第１回JBONワークショップ 2009.05.08 東大駒場キャンパス

Effect of landscape structureEffect of landscape structure

International Seminar on Enhancement of Functional Biodiversity Relevant to Sustainable Food Production in ASPAC

Tsukuba EPOCHAL December 10th, 2010

Effect of landscape structure Effect of landscape structure on functional biodiversityon functional biodiversity

Sh i YAMAMOTO d Y hi b KUSUMOTOSh i YAMAMOTO d Y hi b KUSUMOTOShori YAMAMOTO and Yoshinobu KUSUMOTOShori YAMAMOTO and Yoshinobu KUSUMOTOResearch Project for Biodiversity in Paddy LandscapeNational Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, JAPAN

CONTENTSCONTENTS

1 Context of CBD on agriculture and biodiversity1．Context of CBD on agriculture and biodiversity- Importance of sustainable use and landscape managementmanagement -

2．Relation between agriculture and landscape- “SATOAYAMA” and other landscape elements around rice paddy fields which used and managed by agricultural activities –

3. Effects of landscape mosaic on rice productionp p4. Estimation landscape mosaic around paddy and

its changesits changes

Convention of Biological DiversityConvention of Biological Diversity

CBDCBD--COP10 was held in Nagoya, Oct. 2010COP10 was held in Nagoya, Oct. 2010

Three objectives of CBDThree objectives of CBD1) the conservation of biological diversity

2) the sustainable use of its components) p

3) the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources (ABS)the utilization of genetic resources (ABS)

CBD focuses on not only “conservation”, but also ““ ” SS

CBD focuses on not only “conservation”, but also ““ ” SS“sustainable use“sustainable use” and ABSABS.

Latter two objectives are deeply associated with

“sustainable use“sustainable use” and ABSABS.

Latter two objectives are deeply associated withLatter two objectives are deeply associated with agriculture agriculture and agricultural landscape agricultural landscape

Latter two objectives are deeply associated with agriculture agriculture and agricultural landscape agricultural landscape

CBDCBD--COP10 Out ComesCOP10 Out ComesDecisions (Advance Unedited Texts)Decisions (Advance Unedited Texts)

1.THE STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE POST1.THE STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE POST--2010 PERIOD2010 PERIOD1.THE STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE POST1.THE STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE POST--2010 PERIOD2010 PERIOD

Strategic goal B. Reduce the direct pressures, promote promote sustainable usesustainable use

Target 7: By 2020 areas under agriculture…are managed sustainably…..

2.AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY2.AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY2.AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY2.AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY

(i) Strengthening approaches which promote the sustainability of agricultural systems and landscape;

(m)Further exploring possibilities for actions, where necessary, to rehabilitate agricultural ecosystems andlandscapes and restore their socio-economic functions on land where agriculture has declined, or ceased,

Mosaic of Agricultural LandscapeMosaic of Agricultural LandscapeHighly Heterogeneous Highly Heterogeneous YatsuYatsu Paddy Landscape of a Rural Community in Southern Ibaraki, JapanPaddy Landscape of a Rural Community in Southern Ibaraki, Japan

N

legendPaddy fieldUpland field

legendPaddy fieldUpland field

80 0 80 160 m N Upland fieldDeciduous forest (secondary)Coniferous forest (plantation)Bamboo BushGrassland

Upland fieldDeciduous forest (secondary)Coniferous forest (plantation)Bamboo BushGrasslandGrasslandMarshy grasslandGreenhouseOther open spacePondChannel

GrasslandMarshy grasslandGreenhouseOther open spacePondChannelHousePavement & roadHousePavement & road

YatsuYatsu Paddy LandscapePaddy Landscapey py p

Habitat Heterogeneity of Paddy LandscapeHabitat Heterogeneity of Paddy Landscapeゲンゴロウ

チュウサギpondfield

Biodiversity d

カントウタンポポ

チョウトンボ

タイコウチ

levee

andYATSU

Landscape タイコウチ Landscape originally

have abandoned

field

have various

species and ハッチョウトンボ ツマキチョウ

field pelements

メダカ ヘイケボタルタコノアシ

原図 椎名雅

channel

原図 椎名雅博

Field margin inSwitzerland

Hedgerow in Switzerland

Dehsa in Spain Built up Flower strip in Switzerland

Social Process for CBD targetsSocial Process for CBD targets（from presentation of D. Cooper in pre-COP10）p p p

ResponsesResponses

Current ProcessCurrent ProcessCurrent ProcessCurrent Process Desirable Process Desirable Process Desirable Process Desirable Process RResponsesRResponsesDrivers ResponsesDrivers Responses Drivers ResponsesResponsesDrivers ResponsesResponses

PressuresPressures PressuresPressures

State of Biodiversity

State of Biodiversity

State of Biodiversity

State of BiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversity Biodiversity

I t (B fit

Biodiversity

I t (B fit Impact on (Benefits for) ES & HWB

Impact on (Benefits for) ES & HWB

Impact on (Benefits for) ES & HWB

Impact on (Benefits for) ES & HWB

Focus only on StatusFocus only on Status Comprehensive ApproachComprehensive Approach

SatoyamaSatoyama InitiativeInitiativethe Ministry of the Environment of Japan and the United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU-IAS)

Launch of the International Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative, 19 Oct. 2010 on CBD-COP10

The landscape of yato in Japan (Photo: Koichi Tagoku)

Community Forestry in Thailand (JWRC)

“Muyong” in the Philippines (JWRC)

Oku-yama(natural forest)Where is Where is SATOYAMASATOYAMA ( )

YamaYama ((SatoSato yamayama))Yama Yama ((SatoSato--yamayama))“Yama” means forest and grassland,

not mountain

Mura(settlement) Nora

Nishiwaga T. in Iwate Pref.Nishiwaga T. in Iwate Pref.

(crop fields)

Satoyama Satoyama for the multifor the multi--productionsproductionsSatoyama use at Edo era

grasslands & Satoyama productionsFertilizerFertilizerg

bushes Fertilizer Fertilizer (see left figure)grasses and tree-leaves

Energy for PowerEnergy for Power

bushwood &

Energy for PowerEnergy for Powerfeeds for horses and cows(grasses)

Energy for Light and HeatEnergy for Light and Heatgrasses Energy for Light and HeatEnergy for Light and Heatfuels (charcoal & firewood)

FoodsFoods

paddy fields

FoodsFoodswild fruits and mushrooms, etc.

Materials for BuildingMaterials for Buildinghorses

fertilizer

logs, grasses, etc.

Other MaterialsOther Materials

信濃善光寺通りの田園風景（after Mizumoto,2003）

fertilizerSatoyama was the place for agriculture and forestry production

Satoyama Grassland for multiSatoyama Grassland for multi--productionproduction

Foot of Mt. Tsukuba Near Mt. Fuji

Grasses and pine woods Grasses and pine woods in Tsukuba, 1922in Tsukuba, 1922

Pine forest floor in TsukubaPine forest floor in Tsukuba

The Long Story of SemiThe Long Story of Semi--Natural Natural Grassland in SatoyamaGrassland in SatoyamaGrassland in SatoyamaGrassland in Satoyama

Old Map around Mt. Tsukuba

（（ ））（（16941694））Forest of shrineForest of shrine

PinePine

grassesRice paddiesRice paddies

grasses

Change of Change of SatoyamaSatoyama vegetation vegetation after energy revolutionafter energy revolution

Change of Change of SatoyamaSatoyama vegetation vegetation after energy revolutionafter energy revolutionafter energy revolutionafter energy revolutionafter energy revolutionafter energy revolution

After energy revolution, grassland became to no need. People planted pine trees in there But the forests have succeeded to oak forests by abandonment

１９７４ １９８４１９４７

there. But the forests have succeeded to oak forests by abandonment.

Cedar plantation (growing)

GG PiPi Mi d f tMi d f tGrassland Grassland meadowmeadow plantation

Pine Pine plantationplantation

Mixed forest Mixed forest of pine & oakof pine & oaksuccession

Ch d Mt T k b i 100Landscape Changes in SatoyamaLandscape Changes in Satoyama

Changes around Mt. Tsukuba in 100 years- from “grassland” to “forest” -

筑波山頂筑波山頂

1880s1880s 20072007Mt. TsukubaMt. Tsukuba

Tsukuba-san ShrineTsukuba-san Shrine

凡 例grassland forest houses原図作成：農業環境技術研究所デイビッド・スプレイグ

grassland forest

paddy upland fields fruits

houses

Effect of Landscape changes onEffect of Landscape changes onbiodiversity inbiodiversity in SatoyamaSatoyama grasslandsgrasslandsbiodiversity in biodiversity in SatoyamaSatoyama grasslandsgrasslands

Common species became threatenedCommon species became threatenedppEx) The Japanese traditional seven flowers of autumn

Miscanthus sinensis Pueraria lobata Lespedeza bicolor Eupatorium japonicum

Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus Platycodon grandiflorus Patrinia scabiosifolia

Farmers’ management around Paddy FieldsFarmers’ management around Paddy FieldsFarmers’ management around Paddy FieldsFarmers’ management around Paddy Fields

Traditional verge meadow : periodic Traditional verge meadow : periodic tti l d dj t ttti l d dj t t Y tY tcutting grassland adjacent to cutting grassland adjacent to YatsuYatsu

rice paddyrice paddy

cutting

Cutting grasses periodically to prevent vegetation from casting shade over the paddy riceshade over the paddy rice fields

Vegetation around Vegetation around YatsuYatsu PaddyPaddy

60.0 30 060.0 30 0

Species richness Species richness DCA of species compositionDCA of species composition60.0

木本

多年草

一年草

化率

％)

30.060.0木本

多年草

一年草

化率

％)

30.0300

250

現在の草本群落 過去の草本群落

300

250

300

250

現在の草本群落 過去の草本群落

300

250

現在の草本群落 過去の草本群落

300

250

300

250

現在の草本群落 過去の草本群落

Present data Past

spec

ies) tree

perennialannual

ecie

s

40.0

現種

数

る割

合(帰

化

20.040.0

現種

数

る割

合(帰

化

20.0

＊ ＊＊

200

150EIG

=0.3

32)

様性

を表

す）

＊ ＊＊

＊＊ ＊＊＊＊

200

150

200

150EIG

=0.3

32)

様性

を表

す）

＊ ＊＊

200

150EIG

=0.3

32)

様性

を表

す）

＊ ＊＊

＊＊ ＊＊＊＊

200

150

200

150EIG

=0.3

32)

様性

を表

す）

帰化率帰化率rate ofof n

ativ

e s

f spe

cies

plan

t spe

20.0

出現

植物

が占

める

10.020.0

出現

植物

が占

める

10.0

＊

＊

100

150

第１

軸（E

（在

来種

の多

様

＊

＊

＊＊

＊＊

100

150

100

150

第１

軸（E

（在

来種

の多

様

＊

＊

100

150

第１

軸（E

（在

来種

の多

様

＊

＊

＊＊

＊＊

100

150

100

150

第１

軸（E

（在

来種

の多

様 帰化率帰化率rate of aliens

(div

ersi

ty

num

ber o

f

% o

f alie

n

0.0

外来

植

0.0C1 C2 C3 P1

0.0

外来

植

0.0C1 C2 C3 P1

＊50

0

＊＊＊50

0

50

0

C1 C2 C3 P1

＊50

0

＊＊＊50

0

50

0

C1 C2 C3 P1

AX

IS 1

(

rate

%

C1谷津型

C2松林型

C3平地型

P1過去の半自然草地

C1谷津型

C2松林型

C3平地型

P1過去の半自然草地

C1谷津型

C2松林型

C3平地型

P1過去の半自然草地

C1谷津型

C2松林型

C3平地型

P1過去の半自然草地

Di it f ti h b i C1 ( ll l

valley slope

pine forest

flat land

past grassland

valley slope

pine forest

flat land

past grassland

Total species richness of C1 is nearly equal to C2, but in herb species in C1 is more rich and alien species in C1 is less than C2.

Diversity of native herbs in C1 (valley slope type) is nearly equal to C2 (pine forest) and P1 (past semi-natural grassland)

Importance of Forest edges Management Importance of Forest edges Management around Paddy foraround Paddy for SatoyamaSatoyama SpceicesSpceicesaround Paddy for around Paddy for SatoyamaSatoyama SpceicesSpceices

forest edge

アキノキリンソウ ヤブラン オオミドリシジミ

dry meadow

Traditional verge

ツリガネニンジンワレモコウ メスグロヒョウモン

wetlandmeadow wetland

オトギリソウ コバノギボウシ ツマキチョウ

Cutting grass for agricultural production Cutting grass for agricultural production remains Habitats forremains Habitats for SatoyamaSatoyama SpeciesSpeciesremains Habitats for remains Habitats for SatoyamaSatoyama SpeciesSpecies

These farmer’s activitiesThese farmer’s activitiesThese farmer’s activitiesThese farmer’s activitiesEdge of slope forest and Yatsu paddy Levee of paddy fields

These farmer s activities ….These farmer s activities ….is not for biodiversity conservationis not for biodiversity conservation

These farmer s activities ….These farmer s activities ….is not for biodiversity conservationis not for biodiversity conservationbut for just only agricultural productionbut for just only agricultural productionbut for just only agricultural productionbut for just only agricultural production

bank of terraced paddy slope near by tea garden

….that maintain biodiversity as a result….that maintain biodiversity as a resultWe want to evaluate these activities appropriately to enhance them.

….that maintain biodiversity as a result….that maintain biodiversity as a resultWe want to evaluate these activities appropriately to enhance them.y slope near by tea garden

(using grasses for tea quality)

These cutting grasslands have many functions for wildlife not only as semi natural

pp p ypp p y

These cutting grasslands have many functions for wildlife not only as semi-natural grassland but also as edges between aquatic (paddy) and terrestrial (forest, etc.) habitat and also as ecological infrastructures for natural enemies or pollinators.

Other Activities of FarmersOther Activities of Farmers-- environmentenvironment--friendly agriculturefriendly agriculture --

Certain types of agricultural intensification have posed serious threats to Certain types of agricultural intensification have posed serious threats to farmland biodiversity. To tackle this problem, environmentfarmland biodiversity. To tackle this problem, environment--friendly agriculturefriendly agriculture

environmentenvironment friendly agriculture friendly agriculture

farmland biodiversity. To tackle this problem, environmentfarmland biodiversity. To tackle this problem, environment friendly agriculture friendly agriculture is being implementedis being implemented

Plant flowers in field margins

Biological weed control (ducks)Weed control with paper mulch

Biological pest control (pheromone)

Weed control with rubber mulchBiological weed control (green mulch)

Are these agriculture effective for biodiversity ?Are these agriculture effective for biodiversity ?

TetragnathaTetragnatha sp. (Spider) as an indicator of sp. (Spider) as an indicator of paddy agriculturepaddy agricultureTetragnathaTetragnatha sp. (Spider) as an indicator of sp. (Spider) as an indicator of paddy agriculturepaddy agriculture

Adaptable area of TetragnathaAdaptable area of Tetragnatha

paddy ag cu tu epaddy ag cu tu epaddy ag cu tu epaddy ag cu tu eTetragnatha caudiculaTetragnatha caudiculap g

sp. as an indicator of paddy rice production

p gsp. as an indicator of paddy rice production

Adaptable areaOther survey areaNon survey area (paddy)

Shinkai et al.（2008）20.0

その他のアシナガグモ属ng

Other Tetragnatha spNon survey area (paddy)Non paddy area

Survey sites

15.0

調査

個体

数

その他のアシナガグモ属

トガリアシナガグモ

計：2圃

場平

均値

）0

swee

pin Other Tetragnatha sp.

T. caudicula

5.0

10.0

ウィ

ーピ

ング

調調

回振

り×

5回

調査

の合

計nd

ance

/ 1

0.0有機 慣行 有機 慣行 有機 慣行 有機 慣行

ス（10回

南部（野木） 中部（上三川） 北部（塩屋） 北部（大田原）

abun

Conv. Org. Conv. Org. Conv. Org. Conv. Org.

Investigate relationship between abundance of Tetragnatha spiders and usage of chemical insecticide in Tochigi Pref. Japan

Which is important for functional biodiversity ? Which is important for functional biodiversity ? agricultural practices or environmental factorsagricultural practices or environmental factors

Modeling (GLM) relationships between the abundance of indicator species and agricultural practices or environmental factors

g pg p

explanatory variables estimation significance

Agricultural Practicies

Conventional agriculture type or not -0.233 0.038 *

Environmental friendly agriculture or not -0 533 0 000 ***Environmental friendly agriculture or not 0.533 0.000 ***

Pesticide (put in plantation boxes, fipronil) -0.487 0.000 ***

Pesticide (put in plantation boxes, non-fipronil) -0.603 0.000 ***

Pesticide (put in fields) -0.369 0.000 ***

agricultural practices 28.5 %

Chemical fertilizers -0.557 0.000 ***

Organic fertilizers -0.120 0.107

Environmental Factors

Annual mean air temperature -0 499 0 000 ***

interaction 13.7%

Annual mean air temperature 0.499 0.000 ***

Annual amount of precipitation 0.001 0.000 ***

Amount of solar radiation in summer -0.213 0.000 ***

Maximum snow depth -0.025 0.000 ***

environmental factors 20.5%

Relief of land -0.005 0.000 ***

JOIN in 1997/ Paddy fields-Forest 0.018 0.000 ***

JOIN in 1997/ Upland fields-Forest -0.005 0.005 **

JOIN in 1997/ Buildup area-Forest -0.008 0.127 Only positive effectOnly positive effectJOIN in 1997/ Buildup area Forest 0.008 0.127

constant 28.423 0.000 ***

Only positive effectOnly positive effectMosaic of

paddy and forestBest model by GLM; AIC=2837.1, explained deviance=62.8

Effectiveness of environmentally friendly farmingEffectiveness of environmentally friendly farmingare different under different landscapesare different under different landscapesppUse the model to predict effects of environmentally friendly farming

Non-estimate0

abunadance

0.0～ 1.01.0～ 3.03.0～10.0

● survey sites

Scenario APesticide 4

Chemical fertilizer

Scenario APesticide 4

Chemical fertilizer

Scenario BPesticide 2

Organic fertilizer

Scenario CPesticide 0

Organic fertilizerChemical fertilizerChemical fertilizer Organic fertilizer Organic fertilizer

Predicted abundance of Tetragnatha sp. under different agricultural practices

If farmers stop their management If farmers stop their management in / around paddy fields?in / around paddy fields?

Urbanization of forest Urbanization of paddy Urbanization of landscape

in / around paddy fields?in / around paddy fields?p y p

Field AbandonmentField Abandonment(occupied by alien species) (occupied by alien species)

Field AbandonmentField Abandonment(succession to forest)(succession to forest)

Lost of paddy and forest mosaic Lost of paddy and forest mosaic -- Field AbandonmentField Abandonment ---- Field Abandonment Field Abandonment --

Ushiku City near Tsukuba1960 1974 2002

y

Paddy（non-improved）

Wet grassland（Phragmites australis）

Woodland（dwarf bamboo & oak）

Estimation of Landscape Mosaic by JOINEstimation of Landscape Mosaic by JOINto develop indices of landscape mosaic around paddy field.

Paddy JOIN Indices by land use data Paddy JOIN Indices by land use data

paddy – paddy 4 27%

Paddy JOIN Indices

paddy – paddy 4 27%

Paddy JOIN Indicesaddy JO d ces by a d use da aaddy JO d ces by a d use da a

paddy - upland field 3 20%

paddy – wood 6 40%

dd b ildi 2 13%

paddy - upland field 3 20%

paddy – wood 6 40%

dd b ildi 2 13%paddy – building 2 13%

upland field - upland field 2

upland field – wood 1

paddy – building 2 13%

upland field - upland field 2

upland field – wood 1

dd d l d fi ld

wood – wood 3

wood – building 2building – building 1

dd d l d fi ld

wood – wood 3

wood – building 2building – building 1

paddy wood upland fieldbuilding point for JOIN counting

Paddy Joins 15total Joins 24

paddy wood upland fieldbuilding point for JOIN counting

Paddy Joins 15total Joins 24

Calculate Paddy JOIN of each 1km grid in JapanCalculate Paddy JOIN of each 1km grid in Japan by using 100m grid land use data

PaddyPaddy--Paddy JOINPaddy JOIN19971997

PaddyPaddy--Wood JOINWood JOIN19971997

1997199719761976 199719971976197619971997

Estimation of Landscape Structure by RuLISEstimation of Landscape Structure by RuLISRuLISRuLIS (Rural Landscape Information System, NIAES) has the Hierarchical Ecosystem Classification (60 classes in Japan).

GIS and database including….・National common GIS data (climate topography soil land use etc )National common GIS data (climate, topography, soil, land use etc.)・Agro-ecosystem Classification・Site data (current & past land cover, species distribution, human activities)

Japan Kanto near Tokyo

Japan Kanto near TokyoHierarchical Hierarchical

AgroAgro--Ecosystem Ecosystem gg yyClassificationClassification

Each 1km square

Common Data Base of National Geography in Japan

・topography, soil,

● Class 1● Class 2● Class 3● Class 4● Class 5● Class 6● Class 7● Class 8

64666768

legend

Classes of Tone River basin in 6th order

Common Data Base of National Geography in Japan

・topography, soil,

Common Data Base of National Geography in Japan

・topography, soil,

● Class 1● Class 2● Class 3● Class 4● Class 5● Class 6● Class 7● Class 8

64666768

legend64666768

legend

Classes of Tone River basin in 6th order

qgird in all of Japan

topography, soil, climate, vegetation

・each data collectedas 1km grid data

Classification of Agro-ecosystem・agro-ecosystem in Japan classified into 60 classes by 6 levels

・this map shows 3rd level classes

Classes of Tone River basin in 6 order● 64 paddy in mountain foot● 66 paddy in alluvial plain● 67 upland fields & YatsuYatsu paddy● 68 upland fields in urban fringe

topography, soil, climate, vegetation

・each data collectedas 1km grid data

topography, soil, climate, vegetation

・each data collectedas 1km grid data

Classification of Agro-ecosystem・agro-ecosystem in Japan classified into 60 classes by 6 levels

・this map shows 3rd level classes

Classes of Tone River basin in 6 order● 64 paddy in mountain foot● 66 paddy in alluvial plain● 67 upland fields & YatsuYatsu paddy● 68 upland fields in urban fringe

Changes of landscape mosaic around paddyChanges of landscape mosaic around paddy

r = 0.980 r = 0.334 r = 0.654

50 0

60.0 12.0

10 0

12.0Paddy-Paddy JOIN Paddy-Forest JOIN Paddy-Buildup Area

l, 19

76

l, 19

76

otal

, 197

6

76Paddy Paddy -- paddypaddy Paddy Paddy -- forestforest Paddy Paddy –– builtupbuiltup

30.0

40.0

50.0

8.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

ddy

JOIN

in to

ta

rest

JO

IN in

tota

p ar

ea J

OIN

in t o

tio in

197

0.0

10.0

20.0

0 25 50 750.0

4.0

0 25 50 750.0

2.0

4.0

0 25 50 75

% o

f Pad

dy-P

ad

% o

f Pad

dy-F

or

of P

addy

-Bui

ldu

JOIN

rat

2.0 0.3 2.5

0 25 50 75 0 25 50 75 0 25 50 75

Chage of Paddy-Paddy JOIN Change of Paddy-Forest JOIN Change of Paddy-Buildup Area

% o

OIN

Land use ratio % of Paddy in 1km grid, Land use ratio % of Paddy in 1km grid, Land use ratio % of Paddy in 1km grid,

97

r = -0.858 r = -0.559 r = 0.851

4 0

-2.0

0.0

0 25 50 75

-0.3

0.0

0 25 50 75

1.0

1.5

2.0

ddy-

Padd

y JO

IN19

97

ddy-

Fore

st J

OIN

1997

y-B

uild

up a

rea

JO- 1

997

1976

-19

-8.0

-6.0

-4.0

-1.2

-0.9

-0.6

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

0 25 50 75

chan

ge %

of P

ad19

76 -

chan

ge %

of P

ad19

76 -

ange

% o

f Pad

dy19

76 -

nge

ratio

-10.0 -1.5 -1.5

c c

cha

Land use ratio % of Paddy in 1km grid, Land use ratio % of Paddy in 1km grid, Land use ratio % of Paddy in 1km grid,

Cha

n

Land use ratio % of paddy fields in each 1km grid

Importance of comprehensive Importance of comprehensive Management for Farmland LandsacpeManagement for Farmland Landsacpe

FarmlandFarmland

Management for Farmland LandsacpeManagement for Farmland Landsacpe

CommunitiesCommunities LandscapeLandscape

Mosaic of Satoyama & fields

WatershedWatershedLandscape Landscape

managementmanagement

Off FieldOff FieldFarmFarm Farming, irrigation Farming, irrigation

Off FieldOff FieldNetwork of paddy and ditches, ponds

systemsystem

Field parcelField parcel Agricultural practiceAgricultural practiceIn FieldIn Field

Each parcel of paddy field

Pleas give your kindly cooperation to APAP BONBONAPAP--BONBON

Asia- Pacific Biodiversity Observation Network (established in July, 2009)

I am a chief of theI am a chief of theI am a chief of the agricultural ecosystem sector in AP-BON

I am a chief of the agricultural ecosystem sector in AP-BON

But, we have only few But, we have only few

sector in AP BONsector in AP BON

knowledge of functional and associated biodiversity

knowledge of functional and associated biodiversityassociated biodiversity in farmland in Asian Countries

associated biodiversity in farmland in Asian Countries

Th k fTh k fThank you for Thank you for your attentionyour attentionyour attention your attention