Turbo TAKS

Week 3

Lesson 1: PlantsLesson 2: Energy Flow in EcosystemsLesson 3: Evolution and AdaptationsLesson 4: Viruses and Bacteria

Lesson 1: PlantsLesson 1: Plants

Photosynthesis Review6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Plants convert solar energy into useable chemical energy (sugar)

Since plants make their own food, they are AUTOTROPHIC!

Occurs in the chloroplasts

Leaf StructuresLeaves absorb energy from the sun(Broader/ bigger leaves absorb more sunlight!)

Epidermis- covers the upper and lower surfaces and secretes a waxy coating called a cuticle

Veins- vascular tissues (like the circulatory system) of the plant and run from the leaves through the stems and the roots to supply leaf cells with water and nutrients Phloem: takes sugars down, remember “Phlo low” Xylem: brings water up, remember “Xy high”

Stomata/ stoma- allow gases (CO2 and O2) in and out of the cell

Transpiration Transpiration – loss of water vapor from a plant

If a plant has adequate water, water exerts turgor pressure against cell walls

If a plant loses too much water, cells lose water and become flaccid, and the plant wilts

Stomata let CO2 in and control water loss Each stomata is surrounded

by guard cells

When plants have plenty of water, stomata open and CO2 can diffuse into the leaf

When plants lose too much water, guard cells become flaccid and stomata close – this prevents more water loss

Stems and Roots Stems for conduction

Phloem- transports sap containing sugars and amino acids through the cytoplasm in the tube

Xylem- transports water from the roots to the leaves

Roots for water absorption Fibrous root system: has many branching

roots and are usually close to the surface which helps prevent erosion, like corn and beans

Taproot system: roots penetrate into deep soil and are usually long and slender with short side branches, like oak and carrots

Lesson 2: Energy Flow Through Ecosystems

Physical Aspects in an Ecosystem

BIOTIC FACTORSBio means “life”Living organismsEx: plants, animals

ABIOTIC FACTORS“a” means “not”Non-living thingsEx: rocks, wind, sun, water, dirt

Symbiotic Relationships

Mutualism: both partners benefit

Commensalism: one partner benefits and the other partner is not affected

Parasitism: one partner benefits and the other is harmed

Predatory: predator/prey - one organism eats the other

A food chain shows one path energy can take

Wheat Mouse Snake Owl

A food web is a collection of several food chains, linked together

Trophic Levels = feeding level Producers are at the bottom, they make their own food Primary consumers eat producers (herbivores) Secondary consumers eat primary consumers (carnivores)

10 % Rule Only 10 % of the energy at one trophic level is passed

on to the next 90% is lost as heat

The greatest amount of energy in the ecosystem is stored in the producers. There is more grass than grasshoppers, and there are more grasshoppers than frogs. There are very few tertiary consumers in an ecosystem because it takes a lot of energy to feed one.

BIOMAGNIFICATION

Toxins (poisons) can build up in the food chain. The toxin becomes more and more concentrated as you go up the trophic levels.

Lesson 3: Evolution and Adaptations

All organisms have adaptations that help them survive in their environment

Examples of Plant Adaptations: Support/food storage: Stiff cell walls in

stems and trunks, vascular tissue that carries water and food, Starch storage in roots.

Prevention of water loss: Waxy cuticle, stomata on leaves, reduced leaf surface area (cactus), seed coats

Reproduction: Seed dispersal by wind and animals, colors to attract pollinators, pollen, co-evolution with insects

Defense: Toxins, thorns, bark

Examples of Animal Adaptations: Protection and prevention of dehydration:

exoskeletons, armor, scales, skin, kidneys

Defense/Predation: Claws, teeth, well developed eye lens, sense of smell, speed, camouflage, armor, mimicry

Reproduction: Eggs, internal fertilization, placentas, care of young, nesting

Which one is venomous?

Looks like owl eyes! This butterfly scares away potential predators

Life is very Diverse

Diversity is a measure of how many different types of organisms live in an area

A rainforest is a very diverse habitat (many different species of plants, animals, fungi, etc.)

A desert is not very diverse (Cacti and a few species of animals)

A species is a group of animals that can breed and produce fertile offspring. (Cocker spaniel and poodle produce a cockapoo. Lion and tiger producing a liger. Elephant and a rabbit can not produced a rabbant!- not same species)

Five basic components ofFive basic components ofFive basic components ofFive basic components of

1. All species have genetic variation. 1. All species have genetic variation. Variation can be caused by mutations.Variation can be caused by mutations.

1. All species have genetic variation. 1. All species have genetic variation. Variation can be caused by mutations.Variation can be caused by mutations.

Every species is different, Every species is different, even within itself.even within itself.

Every species is different, Every species is different, even within itself.even within itself.

Look around you…are Look around you…are you all the same?you all the same?

Look around you…are Look around you…are you all the same?you all the same?

2. Organisms produce more offspring than can 2. Organisms produce more offspring than can survivesurvive. .

2. Organisms produce more offspring than can 2. Organisms produce more offspring than can survivesurvive. .

The female green sea turtle lays a clutch of about The female green sea turtle lays a clutch of about 110 eggs. She may lay several clutches.110 eggs. She may lay several clutches.

The female green sea turtle lays a clutch of about The female green sea turtle lays a clutch of about 110 eggs. She may lay several clutches.110 eggs. She may lay several clutches.

It is likely that It is likely that less than 1%less than 1% of the hatchlings will ever of the hatchlings will ever reach sexual maturity.reach sexual maturity.

It is likely that It is likely that less than 1%less than 1% of the hatchlings will ever of the hatchlings will ever reach sexual maturity.reach sexual maturity.

3. Since more organisms are produced than can 3. Since more organisms are produced than can survive, there is survive, there is competitioncompetition (struggle for (struggle for existence)existence)..

3. Since more organisms are produced than can 3. Since more organisms are produced than can survive, there is survive, there is competitioncompetition (struggle for (struggle for existence)existence)..

foodfoodfoodfood

Within and Among Species for

And Within a Species for

waterwaterwaterwater

matesmatesmatesmates

sheltersheltersheltershelter spacespacespacespace

4. The constant struggle for survival is affected by changes in the environment (hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, etc.)

4. The constant struggle for survival is affected by changes in the environment (hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, etc.)

5. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST5. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

Individuals that are best adapted to their Individuals that are best adapted to their environment survive and leave more offspringenvironment survive and leave more offspring

5. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST5. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

Individuals that are best adapted to their Individuals that are best adapted to their environment survive and leave more offspringenvironment survive and leave more offspring

Over time, genes for favorable Over time, genes for favorable characteristics will be more commoncharacteristics will be more common

Over time, genes for favorable Over time, genes for favorable characteristics will be more commoncharacteristics will be more common

Example: giraffes and their Example: giraffes and their increasingly longer necksincreasingly longer necks

Example: giraffes and their Example: giraffes and their increasingly longer necksincreasingly longer necks

SpeciationIf two populations of the same species become separated by a barrier, each group may change in different ways. Eventually they may become different enough that they are no longer the same species (can’t produce offspring together).

Phylogenetic Trees are diagrams that show relationships

100mya

Present

A

B

C D E F G

A is the common ancestor. B is extinct. E and F are the most closely related.

Lesson 4: Viruses and Bacteria

                                    

                                                                                                             

Viruses

ARE NOT LIVING!

Can only reproduce inside host cell

Cell Specific- will only bind to certain cellsPolio virus only attaches to human

nerve cells

Viruses destroy host cell!

Viruses

Viral infection must run their course- NO ANTIBIOTICS!

There are vaccines that prevent some viral infections, like polio, influenza and chicken pox.

An organism’s immune system fights viruses with fever & antibodies.

Viral diseases

HIVDestroys Helper T cells of the immune systemCauses AIDS

Influenza and common coldspread by contact

Bacteria shapes

A. Coccus: round or spherical

B. Spirillum: spiral-shaped

C. Bacillus: rod-shaped

Coccus Bacillus Spirillum

Bacteria

Good Types Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

(Nitrogen cycle)

In food (Lactobacillus in yogurt)

In digestive system (E. coli)

Decomposers

Bad Types Cause disease

Strep throat Diphtheria Staph infection Food poisoning

Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics