tuberculosis mauritius 23...tb hard facts • someone in the world is newly infected with tb every...

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Tuberculosis in Mauritius Dr R R Purryag Chest Physician Chest Clinic

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Page 1: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Tuberculosis in MauritiusDr R R PurryagChest PhysicianChest Clinic

Page 2: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Robert Koch (1843‐1910) and………

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Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1905

Page 3: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

……….yet Worldwide in 2014

• 9.6 million people were estimated to have fallen ill with TB 

• 12% of the 9.6 million new TB cases were HIV‐positive

• TB now annually causes more deaths than HIV: 1.5 million TB‐related deaths

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Page 4: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

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Page 5: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

WHO End TB Strategy• From 2016, the goal is to end the global TBepidemic by implementing the End TB Strategywith specific targets:

i) to reduce the number of TB deaths by 90% by2030 (compared with 2015 levels)

ii) cut new cases by 80% and ensure that nofamily is burdened with catastrophic costs dueto TB

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Page 6: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

TB Hard Facts• Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second

• Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

• 1/3 of the world's population is currently infected with the TB bacillus

• But only 5‐10% of people who are infected with TB (but who are not infected with HIV) become sick or infectious at some time during their life

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Page 7: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Burden of TB in Mauritius 2015• Low burden country• Incidence rate: 9.8 per 100,000 pop• Total number of TB cases notified: 127• No. of TB/HIV co‐infection cases: 14• Foreigners: 25• Extrapulmonary TB: 10• MDR TB: 1• No. of TB Deaths: 8

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Page 8: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

TB comorbidities and risk factors

• HIV: PLHIV are from 26‐31 times more likely to develop TB than persons without HIV

• Diabetes: Diabetes × 3 the risk of TB

• Nutri on: Malnutri on ↑ the risk of TB and TB can lead tomalnutrition

• Tobacco smoking: ↑risk of TB 2‐3 fold, and is associatedwith poor TB treatment results

• Harmful use of alcohol: ↑ the risk of TB × 3

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http://www.who.int/tb/areas‐of‐work/treatment/risk‐factors/en/

Page 9: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Risk factors predisposing to TB in Mauritius

Alcohol 50%

DM 20%

TB Contacts 5 %

HIV 5%

Migrant Workers 5%

Others 15% Alcohol 50 %

Diabetes 20 %TB Contacts 5 %HIV 5%Migrant Workers 5 %Others  15 %

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Page 10: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Trends in Total no. of TB cases, Incidence Rate and Mortality Rate (2005‐2014)

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Page 11: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Trend of foreigners with TB

1311

1311

14

25

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

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Page 12: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Extrapulmonary TB

6

8

6 6

10

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

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Page 13: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

MDR TB

2

0

1

0

1

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

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Page 14: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Trend in No. of TB/HIV cases 

35

7

10

7

10 10 10

24

15 14

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

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Page 15: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Age distribution of TB cases, 2008‐2012No. of T

B Cases

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Page 16: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

3:1 1:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:116

Page 17: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Distribution of TB cases District‐wise (2010‐2014)

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Page 18: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Ne

• Notifiable Disease

• Sputum +ve = Admission at Poudre D’or Chest HospStrict DOTS until sputum conversion

• Treatment = Standard WHO treatment regimens

Intensive phase: 2HRZE*Continuation phase: 4HR*

*H‐Isoniazid, R‐Rifampicin, Z‐Pyrazinamide, E‐Ethambutol

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Page 19: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Can be Challenging 

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Page 20: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Clinical presentation 1

• 56 years old man with prod. cough• Fever and chills ass. with night sweats• ↓ appe te• No history of contact with TB• DM (OHA’s), HBP > 15 yrs• Ex‐smoker & consumes alcohol occ. 

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× 2 weeks

Page 21: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Case 1 – Sputum ‐ve PTB

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Page 22: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Case 1• Investigation‐ FBC: WCC ↑ 14,000‐ ESR ↑20‐ U and E normal‐LFT:  normal‐Sputum for AFB: smear negative‐Mantoux test: 13 mm‐ Bronchoscopy: interrupted d/t patient’s

uncooperativeness

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Page 23: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Case 1

• Progress‐ Clinical diagnosis of TB‐ Treatment: (2HRZE/4HR)‐ Clinical improvement ( wt↑ by 6kgs),

constitutional symptoms ↓‐ TB culture: Negative• Cured after standard 6 months therapy

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Page 24: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Clinical presentation 2• 41 years old man with prod. Cough• Night sweats on & off• Coughing‐up of blood +‐

• H/o Rt Pneumothorax in 2009• No history of contact with TB• DM on OHA’s > 10 yrs• Smoker: 5 pack years • Alcohol intake: occasional 

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× 2 months

Page 25: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Case 2 – Sputum ‐ve PTB

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Page 26: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Case 2 • Investigation‐ FBC: normal‐ ESR normal‐ U and E normal‐ LFT:  normal‐Sputum for AFB: smear negative‐Mantoux test: 20mm‐ Bronchoscopy: patient unwilling

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Page 27: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

Case 2• Progress‐ Clinical diagnosis of TB‐ Treatment: (2HRZE/4HR)‐ Clinical improvement ( wt↑ by 9 kgs), constitutional symptoms ↓

• Cured after standard 6 months therapy

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Page 28: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

• Diagnostic difficulties arise when sputum smears are negativefor acid‐fast bacilli in tuberculin‐positive patients withcompatible symptoms and chest radiographs for tuberculosis

• Many of these smear‐negative patients yield positive culturesfor M tuberculosis, whereas others remain culturally negative

• Several studies have shown that many smear‐negative/culture‐negative patients will developbacteriologically positive disease later

• Often, physicians are unable to decide whether to initiatechemotherapy or to wait for the culture results

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Page 29: Tuberculosis Mauritius 23...TB Hard Facts • Someone in the world is newly infected with TB every second • Nearly 1% of the world's population is newly infected with TB each year

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