TB DeathsTB DeathsCardinal RichelieuCardinal Richelieu Doc HolidayDoc HolidayKatherine MansfieldKatherine Mansfield Igor StravinskyIgor StravinskyLuigi BoccheriniLuigi Boccherini D H LawrenceD H LawrenceAmedeoAmedeo ModiglianiModigliani Eugene OEugene O’’NeillNeillJohann von GoetheJohann von Goethe FreidrichFreidrich SchillerSchillerSir Walter ScottSir Walter Scott Franz KafkaFranz KafkaFyodor DostoyevskyFyodor Dostoyevsky Tom Tom FogertyFogertyEleanor RooseveltEleanor Roosevelt Jimmie RogersJimmie RogersRobert Louis StevensonRobert Louis Stevenson George Orwell George Orwell Christy MathewsonChristy Mathewson GavrilovGavrilov PrincipPrincip

Tuberculosis,Tuberculosis,Mummies, and VampiresMummies, and Vampires

An interrupted history of man, An interrupted history of man, cows, and the arts.cows, and the arts.

HippocratesHippocrates

•• Recognized Recognized phthsisphthsis•• Pulmonary vs SpinalPulmonary vs Spinal•• Confused with empyemaConfused with empyema•• Described Described ralesrales, rubs, , rubs, succusionsuccusion•• Used Used ““tubercletubercle”” for any nodulefor any nodule•• No autopsiesNo autopsies•• HereditaryHereditary

Galen (c129 Galen (c129 -- c200)c200)•• 500 books (80 survive)500 books (80 survive)•• Animal dissectionAnimal dissection•• Sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic, and Sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic, and

choleric humorscholeric humors•• Pulmonary Pulmonary phthsisphthsis well describedwell described•• ContagiousContagious•• Rest, milkRest, milk•• Specific potions (Specific potions (theriactheriac))

Lamia (lamiae)Lamia (lamiae)

The Golden Ass The Golden Ass ---- ApuleiusApuleius

VrykolakasVrykolakas

•• ConstantineConstantine•• Fall of RomeFall of Rome•• Eastern Orthodox Church supported Eastern Orthodox Church supported

concept of concept of vrykolakasvrykolakas•• Holy Roman Empire suppressed progress Holy Roman Empire suppressed progress ––

GalenGalen’’s ideas maintaineds ideas maintained

MacDuffMacDuff:: WhatWhat’’s the disease he means?s the disease he means?

Malcolm:Malcolm: ItIt’’s called the evil;s called the evil;

A most miraculous work in this good KingA most miraculous work in this good KingWhich often, since my here remain in England,Which often, since my here remain in England,I have seen him do. How he solicits heaven, Himself best I have seen him do. How he solicits heaven, Himself best knows; but strangely visited people, All knows; but strangely visited people, All swolswol’’nn and ulcerous,and ulcerous,pitiful to the eye, The mere pitiful to the eye, The mere dispairdispair of surgery, he cures,of surgery, he cures,Hanging a golden stamp about their necks Put on with holyHanging a golden stamp about their necks Put on with holyprayers; and prayers; and ‘‘tis spoken, To the succeeding royalty he leavestis spoken, To the succeeding royalty he leavesThe healing benediction.The healing benediction.

---- MacbethMacbeth act 4, scene 3act 4, scene 3

MalleusMalleus MaleficarumMaleficarum

---- Pope Innocent VIII (1486)Pope Innocent VIII (1486)

16th and 17th Centuries16th and 17th Centuries

•• Vesalius Vesalius –– anatomyanatomy•• FrascotoriousFrascotorious –– foamitesfoamites•• ComsumptionComsumption –– 2020--25% of all deaths25% of all deaths

•• DissertarioDissertario HistoricaHistorica PhilosophicaPhilosophica dedeMasticationeMasticatione MortuorumMortuorum (1679)(1679)

•• De De MasticationeMasticatione MortuorumMortuorum in in TumulisTumulis LiberLiber(1728)(1728)

•• DisertatioDisertatio PhysicaPhysica CadaveribusCadaveribus SanguisugisSanguisugis(1732)(1732)

Hamlet:Hamlet: How long will a man lie iHow long will a man lie i’’ the earth erethe earth erehe rot?he rot?

1st clown:1st clown: II’’ faith, if afaith, if a’’ be not rotten before abe not rotten before a’’die,die,……aa’’ will last you some eight year or nine year.will last you some eight year or nine year.A tanner will last you nine year.A tanner will last you nine year.

----HamletHamlet act 5, scene 1act 5, scene 1

““Pore Jud is Pore Jud is DaidDaid””

He looks like heHe looks like he’’s asleep,s asleep,itit’’s a shame that he wons a shame that he won’’t keep,t keep,but itbut it’’s summer and wes summer and we’’re re runninrunnin’’ out oout o’’ ice.ice.

Oklahoma!Oklahoma!

Detecting a Vampire (the grave)Detecting a Vampire (the grave)

•• Disturbed earthDisturbed earth•• Fallen tombstoneFallen tombstone•• FootprintsFootprints•• Dogs barkDogs bark•• Horses shyHorses shy

Detecting a Vampire (the corpse)Detecting a Vampire (the corpse)

•• Open eyesOpen eyes•• Ruddy complexionRuddy complexion•• Nail growthNail growth•• Lack of decompositionLack of decomposition•• Blood around mouthBlood around mouth•• Shrieking and bleeding when stakedShrieking and bleeding when staked

Destroying a VampireDestroying a Vampire

•• BurningBurning•• StakingStaking•• Removing head or heartRemoving head or heart•• Help from sun, garlic, and religious artifactsHelp from sun, garlic, and religious artifacts

““DocumentedDocumented”” VampiresVampires

•• Peter Peter PlogowitzPlogowitz -- Hungary (1725)Hungary (1725)•• Arnold Arnold PaolePaole -- Serbia (1726)Serbia (1726)•• Johann Johann FluckingerFluckinger (1732)(1732)

VisumVisum et et RepertumRepertum

Trait Trait surlessurles Revenants en Corps, Revenants en Corps, laslasExcommuniesExcommunies, les , les OupiresOupires ouou Vampires,Vampires,BroueolaquesBroueolaques de de HongrieHongrie, de , de MoravieMoravie, etc., etc.

----Dom Dom CalmetCalmet (1746)(1746)

The health of the human body shall not be The health of the human body shall not be harmed or imperiled by objects remaining after harmed or imperiled by objects remaining after death of a person dying of death of a person dying of phthsisphthsis..

Republic of Lucca Republic of Lucca -- 16991699

18th Century

• Industrial revolution• Consumption 25-33% of all deaths• Continued disagreement on contagion

“It was the fashion to suffer from the lungs;everybody was consumptive, poets especially; it was good form to spit blood after each emotion and to die before the age of thirty.”

--Alexander Dumas

TB in FictionTB in Fiction

Marguerite GautierMarguerite Gautier La Dame au La Dame au CameliasCameliasViolettaVioletta La La TraviataTraviataMimiMimi La La BohemeBohemeLeonoraLeonora La La FavorataFavorataLittle BlossomLittle Blossom David CopperfieldDavid CopperfieldSmikeSmike Nicholas Nicholas NicklebyNicklebyFantineFantine Les Les MiserablesMiserables

I look pale . . . I should like to die of I look pale . . . I should like to die of consumption consumption –– because the ladies would because the ladies would say say ““Look at poor Byron, how interesting Look at poor Byron, how interesting he looks in dying.he looks in dying.””

----Lord ByronLord Byron

But first, on earth as vampire sent,But first, on earth as vampire sent,Thy corpse shall from itThy corpse shall from it’’s tomb be rent;s tomb be rent;Then ghastly haunt thy native place,Then ghastly haunt thy native place,And suck the blood from all thy raceAnd suck the blood from all thy race

----Lord Byron Lord Byron The The GiaourGiaour

I saw pale kings, and princes tooI saw pale kings, and princes tooPale warriors, death pale were they all,Pale warriors, death pale were they all,

They cried They cried ““La Belle Dame sans MerciLa Belle Dame sans MerciHath thee in thrall!Hath thee in thrall!””

John Keats (1819)John Keats (1819)

This consumption is a disease particularly This consumption is a disease particularly fond of people who write good verses such fond of people who write good verses such as you have done . . .as you have done . . .I think you would do well to pass the I think you would do well to pass the winter in Italy as long as you find Pisa winter in Italy as long as you find Pisa agreeable.agreeable.

---- P B ShelleyP B Shelley

““Those brutal Italians have nearly finished Those brutal Italians have nearly finished their monstrous business. They have their monstrous business. They have burned all the furniture burned all the furniture –– and are now and are now scraping the walls scraping the walls –– making new windows making new windows –– new doors new doors –– and even a new floor.and even a new floor.””

Joseph Joseph SeverinSeverin, Rome, 1821, Rome, 1821

By now, thy youngest, dearest one has perished By now, thy youngest, dearest one has perished ––The nursling of thy widowhood, who grew,The nursling of thy widowhood, who grew,Like a pale flower by some sad maiden cherished,Like a pale flower by some sad maiden cherished,And fed with trueAnd fed with true--love tears, instead of dew,love tears, instead of dew,Most musical of mourners, weep anew!Most musical of mourners, weep anew!Thy extreme hope, the Thy extreme hope, the lovliestlovliest and the last,and the last,the bloom, whose petals nipped before they blewthe bloom, whose petals nipped before they blewDied on the promise of the fruit, is waste;Died on the promise of the fruit, is waste;The broken lily lies The broken lily lies –– the storm is the storm is overpastoverpast..

Percy Percy ByssheBysshe Shelley Shelley ---- AdonaisAdonais

““Is that man, brought into the arena at the Is that man, brought into the arena at the moment of death, like a dying gladiator, to moment of death, like a dying gladiator, to delight the public with his convulsion? Or is it delight the public with his convulsion? Or is it one risen from the dead, a vampire with a violin, one risen from the dead, a vampire with a violin, who if not the blood out of our hearts, sucks the who if not the blood out of our hearts, sucks the gold out of our pockets?gold out of our pockets?””

---- HeineHeine

Rene Rene LannecLannec (1781(1781--1824)1824)

•• StethoscopeStethoscope•• AutopsiesAutopsies•• Unified forms of consumptionUnified forms of consumption•• Called disease Called disease ““TuberculosisTuberculosis””•• Died of TBDied of TB

““Is it possible that genius is only Is it possible that genius is only scrofula?scrofula?””

---- Elizabeth Barrett BrowningElizabeth Barrett Browning

Historical U.S. VampiresHistorical U.S. VampiresStuckleyStuckley 17701770 Rural RIRural RI FF consumptionconsumptionBurtonBurton 17901790 Manchester VTManchester VT FF consumptionconsumptionRansomRansom 1817 1817 Rural VTRural VT MM consumptionconsumptionCorwinCorwin 18291829 Woodstock VTWoodstock VT MM consumptionconsumptionRayRay 18541854 Jewett City CTJewett City CT M*M* consumptionconsumptionRoseRose 18741874 PeacedalePeacedale RIRI FF consumptionconsumptionUnknownUnknown 1875 1875 Chicago ILChicago IL FF consumptionconsumptionBrownBrown 18921892 Exeter RIExeter RI F*F* consumptionconsumption*3 vampires*3 vampires

Oil and BloodOil and Blood

In tombs of gold and lapis lazuliIn tombs of gold and lapis lazuliBodies of holy men and women exudeBodies of holy men and women exudeMiraculous oil, Miraculous oil, odourodour of violetof violet

But under heavy loads of trampled clayBut under heavy loads of trampled clayLie bodies of vampires full of blood;Lie bodies of vampires full of blood;Their shrouds are bloody and their lips are wetTheir shrouds are bloody and their lips are wet

---- W.B. YeatsW.B. Yeats