The following information was generated from the Toxicology Literature Online Databank (TOXLINE), a database of the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET system (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov) on November 26, 2002. Query: The chemical name tungsten was identified. The following terms were added from ChemIDplus: wolfram CAS Registry Number: 7440-33-7

1 TITLE: Industrial Toxicology AUTHORS: Fairhall LT SOURCE: Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, Maryland, Second Edition, pages 128-129, 8 references, 19571957 ABSTRACT: Physical properties, industrial uses, toxicity, and analytical determination of tungsten (7440337) and tungsten compounds are briefly given. The more important tungsten oxides are tungsten-dioxide (1328661) and tungsten-trioxide (1314358), the latter being reduced to metallic tungsten by heating it in a stream of hydrogen. Tungsten carbides W2-C and WC are formed when the powdered metal is intimately mixed with carbon and is heated in an atmosphere of hydrogen in an electric furnace. Consumption of tungsten ore and concentrates in the United States was 20,100 in 1944 and 14,900 in 1945. Tungsten-carbide cemented in a matrix of metallic cobalt (7440484) has a hardness approaching that of the diamond and is thus used in cutting tools and dies. Exposure to tungsten in industry is related chiefly to the dust arising from crushing and milling of scheelite (14913805) and wolframite (1332087) and in the preparation of cemented tungsten-carbide tool tips. Toxicity data are given for tungsten metal, sodium-tungstate (13472452), and ammonium-paratungstate. The chief sites of deposition of tungsten are in the bones, and spleen with smaller amounts in the kidney and liver. The thiocyanate-stannous-chloride method as modified by Aull and Kinard can determine minute amounts of tungsten in biological materials and in air. Nickel (7440020) and cobalt give color interference. KEYWORDS: DCN-178854 Tungsten Cemented tungsten carbide Transition metals Detection Industrial chemicals Air quality measurement Analytical methods Chemical processes Production Tungsten alloys Tungsten ore Body distribution Refractory metals

CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 1328-66-1 1314-35-8 7440-48-4 14913-80-5 1332-08-7 13472-45-2 7440-02-0 ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1957 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00074916 2 TITLE: Detection Of Tungsten In The Kidneys Of A Suicide And Some Findings In Animals After Tungsten Administration AUTHORS: Stepan J Friedrich E SOURCE: Deutsche Zeitschrift fuer die Gesamte Gerichtliche Medizin, Vol. 51, pages 7-11, 6 references, 19611961 ABSTRACT: The biological effects of tungsten (7440337) were investigated in guinea-pigs and a human subject. Tungsten was found at autopsy in the kidneys of a 33 year old male who had committed suicide. The subject had installed fire resistant linings in blast furnaces for many years. Determinations were also made in kidneys of 35 human subjects who died naturally. Guinea-pigs were given doses of 0.3 to 25 micrograms per 20 milligrams (microg/20mg) tungsten by intranasal administration, sodium-tungstate (11120017) by subcutaneous injection, or tungsten-oxide (39318188) by stomach tube. Brain, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, adrenals, pancreas, gall bladder, and testicles were examined. Tungsten concentrations in tissues were determined by emission spectral analysis. No tungsten was found in the 35 human kidneys. Of ten guinea-pigs given tungsten, traces of tungsten were found in the lungs of one. Those given sodium-tungstate had no tungsten in any organs. Tungsten was found in the lungs of one of ten guinea-pigs given tungsten-oxide. Histological findings among 30 treated animals included suspicious glia nodules in the brains of 3 animals, perivascular infiltrates in 2 animals, and 1 case of encephalitis. Siderosis, increased segmented cells, and excessive blood were found in spleens of 26 animals. The authors conclude that tungsten may cause chemical lesions in nervous tissue, possibly explaining the cause of the subject's suicide. (German) KEYWORDS: DCN-125126 TRANS

Animal studies Tungsten compounds Heavy metals Case studies Histopathology Toxicopathology Biological effects Body distribution CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 11120-01-7 39318-18-8 ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1961 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00137040 3 TITLE: A Model of the Distribution and Retention of Tungsten in the Human Body AUTHORS: Leggett RW SOURCE: Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 206, Nos. 2/3, pages 147-165, 51 references, 1997 ABSTRACT: The preliminary results obtained with a biokinetic model describing the disposition of tungsten (7440337) in humans were discussed. The model was derived from an International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) model developed for uranium (7440611) and other 'bone seeking elements' and consisted of a transfer (blood) compartment and skeleton, kidney, liver, spleen, and excretory compartments. The biokinetic parameters needed for the model were derived from published studies on the metabolic disposition in rats, dogs, and goats. Following a single injection into the blood (acute exposure), the model predicted that the tungsten body burden would decrease to 15% of the injected amount after 1 day (day), to 5% after 1 week, to 3% after 1 month (mo), to 1.6% after 1 year (yr), and to 0.4% after 10yr. The amounts of tungsten in the liver, kidneys, spleen, and other soft tissues would be greater than in bone tissues during the first mo after injection. Tungsten that migrated into bone mineral pools, however, would be strongly retained and as a result of the more rapid depletion of soft tissue tungsten burdens, the bone mineral tungsten content would become an increasingly larger proportion of the body burden. For example, the bone tungsten content would represent 50% of the tungsten body burden after 1mo, 60% after 1yr, 70% after 2yr, 90% after 4yr, and 99.5% after 10yr. In the case of chronic tungsten exposure, assuming that tungsten is absorbed into the blood at the rate of 1 unit (U) per day, the model predicted that the tungsten levels in the kidneys, liver, spleen, and all other soft tissues combined would increase for several years, but eventually plateau at approximately 3.1, 2.6, 0.3,

and 1.8U, respectively. The bone tungsten content would increase throughout life, reaching 25U after 10yr, 46U after 30yr, and 62U after 70yr. When the model was compared to the ICRP model for 'bone seeking elements', both predicted similar tissue uptakes during the first few weeks after acute exposure except in the spleen where the ICRP model predicted greater uptake and retention. The ICRP model predicted faster decreases in tissue tungsten levels over the long term, however. KEYWORDS: DCN-240560 Hard metals Biokinetics Mathematical models Simulation methods Tissue distribution Acute exposure Chronic exposure In vivo studies Laboratory animals Bone structure Body burden CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 7440-61-1 CODEN: STENDL ENTRY MONTH: 199810 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1997 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00240134 4 TITLE: Chronic dosing study to assess health and reproductive effects of tungsten-iron and tungsten-polymer shot on game-farm mallards. AUTHORS: Mitchell RR Powell DM Aulerich RJ Balander RJ Fitzgerald SD Bursian SJ AUTHOR ADDRESS: Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI. SOURCE: Toxicologist 1999 Mar;48(1-S):45 ABSTRACT: In 1991, the United States banned the use of lead shot for waterfowl hunting because of its toxic effects on waterfowl and other wildlife

species upon ingestion. Steel shot is used as a nontoxic alternative to lead, but there has been a continual effort to develop shot compositions that emulate the ballistic characteristics of lead. Shot composed of tungsten-iron and tungsten-polymer were given conditional approval for hunting by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service based on the results of a 30-day acute toxicity trial. The present study examined the health and reproductive effects of the 2 shot types on mallards over a 150-day period. Sixteen male and sixteen female adult mallards were dosed with 8#4 steel shot, 8#4 tungsten-iron shot, or 8#4 tungsten-polymer shot every 30 days over the 150-day period. An additional 6 males and 6 females received 8#4 lead shot. During the first 60 days of the trial, birds were fed a nutritionally-deficient diet (shelled-corn) and maintained in a cold environment. Birds were then switched to a commercial layer mash for the subsequent 90 days during which reproductive performance was examined. Tungsten-iron and tungsten-polymer shot had no deleterious effect on adult body weights, blood parameters, egg production, fertility, hatchability, and duckling survivability. Lead-dosed mallards had significantly decreased hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and delta aminolevulinic dehydratase activity on day 7. The only pathological changes were observed in the liver and kidneys of lead-dosed birds. All lead-dosed birds died by day 25. The erosion rates of lead, steel, tungsten-iron and tungsten-polymer shot were 20, 55, 75 and 97% respectively. The results of this study indicated that game-farm mallards dosed with tungsten-iron and tungsten-polymer shot were not adversely affected during the 150-day trial. MEDICAL SUBJECT HEADINGS (MESH): Animal Male Female Tungsten/*TOXICITY Iron/*TOXICITY Ducks/*PHYSIOLOGY Reproduction/*DRUG EFFECTS Lead/TOXICITY Polymers/TOXICITY CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7439-89-6 7439-92-1 NO CAS RN LANGUAGE: eng INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0731-9193 PUBLICATION TYPES: ABSTRACT ENTRY MONTH: 199908 TITLE ABBREVIATION: Toxicologist YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1999

SECONDARY SOURCE ID: DART/TER/99000227 LAST REVISION DATE: 19990831 5 TITLE: Tungsten and Its Compounds AUTHORS: Svartengren M Elinder C-G SOURCE: Occupational Medicine, Third Edition, C. Zenz, O. B. Dickerson, and E. P. Horvath, Jr., Editors; Mosby-Year Book, Inc., St. Louis, pages 582-583, 22 references, 1994 ABSTRACT: The production, use, and health effects of tungsten (7440337) and its compounds were discussed in this review. Due to the extreme hardness of this metal, it has found wide industrial applications in power tools and has replaced diamond in many drills. At least 30,000 employees in the United States have been estimated to be at potential risk for exposure to tungsten and its compounds. Following inhalation, tungsten was found to collect in the bone, lung, and kidney of experimental animals. Tungsten and its compounds have been identified in the lungs of patients with hard metal exposure. A tungsten-carbide (12070121)/cobalt (7440484) mixture has been reported to be cytotoxic in an in-vitro system and the addition of tungsten-carbide to a cobalt instillation mixture in experimental animals resulted in severe alveolitis and fatal pulmonary edema, while only a moderate inflammatory response was seen with cobalt alone. The effects of tungsten exposure on humans have not been determined as no cases of exposure to tungsten or tungsten compounds alone without concomitant exposure to other agents have been reported. The recommended threshold limit values have been 5mg/m3 and 1mg/m3 for insoluble and soluble tungsten compounds, respectively. KEYWORDS: DCN-228639 Tungsten compounds Metal compounds Hard metals Toxic effects Occupational exposure Health hazards Biological effects Tissue distribution Respiratory irritants CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 12070-12-1 7440-48-4 ENTRY MONTH: 199605

YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1994 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00228353 6 TITLE: Labor Protection and Safety Engineering in Powder Metallurgy. On the Maximum Permissible Air Content of the Dust of Tungsten and Titanium Carbide, Silicide, and Nitride Powders AUTHORS: Mezentseva NV SOURCE: Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 2, pages 112-113, 3 references, 19641964 ABSTRACT: The inhalation effects of tungsten (7440337), tungsten-trioxide (1314358), tungsten-carbide (12070121), tungsten-silicide (12166562), titanium (7440326), titanium-dioxide (13463677), titanium-carbide (12070085) and titanium-nitride (25583204) powders were assessed in rats. The character and degree of the dusts were determined by intratracheal administration of 50 milligrams (mg) of dust suspensions. Rats were killed at 7 or 10 months. Internal organs were histologically examined. No changes occurred in any organs except the lungs, which were similar for tungsten and titanium to the changes seen with inhalation exposures. The effect of tungsten-carbide and tungsten-silicide on the lungs was less than those seen with tungsten or tungsten-trioxide. Increased exposure time did not substantially affect the picture of the changes in pulmonary tissue. Titanium-carbide and titanium-nitride did not cause greater changes than metallic titanium or titanium-dioxide. Increased exposure did not have any effect. Morphological changes in pulmonary tissue exposed to the metallic powders coincided with changes caused by the metals themselves, but the degree of evidence of the process was less. The authors conclude that maximum permissible content in air for tungsten-carbide and tungsten-silicide is 6mg per cubic meter and titanium-carbide and titanium-nitride is 10mg per cubic meter. (Russian) KEYWORDS: DCN-120322 TRANS Animal studies Biological effects Dust exposure Toxic effects Biological factors Pathogenesis Dust inhalation Inhalants Histology Pathogenesis CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 1314-35-8 12070-12-1 12166-56-2

7440-32-6 13463-67-7 12070-08-5 25583-20-4 ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1964 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00129186 7 TITLE: Milling and Processing Tungsten AUTHORS: Zadra JB SOURCE: Reno Metallurgy Research Center, Bureau of Mines, Reno, Nevada, Information Circular 7912, 129 pages, 48 references, 19591959 ABSTRACT: The technologic status and the problems encountered in milling and processing tungsten (7440337) ores are presented. Milling practices and chemical treatment methods used at most of the major and at a number of smaller domestic tungsten operations are summarized, and flowsheets developed for them are provided. The discovery of tungsten, development of uses for tungsten, resources, production, consumption, price, tungsten minerals, and properties of economic tungsten minerals are discussed. Analytical methods are described for the determination of tungsten and molybdenum (7439987). KEYWORDS: DCN-178836 Tungsten Tungsten compounds Refractory metals Transition metals Primary metallurgical processes Metallic minerals Mineral processing Work operations Cemented tungsten carbide CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 7439-98-7 ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1959 SECONDARY SOURCE ID:

NIOSH/00074894 8 TITLE: Tungsten in April 1976 AUTHORS: Anonymous SOURCE: Mineral Industry Surveys, Division of Ferrous Metals, Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 13 pages, 19761976 ABSTRACT: Data are given on tungsten (7440337) production, consumption, stocks, foreign trade, imports, government inventory, and price for the first quarter of 1976, all of 1975, and in some cases back to 1971. Reported domestic consumption of tungsten concentrate in April 1976 decreased 18 percent to 1,024,000 pounds while net production of tungsten products rose 21 percent compared with April 1975. Consumer stocks of tungsten concentrate decreased 16 percent while stocks of tungsten products at processor plants rose 5 percent. During April the European price of tungsten concentrate ranged from a low of 51.000 pounds sterling per metric ton unit to a high of 58.50. KEYWORDS: DCN-178855 Tungsten Cemented tungsten carbide Transition metals Industrial chemicals Tungsten alloys Materials Statistics Information Refractory metals Demographic characteristics Tungsten minerals Minerals CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1976 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00074917 9 TITLE: Spectrophotometric Determination Of Tungsten With Disodium Cis-1,2-Dicyanoethylene Dithiolate AUTHORS: Chakrabarti AK Bag SP

SOURCE: Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 59, pages 225-230, 11 references, 19721972 ABSTRACT: A spectrophotometric method for determining tungsten (7440337) was developed. The reaction was based on the red violet complex formed by tungsten in the presence of disodium malonitrile dithiolate (MNT). MNT was prepared fresh by mixing with sodium-cyanide, dimethylformamide, and carbon-disulfide. The red/brown product was washed with ether, the solution was dried, and the crystal was dissolved in ethyl-ether before use. Standard solutions of sodium-tungstate were mixed with MNT, concentrated hydrochloric-acid, and acetonitrile. The mixture was stirred and the absorbance measured. Effects of variation of acid concentration, MNT, and time on optimal concentration range of tungsten were determined. The interference of several ions with tungsten determination were measured. Composition of the tungsten complex was determined by mixing equimolar solutions of metal ions, MNT, and tungsten standards. The degree of dissociation and stability constant of the complex were calculated. Tungsten complex gave maximum absorbancy at 570 nanomicrons. The complex was stable in 1 to 3 molar concentrations of hydrochloric-acid for several days. At this acidity, the tungsten complex showed full color development. For 8 parts per million (ppm) sodium-tungstate solution, 5 milliliters of a 2 percent MNT was sufficient for development of full color. The absorbancy measured at various time intervals showed that the complex absorbance was constant even after 96 hours. Zinc (7440666), cadmium (7440439), and mercury (7439976) did not interfere with tungsten determination while molybdenum (7439987) did. Oxalate (338705), citrate (126443), and fluoride (16984488) ions had no effect. A metal to reagent ratio of 1 to 4 was obtained for determination of composition of the complex. This obeyed Beer's law from 1 to 20ppm with 2.7 percent relative error per 1 percent absolute error. KEYWORDS: DCN-124152 Analytical methods Analytical chemistry Metals Chemical properties Chemical analysis Spectrographic analysis Chemical composition Trace analysis Laboratory testing CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 7440-66-6 7440-43-9 7439-97-6 7439-98-7 338-70-5 126-44-3 16984-48-8 CODEN: ACACAM ENTRY MONTH: 199003

YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1972 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00136181 10 TITLE: Some Problems Relating to the Effects of Tungsten Powder on Humans AUTHORS: Vengerskaya KhYa Salikhodzhaev SS SOURCE: Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniia, Vol. 6, No. 3, pages 27-29, 10 references, 19621962 ABSTRACT: The levels of tungsten (7440337), sugar (50997) and chlorides in the blood and urine as well as liver functions were studied in 178 workers engaged in basic processes at a hard alloys plant manufacturing tungsten bars and hard alloys by a metal ceramic method and in a number of other occupations such as press operating, grinding, reducing, carbonizing, and testing. Air samples from these various operations contained from 0.75-6.1 milligrams of tungsten and 0.6-3.2 milligrams of cobalt (7440484) per cubic meter of air. The temperature of the environment reached 45-50 degrees centigrade with relative humidities of 25-30 percent and rates of air movement of 0.3-0.5 meters per second. The workers (52 men and 126 women) were mostly below 30 years of age with three years of service; 88 reported various complaints including dyspnea, coughing, pounding of the heart, headache, dizziness, nausea, loss of appetite and olfactory disorders. The content of tungsten in the blood varied from traces to 1.9 milligram percent, averaging 0.8-1.1 milligram percent. No tungsten was detected in 11 of 56 workers examined. Tungsten in the urine of 40 of 47 workers averaged 0.6-1.1 milligrams per liter. Sugar in the blood was slightly higher than normal in 8. Incipient liver function disorders were found in 8 of 14 workers studied, and disorders of the detoxification function of the liver were found in 19 of 31 studied. Chloride content in the urine was somewhat depressed in most of the workers. (Russian; English translation available) KEYWORDS: DCN-178851 TRANS Tungsten Cemented tungsten carbide Primary metallurgical processes Metal fabrication workers Blood chemistry Hazards Symptoms Transition metals Urine chemistry Liver disorders Alloying Tungsten alloys CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS:

7440-33-7 7440-33-7 50-99-7 7440-48-4 CODEN: GTPZAB ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1962 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00074912 11 TITLE: Tungsten AUTHORS: Anonymous SOURCE: Gmelins Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry, 8th edition, rev., R. J. Meyer, Editor; Verlag Chemie, Berlin, pages 138-141, 148-149, 152, 165-166, 179-180, 209, 216, 224-225, 228, 231, 245, 248-249, 255, 258, 265, 269, 328, 342, and 361, 19351935 ABSTRACT: Sections of the handbook on inorganic chemistry are presented which deal with the solubility of various tungsten (7440337) compounds in water. Among the specific tungsten compounds included in this report are: tungsten-trioxide (1314358), metatungstic-acid, pertungstic-acid, normal tungstates, metatungstates, tungsten(V)-bromide, sodium-paratungstate, sodium-metatungstate, potassium-tungstate (7790605), potassium-tritungstates, potassium-tungsten(III)-chloride, potassium-tungsten-cyanide, ammonium-paratungstate, ammonium-hexatungstate, tungstenborates, tungsten silicates, and tungstophosphoric-acid (1343937). (German; English translation available) KEYWORDS: DCN-178828 TRANS Cemented tungsten carbide Chemical properties Analytical methods Tungsten CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 1314-35-8 7790-60-5 1343-93-7 ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION:

1935 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00074885 12 TITLE: Morbidity and mortality in the Wolfram syndrome. AUTHORS: Kinsley BT Swift M Dumont RH Swift RG AUTHOR ADDRESS: Joslin Diabetes Center, New England Deaconess Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. SOURCE: Diabetes Care 1995 Dec;18(12):1566-70 ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE: To determine the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the autosomal recessive Wolfram syndrome, which is defined by diabetes and bilateral progressive optic atrophy with onset in childhood or adolescence. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We abstracted and reviewed the medical records of 68 confirmed cases of Wolfram syndrome identified through a nationwide survey of endocrinologists, ophthalmologists, institutes, and homes for the blind. We also reviewed all available autopsy records. RESULTS: The most common causes of morbidity and mortality were the neurological manifestations of this syndrome and the complications of urinary tract atony. There was a lower frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis, no histologically proven diabetic glomerulosclerosis, and less severe, more slowly progressive, diabetic retinopathy than in classic type I diabetic patients. Mortality in Wolfram syndrome is much higher than in type I diabetes; 60% of Wolfram syndrome patients die by age 35. Recognition of these clinical differences from classic type I diabetes is important for the proper management of Wolfram syndrome patients. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of Wolfram syndrome patients among all diabetic patients presenting in childhood or adolescence is important because the management of patients with this syndrome is different from that of patients with classic type I diabetes. MEDICAL SUBJECT HEADINGS (MESH): Abnormalities/EPIDEMIOLOGY Adolescence Adult Age Factors Child Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent/*EPIDEMIOLOGY Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent/*MORTALITY Diabetic Ketoacidosis/EPIDEMIOLOGY Diabetic Ketoacidosis/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY Diagnosis, Differential Human Life Tables Medical Records Morbidity Retrospective Studies

Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. United States/EPIDEMIOLOGY Wolfram Syndrome/*EPIDEMIOLOGY Wolfram Syndrome/*MORTALITY Wolfram Syndrome/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY LANGUAGE: eng INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER: 0149-5992 PUBLICATION TYPES: JOURNAL ARTICLE MULTICENTER STUDY GRANT/CONTRACT FUNDING: MH-45128/MH/NIMH ENTRY MONTH: 199612 JOURNAL TITLE CODE: EAG TITLE ABBREVIATION: Diabetes Care YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1995 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: DART/MED/96352332 LAST REVISION DATE: 19961104 13 TITLE: The Spectrophotometric Determination of Tungsten with Thiocyanate. Part I. A Review of Procedures AUTHORS: Fogg AG Marriott DR Burns DT SOURCE: Analyst, Vol. 95, No. 1135, pages 848-853, 61 references, 19701970 ABSTRACT: Procedure for the spectrophotometric determination of tungsten (7440337) with thiocyanate are reviewed. The first determination of tungsten using thiocyanate and tin-chloride in 1932 with the subsequent interference of molybdenum is cited. Modifications to the method are described. These included substituting titanium for tin and using solvent extraction techniques. The use of tin-amalgam along with tin-chloride and the interference of iron are described. The existence of a purple and a yellow tungsten-thiocyanate complex is noted. The use of sulfuric-acid instead of hydrochloric-acid at the reduction stage caused the mixture to

become purple. The conclusion of subsequent workers that complete reduction can be obtained by boiling the solution and by precipitation of molybdenum is discussed. The use of aqueous acetone solutions for determination of molybdenum and thiocyanate, with tungsten determinations possible, is assessed. Simultaneous determination of niobium (7440031) with tungsten is suggested. The various procedures for determining tungsten are compared. The authors conclude that the spectrophotometric method for determining tungsten with thiocyanate is unreliable. KEYWORDS: DCN-120239 Analytical methods Metals Analytical chemistry Quantitative analysis Chemical analysis Laboratory testing Chemical properties Analytical instruments Tungsten compounds CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 7440-03-1 CODEN: ANALAO ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1970 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00128268 14 TITLE: Metabolism Of W185 In The Rat AUTHORS: Ballou JE SOURCE: Hanford Atomic Products Operation, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Richland, Washington, Report No. HW-64112, 16 pages, 4 references, 19601960 ABSTRACT: The gross metabolism of radioactive tungsten-185 (14932413) was investigated in rats. Sprague-Dawley-rats were administered solutions of tungsten-185 Tissue samples were dry ashed or acid digested and measured for tungsten-185 content. Animals were sacrificed periodically over a 102 day retention period. Urinary excretion during day 1 indicated extensive absorption and rapid excretion of tungsten-185. Balance of the remaining tungsten-185 was in the feces and intestinal contents. Total tissue retention 24 hours after administration was about 2 percent of the dose fed. The spleen continued to accumulate tungsten-185 for several days after administration. After about 1 week, the concentrations of

tungsten-185 in spleen and skeleton were higher than in any other tissues. The maximum permissible concentration for tungsten-185 was 0.02 microcentimeters per milliliter (microcm/ml) for spleen and 0.06microcm/ml for skeleton. Ingestion of insoluble tungsten-185 did not present any unusual hazards. The author concludes that deposition of tungsten-185 in spleen is more critical than in any other tissue except the lower large intestine. KEYWORDS: DCN-125025 Animal studies Heavy metals Radiochemical analysis Body distribution Toxicopathology Exposure limits Health standards Biologic half life Metabolic study CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 14932-41-3 ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1960 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00136912 15 TITLE: Excretion Of Cobalt And Tungsten In Workers In The Production Of Heavy Metals. II. Daily Excretion Of Tungsten In Urine. Influence Of CaNa2 EDTA And Penicillamine On Its Excretion AUTHORS: Barborik M SOURCE: Pracovni Lekarstvi, Vol. 24, No. 8, pages 295-297, 14 references, 19721972 ABSTRACT: The effect of calcium-sodium-ethylene-diaminetetraacetic-acid (62339) (CaNa2EDTA) and penicillamine (52675) on the excretion of tungsten (7440337) and cobalt (7440484) in workers producing hard metals was investigated. Daily urinary excretion of tungsten and cobalt was determined in ten exposed subjects. The first sample was taken on Monday. On Tuesday, 15 milliliters CaNa2EDTA was administered intravenously, and urine was collected again. On the fifth working day, penicillamine was administered at 600 milligrams. Tungsten was determined in the urine colorimetrically. Daily excretion of tungsten in the individual subjects varied significantly. Differences in the excretion of cobalt were even more pronounced. Before administration of the chelate, urinary excretion of tungsten varied from 230 to 960 micrograms (microg) in 24 hours. After the administration of CaNa2EDTA, urinary tungsten excretion fell to 380microg in 24 hours. After administration of pencillamine, an average higher excretion of tungsten of 660microg in 24 hours was ascertained.

Average cobalt excretion after penicillamine administration was 600microg per 24 hours. In one worker, excretion of tungsten was initially 320microg per 24 hours; after CaNa2EDTA, it was 290; and after penicillamine, 680. The author concludes that it is uncertain whether this slightly increased excretion was caused by penicillamine or by the accumulation of metal at the end of the working week. (Czech) KEYWORDS: DCN-125814 TRANS Biological effects Urinalysis Clinical symptoms Occupational hazards Exposure levels Occupational exposure Biological factors Clinical diagnosis Pharmacology CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 62-33-9 62-33-9 52-67-5 7440-33-7 7440-48-4 CODEN: PRLFAG ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1972 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00137848 16 TITLE: The Spectrophotometric Determination of Tungsten with Thiocyanate AUTHORS: Fogg AG Jarvis TJ Marriott DR Burns DT SOURCE: Analyst, Vol. 96, No. 1144, pages 475-479, 8 references, 19711971 ABSTRACT: A method for the photometric determination of tungsten (7440337) in steel was developed. Samples of steel were dissolved in a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric-acid. The mixture was warmed, and diluted, HCA and tungsten and molybdenum (7439987) were extracted with bezoin alpha oxime. This solution was treated with tetraphenylarsonium-chloride solution and sodium-thiocyanate, and the complex was extracted in chloroform. The absorbancy of the final extract was read against chloroform at 402 nanometers. Tungsten was also extracted by treating the

concentrated hydrochloric-acid/steel solution with isobutyl-methyl-ketone (IMK) to remove iron and proceeding with the complex formation as described above. Standard sodium-tungsten and sodium-molybdenum solutions were used to determine molybdenum interference in the benzoin method. The result showed that up to 4 percent of molybdenum was tolerable in such steel samples. Similarly, when sodium-molybdenum was added as standard in the IMK method to determine its degree of interference, up to 25 percent of molybdenum in the steel was tolerated in this procedure. When steel samples containing less than 0.25 percent tungsten and greater than 0.3 percent molybdenum were tested by the benzoin and IMK methods, the results were similar to the standard, direct colorimetric and thiol methods. The authors conclude that the benzoin and IMK extraction modifications to the direct colorimetric procedure for determining tungsten with thiocyanate allow its extension to the determination of tungsten in steel samples containing amounts of molybdenum that would normally interfere. KEYWORDS: DCN-120604 Analytical methods Metals Analytical chemistry Quantitative analysis Chemical analysis Laboratory testing Chemical properties Analytical instruments Tungsten compounds CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 7439-98-7 CODEN: ANALAO ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1971 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00132778 17 TITLE: Summary of Plant Observation Reports and Evaluations for Tungsten and Its Compounds AUTHORS: Anonymous SOURCE: SRI International, Menlo Park, California, Contract No. 099-74-0031, 286 pages, 19771977 ABSTRACT: Summaries and evaluations of the seven plants visited for the criteria document are reported. The visits occurred from October 21, 1976 to February 10, 1977 and included Boeing, Li Tungsten Corporation,

Kennametal, Inc., GTE Sylvania, Union Carbide Corporation, General Electric (Carboloy Systems), and Union Carbide Corporation (Metals Division). Aspects covered in each report include description of the process, medical, labeling, personal protective equipment, informing employees of hazards, work practices, sanitation, and environmental monitoring. Documentation is also given to support statements. Three plants processed ores to obtain ammonium-p-tungstate or tungsten (7440337) metal powder and three others used ammonium-p-tungstate as the basic material in preparing tungsten or tungsten-carbide powders. Among the various processes, the potential for occupational exposure exists mainly in ore grinding, loading, unloading, mixing, ball milling and grinding of the cemented tungsten-carbide tools. Protective measures include exhaust ventilation systems, barriers beneath grinding wheels for collecting and channeling coolants, use of enclosed areas, and automation. Most of the companies considered tungsten or its compounds as not hazardous and virtually no monitoring or posting hazards referring to tungsten is done. The little monitoring that was done showed values ranging from 0.2-36.3 milligrams per cubic meter. (Contract No. 099-74-0031) KEYWORDS: DCN-178850 NIOSH Publication NIOSH Contract Contract 099 74 0031 Tungsten Evaluations Cemented tungsten carbide Primary metallurgical processes Metals Work operations Metal fabrication workers Air quality Transition metals Health Metalworking CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1977 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00074911 18 TITLE: Preliminary Data on Hard Metal Workers Exposure to Tungsten Oxide Fibres AUTHORS: Sahle W Krantz S Christensson B Laszlo I SOURCE: Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 191, Nos. 1/2, pages 153-167, 33

references, 1996 ABSTRACT: Personal exposure to tungsten-oxide (1314358) fibers during the production of tungsten (7440337) metal was examined. Static and personal samples were obtained from two hard metal manufacturing facilities. Static samples were taken at important sites during the reduction of various tungsten-oxide compounds. Three different raw materials, ammonium-paratungstate (12208547) (APT), blue-oxide and tungsten-trioxide (1314358), were utilized by the two factories. Personal samples were obtained from the double filters worn by workers for various lengths of time. Total dust, respirable dust, and tungsten-oxide fiber concentrations were measured. In all of the samples from both factories, tungsten-oxide fibers were detected. Personal sample dust micrographs were identical to those obtained by static sampling. Due to agglomeration, the fiber level in the working environment may have been higher than the results indicated. The total dust level at static sampling sites ranged from 0.05 to 3.66mg/m3. The highest value was measured at the site where APT was charged to the calcination furnace. Although this dust was not fibrous, when the blue-oxide was charged at this same site, the dust was fibrous. The total dust measured from personal samples ranged from 0.8+/-0.6 to 1.6+/-0.8mg/m3 and the fiber exposure values for fibers between 1 and 5 micrometers in length ranged from 0.02+/-0.15 to 0.14+/-0.2 fibers per milliliter. In both these ranges, the highest values correspond to the use of blue-oxide as a raw material. The authors conclude that workers in tungsten factories are exposed to tungsten-oxide fibers. They recommend that the reduction of raw material occur in one step, thereby reducing dustiness and maintenance. KEYWORDS: DCN-233748 Humans Hard metal workers Hard metals Occupational exposure Tungsten compounds Airborne fibers Respirable dust Dust sampling Workplace monitoring Industrial hygiene CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 1314-35-8 1314-35-8 7440-33-7 12208-54-7 1314-35-8 CODEN: STENDL ENTRY MONTH: 199707 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1996 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00233323

19 TITLE: Tungsten, Alloys And Compounds AUTHORS: Lee S Kye RK SOURCE: Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, Vol. 2, pages 2225-2226, 3 references, 19831983 ABSTRACT: The hazards of tungsten (7440337) and its alloys and compounds are reviewed. Safety and health measures are recommended. Chemical and physical properties are listed. Countries that produce tungsten are named. Occurrence of tungsten in the environment is examined. Production methods are summarized. Tungsten is used in the production of tungsten steel, in lamp vacuum tubes, electric contacts, X-ray tubes, and fluorescent light tubes. In toxicity studies, the median lethal dose of sodium-tungstate (12737869) was determined to be between 223 and 255 milligrams per kilogram in rats and showed significant postprandial and age effects. Feeding studies resulted in no marked effects. Industrial exposure is not a significant health hazard. Hazards are related to substances associated with the production and uses of tungsten instead of tungsten itself; these hazards relate to quartz (14808607) dust and cobalt (7440484) fumes. The incidence of accidents and diseases in tungsten mines and mills is not well documented. Ventilation is one of the most important engineering control measures. General safety recommendations such as good housekeeping and hygiene, protective clothing and equipment, preemployment medical screening, and periodic medical examinations are suggested. KEYWORDS: DCN-136558 Industrial environment Toxicology Trace metals Safety research Workers Dust particles Toxic effects Temperature regulation Health hazards Temperature effects Occupational hazards CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 12737-86-9 14808-60-7 7440-48-4 ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1983

SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00150016 20 TITLE: Tungsten AUTHORS: Browning E SOURCE: Toxicity of Industrial Metals, Butterworth and Co., London, pages 301-304, 17 references, 19611961 ABSTRACT: The toxicity of tungsten (7440337) is reviewed. The physical properties of tungsten are described. It is a steel grey metal resembling molybdenum but less fusible, is highly resistant to acids, oxidizes in air only at red heat, gives good electrical conductivity, and has an atomic weight of 183.92, a specific gravity of 19.3, a melting point of 3410 degrees-C, and a boiling point of 5930 degrees-C. The industrial uses of tungsten are listed for alloy production, in the tungsten-carbide tool industry, as a plating material on brass and other metals, as an electrode for ultraviolet radiation, as an anticathode in X-ray tubes, in the textile industry for rendering fabric nonflammable, and in the preparation of blue and green pigments. The metabolism of tungsten is discussed. In plants it is an antagonist to molybdenum and plays a part in nitrate assimilation. In animals, it antagonizes molybdenum and selenium and inhibit deposition of intestinal xanthine-oxidase. Retention is greatest in bone and spleen. In animals, large doses can cause acute or lethal poisoning; however, in humans, tungsten dust inhalation has no specific fibrogenic effect. Oral toxicity in animals is assessed. Toxic effects in humans are cited with some instance of pulmonary involvement and pneumoconiosis. The author concludes that most researchers believe that cobalt (7440484), rather than tungsten, is the most probable toxic agent in pneumoconiosis. KEYWORDS: DCN-120699 Toxicology Poisons Gravimetric analysis Occupational exposure Occupational hazards Inhalants Dose response Gravimetry Toxic effects CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 7440-48-4 ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1961

SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00132923 21 TITLE: Ultrafine Tungsten and Molybdenum Powders AUTHORS: Lamprey H Ripley RL SOURCE: Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 109, No. 8, pages 713-716, 12 references, 19621962 ABSTRACT: A process is described for producing tungsten (7440337) and molybdenum (7439987) metal powder of 0.01-0.1 micrometer average particle diameter by hydrogen reduction of the metal chlorides. A diagram of the quartz apparatus used for carrying out the reaction is given. Purified hydrogen and tungsten-chloride or molybdenum-chloride vapors are preheated and brought together in a large reaction space. The gases react immediately on contact to form submicron metal powder and hydrogen-chloride vapor. The metal may be collected by gravity settling with or without the use of an electrostatic precipitator, or the reaction gases may be filtered through a large diameter column of steel wool, the trapped powder shaken free of the wool and separated from small steel fragments by magnetic means. A photomicrograph of the ultrafine tungsten powder is given. The particles approach spheres in shape. The bulk density of the powder was approximately 0.2 grams per cubic centimeter. Other physical and chemical properties are described. The ultrafine powder can be sintered effectively at temperatures nearly a thousand degrees lower than conventional tungsten powder. The powders may have unique applications as catalysts, fillers, fuels, and nucleation agents in alloy production. KEYWORDS: DCN-178857 Tungsten Chemical processes Cemented tungsten carbide Transition metals Refractory metals Industrial processes Particles Physical properties Tungsten alloys Industrial chemicals CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 7439-98-7 ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1962

SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00074919 22 TITLE: Toxicity of Some Materials Used in the Manufacture of Cemented Tungsten Carbide Tools AUTHORS: Fredrick WG Bradley WR SOURCE: Industrial Medicine, Vol. 15, No. 8, pages 482-483, 19461946 ABSTRACT: A brief summary is given on the toxicity to humans and animals of tungsten (7440337), tungsten-carbide and other metals involved in the manufacture of cemented tungsten-carbide tools. Workers may show dermatitis and bronchitis, with a few showing dyspnea and a roentgenogram suggestive of pulmonary fibrosis. Median lethal doses in white rats after intraperitoneal injection are 0.5 grams per 100 grams of body weight for tungsten, 25-50 milligrams per 100 grams for nickel (7440020), 0.5 grams per 100 grams for cobaltic-oxide (1308049), 10-20 milligrams per 100 grams for cobalt (7440484), and 0.75 milligrams per 100 grams for cobalt-lactate. With tantalum-oxide (1314610) rats survive an intraperitoneal dose of 0.5 grams per 100 grams but show minor liver and spleen involvement, marked kidney damage and mild fibrotic response of the peritoneal surfaces. Tungsten, tantalum and titanium carbides and titanium-oxide were essentially inert and may be compared with corundum in action. The distinguishing features of cobalt intoxication are given. KEYWORDS: DCN-178852 Tungsten Cemented tungsten carbide Transition metals Metal fabrication workers Primary metallurgical processes Dosage Exposure limits Hazards Threshold limit values Metalworking Symptoms Respiratory system disorders Skin disorders CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 7440-02-0 1308-04-9 7440-48-4 1314-61-0 CODEN: INMEAF ENTRY MONTH: 199003

YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1946 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00074914 23 TITLE: Molecular Basis Of The Biological Function Of Molybdenum. Effect Of Tungsten On Xanthine Oxidase And Sulfite Oxidase In The Rat AUTHORS: Johnson JL Rajagopalan KV Cohen HJ SOURCE: Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 249, No. 3, pages 859-866, 39 references, 19741974 ABSTRACT: The effect of tungsten (7440337) on the activities of molybdenum (7439987) dependent enzymes, xanthine-oxidase and sulfite-oxidase, was studied in male Charles-River-CD-rats. Rats were maintained on a normal protein diet and given salts of molybdenum, tungsten, or vanadium (7440622) at 25 parts per million (ppm) in their drinking water for 3 weeks. The animals were sacrificed. Different tissues were removed for analysis of enzyme activity. The molybdenum content of the enzymes was determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR); the absolute molybdenum content was also determined. Sulfite-oxidase and xanthine-oxidase activity and the EPR signal for molybdenum were unaffected by molybdenum or vanadium administration. With tungsten, however, hepatic sulfite-oxidase activity was decreased to 23 percent of control, and the EPR signal amplitude was lowered to 29 percent of control. The hepatic molybdenum content was lowered to 30 percent of the control value. Similar decreases in sulfite-oxidase activity in the lung and xanthine-oxidase activity in both lung and liver were observed. Doses of tungsten up to 100ppm caused progressively greater decrease in the activity of hepatic enzymes. The diminution of the amplitude of the EPR signal and the molybdenum content of the liver paralleled the loss of sulfite-oxidase activity. At even the highest dose, the animals showed no toxic signs. The time course of loss of the two enzyme activities fitted first order kinetics. The effects of 100ppm tungsten were inhibited by the presence of 1ppm molybdenum in the diet. Injection of molybdenum into rats depleted of hepatic enzyme activities by tungsten treatment resulted in substantial restoration of both enzyme activities. The reactivation was unaffected by cycloheximide (66819) and puromycin (53792), indicating that it was independent of protein synthesis. The authors conclude that tungsten competitively antagonizes molybdenum in-vivo. KEYWORDS: DCN-124928 Biochemical analysis Clinical techniques Laboratory testing Animal studies Qualitative analysis Physiological measurements Metabolic study

Chemical properties Metals CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 7439-98-7 7440-62-2 66-81-9 53-79-2 CODEN: JBCHA3 ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1974 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00136793 24 TITLE: Tungsten, Cobalt, and Their Compounds AUTHORS: Alexandersson R SOURCE: Occupational Medicine: Principles and Practical Applications, Second Edition, C. Zenz, Editor; Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., pages 624-629, 61 references, 1988 ABSTRACT: The biological effects of occupational exposure to tungsten (7440337), cobalt (7440484) and related compounds were reviewed and discussed. The properties and industrial uses of these elements were described. Respiratory disease has been seen in workers in the cemented tungsten-carbide, or hard metal industry. Animals studies have indicated that the pathology associated with exposure to hard metal was a result of the cobalt and not the tungsten component of the hard metal. Hard metal pneumoconiosis has been reported in hard metal workers with long term exposures to tungsten cemented dust, and obstructive lung disease has been seen in workers exposed to lower levels. Long term exposure to cobalt has been reported to result in rare cases of pneumoconiosis, and a study of occupational exposure to 0.06mg/m3 reported the development of obstructive pulmonary symptoms that resolved when the workers were away from work. Other biological effects of cobalt exposure include skin allergy, myocardial, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects. The threshold level values for both tungsten and cobalt were discussed. KEYWORDS: DCN-208008 Biological effects Occupational exposure Toxic effects Metal compounds Tungsten compounds Chemical properties

Cobalt compounds Carcinogens Teratogens Respiratory system disorders Hard metal disease CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 7440-48-4 ENTRY MONTH: 199304 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1988 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00208311 25 TITLE: Biological Responses of Isolated Macrophages to Cobalt Metal and Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Powders AUTHORS: Lison D Lauwerys R SOURCE: Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vol. 69, No. 4, pages 282-285, 11 references, 1991 ABSTRACT: The effects of a tungsten-carbide (12070121), cobalt (7440484) dust mixture and cobalt metal powder on macrophages were compared in-vitro. Mouse peritoneal macrophages and alveolar macrophages from adult Sprague-Dawley-rats were cultured with different concentrations of an extra fine cobalt metal powder, a tungsten-carbide/cobalt mixture prepared by a hard metal producing factor, and a tungsten-carbide powder produced by chemically removing cobalt from the tungsten-carbide/cobalt mixture. Glucose uptake was measured after 24 hours of incubation by disappearance from the culture medium. Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity was determined after 18 hours of incubation. Plasminogen activator (PA) activity was assayed after the same amount of time. The cytochrome-C reduction method was used to assess superoxide anion production. Results showed that the tungsten-carbide/cobalt mixture was associated with significantly more depressed levels of glucose uptake and superoxide anion production than cobalt alone; however, there was no difference between the two compounds with respect to G6PD activity and PA activity. Tungsten-carbide did not significantly inhibit G6PD activity and slightly stimulated PA activity. The authors conclude that this study confirms previous findings regarding differences between the reactivities of cobalt alone and tungsten-carbide/cobalt mixtures. Such differences should be considered when explaining the occurrence of hard metal disease in factories producing cobalt only and cobalt mixtures. KEYWORDS: DCN-202748 Cobalt compounds

Hard metal disease Laboratory animals Enzyme activity Metal dusts In vitro studies Phagocytes Hard metals CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 12070-12-1 12070-12-1 7440-48-4 CODEN: PHTOEH ENTRY MONTH: 199204 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1991 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00202907 26 TITLE: Hygienic Evaluation of Aerosols Formed in the Manufacture of Hard Alloys AUTHORS: Kaplun ZS Mezentseva NV SOURCE: Gigiena i Sanitariia, Vol. 24, No. 6, pages 16-22, 7 references, 19591959 ABSTRACT: A study of working conditions in the hard alloy industry reveals that the main factor exerting a harmful effect on worker health is pollution of the air with aerosols of tungsten (7440337), titanium (7440326), cobalt (7440484), and mixtures of these. Experiments in rats indicate that dust mixtures of tungsten, titanium, and cobalt have a more pronounced effect than the dust of each taken separately. Pathological changes produced by the dust were similar to those caused by metallic cobalt, but more intense. Tungsten increases the effect of cobalt because of the higher solubility of cobalt in the presence of tungsten. (Russian; English translation available) KEYWORDS: DCN-178833 TRANS Refractory metals Transition metals Air contamination Toxic substances Light metals Heavy metals Tungsten alloys Primary metallurgical processes Cemented tungsten carbide Tungsten

CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 7440-32-6 7440-48-4 CODEN: GISAAA ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1959 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00074890 27 TITLE: Contribution of maternal radionuclide burdens to prenatal radiation doses: relationships between annual limits on intake and prenatal doses. AUTHORS: Sikov MR Hui TE AUTHOR ADDRESS: Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA. SOURCE: NTIS Technical Report (NTIS/PB94-121787) 1993 Oct;:110 pp. ABSTRACT: This addendum to NUREG/CR-5631, Revision 1, describes approaches to calculating and expressing radiation absorbed doses and dose rates to the embryo/fetus from maternal radionuclide intakes at levels corresponding to Annual Limits on Intake (ALI). To facilitate dosimetric assessments in operational radiation protection, the situations that are addressed include the determination of dose from chronic maternal intakes of radionuclides by inhalation or ingestion during pregnancy and from radionuclide burden in the woman prior to the time at which her pregnancy begins. These approaches build upon determinations of radiation doses to the conceptus from radionuclides in the woman's transfer compartment that were described in NUREG/CR-5631, Revision 1. However, doses to the embryo/fetus ordinarily would be controlled by maternal intakes, which are restricted in terms of the ALI. The previous dose factors were extended to convert from intakes to activity in the transfer compartment, which allowed use of the tabulated values of gestational-stage-dependent fractional depositions and retentions in the embryo/fetus and the associated dose factors. To simulate chronic exposure, the intake activity was considered as being subdivided into intakes of 1/9 ALI that occurred at the beginning of successive 30-day intervals corresponding to the months of gestation. Separate calculations were performed for ingestion and inhalation and the sums of all increments from the time of exposure through term were obtained by simple addition. Conventional bioassay and biokinetic modeling approaches can be used to estimate a woman's burden at the beginning of pregnancy from radionuclide intakes prior to her pregnancy. Modeling to estimate the entry of this activity into the embryo/fetus and the resulting dose is not readily accomplished. As a

nominal substitute, worst-case scenarios were constructed to develop conservative evaluations of absorbed dose from pre-existing burdens. Calculations assumed ingestion or inhalation intake of an ALI immediately before pregnancy, and initial activity in the transfer compartment was considered to be ALI multiplied by transfer fraction. The results of the foregoing calculations are tabulated as three complementary dose relationships involving the radiation dose equivalents that correspond to intake of an ALI and the intake levels that would result in a dose of 0.05 rem to the embryo/fetus. These intakes are expressed as fraction of ALI and as activity in uCi. It also was desirable to provide approximations of comparable dose factors applicable to radionuclides and forms for which biokinetics in the embryo/fetus have not been established. Values of committed dose equivalent to the uterus per unit intake were used to generate tables of factors to facilitate dose estimates from ingested or inhaled activity. These were tabulated as dose equivalents from intakes of ALI, and placed in formats showing the three complementary intake-dose relationship expressions. MEDICAL SUBJECT HEADINGS (MESH): Pregnancy Human Female *Radiation Dosage Fetus/*RADIATION EFFECTS Body Burden Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 16922-44-4 14119-08-5 14119-09-6 15757-14-9 14391-74-3 13982-22-4 15034-51-2 15756-76-0 15756-77-1 15034-49-8 14374-81-3 14687-40-2 14687-59-3 15756-83-9 14809-44-0 14809-45-1 16685-55-5 15755-33-6 15422-59-0 14304-78-0 15575-20-9 14687-61-7 15755-35-8 19869-93-3 15422-57-8 14265-71-5 15758-45-9 15422-58-9 15720-26-0 14809-47-3 15765-38-5 15765-39-6

14391-61-8 14686-69-2 14687-62-8 14331-90-9 18268-34-3 14391-63-0 17056-36-9 15765-86-3 14932-53-7 13982-13-3 14928-36-0 14191-65-2 15701-15-2 14809-49-5 14809-50-8 14809-51-9 13967-73-2 13982-64-4 14158-27-1 10098-97-2 14331-91-0 14928-29-1 14809-53-1 14274-68-1 13982-36-0 10098-91-6 14234-24-3 15751-59-4 14981-70-5 15422-72-7 15422-71-6 15743-56-3 14681-75-5 13981-27-6 15751-77-6 13967-71-0 14928-30-4 14681-74-4 15700-40-0 14681-65-3 7440-03-1 14681-63-1 13967-76-5 15832-32-3 18496-04-3 15700-41-1 15690-77-4 14119-13-2 14119-15-4 14191-83-4 14119-14-3 14809-55-3 14809-56-4 14808-44-7 15759-35-0 32025-58-4 14133-76-7 14913-92-9 15701-17-4 15125-02-7

15758-35-7 13968-53-1 14331-95-4 13967-48-1 15765-79-4 15765-80-7 14378-53-1 15765-82-9 7440-16-6 UNKNOWN 14234-34-5 15706-50-0 15690-69-4 15749-54-9 14967-68-1 17637-99-9 14981-64-7 14833-32-0 14967-69-2 15116-79-7 14928-14-4 14333-39-2 14391-65-2 14391-76-5 15760-04-0 14331-86-3 15760-07-3 30905-38-5 14709-52-5 14109-32-1 14336-66-4 14336-68-6 15139-70-5 15750-15-9 14391-66-3 14885-78-0 13981-55-0 14191-71-0 14191-69-6 14914-66-0 23308-12-5 15700-33-1 13966-06-8 13981-59-4 14314-35-3 14683-06-8 14683-07-9 14683-08-0 15832-50-5 15690-89-8 16645-96-8 17620-10-9 15755-27-8 15755-18-7 14391-67-4 14914-68-2 14391-68-5 14374-79-9 14683-10-4 14234-35-6

15756-32-8 13968-50-8 15756-34-0 14331-88-5 15756-35-1 15756-29-3 15125-45-8 14304-79-1 13981-49-2 14269-71-7 14683-12-6 14234-28-7 15759-52-1 15701-09-4 15480-34-9 15755-17-6 15715-08-9 14158-30-6 14158-31-7 14158-32-8 14391-72-1 15046-84-1 14914-02-4 10043-66-0 14683-16-0 14834-67-4 14914-27-3 14834-68-5 15758-27-7 15720-35-1 15047-05-9 15066-92-9 14914-76-2 15758-03-9 13967-70-9 15726-30-4 14234-29-8 10045-97-3 15758-29-9 14914-75-1 13981-41-4 14698-58-9 14378-25-7 14798-08-4 15741-29-4 18879-37-3 15715-04-5 15066-93-0 15816-85-0 14834-69-6 UNKNOWN 15816-88-3 15816-89-4 16729-61-6 15055-11-5 15757-94-5 13968-49-5 13982-30-4 13967-74-3 14119-19-8

14762-78-8 22095-53-0 15125-66-3 15481-22-8 14191-76-5 14191-64-1 14981-79-4 14119-05-2 15765-23-8 15765-24-9 22095-52-9 15700-34-2 18411-36-4 14877-64-6 14269-74-0 15749-81-2 15690-82-1 14952-27-3 14834-72-1 14834-73-2 15706-44-2 14834-74-3 14380-75-7 14683-19-3 15765-31-8 15720-47-5 15766-03-7 14877-67-9 15701-12-9 15065-02-8 15715-94-3 15766-00-4 14391-31-2 15759-70-3 14981-86-3 14907-88-1 14191-78-7 15840-15-0 14907-89-2 15840-16-1 14683-23-9 15585-10-1 14391-16-3 14280-35-4 14280-36-5 14041-40-8 23315-89-1 14952-32-0 14952-31-9 14937-16-7 14937-17-8 14276-65-4 14041-42-0 26209-85-8 15065-93-7 15065-95-9 14998-51-7 14981-98-7 15758-64-2 14391-17-4

14391-10-7 14391-18-5 15759-55-4 13981-29-8 14391-19-6 14982-00-4 14981-97-6 14280-34-3 13967-64-1 15840-01-4 15832-34-5 15750-02-4 14391-20-9 15700-49-9 15749-97-0 13967-65-2 15750-04-6 14967-67-0 14041-43-1 15840-13-8 14391-45-8 15840-14-9 15832-57-2 15690-75-2 14391-22-1 13981-30-1 14333-45-0 15720-75-9 14041-46-4 14041-47-5 24347-38-4 14834-83-4 14041-45-3 14269-78-4 14041-44-2 14119-23-4 29919-07-1 15715-05-6 15741-32-9 15752-27-9 14093-12-0 14391-24-3 14914-12-6 14452-47-2 14265-75-9 14683-30-8 15755-89-2 14922-51-1 14093-11-9 15757-23-0 15750-13-7 14093-09-5 14265-77-1 14265-76-0 14265-78-2 14900-21-1 29492-85-1 15832-40-3 29687-28-3 15759-26-9

22095-77-8 15758-54-0 15759-28-1 15758-55-1 15759-27-0 15055-22-8 14391-27-6 15759-29-2 13982-00-8 14683-36-4 15701-21-0 15701-22-1 15701-16-3 15749-43-6 15749-44-7 15055-23-9 14683-32-0 15749-46-9 14932-41-3 14983-48-3 24421-27-0 18853-09-3 18853-08-2 14993-65-8 21459-71-2 14983-46-1 14998-63-1 14391-29-8 14378-26-8 15765-78-3 14993-35-2 14993-64-7 14993-36-3 15766-50-4 15761-06-5 14119-24-5 16057-77-5 15766-57-1 29054-62-4 27742-26-3 29054-43-1 24447-13-0 14834-71-0 15752-22-4 14265-84-0 14981-91-0 14694-69-0 14158-35-1 15816-99-6 14993-39-6 14922-70-4 15055-30-8 15706-36-2 15735-70-3 14191-88-9 15735-74-7 15706-54-4 29687-31-8 13982-20-2 15756-89-5

14320-93-5 10043-49-9 14391-11-8 20091-45-6 23238-59-7 15116-82-2 15064-97-8 15756-15-7 13981-51-6 14191-87-8 13982-78-0 18235-46-6 26683-69-2 14107-52-9 15743-50-7 15064-66-1 15720-55-5 15064-65-0 15720-57-7 13968-51-9 35788-48-8 16646-00-7 27486-00-6 16645-99-1 17239-87-1 15752-86-0 14687-25-3 14119-28-9 14119-30-3 14255-04-0 15816-77-0 15092-94-1 15067-28-4 17239-85-9 14280-38-7 14687-50-4 24383-94-6 14333-38-1 15776-19-9 13982-38-2 14331-79-4 14913-49-6 15776-20-2 14733-03-0 16729-74-1 16729-76-3 15720-45-3 13981-52-7 20601-76-7 15755-39-2 36840-25-2 15756-98-6 15623-45-7 13233-32-4 13981-53-8 13982-63-3 15743-84-7 15262-20-1 15755-98-3 14265-85-1

20379-10-6 14952-40-0 14331-83-0 15571-75-2 15623-47-9 14274-82-9 15594-54-4 14269-63-7 14932-40-2 7440-29-1 15065-10-8 29901-97-1 15766-09-3 15766-10-6 14331-85-2 15766-06-0 13981-14-1 15100-28-4 15743-51-8 15700-08-0 14158-29-3 13968-55-3 13966-29-5 15117-96-1 13982-70-2 14269-75-1 7440-61-1 13982-01-9 15687-53-3 29687-52-3 15832-46-9 15116-90-2 15700-37-5 15700-36-4 13994-20-2 15766-25-3 13968-59-7 15690-84-3 34018-47-8 14928-39-3 15411-92-4 15411-93-5 13981-16-3 15117-48-3 14119-33-6 14119-32-5 13982-10-0 15706-37-3 14119-34-7 18784-52-6 15756-66-8 29492-78-2 18233-96-0 16652-10-1 15116-95-7 14596-10-2 13981-54-9 14993-75-0 15756-26-0 16415-43-3

15776-16-6 30989-40-3 15411-90-2 15411-91-3 15510-73-3 15757-87-6 13981-15-2 15621-76-8 15757-90-1 15758-32-4 15758-33-5 15701-07-2 15743-83-6 16652-07-6 15715-02-3 15752-38-2 14900-25-5 15755-53-0 16044-16-9 15117-45-0 15758-24-4 15237-97-5 13982-11-1 15765-19-2 13981-17-4 15720-29-3 22095-76-7 26150-38-9 26250-43-1 15840-02-5 15840-03-6 15756-90-8 18396-20-8 15750-23-9 15750-24-0 15750-26-2 15752-34-8 29665-18-7 13966-02-4 14390-89-7 14333-33-6 14762-75-5 13981-56-1 13966-32-0 13982-04-2 14276-49-4 15092-72-5 14596-37-3 15749-66-3 15117-53-0 13981-43-6 14158-34-0 15585-26-9 13966-00-2 14378-21-3 14903-02-7 14378-22-4 15706-41-9 14092-95-6 13966-05-7

14391-99-2 14276-61-0 14391-94-7 13967-63-0 14391-96-9 14391-86-7 14391-97-0 15749-33-4 14392-00-8 14867-38-0 14833-09-1 15758-14-2 14392-02-0 14392-03-1 14092-99-0 14999-33-8 13966-31-9 14681-52-8 14093-04-0 14681-59-5 14596-12-4 32020-21-6 13982-25-7 14093-03-9 13981-50-5 13981-38-9 10198-40-0 14331-97-6 14392-01-9 13981-83-4 14809-62-2 14932-64-0 13981-99-2 14336-70-0 13981-37-8 14833-49-9 15766-33-3 13982-06-4 15128-03-7 13981-25-4 15757-86-5 14833-23-9 14833-26-2 13982-39-3 13982-23-5 14914-52-4 15743-55-2 12266-32-9 22840-34-2 51-90-1 10026-10-5 10049-14-6 13536-84-0 10102-06-4 7783-81-5 1344-57-6 1344-58-7 1344-59-8 14682-66-7 15092-71-4

LANGUAGE: eng PUBLICATION TYPES: TECHNICAL REPORT ENTRY MONTH: 199905 TITLE ABBREVIATION: NTIS Technical Report (NTIS/PB94-121787) YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1993 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: DART/TER/99000059 LAST REVISION DATE: 19990503 28 TITLE: Hard Metal Disease AUTHORS: Sprince NL SOURCE: Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Second Edition, W. N. Rom, Editor; Little, Brown and Company, Boston, Massachusetts, pages 791-798, 40 references, 1992 ABSTRACT: Hard metal disease (HMD) was reviewed. The general background and occurrence of HMD were outlined. HMD which is clinically known as interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the most frequently seen respiratory disease in tungsten-carbide production workers. The first cases of HMD appeared in Europe in 1940 where tungsten-carbide production was first started in the 1920s. The first US cases appeared in the mid 1940s. A series of laboratory animal studies in the 1950s suggested that cobalt (7440484) was the causal agent for ILD whereas tungsten and tungsten-carbide were inert. The epidemiological aspects of ILD were considered. A number of studies of active tungsten- carbide workers have found a general prevalence of radiographic abnormalities of 2.6% or less. One study found a prevalence of 12.8%. Since these studies investigated actively employed workers, it was thought that the frequency and severity of ILD was probably underestimated. Workers at risk for ILD in tungsten-carbide production include grinders and sharpeners of tungsten-carbide tools and diamond polishers who use cobalt containing discs. Occupational asthma and its possible association with ILD in hard metal workers were considered. ILD and occupational asthma usually occur independently of each other; however, a possible association between the two has been seen in some patients. Cobalt induced T-lymphocyte mediated sensitization as measured in lymphocyte transformation tests and its relationship to ILD pathogenesis were discussed. The risk of ILD among diamond polishers and sintered carbide grinders was considered. Relationships between cobalt exposure and ILD were discussed. Although the current US time weighted average standard for cobalt is 50 micrograms per cubic meter, data from several studies have suggested that some

workers exposed at lower levels develop ILD and occupational asthma. Several studies have also suggested that factors other than cobalt exposure, such as variations in host susceptibility, may play a role in the etiology of ILD. KEYWORDS: DCN-221989 Hard metal disease Hard metals Occupational exposure Epidemiology Tungsten compounds Respiratory system disorders Chemical hypersensitivity Transition metals Bronchial asthma CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-48-4 ENTRY MONTH: 199504 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1992 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00222251 29 TITLE: Contribution of maternal radionuclide burdens to prenatal radiation doses. AUTHORS: Sikov MR Hui TE AUTHOR ADDRESS: Pacific Northwest National Lab., Richland, WA. SOURCE: NTIS Technical Report (NTIS/NUREG/CR-5631-REV-2) 1996 May;2:400 pp. ABSTRACT: This report describes approaches to calculating and expressing radiation doses to the embryo/fetus from internal radionuclides. Information for occupationally and medically significant radioelements was used to derive biokinetic transfer models and integrated with metabolic patterns. Placental transfer and radioactivity levels in the embryo/fetus were calculated as a function of stage of pregnancy and time after administration and are given as tables of deposition and retention in the embryo/fetus. Methodologies described by MIRD were extended to calculate radiation absorbed doses to the embryo/fetus using a scenerio that assumed injection of a bolus into the woman's blood. Calculations were performed for administration at successive months of pregnancy to accommodate stage dependence of geometric relationships and biological behaviors of radionuclides. The gestational-stage-dependent dosimetric dose factors are based on radiation absorbed doses. Multiplication by appropriate quality factors convert these to dose equivalent, the most common quantity for stating prenatal dose limits in the United States. The dose factor

tabulations are supplemented with tables of correlations and surrogate dose factors. MEDICAL SUBJECT HEADINGS (MESH): Pregnancy Human Female Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. *Radiation Dosage Fetus/*RADIATION EFFECTS *Body Burden *Maternal Exposure Radioisotopes Maternal-Fetal Exchange CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: NO CAS RN 10028-17-8 13966-02-4 14390-89-7 14333-33-6 14762-75-5 13981-56-1 13966-32-0 13982-04-2 15092-71-4 14682-66-7 14276-49-4 15092-72-5 14596-37-3 15749-66-3 15117-53-0 13981-43-6 14158-34-0 15585-26-9 13966-00-2 14378-21-3 14903-02-7 14378-22-4 15706-41-9 14092-95-6 13966-05-7 14391-99-2 14276-61-0 14391-94-7 13967-63-0 14391-96-9 14391-86-7 14391-97-0 15749-33-4 14392-00-8 14867-38-0 14331-97-6 14392-01-9 14833-09-1 15758-14-2 14392-02-0 14392-03-1 14092-99-0 14999-33-8

13966-31-9 14681-52-8 14093-04-0 14681-59-5 14596-12-4 32020-21-6 13982-25-7 14093-03-9 13981-50-5 13981-38-9 10198-40-0 13981-83-4 14809-62-2 14932-64-0 13981-99-2 14336-70-0 13981-37-8 14833-49-9 15766-33-3 13982-06-4 15128-03-7 13981-25-4 15757-86-5 14833-23-9 14833-26-2 13982-39-3 13982-23-5 14914-52-4 15743-55-2 16922-44-4 14119-08-5 14119-09-6 15757-14-9 14391-74-3 13982-22-4 15034-51-2 15756-84-0 15756-76-0 15756-77-1 15034-49-8 14374-81-3 14687-40-2 14687-59-3 15756-83-9 14809-44-0 14809-45-1 16685-55-5 15755-33-6 15422-59-0 14304-78-0 15575-20-9 14687-61-7 15755-35-8 19869-93-3 15422-57-8 14265-71-5 15758-45-9 15422-58-9 14687-60-6 15720-26-0

14809-47-3 15765-38-5 15765-39-6 14391-61-8 14686-69-2 14687-62-8 14331-90-9 14809-48-4 18268-34-3 14391-63-0 17056-36-9 15765-86-3 14932-53-7 13982-13-3 14928-36-0 14191-65-2 15701-15-2 14809-49-5 14809-50-8 14809-51-9 13967-73-2 13982-64-4 14158-27-1 10098-97-2 14331-91-0 14928-29-1 14809-53-1 14274-68-1 13982-36-0 10098-91-6 14234-24-3 15751-59-4 14981-70-5 15422-72-7 15422-71-6 15743-56-3 14681-75-5 13981-27-6 15751-77-6 13967-71-0 14928-30-4 14681-74-4 15700-40-0 14681-65-3 7440-03-1 14681-63-1 13967-76-5 15832-32-3 18496-04-3 15700-41-1 15690-77-4 14119-13-2 14119-15-4 14119-14-3 14809-55-3 14809-56-4 14808-44-7 15759-35-0 32025-58-4 14133-76-7

14913-92-9 15701-17-4 15125-02-7 15758-35-7 13968-53-1 14331-95-4 13967-48-1 15765-79-4 15765-80-7 14378-53-1 15765-82-9 7440-16-6 UNKNOWN 14234-34-5 15706-50-0 15690-69-4 15749-54-9 14967-68-1 17637-99-9 14981-64-7 14833-32-0 14967-69-2 15116-79-7 14928-14-4 14333-39-2 14391-65-2 14391-76-5 15760-04-0 14331-86-3 15760-07-3 30905-38-5 14709-52-5 14109-32-1 14336-66-4 14336-68-6 15139-70-5 14833-35-3 14133-75-6 15750-15-9 14391-66-3 14885-78-0 13981-55-0 14191-71-0 14191-69-6 14914-66-0 23308-12-5 15700-33-1 15720-78-2 13966-06-8 13981-59-4 14314-35-3 14683-06-8 14683-07-9 14683-08-0 15832-50-5 15690-89-8 16645-96-8 17620-10-9 15755-27-8 15755-18-7

14391-67-4 14914-68-2 14391-68-5 14374-79-9 14683-10-4 14234-35-6 15756-32-8 13968-50-8 15756-34-0 14331-88-5 15756-35-1 15756-29-3 15125-45-8 14304-79-1 14304-80-4 14390-73-9 13981-49-2 14269-71-7 14683-12-6 14234-28-7 15759-52-1 15701-09-4 15480-34-9 15755-17-6 15715-08-9 14158-30-6 14158-31-7 14158-32-8 14391-72-1 15046-84-1 14914-02-4 10043-66-0 14683-16-0 14834-67-4 14914-27-3 14834-68-5 15758-27-7 15720-35-1 15047-05-9 15066-92-9 14914-76-2 15758-03-9 13967-70-9 15726-30-4 14234-29-8 10045-97-3 15758-29-9 15229-36-4 15741-25-0 14914-75-1 13981-41-4 14698-58-9 14378-25-7 14798-08-4 15741-29-4 18879-37-3 15715-04-5 15066-93-0 15816-85-0 14834-69-6

15816-87-2 13981-28-7 15816-88-3 15816-89-4 16729-61-6 15055-11-5 15757-94-5 13968-49-5 13982-30-4 13967-74-3 14119-19-8 14762-78-8 22095-53-0 15125-66-3 15481-22-8 14191-76-5 14191-64-1 14981-79-4 14119-05-2 15765-23-8 15765-24-9 22095-52-9 15700-34-2 18411-36-4 14877-64-6 14269-74-0 15749-81-2 15690-82-1 14952-27-3 14834-72-1 14834-73-2 15706-44-2 14834-74-3 14380-75-7 14683-19-3 15765-31-8 15720-47-5 15766-03-7 14877-67-9 15701-12-9 15065-02-8 15715-94-3 15766-00-4 14391-31-2 15759-70-3 14981-86-3 14907-88-1 14191-78-7 15840-15-0 14907-89-2 15840-16-1 14683-23-9 15585-10-1 14391-16-3 14280-35-4 14280-36-5 14041-40-8 23315-89-1 14952-32-0 14952-31-9

14937-16-7 14937-17-8 14276-65-4 14041-42-0 26209-85-8 15065-93-7 15065-95-9 14998-51-7 14981-98-7 15758-64-2 14391-17-4 14391-10-7 14391-18-5 15759-55-4 13981-29-8 14391-19-6 14982-00-4 14981-97-6 14280-34-3 13967-64-1 15840-01-4 15125-75-4 15832-34-5 15750-02-4 14391-20-9 15700-49-9 15749-97-0 13967-65-2 15750-04-6 14967-67-0 14041-43-1 15840-13-8 14391-45-8 15840-14-9 15832-57-2 15690-75-2 14391-22-1 13981-30-1 14333-45-0 15720-75-9 14041-46-4 14041-47-5 24347-38-4 14834-83-4 14041-45-3 14269-78-4 14041-44-2 14119-23-4 29919-07-1 15715-05-6 15741-32-9 15752-27-9 14093-12-0 14391-24-3 14914-12-6 14452-47-2 14265-75-9 14683-30-8 15755-89-2 14922-51-1

14093-11-9 15757-23-0 15750-13-7 14093-09-5 14265-77-1 14265-76-0 14265-78-2 14900-21-1 29492-85-1 15832-40-3 29687-28-3 15759-26-9 22095-77-8 15758-54-0 15759-28-1 15758-55-1 15759-27-0 15055-22-8 14391-27-6 15759-29-2 13982-00-8 14683-36-4 15701-21-0 15701-22-1 15701-16-3 15749-43-6 15749-44-7 15055-23-9 14683-32-0 15749-46-9 14932-41-3 14983-48-3 24421-27-0 18853-09-3 18853-08-2 14993-65-8 21459-71-2 14983-46-1 14998-63-1 14391-29-8 14378-26-8 15765-78-3 14993-35-2 14993-64-7 14993-36-3 15766-50-4 15761-06-5 14119-24-5 16057-77-5 15766-57-1 29054-62-4 27742-26-3 29054-43-1 24447-13-0 14834-71-0 15752-22-4 14265-84-0 14981-91-0 14694-69-0 14158-35-1

15816-99-6 14993-39-6 14922-70-4 15055-30-8 15706-36-2 15735-70-3 14191-88-9 15735-74-7 15706-54-4 29687-31-8 13982-20-2 15756-89-5 14320-93-5 10043-49-9 14391-11-8 20091-45-6 23238-59-7 15116-82-2 15064-97-8 15756-15-7 13981-51-6 14191-87-8 13982-78-0 18235-46-6 26683-69-2 14107-52-9 15743-50-7 15064-66-1 15720-55-5 15064-65-0 15720-57-7 13968-51-9 35788-48-8 16646-00-7 27486-00-6 16645-99-1 17239-87-1 15752-86-0 14687-25-3 14119-28-9 14119-30-3 14255-04-0 15816-77-0 15092-94-1 15067-28-4 17239-85-9 14280-38-7 14687-50-4 24383-94-6 14333-38-1 13982-38-2 14331-79-4 14913-49-6 15776-20-2 14733-03-0 16729-74-1 16729-76-3 15720-45-3 13981-52-7 20601-76-7

15755-39-2 36840-25-2 15756-98-6 15623-45-7 13233-32-4 13981-53-8 13982-63-3 15743-84-7 15262-20-1 15755-98-3 14265-85-1 20379-10-6 14952-40-0 14331-83-0 15571-75-2 15623-47-9 14274-82-9 15594-54-4 14269-63-7 14932-40-2 7440-29-1 15065-10-8 29901-97-1 15766-09-3 15766-10-6 14331-85-2 15766-06-0 13981-14-1 15100-28-4 15743-51-8 15700-08-0 14158-29-3 13968-55-3 13966-29-5 15117-96-1 13982-70-2 14269-75-1 7440-61-1 13982-01-9 15687-53-3 29687-52-3 15832-46-9 15116-90-2 15700-37-5 15700-36-4 13994-20-2 15766-25-3 13968-59-7 15690-84-3 34018-47-8 14928-39-3 15411-92-4 15411-93-5 13981-16-3 15117-48-3 14119-33-6 14119-32-5 13982-10-0 15706-37-3 14119-34-7

18784-52-6 15756-66-8 29492-78-2 18233-96-0 16652-10-1 15116-95-7 14596-10-2 13981-54-9 14993-75-0 15756-26-0 16415-43-3 15776-16-6 15411-90-2 15411-91-3 15510-73-3 15757-87-6 13981-15-2 15621-76-8 15757-90-1 15758-32-4 15758-33-5 15701-07-2 15743-83-6 16652-07-6 15715-02-3 15752-38-2 14900-25-5 15755-53-0 16044-16-9 15117-45-0 15758-24-4 15237-97-5 13982-11-1 15765-19-2 13981-17-4 15720-29-3 22095-76-7 26150-38-9 26250-43-1 15840-02-5 15840-03-6 15756-90-8 18396-20-8 15750-23-9 15750-24-0 15750-26-2 15752-34-8 29665-18-7 630-08-0 124-38-9 50-99-7 50-88-4 3545-96-8 18453-57-1 14543-09-0 68-19-9 41183-64-6 23288-60-0 63767-78-2 15478-11-2

13983-27-2 14932-42-4 14995-62-1 14859-67-7 15785-07-6 53231-79-1 7446-18-6 10099-74-8 20425-72-3 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 50454-44-9 26677-58-7 40850-03-1 UNKNOWN 65438-08-6 153546-52-2 63347-65-9 UNKNOWN 99944-78-2 125224-05-7 109581-73-9 UNKNOWN 7704-34-9 8027-28-9 16284-59-6 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 65717-97-7 7790-26-3 41927-88-2 12266-32-9 22840-34-2 10026-10-5 10049-14-6 7783-81-5 13536-84-0 1344-57-6 1344-58-7 1344-59-8 UNKNOWN LANGUAGE: eng PUBLICATION TYPES: TECHNICAL REPORT ENTRY MONTH: 199906 TITLE ABBREVIATION: NTIS Technical Report (NTIS/NUREG/CR-5631-REV-2) YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1996 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: DART/TER/99000152 LAST REVISION DATE:

19990603 30 TITLE: Substoichiometric Determination of Tungsten by Neutron Activation Analysis AUTHORS: Nadkarni RA Haldar BC SOURCE: Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 8, pages 45-51, 12 references, 19711971 ABSTRACT: A substoichiometric method for the determination of microgram amounts of tungsten (7440337) was developed. The method was based on the extraction of tungsten on the extraction of tungsten with toluene-3,4-dithiol in amyl-acetate by thermal neutron activation. Samples of alloy steel, meteorites, and biological standard kale were powdered and irradiated in a reactor. Standards were prepared. Radioactivity of irradiated samples was measured. Tungsten was extracted from samples into amyl-acetate with zinc-dithiol. Values for tungsten in alloy steel were in good agreement when compared with other methods. In kale, the results were in very good agreement with recommended values. In meteorites, there was a large number of replicate determinations that were in excellent agreement with each other. Decontamination of tungsten was good. In an artificial mixture containing 0.00673 microgram, 0.00719 microgram was found. In alloy steel, sample containing 0.28 percent tungsten was found to contain 0.278 percent. The authors conclude that the method is simple, rapid, and accurate. KEYWORDS: DCN-120289 Analytical methods Chemical properties Analytical chemistry Absorption rates Chemical analysis Laboratory testing Sampling methods Analytical instruments Irradiation CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 CODEN: JRACBN ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1971 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00128882 31 TITLE:

Maximum Permissible Content Of Tritanium And Tungsten Nitride, Silicide And Carbide Powders And Dust In The Air AUTHORS: Mezentseeva NV SOURCE: Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 2(20), pages 112-113, 3 references, 19611961 ABSTRACT: The toxicities of aerosols of tungsten-carbide (12070121), tungsten-silicide (12627417), titanium-carbide (12070085), and titanium-nitride (11116168) were studied in rats to determine a maximum permissible content (MPC) values in air. A suspension of 50 milligrams of the appropriate powder in 0.5 milliliters of saline was introduced into the respiratory tract by the blood free intratracheal method. The animals were killed after 7 and 10 months and the internal organs were examined histologically. With the exception of the lungs, there were no changes in the organs after treatment. In the respiratory system, there were some changes in the cellular reaction in septa, the peribronchial reaction, and the perivascular reaction. However, the compounds caused less or no greater toxicity than had been seen with the parent metals, tungsten (7440337) and titanium (7440326), or with the metal oxides, tungsten-trioxide (1314358) and titanium-dioxide (13463677). The changes were not different at 7 and 10 months. The authors conclude that the MPC for tungsten-carbide and tungsten-silicide in air should be the same as that for tungsten, 6 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3). The values for titanium-carbide and titanium-nitride should be the same as that for titanium-oxide, 10mg/m3. (Russian) KEYWORDS: DCN-129688 TRANS Metallic compounds Dust exposure Air contamination Toxic dose Dose response Animal studies Biochemical analysis Medical monitoring Safety research CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 12070-12-1 12070-12-1 12627-41-7 12070-08-5 11116-16-8 7440-33-7 7440-32-6 1314-35-8 13463-67-7 ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1961

SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00138245 32 TITLE: Distribution of Tungstate in Pregnant Mice and Effects on Embryonic Cells In Vitro AUTHORS: Wide M Danielsson BRG Dencker L SOURCE: Environmental Research, Vol. 40, No. 2, pages 487-498, 23 reference, 19861986 ABSTRACT: Whole body autoradiography and impulse counting experiments, using tungsten-185 (W-185) labeled tungstate, were carried out to obtain information on the distribution of tungsten (7440337) in pregnant NMRI-mice, to determine whether the isotope reaches the implanted embryo and fetus, and whether it is taken up in the placenta or the reproductive system of the mother. Tail vein injections of 120 micrograms per kilogram or 20mg/kg were given on days 12 or 17 of gestation. The retention of tungsten was estimated by varying the time between the injection of W-185 and the sacrifice of the pregnant mice. The cytotoxic effect of tungstate was also tested in-vitro, using chick limb bud mesenchymal cells differentiating into chondrocytes. A rapid uptake was recorded in the skeleton, red pulp of the spleen, adrenals, liver, thyroid, pituitary, ovaries, intestine and kidneys of both adult males and pregnant female mice; there was rapid kidney and intestinal excretion. In a C57Bl mouse, radioactivity accumulated in the ciliary body, iris and retina; this was not recorded in albino mice. The largest maternal retention occurred in the skeleton, kidneys and spleen; in the fetus, retention was highest in the visceral yolk sac epithelium and the skeleton. In-vitro cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that tungstate inhibited cartilage production in limb bud mesenchymal tissue at concentrations similar to those used in-vivo; as measured by densitometry, tungsten affected chondrogenesis at a concentration between 150 and 200 micromolar. The concentration of tungsten in embryonic tissues was about 100 micromolar at 1 hour after treatment with tungsten in a dose of 2mg/kg on day 12 of gestation. The authors conclude that tungsten is readily transported from mother to fetus, more so in late than in early gestation. KEYWORDS: DCN-150543 Heavy metals Metallic poisoning Tungsten compounds Laboratory animals Tissue distribution Transplacental exposure In vitro studies CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 CODEN: ENVRAL

ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1986 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00163963 33 TITLE: Some Data On The Influence Of Vegetables Enriched With Cobalt And Tungsten On The Animal Organism AUTHORS: Seidov IM SOURCE: Voprosy Pitaniya, Vol. 23, No. 2, pages 73-77, 16 references, 19641964 ABSTRACT: The effects of eating vegetables irrigated with waste water containing cobalt (7440484) (Co) and tungsten (7440337) were studied in rabbits. Agricultural plots containing cabbage and carrots were irrigated with undiluted industrial waste water that contained 6528 milligrams (mg) Co and 2763mg tungsten; waste water diluted in a 1 to 1 ratio with tap water and containing 3269mg Co and 1384mg tungsten; and tap water. The Co and tungsten contents of vegetables were determined. The vegetables were fed to rabbits for 75 days. At 15 day intervals, the animals were observed for growth, and samples were obtained for blood chemistry studies. Selected animals were killed and examined for gross and histopathological changes. The largest tungsten and Co concentrations were found in the vegetables grown in the plots irrigated with undiluted waste water. Rabbits that ate the vegetables irrigated with undiluted waste water received 2.64 times more Co and 6 times more tungsten than did rabbits eating vegetables irrigated with tap water. Animals eating the vegetables irrigated with diluted waste water received 1.8 times more Co and 1.67 times more tungsten than did the controls. Animals that ate vegetables irrigated with waste water gained weight at a slightly faster rate. The number of erythrocytes and the amounts of hemoglobin and cholesterol were slightly increased in rabbits eating vegetables irrigated with waste water. Pathological changes included increased activity of the thyroid and erythropoiesis of the bone marrow in experimental animals. (Russian) KEYWORDS: DCN-124614 TRANS Metals Glandular disorders Bone disorders Biochemical analysis Physiological measurements Animal studies Dose response Toxic effects Blood analysis CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-48-4

7440-48-4 7440-33-7 ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1964 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00136417 34 TITLE: Some Problems Of The Influence Of Tungsten Dust On The Organism AUTHORS: Vengerskaya KhYa Salikhodzhayev SS SOURCE: Gigiyena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya, Vol. 6, No. 3, pages 27-29, 10 references, 19621962 ABSTRACT: The effect of tungsten (7440337) on blood sugar and chloride, urine and liver functions was investigated in workers exposed in an alloy manufacturing factory. A total of 178 workers were examined. Eighty one percent (52 males, 126 females) had been exposed for up to 3 years. Blood and urine samples were collected and analyzed for sugar, hippuric-acid, and chlorides. Sodium-benzoate load test was used to determine liver disorders and air samples were collected and determined for tungsten and cobalt (7440484) contents. Tungsten content in air during the various operations ranged from 0.75 to 6.1 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) and cobalt from 0.6 to 3.2mg/m3. Cobalt concentration was significantly higher than values generally considered permissible (0.5mg/m3). Eighty eight workers showed clinical signs which included dyspnea, coughing, heart palpitations, headache, dizziness, nausea, loss of appetite, and olfactory disorders. Complaints were mostly from reducers and inspectors. Blood concentrations of tungsten varied from traces to 1.9mg percent. Tungsten content in urine averaged from 0.6 to 1.1mg per liter. Blood sugar was normal in 29 workers, slightly elevated in 8, and suggestive of liver function disorders in 14. In the tests, 19 of 31 workers showed values indicating disorders of the detoxifying type. Press operators had the highest incidence of disorder. The press operators also had the highest chloride value for blood and urine and the reducers the lowest. Thirty two of 39 workers had depressed urine chloride content. The authors conclude that tungsten and cobalt exposure produces increased sugar in blood and depresses the antitoxic function of the liver. (Russian) KEYWORDS: DCN-122658 TRANS Physiological response Biological effects Clinical diagnosis Blood analysis Biological factors Dust exposure

Air sampling Toxic effects Clinical symptoms CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 7440-48-4 CODEN: GTFZAB ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1962 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00129987 35 TITLE: Effects Of Molybdenum And Tungsten On Mammary Carcinogenesis In SD Rats AUTHORS: Wei H-J Luo X-M Yang SP SOURCE: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 74, No. 2, pages 469-473, 22 references, 19851985 ABSTRACT: The inhibitory effect of molybdenum (7439987) and tungsten (7440337) on mammary carcinogenesis was investigated in SD-rats. Female rats were fed 10 parts per million (ppm) molybdenum or received 150ppm tungsten in their drinking water. Controls received demineralized water. All animals received single intravenous injections of 5 milligrams per gram N-nitroso-N-methylurea (615532) (NMU). Animals were killed on day 125 or 298 after NMU administration. None of the control rats developed mammary tumors. NMU alone produced mammary carcinomas with 97.8 percent being adenocarcinomas and 2.2 percent being fibroadenomas. Most carcinomas were highly aggressive but nonmetastatic. Rats given NMU without molybdenum or tungsten showed a 50 percent mammary tumor rate at 125 days. Molybdenum treated rats showed a slight but insignificant decrease in carcinoma incidence (45.5 percent). Rats given tungsten exhibited a significant increase in carcinoma incidence (79.2 percent). The molybdenum group killed at 198 days showed carcinoma incidence of 50 percent compared to 90.5 percent for the untreated group and 95.7 percent for the tungsten treated groups. Palpable tumors were first seen on days 56 and 71 in the tungsten treated and untreated groups, respectively, after NMU treatment. Single injection of NMU significantly increase hepatic molybdenum concentration in the molybdenum treated group while in animals receiving tungsten, the hepatic molybdenum content was below the detectable limit of 0.01 microgram per gram dry weight. The authors conclude that molybdenum has an inhibitory effect on mammary carcinogenesis in mice. KEYWORDS: DCN-134348

Animal studies Industrial chemicals Quantitative analysis Toxicology Hygiene Chemical composition Trace metals Industrial emissions Chemical analysis Occupational hazards Industrial environment CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7439-98-7 7439-98-7 7440-33-7 615-53-2 CODEN: JNCIAM ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1985 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00147452 36 TITLE: Solvent Extraction Procedures for the Determination of Tungsten in Ores AUTHORS: Rao PD SOURCE: Atomic Absorption Newsletter, Vol. 9, No. 6, pages 131-132, 3 references, 19701970 ABSTRACT: A method is described for solvent extraction of tungsten (7440337), allowing rapid atomic absorption determination of tungsten at low concentrations. The method is based on the conversion of tungstate to phosphotungstate which can be effectively extracted into diisobutyl-ketone (108838) containing Aliquat 336 (5137553). The procedure is adequate for ores containing more than 0.5 percent tungsten. A sacrifice of precision will permit analysis of samples containing lower tungsten. KEYWORDS: DCN-178848 Refractory metals Analytical methods Microanalysis Atomic absorption spectrometry Inorganic compounds Solvent extraction Tungsten compounds Cemented tungsten carbide

CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-33-7 7440-33-7 108-83-8 5137-55-3 CODEN: AABNAC ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1970 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00074909 37 TITLE: Tungsten Carbide Pulmonary Fibrosis A Case Report AUTHORS: Bartl F Lichtenstein ME SOURCE: American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Vol. 37, pages 668-670, 3 references, 19761976 ABSTRACT: A case of pulmonary fibrosis is reported of a 34-year-old tool grinder. He was found to have diffuse bilateral, poorly delineated parenchymatous densities distributed evenly in upper and lower lobes on X-ray films of the chest. Ventilatory findings are given. Microscopic examination of lung biopsy material showed multi-focal pulmonary scarring with associated patchy interstitial fibrosis. There were non-specific reactive changes in a hilar lymph node. During his 15 year job history, the employee performed tool or drill grinding a total of 7 years, 42 months of which involved work with tungsten-carbide alloys. Intermittent adverse exposures to tungsten-carbide dust may have occurred as early as June, 1966. The observed interstitial fibrosis in the employee is considered consistent with the magnitude of his potential exposure to tungsten-carbide dust containing cobalt (7440484). No specific reference is made to tungsten (7440337) in this paper. KEYWORDS: DCN-178858 Tungsten Cemented tungsten carbide Transition metals Hazards Respiratory system disorders Lung disorders Lung fibrosis Metalworking Tool making Toolmakers Industrial factory workers Grinders Tungsten alloys

CAS REGISTRY NUMBERS: 7440-48-4 7440-48-4 7440-33-7 CODEN: AIHAAP ENTRY MONTH: 199003 YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1976 SECONDARY SOURCE ID: NIOSH/00074920 38 TITLE: Evaluation of Tungsten and Lead Surgical Gloves for Radiation Protection AUTHORS: Vano E Fernandez JM Delgado V Gonzalez L SOURCE: Health Physics, Vol. 68, No. 6, pages 855-858, 5 references, 1995 ABSTRACT: The ability of tungsten and lead lined surgical gloves to protect against X-ray exposure was evaluated. Eleven commercial brands of lined gloves, nine containing lead at mass thicknesses of 0.05 to 0.23 kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) and two containing tungsten at mass thicknesses of 0.23 and 0.25mg/m2, were tested. The gloves were exposed to 60, 80, 102, and 125 kilovolt potential