tuesday lecture – fruits and nuts of warm regions reading: textbook, chapter 4
TRANSCRIPT
Tuesday Lecture – Fruits and Nuts of Warm Regions
Reading: Textbook, Chapter 4
OPTIONAL ASSIGNMENT
What are the tropics? - define and explain this term, especially as it applies to the factors that affect the growth of plants, including economically important ones.
Due today - return as hard copy or by e-mail
QUIZ
1.Name a fruit that is from a member of the rose family, Rosaceae.
2.A hesperidium is a type of berry – how is it different from other berries? Give an example of a hesperidium.
Orangerie
Kumquat – Fortunella japonica and F. margarita
Cucurbitaceae – Squashes and their Relatives
Many genera used for food; some also for various implements
Fruit = pepo --- a berry with a hard rind ( enhances storage)
Cucurbitaceae – Squashes and their Relatives
Many genera used for food; some also for various implements
Fruit = pepo --- a berry with a hard rind ( enhances storage)
Plants = vines, with tendrils
Cucurbitaceae – Squashes and their Relatives
Many genera used for food; some also for various implements
Fruit = pepo --- a berry with a hard rind ( enhances storage)
Plants = vines, with tendrils
Flowers – often unisexual, with 5 sepals, 5 united petals
Cucurbita Flowers
See Fig. 4.5, p. 83
Cucurbita Flowers
Pistillate (“female”) Flower
See Fig. 4.5, p. 83
(note enlarged ovary at base)
Cucurbita Flowers
Pistillate (“female”) Flower
Staminate (“male”) Flower
See Fig. 4.5, p. 83
(note slender stalk)
Cucurbita Flowers
Pistillate (“female”) Flower
Staminate (“male”) Flower
See Fig. 4.5, p. 83
Cucurbita Flowers
Pistillate (“female”) Flower
Staminate (“male”) Flower
See Fig. 4.5, p. 83
Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes
C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc.
See Table 4.3, p. 84
Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes
C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc.
C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin
See Table 4.3, p. 84
Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes
C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc.
C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin
C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin
See Table 4.3, p. 84
Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes
C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc.
C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin
C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin
C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc.
See Table 4.3, p. 84
Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes
C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc.
C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin
C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin
C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc.
See Table 4.3, p. 84
First uses – probably for seeds; later used for fleshy part of fruit
Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes
C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc.
C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin
C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin
C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc.
See Table 4.3, p. 84
All New World Species
Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes
C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc.
C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin
C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin
C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc.
See Table 4.3, p. 84
All New World Species
- separate domestications – eastern North America, Mexico, of C. pepo
Other Cultivated Cucurbits
Old World:
- Watermelon – Citrullus lanatus
- Melons – Cucumis melo
- Cucumbers – Cucumis sativus
Luffa – Luffa cylindrica
Other Cultivated Cucurbits
Old World:
- Watermelon – Citrullus lanatus
- Melons – Cucumis melo
- Cucumbers – Cucumis sativus
Luffa – Luffa cylindrica
New World:
- Chayote – Sechium edule
Other Cultivated Cucurbits
Old World:
- Watermelon – Citrullus lanatus
- Melons – Cucumis melo
- Cucumbers – Cucumis sativus
Luffa – Luffa cylindrica
New World:
- Chayote – Sechium edule
Global:
- Bottle Gourd – Lagenaria siceraria
Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre-Columbian contact?
Archaeological Record: cultivated in Ecuador/Peru (7,000 years ago) and Egypt (3000 years ago)
Resolution:
- people in reed boats? Fishermen?
- gourds floating in oceanic currents?
Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre-Columbian contact?
Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320
Resolution:
(1) Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa
Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre-Columbian contact?
Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320
Resolution:
(1) Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa
(2) Accurate identification of New World archeological samples
- fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths
Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre-Columbian contact?
Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320
Resolution:
(1) Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa
(2) Accurate identification of New World archeological samples
- fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths
(3) Accurate dating of material using direct AMS C14 technology
- Florida (8100 yrs); Peru (8400 yrs); Mexico (10,000 yrs BP)
Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre-Columbian contact?
Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320
Resolution:
(1) Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa
(2) Accurate identification of New World archeological samples
- fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths
(3) Accurate dating of material using direct AMS C14 technology
- Florida (8100 yrs); Peru (8400 yrs); Mexico (10,000 yrs BP)
(4) DNA markers -> New World matches Asia, not Africa
Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre-Columbian contact?
Erickson et al. PNAS 2005 102: 18315-18320
Resolution:
(1) Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa
(2) Accurate identification of New World archeological samples
- fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths
(3) Accurate dating of material using direct AMS C14 technology
- Florida (8100 yrs); Peru (8400 yrs); Mexico (10,000 yrs BP)
(4) DNA markers -> New World matches Asia, not Africa
Conclusion: dog + gourds moved with early people from Asia
Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples
Tomato – New World crop
Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples
Tomato – New World crop
- 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple)
Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples
Tomato – New World crop
- 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple)
- possible transit: New World Spain (ignored) Morocco Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple)
Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples
Tomato – New World crop
- 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple)
- possible transit: New World Spain (ignored) Morocco Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple)
- France, name transformed to pomme d’amour = love apple
Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples
Tomato – New World crop
- 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple)
- possible transit: New World Spain (ignored) Morocco Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple)
- France, name transformed to pomme d’amour = love apple
Early confusion in Europe/North America:
- aphrodisiac (love apple)
- poisonous (association with related plants of Solanaceae)
Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples
Tomato – New World crop
- 1544 (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple)
- possible transit: New World Spain (ignored) Morocco Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple)
- France, name transformed to pomme d’amour = love apple
Early confusion in Europe/North America:
- aphrodisiac (love apple)
- poisonous (association with related plants of Solanaceae)
Note: German name “wolf peach” (association with werewolves) became basis for genus name Lycopersicon
Tomato
Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands
Tomato
Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands
Find Peru and the Galapagos Islands on the globe
Tomato
Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands
Domestication – seems to have occurred in Mexico: Mayan name, xtomatl or tomatl Spanish tomate tomato
Tomato
Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands
Domestication – seems to have occurred in Mexico: Mayan name, xtomatl or tomatl Spanish tomate tomato
Classification:
Traditional – distinct genus, Lycopersicon
Tomato
Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands
Domestication – seems to have occurred in Mexico: Mayan name, xtomatl or tomatl Spanish tomate tomato
Classification:
Traditional – distinct genus, Lycopersicon
New Molecular-based Findings – part of Solanum (actually sister group to potatoes)
Tomato – Flower and Fruit
Notes:
Stamens open by terminal pores require shaking to release pollen
See Fig. 4.11, p. 90
Tomato – Flower and Fruit
Notes:
Stamens open by terminal pores require shaking to release pollen
Plants are quite sensitive to chemicals produced by walnuts (allelopathy)
See Fig. 4.11, p. 90
Tomatoes – Modification under Domestication
Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary
Fruit type = ?
Tomatoes – Modification under Domestication
Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary
Fruit type = berry
Tomatoes – Modification under Domestication
Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary
Intruded placentae
Tomatoes – Modification under Domestication
Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary
Intruded placentaeColorful tomatoes
Pineapples – The Multiple Fruit
Ananas comosus - Bromeliaceae
See Fig. 4.16, p. 93
What is a Cereal?
What is a Cereal?
Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter).
Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons
What is a Cereal?
Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter).
Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons
Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses
See Fig. 5.1, p. 111
What is a Cereal?
Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter).
Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons
Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses
Cereal = edible grains produced by annual grasses
Cereal Grain – redundant? See Fig. 5.1, p. 111
Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family
Agrostology – Study of Grasses
Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family
Agrostology – Study of Grasses
Gramineae – traditional name for family
Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family
Agrostology – Study of Grasses
Gramineae – traditional name for family
Ranks: 4th (number of species) 1st (Number of individuals) 1st – Economic Importance
Grass Plant – Overall Structure
See Fig. 5.2, p. 112
Grass Infloresence Structure
See Fig. 5.2, p. 112
Grass Infloresence Structure
Flower
See Fig. 5.2, p. 112
Grain – Fruit of the Grass FamilySee Fig. 5.4, p. 112
Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication
1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching
See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115
Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication
1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching
2. Reduced lodgingSee Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115
Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication
1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching
2. Reduced lodging
3. Non-shatteringSee Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115
Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication
1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching
2. Reduced lodging
3. Non-shattering
4. Free-threshing
See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115
Major Cereal Crops
Barley – Hordeum vulgare
Wheat – Triticum (T. aestivum, T. monococcum, T. durum)
Rye – Secale cereale
Oats – Avena sativa
Rice – Oryza sativa
Sorghum – Sorghum bicolor
Millets – Eleusine coracana, Pennisetum glaucum, etc.
Corn – Zea mays
SeeTable. 5.2, p. 110
Thursday Lecture – Cereal Grains
Reading: Textbook, Chapter 5