makers

0 Major direction is integrating E-Business processes and semantic web technologies for knowledge management

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Semantic E-Business

0 E-Business processes (e.g., order management, supply chain management, contracts management, workflow management)

0 Service oriented architectures

0 Apply semantic web technologies such as XML, RDF, Ontologies and RulesML to represent data and reason about the data for the e-business processes

0 Results in effective knowledge management as organization is getting benefits

0 The topic is called Semantic E-Business

0 IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, March 2006

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Some Efforts - 1

0 Messaging (ebMS) : This is a specialization of web services for business to business applications.

0 Business Process and Collaboration (ebBP) : This set of specification enables collaboration among business partners.

0 Collaboration Protocol Profile and Agreement (CPPA) : Their effort provides definitions for the sets of information used in business collaborations.

0 Registry and Repository : The goal of this effort is to come up with specification hat enable interoperable registries and repositories

0 Core Components (CCTS) : This effort focuses on technologies such as context and content assembly.

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Some Efforts - 2

0 Semantic web technologies have many applications in knowledge management. For

example, we need ontologies to capture the represent knowledge and reason about the

knowledge.

0 Paul Warren gives an example on how ”a political scientist, Sally who wants to research the

extent to which British Prime Minister Tony Blair's stance on Zimbabwe has changed over a

year and what factors might have caused that change.”

0 He further states that “in the world of the Semantic Web, Sally could search for everything

written by Blair on this topic over a specific time period. She could also search for

transcripts of his speeches. Information markup wouldn't stop at the article or report level

but would also exist at the article section level. So, Sally could also locate articles written by

political commentators that contain transcripts of Blair's speeches”

0 Now knowledge management also has applications for building the semantic web. For

example, prior knowledge captured as a result of knowledge management can be used by

agents to better understand the web pages. With respect to security, in the example by

Warren, confidentiality, privacy and trust policies will determine the extent to which Sally

trusts the articles and has access to the articles in putting together her report on Tony Blair’s

speeches.

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Some Efforts: OBELIX

0 Ontologies have also been developed for e-commerce applications specified in languages such as RDF, RDF-S, OWL and OWL-S

0 For example, in the Obelix project a very good description of e-business and ontologies is provided. The authors state that a problem with e-commerce is the vague ideas that lack precise description they then discuses their approach which they call e3value which is based on requirements engineering and they define ontologies for e-commerce.

0 It is stated that “OBELIX is the first ontology-based e-business system of its kind in the world to provide smart, scaleable integration and interoperability capabilities”.

0 It is also stated that this project “ incorporates ontology management and configuration, an e-business application server and ontology-based e-application tools as well as an e-business library.”

0 OBLEIX is a European Commission project and the goal is to automate e-business services in a semantic web environment which has come to be called semantic e-business.