turistuli produqtis formirebis taviseburebani saqartvelosi d i s e … · 2013. 9. 23. · ivane...

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti

ekonomikisa da biznesis fakulteti

maia melaZe

turistuli produqtis formirebis Taviseburebani

saqarTveloSi

d i s e r t a c i a

filosofiis doqtori biznesis marTvaSi _

akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: ekonomikis doqtori,

asocirebuli profesori m. margvelaSvili

Tbilisi 2008

avtoris stili daculia

S i n a a r s i

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Tavi 1 turistuli produqtis Taviseburebani da misi realizaciis

formebi . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

1.1 turistuli produqti, rogorc gansakuTrebuli saqoneli da

mis realizaciaze moqmedi faqtorebi . . . . .

8

1.2 mogzaurobis motivacia da turistuli produqtis saxeebi 26

1.3 turistuli produqtis gayidvis axali teqnologiebi . . 48

Tavi 2 turizmis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi maCveneblebi . . . . 68

2.1 turizmis ganviTarebis msoflio mimoxilva . . . . 68

2.2 saqarTvelos turizmi XXI saukunis mijnaze . . . 89

2.3 turistul produqtze moTxovnis Taviseburebani . . . 107

Tavi 3 turistuli produqtis srulyofis perspeqtivebi

saqarTveloSi . . . . . . . . . . . .

122

3.1 saqarTvelos turizmis mdgradi ganviTareba . . . . 122

3.2 abreSumis gzis turistuli produqti . . . . . 138

3.3 saqarTveloSi turistul produqtze moTxovnis

ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi . . . . . . . .

156

daskvnebi da winadadebebi . . . . . . . . . 172

gamoyenebuli literatura . . . . . . . . 186

danarTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

2

S e s a v a l i

problemis aqtualuroba.

yvelasaTvis naTelia is didi da gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba,

romelsac turizmi iZens msoflios xalxTa mSvidobiani

TanaarsebobisaTvis. igi xels uwyobs keTilmezobluri politikis

ganmtkicebas, socialur-ekonomikur TanamSromlobas da dialogs

kulturaTa Soris. saqarTvelos Tavisi geopolitikuri mdebareobiTa da

arsebuli bunebrivi, istoriuli Tu kulturuli resursebiT turizmis

ganviTarebis uzarmazari SesaZleblobani gaaCnia. amis gamo saWiroa

maqsimalurad gamoviyenoT is xelsayreli SesaZleblobebi, romlebsac

turizmis Semdgomi ganviTareba gvTavazobs.

adamianis erT-erTi ZiriTadi uflebis, dasvenebis uflebis,

uzrunvelyofam warmoqmna dasvenebis moTxovnis dakmayofilebis

aucilebloba. meoce saukunis meore naxevridan ara mxolod SeZlebul

adamianebs gauCndaT sakmarisi dro da finansebi mogzaurobisa da

dasvenebisaTvis. Sesabamisad Seiqmna moTxovna turistul momsaxurebaze.

turistTa aqtiurobis mniSvnelovani zrda warmoadgens turizms, rogorc

gasuli saukunis erT-erT yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan ekonomikur da

socialur fenomens. saerTaSoriso turistTa raodenoba gviCvenebs

evolucias 25 milionidan 898 milionamde (1950-2007 wlebi). saSualo wliuri

zrda Seadgens _ 7 procents, Sesabamisad, Semosavlebi saerTaSoriso

turizmidan izrdeboda saSualod 12 procentiT.

turistuli momsaxurebis safuZvelze, momxmareblis moTxovnis

Sesabamisad, iqmneba turistuli produqti. magram turistuli produqti

amave dros warmoadgens rTuli sxvadasxvagvari elementebis erTobliobas:

bunebrivi resursebi, mowyobiloba (turistis ganTavsebis, kvebis

saSualebebi, mowyobiloba dasvenebisaTvis, sportisaTvis da a.S.),

gadaadgilebis saSualebebi, agreTve miznobrivi momsaxureba. bazarze isini

SeiZleba SeTavazebul iqnes rogorc erTiani kompleqsuri turi, an

3

TiToeuli maTgani damoukideblad. ZiriTadi turistuli momsaxurebis

garda arsebobs Tanmxlebi momsaxureba: sadazRvevo, sabanko, sakomunikacio.

maTi mniSvneloba gamudmebiT izrdeba da mravalferovani xdeba. turistul

produqts, momsaxurebis garda, warmoadgens zogierTi saqonelic:

suvenirebi, specialuri turistuli aRWurviloba, sursaTi da sxva.

turistul produqts axasiaTebs oTxi Tviseba, romelic ganasxvavebs

momsaxurebas fizikuri saqonlisagan: xelSeuxebloba, warmoebis da

moxmarebis ganuyofeloba, cvalebadoba da Senaxvis SeuZlebloba. amitom

turistuli produqti principulad gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi

produqtisagan. kerZod, igi ar aris dakavSirebuli iseT cnebebTan,

rogorebicaa gadazidva, sawyobSi Senaxva, dagroveba. garda amisa,

turistuli momsaxurebis warmoeba da misi moxmareba drosa da sivrceSi

umetesad erTmaneTs emTxveva. turistuli produqti xasiaTdeba rigi sxva

TaviseburebebiTac: sezonurobiT, geografiuli danawevrebiT da a. S.

Tanamedrove turistuli produqtis realizaciis organizatorebad

iTvleba turizmis sferos moqmedi sawarmos ori saxeoba: turoperatori da

turistuli saagento, romlebic arsebiTad TviTon ar axorcielebs

turistul momsaxurebas, magram asrulebs saSuamavlo funqciebs

momxmarebelsa da momsaxurebis uSualo mwarmoebels Soris. Tavis mxriv,

maTi saqmianoba aseve momsaxurebaa.

turizmis produqcia ar SeiZleba gaisinjos mogzaurobamde. amgvarad,

gadawyvetileba _ daniSnulebis adgilas mogzaurobis yidvis Sesaxeb _

dafuZnebulia turistisaTvis misawvdom gansakuTrebul informaciaze:

megobrebis rekomendaciebi, broSurebi, gamocemuli erovnuli turizmis

moxeleebis mier an gancxadebebi. ufro metad da metad es informacia

misawvdomia internetiT.

saqarTveloSi turistuli produqti formirebis Taviseburebani

naklebad aris Seswavlili da amdenad, am sferoSi mecnieruli kvleva

uaRresad aqtualuria, rogorc Teoriuli aseve praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT.

aRniSnuli problemebis mecnieruli Seswavlis, daskvnebisa da

winadadebebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis aucilebloba ganapirobebs

sadisertacio Temis aqtualobas.

4

problemis Seswavlis mdgomareoba. turistuli produqtisa da masTan

dakavSirebuli problemebis Seswavlas eZRvneba ucxoel mecnierTa mravali

gamokvleva, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia v. medlitonis, s. medlikis f.

kotleris, s. plogis, a. duroviCis, e. golubkovis, i. beliaevskis, a.

aleqsandrovas da sxvaTa Sromebi. turistuli produqtis, an misi gayidvis

Tanamedrove problemebs sayuradRebo Sromebi miuZRvnes qarTvelma

mecnierebmac: m. margvelaSvilma, n. Toduam, g. SublaZem, k. abulaZem, l.

dolikaSvilma, m. metrevelma, b. barkalaiam, v. SublaZem, e. baxtaZem da

sxvebma. SromaTa simravlis miuxedavad maTSi:

_ ganxiluli ar aris uSualod turistuli produqtis formirebis

Taviseburebani;

_ sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT ar aris gaanalizebuli turistuli

produqti da misi mniSvneloba momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis

dakmayofilebaSi;

_ naklebadaa Seswavlili turistuli produqtis Seqmnisa da

momxmareblamde misi dayvanis formebi da meTodebi;

_ ar aris sakmarisad Seswavlili saqarTvelos turistuli

produqtis bazris arsebuli mdgomareoba.

turistuli produqtis formirebis kvlevis sxvadasxva sakiTxi, Cveni

azriT, kvlavac saWiroebs saTanado mecnierul Seswavlas. Cven SevecadeT

SeZlebisdagvarad Segvevso TeTri laqebi.

naSromis miznebi da amocanebi kvlevis mizania saqarTvelos vaWrobis

sferoSi turistuli produqtis gayidvis rogorc tradiciuli, aseve axali

sainformacio formebis gamokvleva.

aRniSnuli miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia Semdegi

amocanebis gadawyveta:

_ turistuli produqtis Sinaarsis gansazRvra;

_ turistuli produqtis warmoebis arsebuli mdgomareobisa da misi

ganviTarebis pirobebis Seswavla;

_ turistuli produqtis realizaciis teqnologiebis Seswavla;

_ saqarTveloSi turistul produqtze moTxovnis Seswavla;

_ saqarTveloSi turistuli produqtiT vaWrobis Tanamedrove

teqnologiebis gamoyenebaze winadadebebis SemuSaveba.

5

kvlevis sagania turistuli produqtis formirebis Tanamedrove

teqnologiebis analizis safuZvelze saqarTveloSi maTi gamoyenebis

struqturis gansazRvra.

kvlevis obieqtia saqarTveloSi warmoebuli turistuli produqtis

formirebis sfero.

naSromis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebs warmoadgens

turizmis sakiTxebze arsebuli Tanamedrove mecnieruli gamokvlevebi da

literatura. kvlevis meTodia ekonomikur-statistikuri analizi.

kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebulia qarTveli da ucxoeli mecnier-

ekonomistebis gamokvlevebi, saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo

departamentis, saqarTvelos ekonomikis saministros turizmisa da

kurortebis saxelmwifo departamentis, msoflio turizmis organizaciis

monacemebi, msoflio vaWrobis organizaciis, turizmis sakiTxebisadmi

miZRvnili saerTaSoriso konferenciebis masalebi da sxv., monacemebis

garkveuli nawili miRebulia Cvens mier Catarebuli sociologiuri

gamokvlevebis (anketuri gamokiTxva) Sedegad.

naSromis mecnieruli siaxles Seadgens turistuli produqtis

formirebis Tanamedrove teqnologiebis Seswavla:

_ pirveladaa Seswavlili turistuli produqtis formirebis

teqnologiebi;

_ gaanalizebulia turistuli produqtis formirebis arsebuli

mdgomareoba, gamovlenilia misi Taviseburebebi;

_ Seswavlilia saqarTveloSi turistuli produqtis formirebis

arsebuli mdgomareoba da gamovlenilia ganviTarebis tendenciebi;

_ Catarebulia turistuli produqtis bazris sociologiuri

gamokvleva da ganzogadebulia miRebuli Sedegebi;

_ SemuSavebulia saqarTvelos turistuli produqtis formirebis

ganviTarebis rekomendaciebi.

avtoris piradi monawileoba gamoqveynebul SromebSi, kvlevis

amocanebis meTodologiur dasabuTebaSi, turistuli saqonlis bazris

kvlevaSi, aseve Sedegebis Teoriul dasabuTebasa da daskvnebis

formulirebaSi gamoixateba.

6

naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba. Cvens mier Catarebuli

gamokvlevebis Sedegad da naSromSi warmodgenili Teoriuli da

praqtikuli rekomendaciebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba saqarTvelos turistuli

firmebis mier:

_ turistuli produqtis formirebis strategiis SemuSavebisas;

_ realizaciis axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebisas.

vfiqrobT, rom sadisertacio naSromSi miRebuli kvlevis Sedegebi

agreTve daexmareba saxelmwifo organoebs turizmis sferoSi saTanado

ekonomikuri da politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros.

disertaciis aprobacia. sadisertacio naSromi ganxilul iqna ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa

da biznesis fakultetis turizmis kaTedraze 2008 wlis 27 seqtembers oqmi

#1.

publikacia. Sesrulebuli kvlevis Sedegebze gamoqveynebulia 19

naSromi, maT Soris oTxi referirebul JurnalebSi.

kvlevis Sedegebi moxsenebulia Tsu komerciisa da marketingis

fakultetis da marketinguli kvlevis centris axalgazrda mecnierTa da

aspirantTa pirvel respublikur konferenciaze `marketingis ganviTarebis

problemebi da perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 15-16 maisi 2001 weli)~,

regionul saerTaSoriso konferenciebze: `axali sainformacio

teqnologiebi turizmSi~ (Tbilisi, 24-25 aprili 2002 weli), `kulturuli

turizmi da ganaTlebis reforma saqarTveloSi~ (Tbilisi, 7-8 noemberi 2005

weli) da saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciaze `globalizacia da

saqarTvelos ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi~ (Tbilisi, 22

oqtomberi, 2008 weli).

disertaciis moculoba da struqtura. sadisertacio naSromi moicavs

kompiuterze nabeWd 185 gverds da Sedgeba Sesavlis, sami Tavis, daskvnebisa

da winadadebebisagan. teqstis ZiriTad nawils Tan erTvis gamoyenebuli

literaturis sia da danarTebi.

7

Tavi 1. turistuli produqtis Taviseburebani da misi

realizaciis formebi

1.1 turistuli produqti, rogorc gansakuTrebuli

saqoneli da mis realizaciaze moqmedi faqtorebi

nebismieri ganmarteba SezRudulia, xolo SezRuduloba arasodes ar

aris zusti. amitom arc erTi mecniereba, gansakuTrebiT sazogadoebrivi, ar

iZleva `dasrulebul~ gansazRvrebas. Cvens droSi miRebuli daxasiaTeba

SesaZloa ar iqnes miRebuli 50 wlis Semdeg.

sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonis mixedviT ramdenime saukunis win

saqoneli ganisazRvreboda, rogorc `usulo xvastagi~, xolo xuastagi _

saqoneli da sayoleli, (saqoneli da sayolelni), xvastagi ewodebis

yovelsa saqonelsa da sayolelsa [68].

meoce saukuneSi, warmoebisa da vaWrobis ganviTarebasTan erTad

saqoneli ganisazRvra rogorc gasayidad warmoebuli Sromis produqti,

xolo qoneba _ visime sakuTrebad arsebuli nivTierebis da sxvadasxva

faseulobaTa erToblioba [72].

paralelurad arsebobda termini _ produqti [laT.] sagani,

nivTiereba, romelic miRebulia adamianis Sromis Sedegad, produqcia [laT.]

_ warmoebis produqtebis erToblioba an warmoebis calkeuli produqti.

zemoT moyvanili ganmartebebis mixedviT saqonels axasiaTebs ori

Tviseba: saxmari Rirebuleba da sacvleli Rirebuleba. saxmari Rirebuleba

ganisazRvreba misi sargeblianobiT da mis gareSe ar arsebobs. yvela

ekonomikur wyobilebaSi naturalur formaSi gamoxatuli simdidrea

nivTebis gansazRvruli raodenoba, romlebic adamianis sxvadasxva

moTxovnilebas akmayofilebs, e. i. saxmari Rirebuleba simdidris

sazogadoebrivi formaa. sacvleli Rirebuleba ki sxvadasxva saxmari

Rirebulebis raodenobrivi SefardebiT aris ganpirobebuli.

saqoneli aris nivTis sasargeblo TvisebaTa kompleqsi, igi Seicavs

momxmareblis saWiroebaTa materialuri dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro yvela

Semadgenel elements [104]. saqonlis meSveobiT SeiZleba garkveuli

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba [103]. saqonelia yvelaferi, rasac SeuZlia

8

moTxovnilebis an saWiroebis dakmayofileba da rac SeTavazebulia

bazrisaTvis yuradRebis mizidvis, gayidvisa da gamoyenebis mizniT [103].

saqoneli SeiZleba iyos yvela is nivTi, momsaxureba, nawarmi, idea da a. S.

romelic akmayofilebs materialur da sulier moTxovnilebebs da

gatanilia bazarze gasacvlelad [14].

rac Seexeba produqts, igi aris adamianis Sromis, sameurneo

saqmianobis Sedegi, romelic warmodgenilia materialur-nivTobrivi

(materialuri produqti) da sulieri, informaciuli formiT

(inteleqtualuri produqti) an Sesrulebuli samuSaosa da momsaxurebis

saxiT [2]. am da sxva avtorTa didi nawilis tradiciuli ganmartebis

Tanaxmad produqts gaaCnia mxolod saxmari Rirebuleba da sacvleli

Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia. magram rodesac saubaria saqonlis xarisxze,

rogorc produqciis teqnikur-ekonomikuri da esTetikuri Tvisebebis

erTobliobaze, romelic misi vargisianobis dones gansazRvravs, misi

inglisuri Sesatyvisi produqtia (quality of products) [2].

Tumca zogierT avtors gansxvavebuli azri gaaCnia _ nebismieri

materialuri Tu aramaterialuri warmoebis produqti, romelic

akmayofilebs adamianTa ama Tu im moTxovnilebas da CarTulia gacvliT

urTierTobebSi, saqonelia [88].

marketingis terminTa inglisur-qarTuli ganmartebiTi leqsikonis

mixedviT: saqoneli (Goods) _ materialuri produqtebi, rogorebicaa: saponi,

televizori da a. S., xolo produqti (Product) _ yvelaferi, rac ki

SeiZleba SesTavazon bazars yuradRebis misapyrobad, SesaZenad,

gamosayeneblad da rac SeiZleba akmayofilebdes survils an

moTxovnilebas [38].

ucxoel avtorTa jgufis mixedviT: produqti ganisazRvreba, rogorc

idea, fizikuri arsi (saqoneli), momsaxureba, an am sami elementis

nebismieri kombinacia, gankuTvnili gacvlis gziT individualuri an biznes

miznis dakmayofilebisaTvis [116].

msoflio savaWro organizaciis mier saerTaSoriso vaWrobis

statistikaSi gamoyenebuli ganmartebebis mixedviT komerciuli

momsaxurebis kategoria gansazRvrulia momsaxurebisa da saxelmwifo

9

momsaxurebis sxvaobis tolad, romelic Tavis mxriv, iyofa: satransporto,

mogzauroba da sxva komerciuli momsaxureba.

satransporto momsaxureba moicavs yvela sazRvao, sahaero, Siga

sanaosno, kosmosur da milsadeniT satransporto momsaxurebas, romelic

sruldeba erTi ekonomikis rezidentebis mier sxvebis mimarT da es

momsaxureba agreTve moicavs mgzavrTa gadayvanas, saqonlis mimoqcevas da

masTan dakavSirebul damxmare momsaxurebas.

mogzauroba moicavs individualur (janmrTelobis dacvis,

ganaTlebis da sxva mizniT) da biznes mogzaurebis mier moTxovnil

saqonelsa da momsaxurebas. sxva momsaxurebisagan gansxvavebiT mogzauroba

ar aris momsaxurebis gansakuTrebuli (damaxasiaTebeli) tipi, aramed,

mogzaurTa mier gamoyenebuli mravalferovani saqoneli da momsaxureba.

yvelaze gavrcelebuli saqoneli da momsaxureba aris: ganTavseba, kveba da

sasmeli, garToba da transporti, saCuqrebi da suvenirebi.

sxva komerciuli momsaxureba Sedgeba sakomunikacio, sadazRvevo,

safinanso, sainformacio, salicenzio da sxva momsaxurebisagan.

Tanamedrove qarTul ekonomikur literaturaSi termini `saqoneli~

gamoiyeneba ori mniSvnelobiT, erTi saqoneli viwro gagebiT, e. i. fizikuri

saqoneli, romelsac Seesabameba inglisuri termini `Goods~, meore _

saqoneli farTo gagebiT, romelsac Seesabameba inglisuri termini

`Product~, magram yoveldRiur ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, konkretulad,

bankebisa da sxvadasxva firmis saqmianobisas, gamoyenebulia termini

`produqti~ saqonlisa da momsaxurebis farTo speqtris dasaxasiaTeblad,

xolo termini `saqoneli~ gamoiyeneba mxolod viwro gagebiT, rogorc

fizikuri saqoneli. rac Seexeba turistul bizness, rogorc

literaturaSi, aseve yoveldRiur ekonomikur cxovrebaSi gamoiyeneba

termini `turistuli produqti~, xolo `turistuli saqoneli~ gamoxatavs

turistuli saqmianobisaTvis saWiro fizikur saqonels.

filip kotleris mixedviT: turistul produqts warmoadgens _

nomeri sastumroSi, dasveneba havais kunZulebze, kartofili `fri~

makdonaldsSi, avtobusiT mogzauroba istoriul adgilebSi da a. S.,

kompleqsuri saxiT igi moicavs ZiriTad produqts, Tanmxleb produqts,

damatebiT produqts da produqts farTo gagebiT.[102]

10

aleqsandre duroviCis mixedviT: termini _ „produqti“ gamoxatavs

konkretuli da abstraqtuli nivTebis xarisxs an arss (mag. sakvebi,

momzadebuli restornis mzareulis mier, an gidis momsaxureba, romelic

turists acnobs adgilmdebareobas an muzeums) [96].

mogzaurobis, turizmisa da maspinZlobis leqsikonSi (medlikis

avtorobiT) turistuli produqti viwro gagebiT aris is, rasac turistebi

yiduloben, mag., transportiT gadaadgileba an ganTavseba, cal-calke an

paketis saxiT; xolo farTo gagebiT yvelaferi imis narevi, rasac turisti

akeTebs da yvela is mimzidveloba, mowyobiloba da momsaxureba, rasac igi

iyenebs mogzaurobisas. turistis mxridan Tu SevxedavT, mTliani

turistuli produqti moicavs srul gamocdilebas mudmivi sacxovrebeli

adgilis datovebidan iq dabrunebamde. gansxvavebiT TviTmfrinavSi adgilis

an sastumros oTaxisagan, rogorc individualuri produqtisagan, mTliani

turistuli produqti aris zRvis sanapiroze dasveneba,

RirsSesaniSnaobebis daTvaliereba an mogzauroba konferenciaze

dasaswrebad da warmoadgens kombinirebul produqts [118].

turistuli produqti moicavs ara mxolod fizikur produqtsa da

momsaxurebas, aramed damatebiT dagegmvas, ganviTarebas, brendis miniWebasa

da paketis Seqmnas [124].

turizmis bazarze komerciuli saqmianobis warmateba pirvel rigSi

mimzidveli turistuli produqtiT ganisazRvreba, magram turistuli

produqti amave dros warmoadgens rTuli sxvadasxvagvari elementebis

erTobliobas:

• bunebrivi resursebi (haeri, wyali, mze, landSafti da sxv.),

istoriuli, kulturuli, arqiteqtoruli RirsSesaniSnaobebi, romlebsac

SeuZliaT miizidon turisti;

• mowyobiloba (turistis ganTavsebis saSualebebi, restornebi,

mowyobiloba dasvenebisaTvis, sportisaTvis da a.S.), romlebic

TavisTavad ar warmoadgens mogzaurobis motivacias, magram misi ar

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba mravalricxovani dabrkoleba

SesaZlo mogzaurobisaTvis;

• gadaadgilebis saSualebebi, romlebic damokidebulia turistis

mier gamoyenebuli transportis saxeobis modaze. es saSualebebi fasdeba

11

ufro metad maTi ekonomikuri misawvdomobiT, vidre gadaadgilebis

siCqaris TvalsazrisiT.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ucxoeli avtorebi (kotleri, medliki da

sxv.) ganixilaven turistuli produqtis oTx dones: ZiriTadi produqti,

Tanmxlebi produqti, damatebiTi produqti da produqti farTo gagebiT

[102, 118].

ZiriTadi produqti pasuxia kiTxvaze: `ras yidulobs myidveli

sinamdvileSi?~ nebismieri turistuli produqti warmoadgens momxmareblis

problemis gadasawyvet sxvadasxva momsaxurebis nakrebs. specialistebma

unda gaaanalizon TiToeuli momxmareblisaTvis ra aris ZiriTadi

sargebeli da gayidon swored es da ara produqtis Tvisebebi.

Tanmxlebi produqti warmoadgens momsaxurebas an saqonels, romelic

aucileblad esaWiroeba momxmarebels, raTa gamoiyenos ZiriTadi produqti.

zog turistul produqts SesaZloa hqondes didi raodenobiT Tanmxlebi

produqtebi, xolo zogierTs mxolod ramodenime.

damatebiTi produqti warmoadgens produqts, romelic ZiriTad

produqts damatebiT sargebels aniWebs da ganasxvavebs mocemul produqts

konkurentuli produqtebisagan. Tanmxleb da damatebiT produqts Soris

gansxvaveba yovelTvis TvalsaCino ar aris.

produqti farTo gagebiT moicavs ZiriTad, Tanmxleb da damatebiT

produqts erTad. marTvis TvalsazrisiT ZiriTadi produqti warmoadgens

biznesis centrs da misi arsebobis mizezs. Tanmxlebi produqtebi

aucilebelia miznobriv bazrebze ZiriTadi produqtis

pozicionirebisaTvis. produqti farTo gagebiT moicavs yvelafers, rac

miewodeba da rogorc miewodeba momxmarebels.

praqtikul saqmianobaSi ZiriTad turistul produqts warmoadgens

kompleqsuri momsaxureba _ momsaxurebis nakrebi, romelic mieyidebaT

turistebs erT „paketad“. nebismier turistul produqts safuZvlad udevs

raime moTxovnis dakmayofilebis aucilebloba. masSi Sedis momsaxurebis

mTeli rigi saxeebi, romelTagan umniSvnelovanesia: ganTavsebis, kvebis,

satransporto da miznobrivi momsaxureba. bazarze isini SeiZleba

SeTavazebul iqnes rogorc erTiani kompleqsuri turi, an TiToeuli

maTgani damoukideblad.

12

ZiriTadi turistuli momsaxurebis garda arsebobs Tanmxlebi

momsaxureba: sadazRvevo, sabanko, sakomunikacio. maTi mniSvneloba

gamudmebiT izrdeba da mravalferovani xdeba. turistuli daniSnulebis

produqts, momsaxurebis garda, warmoadgens zogierTi saqonelic:

suvenirebi, specialuri turistuli aRWurviloba, sursaTi da sxva.

turistuli produqtis formirebisas aucilebelia mxedvelobaSi

iqnes miRebuli ara marto ZiriTadi produqti, aramed Tanmxlebi da

damatebiTi produqtebi, agreTve yvelaferi is rac Seexeba am produqtis

farTo gagebas.

turistuli produqtis formirebaSi momxmareblis CarTviT

SesaZlebelia misi dakmayofilebis efeqturobisa da xarisxis amaRleba,

aseve danaxarjebis Semcireba. produqtis formirebisas momxmareblis

monawileobis dros erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia

standartizaciisa da adaptaciis problema. standartizacia sasargebloa

imiT, rom igi amcirebs danaxarjebs. rodesac produqti

standartizirebulia, SesaZlebelia TanamSromlebi iyvnen nakleb

kvalificirebulebi, radgan Sesaswavlia mxolod ramodenime specifikuri

operacia, gansxvavebiT arastandartizirebuli produqtisagan, romlis

Seqmna moiTxovs maRali kvalifikaciis mqone profesionalebs da

Sesabamisad, produqtis TviTRirebuleba ufro maRalia, vidre

standartuli produqtisa. specialistebma, romlebic orientirebulni arian

maRali klasis bazrebze, unda uzrunvelyon didi arCevani. produqtis

formirebisas standartizaciis xarisxi damokidebulia axali produqtis

miznebsa da pozicionirebaze.

ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi turizmis koncefcia mkveTrad

Seicvala. turizmi, romelic gamoxatuli iyo rac SesaZlebelia Sors da

xangrZlivad gamgzavrebaSi da gaunZrevlad mzis abazanebis miRebaSi,

Seicvala ufro xanmokle da aqtiuri mogzaurobiT. magram ufro Zlier

Seicvala momxmareblis mier turistuli produqtis aRqma.

cxrili #1 gviCvenebs XX saukunis bolosaTvis turistuli

produqtis warmoebis transformacias (ix. cxrili #1):

13

cxrili #1.

turistuli produqtis warmoebis sistemis ganviTareba

(1960-2000 wlebi)

maxasiaTeblebi turistuli produqti

(1960-70 wlebi)

turistuli produqti

(1990-00 wlebi)

produqtis

koncefcia

masiuri turizmi mogzaurobis elastiuri

arCevani

produqti mkacrad gansazRvruli, masiuri da standartuli dasvenebebi.

masiuri bazari

dasvenebebi: moqnili, segmentirebuli, personalizebuli, garemosadmi megobruli

warmoebis teqnologia

turistuli paketebi,

Carteruli frena,

franCaizingi,

ofisebi, otelebi, turistuli centrebi

warmoebis menejmenti, special. turoperatorebi,

konkurentuli turistuli adgilebi,

izrdeba mimwodeblebisa da agentebis roli

warmoebis organizacia

masStabis ekonomia Zalian mniSvnelovania,

moTxovna prognozirebadia,

`Svebuleba Senaxulia~ gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisaTvis

masStabis ekonomia,

moqniloba,

bazarTan siaxlove,

diagonaluri integracia

adamianuri resursebi da swavleba

sezonuri samuSao,

samuSao Zalis maRali denadoba,

dabali xelfasi,

samuSaos mcire moqniloba

mravalfunqciuri, specializebuli da damakmayofilebeli samuSao damatebiTi Rirebulebis komponentiT

marketingi masiuri marketingi

masiuri reklama

maqsimaluri personalizacia

klientebi gamoucdeli,

SesamCnevad homogenuri,

mzis moyvarulebi,

prognozirebadi,

fasze orientirebuli

gamocdili, damoukidebeli da elastikuri,

gansxvavebuli Rirebuleba,

maRalganviTarebuli da gadaxdisunariani

xarisxi aradiferencirebuli regulirebuli

14

transformacia ZiriTadad gamoxatulia individualizaciis maRali

doniTa da elastiurobiT. masiuri turizmi TiTqmis aRar arsebobs,

Seicvala damokidebuleba turistul sawarmosa da momxmarebels Soris.

Tumca kurortebi kvlav yidian mza produqts, mainc SeimCneva

diversifikaciis elementebi.

popularulia produqtisaTvis sasaqonlo markis miniWeba _ safirmo

niSani izidavs momxmareblebs. mkacri samSeneblo wesebi, reklamisa da

gayidvis stimulirebis koordinireba, istoriuli adgilebisa da

ekologiuri dacvis pirobebis arseboba aucilebelia turistuli

dasvenebis adgilebis ganviTarebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, savaWro palatebi,

sareklamo organizaciebi, qalaqis sabWoebi, raionuli komitetebi,

ekologiuri jgufebi da istoriuli sazogadoebebi mniSvnelovan rols

asruleben sakurorto adgilmdebareobis sasaqonlo markis dacvisa da

gaumjobesebisaTvis.

momxmareblis molodinis Sesabamisi turistuli produqtis misaRebad

organizaciam msxvili sasaqonlo markiTa da mravali sasaqonlo erTeuliT

unda daamuSaos mTeli sistemisaTvis aucilebeli xarisxis standartebi. Tu

sasaqonlo marka warmatebiT moipovebs xarisxis imijs, momxmarebeli yvela

filialSi identur xarisxs elodeba. cvalebadi standartebi da

marketinguli politika sasaqonlo markis faseulobas amcirebs. am saqmeSi

mudmivoba da standartizacia gadamwyvet faqtors warmoadgens.

warmatebuli da momgebiani turistuli produqtis formirebisaTvis

mniSvnelovania produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis Teoriis gaTvaliswineba.

turistuli produqtis sasicocxlo cikli aRwers produqtis evolucias

bazarze misi pirveli gamoCenis momentidan realizaciis dasrulebamde.

nebismieri produqti rogori gansakuTrebuli samomxmareblo TvisebebiTac

ar unda gamoirCeodes adre Tu gvian gamoidevneba bazridan sxva ufro

srulyofili produqtiT.

nebismieri produqti, maT Soris turistuli, Tavisi ganviTarebis oTx

Tanmimdevrul stadias gadis. bazarze danergva, zrda, momwifeba da dacema.

sasicocxlo ciklis koncefcia SeiZleba gavrceldes turistul

adgilze, romelsac dasavleli specialistebi turistuli produqtis

amosaval elementad Tvlian. turistuli adgilis ganviTareba gaivlis

15

ramdenime stadias. avtorTa umetesoba turistuli centris sasicocxlo

cikls 6 stadiad yofs. esenia: dazverva, Cabma, ganviTareba, gamagreba,

stagnacia, dacema.

dazvervis stadia xasiaTdeba turistTa mcire raodenobiT, rac

gamowveulia turistuli infrastruqturis ar arsebobiT da mimosvlis

sirTuliT. aseT turistul adgilebs erTeuli turistebi moinaxuleben,

romlebic gaurbian adamianTa TavSeyris adgilebs, maT izidavT

xeluxlebeli buneba da kulturuli RirsSesaniSnaobebi. am stadiaze

turizmi umniSvnelo gavlenas axdens bunebriv da kulturul garemoze.

turistebi ar iwveven adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gaRizianebas da isini

siamovnebiT urTierToben turistebTan.

Cabmis stadia xorcieldeba adgilobrivi macxovreblebis iniciativiT,

romlebic aqtiurad monawileoben turistebis miRebasa da momsaxurebaSi.

turistTa raodenoba izrdeba, rac ubiZgebs adgilobriv xelisuflebas

turistuli infrastruqturis Seqmnisaken.

ganviTarebis stadia xasiaTdeba turistTa didi raodenobiT. pikis

sezonSi CamomsvlelTa raodenoba utoldeba da xSirad aWarbebs

adgilobriv mosaxleobas. am dros turizmi xdeba xelsayreli sfero

kapitaldabandebisaTvis. ucxouri kompaniebi investiciebs deben

infrastruqturis ganviTarebaSi, magram amave dros mTlianad cvlian

turistuli adgilis pirvandel saxes. popularobisa da SemosvliTi

turizmi zrdasTan erTad xdeba turistuli adgilisa da infrastruqturis

gadatvirTva, dRis wesrigSi dgeba adgilobriv da erovnul doneze

dagegmvisa da kontrolis aucilebloba.

gamagrebis stadiaze CamomsvlelTa raodenobis zrdis tempebi

neldeba, magram misi moculoba mainc izrdeba. turistTa raodenoba

aWarbebs mosaxleobis raodenobas. turizmis bazari Rebulobs momwifebul

formas wamyvani transnacionaluri kompaniebis monawileobiT.

stagnaciis stadiaze CamomsvlelTa piki ukve gavlilia da adgili

kargavs Zvel mimzidvelobas. is arsebobs CamomsvlelTa meoradi vizitebis

xarjze. turistuli adgili dgeba ekologiuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri

problemebis winaSe.

16

dacemis stadia asrulebs turistuli centris sasicocxlo cikls.

turistebis ZiriTadi masa gadavida ufro axal kurortebze. es adgili

arsebobs mxolod eqskursiebis xarjze. amave dros gamococxlebaa uZravi

qonebis bazarze _ turistuli obieqti iyideba ara turistuli

miznebisaTvis. xelisufleba cdilobs specializaciis SecvliT

gauxangrZlivos am adgils mimzidveloba. zogma turistulma adgilma

SeZlo misi bunebrivi resursebis wyalobiT ganeviTarebina zamTris

sportis sxvadasxva saxeobebi, ramac SesaZlebloba misca gaexangrZlivebina

turistuli sezoni da gasuliyo samogzauro bazris axal segmentze.

amrigad, dacemis stadiaze warmoiqmneba ganmeorebiTi ciklis impulsi.

turistuli centrebi warmoadgenen dinamikur warmonaqmnebs da maTi

sasicocxlo ciklebi Zlier gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. turizmis

sferoSi saxelmwifo politika, konkurentebis arseboba da sxva faqtorebma

SeiZleba daaCqaros an Seanelos ciklis sxvadasxva stadiis mimdinareoba.

cnobilia SemTxvevebi, roca kurortis ganviTareba SeCerda romelime

stadiaze.

turistuli centrebis SeswavlaSi didi wvlili Seitana amerikelma

mecnierma s. plogma. man gamoTqva mosazreba, rom turistuli adgilis

ganviTarebis yovel stadias Seesabameba mnaxvelTa gansazRvruli kategoria.

warmoqmnis adreul stadiaze turistuli centri izidavs alocentrikebs,

maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavgadasavlebis siyvaruliT. Semdeg

ganviTarebisa da ganmtkicebis stadiaze alocentrikebs cvlian

saSualocentrikebi, xolo sasicocxlo ciklis bolos (stagnacia da

dacema) _ fsiqocentrikebi, romlebic cxovrebis mSvid stils aniWeben

upiratesobas [92].

turistuli produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis koncefcias, momxreebis

garda, mowinaaRmdegebic hyavs, romlebic miiCneven, rom SeuZlebelia

zustad ganisazRvros calkeuli stadiebis dasawyisi, miiCneven rom

turistul produqtis evoluciaze Zlier moqmedebs gare faqtorebi _

qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, inflaciis done, momxmarebelTa

cxovrebis stili. Cven SegviZlia daveTanxmoT im Tvalsazriss, rom

SeuZlebelia turistuli produqtisaTvis sasicocxlo ciklis stadiebis

zustad da konkretulad gansazRvra, magram migvaCnia, rom strategiuli

17

mniSvnelobis gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas aucilebelia da friad

sasargeblo, turistuli produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis stadiebis

gansazRvra da miRebuli Sedegebis gamoyeneba.

turistuli produqtis formireba xdeba misi gayidvisa da Sesabamisad

mogebis miRebis mizniT, amitom formirebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia misi

realizaciis Taviseburebebi. turistul produqts axasiaTebs oTxi Tviseba,

romelic ganasxvavebs momsaxurebas fizikuri saqonlisagan: xelSeuxebloba,

warmoebis da moxmarebis ganuyofeloba, cvalebadoba da Senaxvis

SeuZlebloba. amitom turistuli produqti principulad gansxvavdeba

Cveulebrivi produqtisagan. kerZod, igi ar aris dakavSirebuli iseT

cnebebTan, rogorebicaa gadazidva, sawyobSi Senaxva, dagroveba. garda amisa,

turistuli momsaxurebis warmoeba da misi moxmareba drosa da sivrceSi

umetesad erTmaneTs emTxveva. turistuli produqti xasiaTdeba rigi sxva

TaviseburebebiTac: sezonurobiT, geografiuli danawevrebiT da a. S.

saqonlis gayidvis procesi damokidebulia saqonlis asortimentze da

saqonlis gayidvis formebsa da meTodebze. igi Sedgeba organizaciul-

teqnikuri da fsiqologiuri operaciebisagan. organizaciul-teqnikur

operaciebs miekuTvneba saqonlis gasayidad momzadebasTan dakavSirebuli

operaciebi, fsiqologiurs ki _ moTxovnis gamovlena, saqonlis Cveneba,

Tanmxlebi saqonlis SeTavazeba, daxmareba saqonlis SerCevaSi da a. S.

saqonlis gayidvis procesi yalibdeba saqonlis asortimentisa da

myidvelTa moTxovnis xasiaTis mixedviT. martivi da myari moTxovnis mqone

saqonlis realizaciis procesSi igi moicavs organizaciul-teqnikuri

xasiaTis operaciebs, saxeldobr, ki gayidvis Semdeg elementebs:

myidvelisagan SekveTis miReba, momxmareblisaTvis saqonlis momzadeba,

angariSsworeba momxmarebelTan da saqonlis gacema momxmarebelze. aseT

SemTxvevaSi momsaxurebiTi xasiaTis operaciebis xvedriTi wona Zalze

umniSvneloa. rTuli asortimentisa da alternatiuli moTxovnis mqone

saqonlis realizaciis dros ki gayidvis procesi moicavs, rogorc

organizaciul-teqnikuri, ise fsiqologiuri xasiaTis operaciebs. aq wina

planze iwevs momsaxurebiTi operaciebi (moTxovnis gamovlena, Cveneba,

konsultacia, Tanmxlebi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeTavazeba da a. S.),

rac saqonlis yidvis gadawyvetilebis miRebis safuZveli xdeba. aseTi

18

saqonlis realizaciis procesi ZiriTadad moicavs Semdeg elementebs:

moTxovnis gamovlineba, saqonlis Cveneba, Tanmxlebi saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis SeTavazeba, konsultacia, angariSsworeba momxmarebelTan da

saqonlis gacema.

bazarze saerTod da kerZod, turistuli produqtis bazarze

realizacia SeiZleba iyos uSualo, momxmarebelsa da mimwodebels Soris

da mravalsafexuriani, maT xSirad sarealizacio arxebsac uwodeben.

arxebis SerCeva yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi konkretul gadawyvetilebas

moiTxovs.

bazris farTod mocvis saWiroeba moiTxovs kontaqti damyardes

SuamavlebTan, xolo garkveul segmentze koncentrireba _ momxmarebelTan

uSualo kavSirs.

turistul produqtze maRali moTxovnis pirobebSi naklebi saxsrebi

ixarjeba produqtis gasaRebaze da, Sesabamisad, sarealizacio meqanizmic

martivi iqneba, xolo Tu saWiroa moTxovnilebaTa stimulireba da bazris

moZebna _ saWiro iqneba Suamavlebis momsaxureba.

bunebrivia, rom rac metia Suamavali, miT naklebi mogeba rCeba

mwarmoebels mis mier warmoebuli produqtis realizaciidan. amitom yvela

mwarmoebeli miiswrafvis rac SeiZleba minimumamde daiyvanos danaxarjebi

Suamavalze. magram Tu gamoTvlebi gviCvenebs, rom realizaciis

organizacia, sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo, ufro meti jdeba, vidre

SuamavlisaTvis gankuTvnili daTmoba, maSin ajobebs maTi momsaxurebiT

sargebloba. sakuTari sarealizacio qselis organizeba mniSvnelovan

dabandebebTan da riskTan aris dakavSirebuli, amitomac misi Seqmna xSirad

mxolod Zlier mwarmoeblebs xelewifebaT.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac produqtis specifika moiTxovs mis swraf

realizacias, xolo realizaciis mravalsafexuriani struqturas

mniSvnelovani dro sWirdeba, aucilebelia momxmarebelTan pirdapiri gziT

dakavSireba.

saSuamavlo organizaciebTan TanamSromlobisas gaweuli muSaoba

SeiZleba Seadgendes martiv Suamdgomlobas, produqciis sareklamo

momsaxurebas, Senaxvas (rac turizmSi ar gvxvdeba) da sxva. Sesabamisad

produqtis gadacemis pirobebic mravalgvaria. magaliTad, produqti

19

SeiZleba gadaeces sareklamo niSnis, safirmo saxelis da simbolos,

gaformebis sxva saSualebebis Secvlis gareSe, an am niSnebis Secvlis

uflebiT.

Tanamedrove turistuli produqtis formirebas axorcielebs

turoperatori. turoperatoris ZiriTad turistul produqts warmoadgens

turi. turis formirebaSi igulisxmeba vadebis, miznebis mixedviT

urTierTdamokidebuli, fasSi da xarisxSi SeTanxmebuli xelSekrulebebis

Sedgena da misi wardgena Sesabamisi dajavSniT.

saqmianobis klasikuri sqemis mixedviT _ turoperatori axorcielebs

turistuli produqtis mxolod sabiTumo gayidvas turistul saagentoebze,

romlebic SemdgomSi axdenen produqtis ganawilebas da hyidian.

uSualod momxmarebelze turebis sacalo gayidvas turistuli

saagento axorcielebs; zogjer turoperatori Tavis daqvemdebarebaSi

ayalibebs gansakuTrebul qvedanayofs, romelic ara mxolod turistebis

momsaxurebiT, aramed mTeli saagentos saqmianobis koordinaciiT aris

dakavebuli. praqtika gviCvenebs, rom turizmis sferoSi turoperatorebis

raodenoba araumetes 5 procentia, xolo turistuli saagentoebis _ 95

procenti.

turoperatori pasuxs agebs momxmareblis winaSe. momxmarebeli

swored misgan iRebs momsaxurebis pakets, romelSic bevri sxvadasxva

sawarmos momsaxureba Sedis. es pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs

turoperatoris garkveul garantiebs. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi

pasuxismgeblobis gansxvavebuli donea dadgenili.

turistis moTxovnisa da gayidvis organizaciis mixedviT, turi

SeiZleba iyos individualuri da jgufuri.

individualuri turi turists met damoukideblobas aniWebs, magram

igi bevrad Zviri jdeba, radgan, gadasaxads SidasamarSruto transportis,

gidis da zogierT sxva momsaxurebaze individualuri turisti ixdis

srulad, maSin, rodesac jgufur turebze aseTi gadasaxadebi nawildeba

jgufis yvela wevrze. amitom individualuri turi ar aris xelmisawvdomi

masobrivi momxmareblisaTvis. amasTan, individualuri momsaxurebis

organizacia Sromatevadi procesia da saWiroebs dajavSnis,

dispeCerizaciis, gamoTvlis samuSaoebis individualurad warmoebas. magram

20

individualuri turizmi ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT turistuli

firmisaTvis momgebianicaa.

jgufuri turi ufro iafia da masobrivi momxmareblisaTvis

misawvdomi, magram jgufuri mogzaurobis dros jgufis yvela wevri unda

daemorCilos dadgenil wesebs.

specialistebi gamoyofen turistuli produqtis ZiriTad

samomxmareblo Tvisebebs [97], amaTgan Cven yvelaze arsebiTad da

mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia Semdegi:

• safuZvlianoba e. i. yvela momsaxureba unda Seesabamebodes

turistis moTxovnaze dafuZnebul mogzaurobis miznebs;

• saimedooba _ produqtis Sesabamisoba reklamasTan, informaciis

utyuaroba;

• efeqtianoba _ maqsimaluri efeqtis miRweva, minimaluri

danaxarjebiT;

• eqspluataciis simartive;

• moqniloba _ produqtisa da momsaxurebis sistemis unari moergos

sxvadasxva tipis momxmarebels da ar Seicvalos xarisxi momsaxure

personalis Secvlisas;

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, turizmis praqtikul saqmianobaSi ZiriTad

turistul produqts warmoadgens kompleqsuri momsaxureba, momsaxurebis

standartuli nakrebi, romlebic wardgenilia bazarze erT `paketad~.

xSirad mas `turpakets~ uwodeben da Sedgeba momsaxurebis winaswar

gansazRvruli nakrebisagan: mgzavroba, ganTavseba, kveba, eqskursiebi da a.S.

igi formirdeba turistis mogzaurobis miznebisa da moTxovnebis

Sesabamisad. rac Seexeba ZiriTad da damatebiT turistul produqts, Tu

eqskursia CarTulia kompleqsuri momsaxurebis paketSi, maSin igi ZiriTadia,

xolo, Tu momxmarebeli damatebiT SeukveTavs mas _ damatebiTi.

XX saukunis meore naxevarSi gavrcelda turistuli produqtis

saxeoba _ inkluziv-turi, romelic warmoadgens winaswar dagegmil

momsaxurebis nakrebs orientirebuls mogzaurobis an dasvenebis

gansazRvrul saxeze, aseve turistTa socialur klasze da asakze. ufro

metad gavrcelebuli saxea e.w. samarSruto turebi, rodesac turistTa

jgufi avtobusiT mogzaurobs ramdenime qveyanasa da qalaqSi. turi

21

dagegmilia winaswar, mkacrad aris dadgenili vadebi da mogzaurobis

grafiki. kruizuli turebic agreTve inkluziv-turebs warmoadgens.

inkluziv-turis SeZenisas momxmarebels SeuZlia SeiZinos ukve

formirebuli da mkacrad gansazRvruli mogzauroba, Sesabamisi

momsaxurebis paketiT da ar SeuZlia moiTxovos raimes Secvla masSi.

inkluziv-turis Seqmna da wardgena xdeba saqveynod cnobil da

popularul marSrutebze (magaliTad, `klasikuri italia~ an `avtobusiT

evropis garSemo~). aseTi turebis fasis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens

transportisa da ganTavsebis Rirebuleba, SedarebiT mcires _ kveba. xolo

sxva momsaxureba, maT Soris saeqskursio momsaxureba, mTeli fasis

umniSvnelo nawilia.

inkluziv-turebi saSualebas iZleva gamoyenebuli iqnes specialuri

saaviacio tarifebi. inkluziv-turi sahaero transportis saerTaSoriso

asociaciis (IATA) moTxovnebis Sesabamisad unda Seicavdes ara nakleb sam

momsaxurebas: aviamgzavrobas, sastumroSi ganTavsebas da damatebiT kidev

erTs, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli pirvel orTan (eqskursias,

avtomobilis arendas da a. S.).

inkluziv-turs gaaCnia zogierTi upiratesoba: kompleqsuri

momsaxureba ufro iafia, vidre calkeuli momsaxurebis nakrebi;

tursaagentosaTvis advilia SesTavazos aseTi produqti, radgan programa

da fasi winaswar cnobilia. inkluziv-turis naklia: programebi zedmetad

gadatvirTulia da turi SeiZleba Seicavdes klientisaTvis uintereso

momsaxurebas.

inkluziv-turis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli saxea insentiv-turizmi.

insentiv-mogzauroba menejmentis erT-erTi saSualebaa, romelsac iyeneben

firmis xelmZRvanelebi TanamSromlebis Sromis nayofierebis gazrdis

mizniT. kompaniebi turistul mogzaurobebs miiCneven TanamSromlebis

waxalisebis yvelaze efeqtian saSualebad. insentiv-turs sxva turTan

SedarebiT sxva maxasiaTeblebi aqvs:

1. turze SeTanxmeba xdeba mogzaurobidan 1-2 wliT adre, radgan

programis realizacia gaTvlilia grZeli periodisaTvis;

2. turi organizebulia ise, rom turisti ar ejaxeba mogzaurobis

momzadebasTan da mimdinareobasTan dakavSirebul problemebs. agreTve,

22

insentiv-turiT mogzauri turistebi Zalian momTxovni arian momsaxurebis

xarisxisadmi;

3. mogzaurobis organizeba xdeba, rogorc wesi, arasezonis dros (es

ar exeba Sobis da axali wlis dResaswaulebs);

4. dajildoebuli TanamSromlebis 90 procenti mogzaurobs

meuRlesTan erTad;

5. aseTi mogzaurobis programa xSirad moicavs saqmian RonisZiebebs,

prezentaciebs, gamocdilebis gaziarebasa da swavlebas.

XX saukunis bolosaTvis turistul bazarze momxdar cvlilebebTan

dakavSirebiT, rac gamoixateba erTiani turistuli produqtis

diversifikaciis tendenciiT, gaizarda moTxovna SekveTil, individualur

turebze. turistuli firmebi iZulebuli arian gaiTvaliswinon turistebis

moTxovnebi, romlebic yovelTvis cdiloben miiRon maqsimaluri

Tavisufleba turis amorCevisas. amitom firmebi aseT turistebs sTavazoben

momsaxurebis mxolod nawils, Sesabamis nakleb fasad, xolo momsaxurebis

danarCen komponentebs turistebi TviTon SeiZenen adgilze.

turistuli momsaxurebis moTxovnebi iyofa aucilebel da

rekomendebul moTxovnebad. aucilebel moTxovnebs miekuTvneba turistTa

sicocxlisa da jamrTelobis usafrTxoeba maTi qonebisa da garemos dacva.

rekomendirebul moTxovnebs miekuTvneba: daniSnulebisadmi Sesabamisoba,

sizuste da Sesrulebis drouloba, kompleqsuroba, momsaxurebis

eTikuroba, komfortuloba, mogzaurobis eTikuroba da ergonomikuloba.

ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani:

daniSnulebisadmi Sesabamisoba _ momsaxureba unda pasuxobdes

momxmareblis fizikur SesaZleblobebsa da molodins.

sizuste da Sesrulebis drouloba _ miwodebuli momsaxureba droisa

da moculobis mixedviT unda Seesabamebodes imas, rac asaxulia

xelSekrulebaSi an momsaxurebis programaSi (sagzurSi, vauCerSi da a.S) es

imas niSnavs, rom transporti da kveba unda miewodebodes droulad da

Seesabamebodes momsaxurebis klass, sastumro unda iyos dadgenili

kategoriis, xolo eqskursiebi unda Catardes mTeli datvirTviT.

kompleqsuroba _ SeTavazebuli turistuli momsaxureba unda

uzrunvelyofdes sxva momsaxurebis miRebis SesaZleblobasac.

23

momsaxurebis eTikuroba _ momsaxure personalma unda daicvas qcevis

eTikuri normebi. turistebi garantirebulni unda iyvnen momsaxure

personalisa da gidebis keTilganwyobiT, komunikabelurobiTa da

TavazianobiT, romelic maTTvis mibaZvis saganic ki SeiZleba gaxdes.

komfortuloba _ turizmis nebismieri saxeoba, upirveles yovlisa,

dasvenebaa. dasveneba ki, ra xanmoklec ar unda iyos is, saWiroebs

komfortulobas.

mogzaurobis esTetikuroba _ turistuli marSruti unda gadiodes

saeqskursio Cvenebis rac SeiZleba mimzidvel adgilebze, saintereso

obieqtebsa da ulamazes peizaJebze.

ergonomikuloba _ turistebisadmi micemuli aRWurviloba unda

Seesabamebodes turistebis mier maTi eqsplotaciis SesaZleblobebs.

erTeuli turistuli produqtis momxmarebelze (turistze an

korporaciul klientze) sacalo gayidvas turistuli saagento (turagenti,

turistuli agenti) axorcielebs. turoperatorTan, an biTumad movaWre

turistul saagentosTan mas akavSirebs xelSekruleba, romlis

safuZvelzec SeiZleba safinanso sferoSi urTierTangariSgebisa da sxva

urTierTqmedebis formebis gaTvaliswineba, aseve garkveuli

urTierTvaldebulebebis gadanawileba. Tu xelSekrulebis mixedviT misi

funqciebi mxolod Suamavlis funqciiT ganisazRvreba, turagenti

turistul produqtze SezRudul pasuxismgeblobas atarebs.

turagentebi klientebs konsultacias uweven mogzaurobisa da

dasvenebis sxvadasxva variantebiT, dakavebulni arian bileTebis dajavSniTa

da turistTa dabinavebiT. isini iReben sakomisios, iseTi turistuli

produqtis mimwodeblebisagan, rogorebicaa kurortebi, ganTavsebis

dawesebulebebi, turoperatorebi da sxva.

arseboben saagentoebi, romlebic realizacias ukeTeben: a) calkeul

momsaxurebas, b) turoperatoris mier Seqmnil turistul paketebs, g)

sxvadasxva momsaxurebas, romlebic ar Sedis turistul paketSi, magaliTad

individualuri turistebisaTvis.

agentirebis sferoSi ganasxvaveben saqmianobis ramdenime saxeobas:

• turebis gayidva fizikuri piris mier da sawarmos davalebiT.

arsebiTad es aris sxvadasxva turoperatoris `turistuli sagzurebis

24

maRazia”. turistul sagzurSi yovelTvis srulad aris miTiTebuli

turoperatoris an agentis yvela rekviziti, romlebmac aseTi gayidva

ganaxorcieles;

• turebis gayidva Tavisi saxeliT, magram imis miTiTebiT, Tu romel

turoperators ekuTvnis turistuli produqti;

• turebis gayidva Tavisi saxeliT (turproduqtis konkretuli

turoperatorisaTvis mikuTvnebis gareSe). magaliTad, erToblivi

turistuli produqtis Seqmnisas. aseT SemTxvevaSi saagento TviTon

gvevlineba turoperatorad Sesabamisi pasuxismgeblobiT.

Tanamedrove turistuli produqti warmoadgens `nedl~ masalas

uamravi arCeviTi faqtoriT. aseTi produqtis miwodebis fasi maRalia,

xolo wminda mogeba naklebi, garda amisa didi raodenobis brunvac

aucilebelia.

am viTarebaSi turistul sawarmoebs sxva arCevani ara aqvT, garda

imisa, rom fokusireba moaxdinon produqtis specifikur saxeze

konkurentul brZolaSi gamarjvebis mizniT.

25

1.2 mogzaurobis motivacia da turistuli

produqtis saxeebi

mogzauroba miznis (motivi, romelic ubiZgebs adamians

mogzaurobisaken) gareSe ar Sedgeba. mogzaurobis miznis Sesaxeb

informacia aucilebelia, upirvelesad, Sesabamisi turistuli produqtis

sworad formirebisaTvis, agreTve turistuli nakadebisa da marSrutebis

marTvis ganxorcielebisaTvis. turistuli produqtis formireba pirdapir

damokidebulia mogzaurobis motivaciaze.

amasTan, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom mogzaurobisas jgufs erTi

mizani gaaCnia, magram amasTan jgufis TiToeul wevrs, garda ZiriTadi

miznisa, gaaCnia sxva, jgufisagan gansxvavebuli, motivacia.

SesaZlebelia gamovyoT mogzaurobis motivaciis 5 ZiriTadi jgufi:

fizikuri motivacia, fsiqologiuri motivacia, pirovnebaTaSorisi

motivacia, kulturuli motivacia da prestiJis motivacia. (ix. nax. #1)

roca turisti gegmavs Tavis Svebulebas, dasasvenebeli adgilisa da

dasvenebis formis arCevaze erTdroulad ramodenime motivi axdens

zegavlenas. xSirad mogzaurobis motivaciis sxvadasxva saxe avsebs

erTmaneTs, miuxedavad imisa, isini erTmaneTs emsgavsebian Tu ara. xolo

zogierT SemTxvevaSi mogzaurobis motivaciebi SeiZleba

urTierTsawinaaRmdegoc ki iyos.

msoflio turizmis organizaciis standartebiT [19] monaxulebis (an

mgzavrobis) miznebi klasificirdeba Semdeg kategoriebad:

1. Tavisufali drois gatareba, rekreacia (Zalebis aRdgena) da

dasveneba;

2. nacnobebisa da naTesavebis monaxuleba;

3. saqmiani da profesiuli miznebi;

4. mkurnaloba;

5. religia (salocavebis monaxuleba);

6. sxva miznebi.

26

27

pirovnuli

ganviTareba

aRiareba

prestiJis

nax. #1. mogzaurobis motivacia

fizikuri fsiqologiuri pirovnebaTa-Sorisi

kulturuli

ucxo

qveynebis

gacnoba

xelovneba

religia

mogzaurobis motivacia

axali

nacnoboba

sazogadoeba

socialuri

kontaqtebi

gonebrivi

dasveneba

axali

STabeWdile-

bebi

sxeulis

fizikuri

dasveneba

mkurnaloba

sporti

28

TiToeul kategoriaSi CarTulia saqmianobis Semdegi saxeebi:

1. Tavisufali dro, rekreacia da dasveneba: RirsSesaniSnaobebis

daTvaliereba, maRaziebis, sportuli da kulturuli RonisZiebebis

monaxuleba, rekreaciul da kulturul RonisZiebebSi monawileoba,

araprofesiuli sportiT dakaveba, laSqrobebi da alpinizmi, plaJebis

gamoyeneba, kruizebi, dasveneba da rekreacia samxedro

mosamsaxureebisaTvis, zafxulis banakebi da a.S;

2. nacnobebisa da naTesavebis monaxuleba: mgzavroba

naTesavebTan an nacnobebTan, Svebuleba samSobloSi, dakrZalvaze

daswreba, invalidebis movla;

3. saqmiani da profesiuli miznebi: mowyobilobebis damontaJeba,

inspeqtireba, Sesyidvebi, saqonlis an momsaxurebis miyidva ucxour

sawarmoebze; sxdomebis, konferenciebis da kongresebis muSaobaSi,

savaWro bazrobebSi da gamofenebSi monawileoba; wamaxalisebeli

mgzavrobebi sawarmoTa muSakebisaTvis; leqciebiTa da koncertebiT

gamosvla; turistuli mogzaurobebis programebis momzadeba,

xelSekrulebebis dadeba ganTavsebasa da trnsportze, muSaoba gidad

da sxva Tanamdebobaze turizmis sferoSi; monawileoba profesiul

sportul RonisZiebebSi, samTavrobo mivlinebebi, diplomatebis,

samxedro mosamsaxureebis an saerTaSoriso organizaciebis

TanamSromlebis CaTvliT, garda mosanaxulebel qveyanaSi mudmivad

muSaobis SemTxvevebisa; fasiani swavleba, ganaTleba da kvleviTi

saqmianoba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, samecniero Svebulebebi, enis,

profesiuli an sxva specialuri kursebi, dakavSirebuli mnaxvelis

samuSaosTan an profesiasTan.

4. mkurnaloba: gajansaRebis mizniT gamgzavreba, samkurnalo

wylebze da kurortebze yofna, mkurnalobisa da gajansaRebis sxva

saxeebi;

5. religia, salocavebis monaxuleba: monawileobis miReba

religiur RonisZiebebSi, salocavebis monaxuleba;

6. sxva miznebi: samgzavro, sahaero da wylis xomaldebis

ekipaJebi, tranzituli mgzavroba, sxva miznebi an saqmianobis sxva

saxeebi.

uamravi mizezi arsebobs ris gamoc mogzauroben adamianebi, Tumca

yvela es mizezi or ZiriTad jgufSi erTiandeba: mogzauroba

siamovnebisaTvis da mogzauroba biznesisaTvis. kvlevebma aCvena, rom

rodesac momxmarebels ekiTxebian Tu ras ukavSireben isini ZiriTadad

warmatebasa da kmayofilebas, yvelaze xSiri pasuxia – mogzauroba

siamovnebisaTvis. mizezebi, romelTa gamoc xalxi mogzaurobs siamovnebis

misaRebad SesaZloa iyos Semdegi: megobrebisa da naTesavebis monaxuleba;

janmrTelobis aRdgena; ganaTleba, swavla; silamaze, dasveneba bunebaSi da

erovnuli parkebis monaxuleba; religia; sporti; festivalebi; Sopingi;

garToba mogzaurobisas; TamaSi; Tavgadasavali; memkvidreoba; ekoturizmi;

sanaxaobebi da sxv [120].

Tavisufal dros daniSnulebis adgilis arCevani da mogzaurobis

motivacia SeiZleba dajgufdes ramodenime kategoriad. sazogadod,

rodesac adamiani gadawyvets mogzaurobas, igi ganixilavs erTze met

kategorias da misTvis sasurvels irCevs [130].

daniSnulebis adgilis SerCevaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria

megobrebisa da naTesavebis monaxulebis survili. Tumca, aseT SemTxvevebSi,

roca adamianebi stumroben axloblebs, maT ar esaWiroebaT ganTavsebis

komerciuli saSualebebi (sastumro, pansioni da a.S.); magram mogzaurobis

ganmavlobaSi isini sargebloben turizmisa da maspinZlobis sxva

saqonliTa da momsaxurebebiT. rogoricaa: kvebis obieqtebi, muzeumebi,

suvenirebis maRaziebi, aseve garToba da a.S.

zogjer adamianebis mogzaurobis motivacia Semdgomi ganaTlebis

miRebis SesaZleblobaa. Sesabamisad, daniSnulebis adgilis arCevac imis da

mixedviT xdeba sad rogori SesaZleblobebi da pirobebia codnis

gaRrmavebisaTvis. axalgazrdebisaTvis arsebobs SedarebiT iafi ganTavsebis

obieqtebi. xSir SemTxvevaSi organizebulia jgufebi, romlebic

axalgazrdebs sTavazoben konkretuli qveynis enis, xelovnebis, bunebisa da

istoriis Seswavlas. kolejis studentebisaTvis arsebobs sazafxulo

saswavlo kursebi sazRvargareT. am programis saSualebiT studentebs

SeuZliaT ukeTesad SeiTvison ucxo ena da gaecnon sxva qveynebis

kulturas. eqspediciebsa da arqeologiur gaTxrebSi monawileobiT ki isini

gansakuTrebul sakiTxebSi codnas gaiRrmaveben.

29

msoflios yvela qveyanas damaxasiaTebeli kultura gaaCnia. aqedan

gamomdinare, sxva qveynis kultura Zalian sainteresoa da bevr turists

izidavs. xelovnebisa Tu istoriuli muzeumebis, aseve istoriuli

dasaxlebebis sanaxavad turistebi mTeli msofliodan Cadian. magaliTad,

iseTi arqiteqturuli xelovnebis nimuSi, rogoricaa taj mahali

(indoeTSi), mTel msoflioSi cnobili da popularulia. daniSnulebis

adgilis kulturul RirsSesaniSnaobad SeiZleba adgilobrivi

mosaxleobac miviCnioT, rogoricaa – mkvidri, adgilobrivi amerikelebi

SeerTebul StatebSi an aborigenebi avstraliaSi.

sxvadasxva kulturis adamianebs Tavisufal dros mogzaurobasTan

dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli motivacia gaaCniaT. sazogadod cnobilia, rom

CrdiloeTis civi qveynebis mosaxleoba miemgzavreba samxreTis siTbosaken,

Tanac civi qveynebi ekonomikurad ufro ganviTarebuli arian. magram meoce

saukunis bolos samxreTis qveynebSic gaCnda saTanado saxsrebi

samogzaurod da samxreTis macxovreblebi ZiriTadad CrdiloeTSi

mogzauroben Tovlis sanaxavad. maTTvis Tovli uCveulo da mimzidvelia.

ase, rom Tundac Tovlis naxva kulturul orientaciaze damokidebulebiT

SeiZleba mogzaurobis mTavari, an meorexarisxovani motivacia iyos.

bunebrivi sanaxaobebi, rogorc daniSnulebis adgilis erT-erTi

mTavari RirsSesaniSnaoba, XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda. evropasTan

SedarebiT a.S.S.-Si ufro naklebi istoriuli mniSvnelobis RirsSesaniSnavi

adgilebi hqondaT, am mizeziT amerikelebi mogzaurobdnen qveynis bunebrivi

saocrebebis sanaxavad. dResdReobiT uamrav turists izidavs msoflios

bunebrivi saocrebebi, rogorebicaa: didi kanioni arizonaSi, angelozis

CanCqeri venesuelaSi da gareuli cxovelebis nakrZali keniaSi. turistebi

ZiriTadad adgilobriv soflebSi ganTavsdebian, magram karvis moyvarulebs

SeuZliaT karvisTvis gamoyofil specialur teritoriaze gaSalon karavi

da gaaTion Rame.

zogierTi dasasvenebeli adgili turistebs saSualebas aZlevs

monawileoba miiRon sportul da sxvadasxva gasarTob RonisZiebebSi,

rogoricaa laSqrobebi, Tevzaoba, golfi da sxva TamaSobebSi. didi

Tematuri parkebi, rogoricaa `disnei vordi~ da `mefeTa kunZuli~

gvTavazobs dasasvenebel da gasarTob RonisZiebebs. bevri kurorti

30

Zalisxmevas ar iSurebs imisTvis, rom ojaxebs moemsaxuron kargad

organizebuli, bavSvebisTvis gankuTvnili TamaSobebiT, romlebsac

mozrdilebi adevneben Tvalyurs.

gasarTob-SemecnebiT mogzaurobebis mniSvnelovan mxares warmoadgens

memorialebis da monumentebis daTvaliereba. xSirad adamianebi Svebulebas

RirsSesaniSnavi movlenis TariRs amTxveven. aseTi RirsSesaniSnavi movlena

SeiZleba iyos: sportuli saxis, kerZod, olimpiuri TamaSebi, superTasi da

msoflio fexburTis finali. aseve RirsSesaniSnavi movlenebia msoflio

gamofenebi da festivalebi. mTeli msofliosaTvis cnobilia rio-de-

Janeiros karnavali, kalgaris `panikuri rbola~ kanadaSi da brodveis

speqtaklebi.

religiuri dResaswaulebi, momlocveloba da religiuri

msvlelobebi yovelTvis ubiZgebda adamianebs mogzaurobisken.

momlocveloba, romelic warmoadgens wminda dgilebis monaxulebas

mkafiod gansazRvruli sakulto miznebiT, miRebulia yvela religiasa da

warmarTul kultebSi. dReisaTvis momlocvelebi farTod sargebloben

turistuli industriis momsaxurebiT, Seqmnilia aseTi turebis momwyobi

specialuri turistuli firmebi. momlocvelobiTi turebi, SemecnebiTi

kulturul-istoriuli turebisagan gansxvavebiT, iTvaliswineben ara

mxolod SemecnebiT miznebs, aramed gansazRvruli ritualis Catarebas

rwmenis mixedviT. arsebiTad Semcirebulia programis gasarTobi nawili,

Tumca gamajansaRebeli da SemecnebiTi elementebis SeTavseba savsebiT

SesaZlebelia.

mineraluri wylebisaken mogzauroba dResac iseTive popularulia,

rogorc romaelebis epoqaSi. mogzaurobis mizans am SemTxvevaSi

janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba warmoadgens. xandaxan turistuli

daniSnulebis adgils klimatis mixedviT irCeven. magaliTad, sinusitiT

daavadebulebi irCeven cxel klimats.

mogzaurobis motivaciis mravalferovnebidan gamomdinare arsebobs

turizmis uamravi saxe da saxeoba, romlebsac sxvadasxva avtori

gansxvavebulad ganixilavs. zogjer maTi erTmaneTisagan gamijvna Zalian

Wirs, radgan SesaZloa nawilobrivi gadafarvac xdebodes. Cven aq turizmis

31

mxolod im ramodenime saxes ganvixilavT, romlebic, Cveni azriT, qarTuli

turistuli produqtis formirebis safuZvels warmoadgens.

aRsaniSnavia urbanuli turizmi, romelic ufro moklevadiania (1-3

dRe). imis gamo, rom adamianebi Zalian dakavebulebi arian da xangrZlivi

Svebulebis saSualeba ara aqvT matulobs moTxovna urbanul turizmze.

iansen verbefis mixedviT [121] arsebobs mTeli rigi pirveladi turistuli

elementebi, romlebsac aqvT turistTa mizidvis unari. esenia:

_ kulturuli dawesebulebebi: muzeumebi da samxatvro galereebi;

Teatrebi; sakoncerto darbazebi; kinoTeatrebi; sakonferencio centrebi.

_ gasarTobi adgilebi: Ramis klubebi; kazinoebi; organizebuli

RonisZiebebi; dResaswaulebi.

_ landSaftis Taviseburebani: istoriuli marSruti; saintereso

Senobebi; uZvelesi monumentebi da Zeglebi; parkebi da mwvane zona; wyali,

arxebi, plaJebi; sporti.

_ socio-kulturuli maxasiaTeblebi: adgilis Semosavali; ena;

adgilobrivi tradiciebi; kulturuli memkvidreoba; maspinZloba;

usafrTxoeba.

_ damatebiTi elementebi: sastumroebi; kvebis obieqtebi; komerciuli

centrebi; bazrebi; xelmisawvdomoba; Sida satransporto qseli;

parkirebisaTvis saWiro teritoriebi; turistuli obieqtebi, mag:

sainformacio organizaciebi, rukebi, bukletebi.

nebismieri qalaqiT nebismieri turistis daintereseba SeiZleba.

SesaTavazebeli paketi icvleba qalaqis cvlasTan erTad. qalaqs aqvs

SesaZlebloba airCios turistTa tipi, magram es niSnavs, rom mas unda

gaaCndes yvela saWiro winapiroba maT misaRebad. stumrebi stumrobis

miznis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos: biznes stumrebi; konferenciebsa da

gamofena-gayidvebis damswre delegatebi; mokle vadiani stumrebi;

naTesavebTan da megobrebTan Camosulebi; mogzaurebi, romlebic qalaqsac

AdaaTvaliereben.

turistTa mozidvis Sedegad izrdeba qalaqis roli regionSi.

turistTa raodenoba gaizrdeba maTTvis SesaTavazebeli pirobebis zrdis

paralelurad.

32

turizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementi qalaqis Semosavalia. es

da turizmis sxva aspeqtebi dakavSirebulia drosTan im masStabiT, rom

ganviTarda drois urbanuli dagegmva. Tanamedrove yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

dro did rols asrulebs. arsebobs drois dagegmarebis aucilebloba

(Deffner, 2005). imis miuxedavad izrdeba Tu mcirdeba garTobisaTvis

gankuTvnili dro, moqalaqeebs sul ufro da ufro metad aqvT imis

SegrZneba, rom Tavisufali dro cota aqvT. ase, rom saWiroa cvlilebebis

Setana drois urbanul dagegmarebaSi, rac iwvevs: cvlilebebs samuSao

saaTebSi; momsaxurebis ekonomikis ganviTarebas; axali sainformacio

teqnologiebis ganviTarebas; urbanul gadatvirTulobas.

did da patara qalaqebSi turizmi SeiZleba socialuri da

ekonomikuri saqmianobis Zalian mniSvnelovani aspeqti gaxdes. urbanuli

dasaxlebebi xSirad gvevlineba rogorc turistebis Camosvlisa da

droebiT SeCerebis adgili regionebSi gamgzavrebamde. bevr aseT did da

mcire qalaqs sakuTari RirsSesaniSnaobebi aqvs: muzeumebi, parkebi,

Teatrebi, istoriuli Zeglebi da saintereso arqiteqturuli nagebobebi,

aseve maRaziebi, restornebi, sxvadasxva gasarTobi dawesebulebebi da

turistebisaTvis mimzidveli sxva obieqtebi.

zogierTi qalaqi mniSvnelovani biznes, samTavrobo da

saganmanaTleblo centria, izidavs biznes mogzaurebs da sTavazobs

xelsayrel pirobebs konferenciebisa da Sexvedrebis Casatareblad.

qalaqis turizmis ganviTarebam SeiZleba mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri

sargebeli moutanos adgilobriv mosaxleobas. turizmi saSualebas iZleva,

agreTve, SenarCundes da ganviTardes iseTi dawesebulebebi, rogoricaa:

muzeumebi, Teatrebi, restornebi, romlebiTac sargebloben ara marto

turistebi, aramed adgilobrivi mosaxleobac.

dagegmvis mTavar princips is warmoadgens, rom sastumroebi da

ganTavsebis sxva saSualebebi ganlagebuli iyos usafrTxo da

satransporto saSualebebisaTvis advilad misadgom adgilebSi. aseve,

maRaziebTan, restornebTan, garTobis adgilebTan an erT mniSvnelovan

RirsSesaniSnaobasTan axlos mainc.

aseve sasurvelia turistuli zonebis Seqmna, sadac upiratesoba

mieniWeba laSqrobebs. sul ufro popularuli xdeba `saqalaqo

33

laSqrobebis marSruti~-s sistemis organizeba, romlis saSualebiTac

damTvaliereblebi SeZleben qalaqis yvelaze ufro saintereso adgilebis

daTvalierebas.

mniSvnelovan pirobas warmoadgens turistebisaTvis obieqturi

informaciis miwodeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu riT SeiZleba dakavdnen da ra

SeiZleba naxon qalaqSi yofnisas. am mizniT zedmeti ar iqneba

turistebisaTvis moxerxebulad ganlagebuli sainformacio centris Seqmna

maTi TavSeyris adgilebSi.

sainformacio centrebSi turistebs SesaZlebloba unda hqondeT

miiRon srulyofili informacia:

• broSurebi da sareklamo furclebi _ adgilobrivi

RirsSesaniSnaobebis, bunebrivi resursebis, sazogadoebrivi da

kulturuli cxovrebis, mniSvnelovani movlenebis da RonisZiebebis

Sesaxeb.

• kulturuli cxovrebis, dResaswaulebis da sportuli

RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb.

• qalaqis gzamkvlevebi (ganTavsebis saSualebebis CaTvliT).

• qalaqis gzebis rukebi, salaSqro marSrutebis gegmebi.

• eqstemalur situaciebSi saWiro tlefonis nomrebi.

• kinoTeatris, Teatrisa da koncertebis anonsi.

• amindis prognozi.

• rekomendaciebi, Tu riT dakavdes da ra naxos turistma qalaqSi.

qalaqis turizmis ganviTarebam SeiZleba warmoaCinos zogierTi

problema. sastumroebi, ofisebi Sendeba qalaqis centralur adgilebSi,

rac iwvevs qalaqis centris gadatvirTvas da simWidroves. qalaqis

turizmis ganviTarebis gegma, zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, unda

momzaddes rogorc qalaqis mravalmxrivi ganviTarebis erTiani komponenti.

qalaqis turizmis ganviTarebis gegmis Sedgenis procedura moicavs

sxvadasxva procesebs. esenia: qalaqis Seswavla, punqtebis Semowmeba,

miznebis gansazRvra, Segrovebuli masalis gamokvleva da analizi,

alternatiuli gegmis SerCeva, rekomendaciebis gacema institucionalur

elementebze, maTi marTva da menejmenti. bazris analizi unda

34

iTvaliswinebdes atraqcionebis vargisianobis Sefasebas, anu isini unda

akmayofilebdes ara marto Cveulebrivi turistebis, aramed saqmiani

turistebis moTxovnilebebsac.

xSirad qalaqebs aqvT mniSvnelovani istoriuli ubnebi, an ubralod

Zeglebi, romlebic turistTa udides yuradRebas iqcevs. zooparkebi,

akvariumebi, botanikuri baRebi da kulturuli centrebi ufro xSirad did

qalaqebSia Tavmoyrili. Tu zemoT CamoTvlili RirsSesaniSnaobebi kargadaa

ganviTarebuli an SeiZleba gaumjobesdes da aRiWurvos Tanamedrove

teqnologiebiT, isini SeiZleba gaxdnen rogorc turistebis, aseve

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dasasvenebeli adgilebi.

qalaqebis mniSvnelovani siaxlove zRvasTan, tbasTan, okeanesTan da

mdinaresTan ganapirobebs sawylosno turizmis ganviTarebas.

qalaqis turizmis dagegmvis mniSvnelovani faqtoria Sexvedrebisa da

sakonferencio darbazebis keTilmowyoba. aman SeiZleba damatebiT uamravi

turisti moizidos. marTalia sakonferencio darbazebis aSeneba da

keTilmowyoba Zalian Zviria, magram moTxovna am tipis turizmze mainc

didia, rasac udidesi mogeba moaqvs. amgvarad, sakonferencio turizmi

qalaqis dagegmvis dros Zalian didi yuradRebiT unda iqnes Seswavlili da

Sefasebuli.

istoriuli qalaqebi da didi qalaqebis istoriuli ubnebi, Tu isini

kargadaa SenarCunebuli an aRdgenili, turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis

SeiZleba didi potencialis mqone iyos. istoriuli qalaqebis

dagegmvisaTvis saWiroa ufro meti proceduris Catareba, vidre Cveulebrivi

turizmisaTvis.

istoriul adgilebSi mniSvnelovania ara mxolod konkretulad

istoriuli Zeglis an Senoba-nagebobis dacva, aramed mTeli istoriuli

ubnis dacva. saWiroa zogierTi istoriuli Senobis gadakeTeba muzeumad.

bevri istoriuli nageboba, romlebic garegnulad aRdgenilia da Signidan

Secvlilia, magram istoriuli xasiaTi SenarCunebulia, SeiZleba

gamoyenebuli iqnes turistebis sacxovreblebad, restornebad, maRaziebad.

istoriuli Senobebis arqiteqtura ar SeiZleba Seicvalos

specialuri nebarTvis gareSe. Tu zogierTi an yvela Senoba kerZo

mflobelobaSia, gadasaxadebis SemsubuqebiT SeiZleba mflobelebi

35

waaxalison, raTa maT aRadginon da ganaaxlon Senobebi, magram mTavari

roli adgilobrivma xelisuflebam unda itvirTos, mniSvnelovani Senobebis

aRdgenisaTvis ki teqnikuri daxmareba SesTavazos kerZo mflobelebs.

qalaqis turizmis ganviTareba ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT unda

warimarTos:

1. qalaqis imijis Seqmna da turizmis ganviTareba;

2. turizmis infrastruqturis mSenebloba.

mniSvnelovania, rom qalaqis ganviTareba unda iyos mdgradi ara

marto ekonomikurad da ekologiurad, aramed socialurad, politikurad

da kulturulad.

adgilis konkurentunarianobis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvrelia

industriulobisa da mimzidvelobis done. ZiriTad komponentebs, romelsac

eyrdnoba adgilis konkurentunarianoba, raTa gaxdes ufro metad

ganviTarebuli da amave dros ganviTareba iyos mdgradi warmoadgens:

1. qalaqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli im resursebis SenarCuneba, romelic

qalaqs sainteresos xdis damTvaliereblebisaTvis.

2. ZiriTadi turistuli resursebi da mimzidveloba.

3. menejmenti, politika, dagegmva da ganviTarebis unari.

4. damatebiT xarisxis momniWebeli da gamaZlierebeli sxva

faqtorebi.

konkurentunariani upiratesoba aris adgilis unari efeqturad

gamoiyenos resursebi. konkurentunariani adgilis Seqmnisas aucilebelia

CavataroT qalaqis SesaZleblobis Sesafasebeli analizi, xolo gegma unda

gulisxmobdes miznebisa da strategiebis ganviTarebas da momavalSi

gansaxorcielebel moqmedebebs.

qalaqi, rogorc turistuli daniSnulebis adgili, sakmao

sirTuleebiT xasiaTdeba. urbanuli turizmis Seswavla gulisxmobs im

mizezebis kvlevas, ris gamoc turistebi modian ama Tu im qalaqSi, agreTve

turistTa segmentis, qalaqis bunebaze turizmis gavlenis, menejmentisa da

dagegmvis teqnikisa da qalaqis, rogorc turistuli daniSnulebis adgilis

kvlevas.

sxvadasxva adgili mudam ejibreboda erTmaneTs investorebis,

mosaxleobis Tu turistebis mozidvaSi. isini arseboben sabazro pirobebSi,

36

ase rom resursebisaTvis Sejibri mudmivia. ase xdeba miuxedavad imisa, Tu

vin gvTavazobs am produqts, kerZo Tu saxelmwifo seqtori. zegavlenis

mosaxdenad am sferoSi Careva ara mxolod SesaZlebeli da sasurveli,

aramed sruliad gardauvalia. es SeiZleba moxdes mizanmimarTulad da

sistematiurad an SeiZleba hqondes iSviaTi da SemTxveviTi xasiaTi.

es yvelaferi sakmarisi ar aris imisaTvis, rom qalaqi iyos

mimzidveli, rogorc saqmianobis adgili. evropuli qalaqebi cdiloben

gaxdnen rac SeiZleba mimzidveli sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT: rogorc

sacxovrebeli adgili, rogorc biznesis wamowyebis adgili, investiciis

adgili da agreTve is adgili, sadac stumrebi siamovnebiT darCebian.

qalaqis turistuli produqtis formireba mWidrod aris

dakavSirebuli qalaqis `brendirebasTan~ (brendis miReba), rac misTvis

savaWro niSnis miniWebas niSnavs. amis sakmaod sarwmuno sawinaaRmdego azri

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom qalaqis cneba sakmaod kompleqsuria da mas ver

ganvixilavT rogorc ubralod produqts, aqedan qalaqis logo, iseve

rogorc zogadad qalaqis marketingi SeuZlebelia, radgan qalaqi ar aris

produqti, mTavroba _ mwarmoebeli, momxmareblebi ki myidvelebi ar arian.

miuxedavad amisa, aSvorsis (2004w.) azriT samarko niSnebis gamoyeneba

qalaqebisaTvis ara mxolod SesaZlebeli, aramed ukve praqtikaSi

ganxorcielebulic kia, iqidan gamomdinare, rom qalaqebi didi xania

ejibrebian erTmaneTs vaWrobaSi, simdidreSi, prestiJsa da ZalauflebaSi.

xolo brendis miReba produqts aniWebs gansakuTrebul individualobas.

specialuri samarko niSnis Seqmna qalaqis an regionisaTvis

Cveulebrivi produqtisaTvis aseTi identuri niSnis Seqmnis process

emsgavseba, Tumca igi gacilebiT ufro kompleqsuri da mravalmxrivia.

brendi xels Seuwyobs qalaqisaTvis rogorc turistuli, aseve

sacxovrebeli da biznesis wamowyebisaTvis mimzidveli adgilis statusis

gazrdas. mxolod da mxolod imis gamo, rom qalaqi iqneba popularuli,

turistebs eqnebaT Camosvlis, biznesmenebs ki kompaniis iq ganTavsebis

survili. amis kargi magaliTia niu-iorki (`me miyvars niu-iorki, qalaqi,

romelsac arasodes ar sZinavs~), filadelfia (`adgili, romelic

siyvarulze siyvaruliTve gipasuxebT~), londoni (`londoni upirvelesad~),

37

aseve aRsaniSnavia berZnuli turistuli organizaciis safosto sareklamo

kampania (`realobad aqcie, gaacocxle Seni miTi saberZneTSi~).

aris garkveuli uaryofiTi mxareebic. arsebobs identurobis

racionalizebis safrTxe. SesaZlebelia, rom igi ganzogadebul iqnes im

masStabiT, rom Camoyalibdes kliSed. ase, rom qalaqs aigiveben mxolod

erT raRacasTan. am SemTxvevaSi brendi SeiZleba iyos warmatebuli, Tumca

dakargos qalaqTan asocireba. am dros Znelia Tavidan moiSoro es

identuroba da Seqmna raime axali. arsebobs imis saSiSroebac, rom brendi

xels Seuwyobs socio-kulturul uTanasworobas. Zalian mkacrad

gansazRvuli identurobac ki ver asaxavs qalaqis realobas. identuroba

SesaZlebelia yvela moqalaqisaTvis ar iyos misaRebi, amitom brendis

miRebis procesi rac SeiZleba Ria da gamWvirvale unda iyos

sazogadoebisaTvis.

msoflio turistuli organizaciis gamoTvliT XXI saukuneSi

arsebuli turistuli resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebiT turistuli

moTxovnis dakmayofileba SeiZleba sul ufro met winaaRmdegobas waawydes.

es yovelive ukavSirdeba turizmis masobriobas anu bunebriv da

kulturul-istoriuli Zeglebis mzard datvirTvas. amitom am problemis

gaCenasTan erTad safuZveli Caeyara turizmis erT-erT aqtualur

mimarTulebis, `ekoturizmis~ ganviTarebas romelic, rogorc aRniSnuli

iyo, gulisxmobs bunebrivi da kulturuli Zeglebis, rogorc gamoyenebas,

aseve maT dacvas, Senaxvasa da ganviTarebas.

ekoturizmis popularobis mizezia isic, rom msoflio mdidaria

uZvelesi Tu Tanamedrove ZeglebiT, rac ase aucilebelia turizmis

ganviTarebisaTvis da adamianis SemecnebiTi zrdisaTvis. Zveli mogzaurebi-

sagan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove turistebis mogzaurobis mizans ara

mxolod kulturuli RirsSesaniSnaobebis monaxuleba warmoadgens, aramed

isini didi interesiT ecnobian bunebis sxvadasxva RirsSesaniSnaobebs,

magaliTad: ganTqmul erovnul parkebs, CanCqerebs, mRvimeebs da sxvas. rac

turistebs kidev ufro uRviZebs ekologiuri turizmis survils.

Tanamedrove turizmis erT-erTi wamyvan tendencias turizmis

ekologizacia warmoadgens. ekoturistebi turizmis bazris mzard segments

warmoadgenen. maT upirveles yovlisa garemo da kulturis tradiciuli

38

formebi ainteresebT, gansakuTrebulad izidavT Sors manZilze mdebare

ekologiurad faqizi da sufTa regionebi.

am mimarTulebiT gamoikveTa turistuli saqmianobis ori saxeoba.

pirveli dakavSirebulia TviTon ekologiur turebTan, romlis mizania

turistTa gadaadgileba im raionebSi, sadac SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jer

kidev arsebobs `xeluxlebeli~ buneba. Mmeore saxeoba ki gulisxmobs

turebis yvela komponentSi ekodamcavi teqnologiebis farTod gamoyenebasa

da danergvas.

ekoturizmi, rogorc bunebriv garemoSi specialuri mogzauroba,

emsaxureba garemos dacvasa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis keTildReobis

amaRlebas, amasTan dakavSirebiT Tanamedrove ekoturizmSi gamoyofilia

ekoturizmis sami ZiriTadi komponenti.

1. `bunebis Secnoba~, anu mogzauroba gvTavazobs bunebaSi

arsebuli mravali elementis Seswavlas da turistebis mier axali codnisa

da gamocdilebis miRebas.

2. `ekosistemis dacva~ gulisxmobs turistebisa da turoperatorebis

monawileobas bunebis dacvis RonisZiebebsa da programebSi.

3. `adgilobrivi mosaxleobis interesebis gaTvaliswineba

(pativiscema),~ ara marto adgilobrivi kanonebisa da adaT-wesebis dacvaa,

aramed turizmis Senatani turistuli daniSnulebis adgilebis socialur-

ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi.

ekoturizmis biznesisaTvis pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba aqvs

turistul-rekreaciul resursebs. swored es ukanasknelni warmoadgenen

ekoturistuli biznesis ganviTarebis safuZvels.

turistul-rekreaciuli resursebi ganisazRvreba, rogorc bunebrivi

da adamianis mier xelovnurad Seqmnili obieqtebis erToblioba, romlebic

mzad arian turistuli produqciis SeqmnisaTvis. turistuli resursebi

gansazRvraven regionSi turizmis ganviTarebis specifikas da gvevlinebian

turistuli produqciis warmoebis bazisad regionebSi sainvesticio

politikis prioritetuli mimarTulebebis dagegmvisas. swored zemoT

aRniSnul turistul resursebis saxesxvaobas warmoadgens erovnuli

parkebi da rezervaciebi, romlebic Tavisi bunebrivi resursebiT

ekoturizmis ganviTarebis safuZvels warmoadgenen.

39

daculi teritoriebi faqtobrivad imarTeba sxvadasxva gansxvavebuli

daniSnulebiT. Amis gamo IUNC-ma ganaviTara daculi teritoriebis sistemis

6 kategoria [32], maTi menejmentis umTavresi obieqtis identifikaciis

mixedviT:

I kategoria – mkacri bunebrivi nakrZali – veluri teritoria:

daculia ZiriTadad mecnieruli miznebiT da veluri bunebis

SesanarCuneblad.

Ia kategoria – mkacri bunebrivi nakrZali: daculia ZiriTadad

mecnieruli miznebiT.

Ib kategoria – veluri teritoria: daculia ZiriTadad veluri

bunebis SesanarCuneblad

II kategoria _ bunebrivi parki: daculia ZiriTadad ekologiuri

sistemis SenarCunebisa da rekreaciisTvis.

III kategoria – bunebrivi Zegli (monumenti): daculia specifikuri

sanaxaobis bunebrivi konservaciisTvis

IV kategoria _ gavrcelebuli adgili _ sanaxaobaTa movlis

teritoria: daculia ZiriTadad movlis intervenciis meSveobiT

V kategoria _ daculi landSafti: daculia landSaftis

konservaciisa da rekreaciisTvis

VI kategoria _ marTvadi resursis daculi teritoria: daculia

ZiriTadad bunebrivi ekologiuri sistemebis mdgradi moxmarebisaTvis

erovnuli parkebis teritoriaze turizmis materialuri saxis

elementebisa da rekreaciuli infrastruqturis gonivrulad ganTavseba,

maT Soris miwis nakveTebis, bunebrivi obieqtebis Senobebisa da nagebobebis

ijariT gacema xorcieldeba licenzirebis meSveobiT. aseTi zemoT

aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebebis Tanaxmad, erovnul parkad gamocxadebul

teritoriaze ikrZaleba adamianis mier ganxorcielebuli nebismieri

araswori sameurneo saqmianoba, bunebrivi resursebis eqspluatacia,

sasargeblo wiaRiseulis araswori mopoveba da sxva. amave dros

nebadarTulia turistebis parkSi Sesvla esTetikuri siamovnebis miRebis

mizniT.

turizms aseTi teritoriebisaTvis sakmaod soliduri Semosavlebi

moaqvs. magaliTad, vulkanebis ruandis nacionalur parkSi, sadac

40

turistebi gorilebis sanaxavad Cadian, yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 1

milion dolars xarjaven. gamoTvlebi gviCvenebs rom yovel loms keniis

nacionalur parkSi 27 aTasi aSS-is dolaramde Semosavali moaqvs, xolo

spiloebis jogs ki – 610 aTas aSS dolaramde. es ricxvebi imis

maCvenebelia, rom am cxovelebs cocxlebs ufro meti sargebloba moaqvs,

vidre maSin, rodesac isini monadireTa nadavlad iqcevian.

saTavgadasavlo da eqstremaluri turizmi da misi infrastruqtura

erT-erTi yvelaze maRali tempebiT mzardi industriaa msoflioSi, bevri

saxeoba mxolod ramdenime aTeul wels iTvlis da ukve Zalian didi

popularobiT sargeblobs. is bevri adamianisaTvis ara mxolod garTobisa

da dasvenebis saSualebas warmoadgens, aramed cxovrebis wess. eqtremaluri

turizmi sasargebloa janmrTelobisaTvis radganac, misi nebismieri saxeoba

moiTxovs karg fizikur momzadebs. saTavgadasavlo da eqstremaluri

turizmi SeiZleba pirobiTad daiyos saxmeleTo, sawylosno da sahaero

saxeobebad.

saxmeleTo saxeobebs miekuTvneba _ alpinizmi, romelic iTvleba

dasvenebis yvelaze eqtremalur saxeobad. rogorc wesi alpinizmisaTvis

xelsayreli amindi zafxulobiTaa roca SedarebiT advilia mwvervalebis

dalaSqvra, magram alpinistebis umravlesoba zamTarSic ar eSveba sayvarel

saqmianobas. maTTvis yvelaze did siamovnebas mwvervalze asvla

warmoadgens. alpinistebisaTvis aucilebelia Zalian kargi fizikuri

momzadeba da sasurvelia msubuqi wona. SedarebiT martivi mTebis

dalaSqvras trekingi da haikingi ewodeba. alpinizmisagan gansxvavebiT ar

aris aucilebeli kargi fizikuri momzadeba da saSiSroebac bevrad

naklebia, magram Tavgadasavlebis moyvarulTaTvis dasvenebis kargi

saSualebaa.

miuxedavad siZvirisa popularulia samTo velosipedebic (samTo

velosipedebis fasi iwyeba 10 000 aSS dolaridan). yovelwliurad

msoflioSi sul ufro meti Sejibreba da RonisZieba imarTeba sportis am

saxeobaSi, dawyebuli msoflio Tasis turebiTa da sxvadasxva qveynis

CempionatebiT da damTavrebuli festivalebiT Sotlandiasa da

polineziaSi.

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speleologia (mecniereba gamoqvabulebis Sesaxeb; geologiis nawili,

ufro zustad ki hidrogeologiis) mimzidvelia imiT rom bevria

gamoqvabuli, sadac adamians jer kidev ar daudgams fexi. Tumca yvela ar

eweva seriozul samecniero muSaobas, bevri adamiani midis mxolod

gasarTobad da saintereso sanaxaobisTvis. imisaTvis rom adamiani dakavdes

speleologiiT, is kargad unda iyos momzadebuli fizikuradac da

sulieradac, radgan gamoqvabulSi adamiani moklebulia misTvis Cveul

garemosa da orientirebs. arsebobs sxvadasxva tipis gamoqvabulebi.

damwyebTaTvis sasurvelia SedarebiT patara da mSrali, Tumca ufro

saintereso didi gamoqvabulebia, romelTa fskeramde miRwevas SeiZleba

ramdenime dRe dasWirdes. Tumca kargad Seswavlili da gamokvleuli

gamoqvabulebi Cveulebrivi turistebis misaRebad mzad aris. ara marto

misaRebad, gamoqvabulebis mikroklimati zogierTi daavadebis

samkurnalodac gamoiyeneba.

spelestologia TiTqmis igivea rac speleologia, aqac miwisqveSeTis

daTvaliereba xdeba, Tumca speleologiisagan gansxvavebiT romelic

bunebriv warmonaqmnebs Seiswavlis, spelestologia ufro xelovnurad

Seqmnil adgilebze aris orientirebuli. imisaTvis rom raime adgilma

spelestologebi daainteresos saWiroa is iyos mitovebuli da gaaCndes

raime istoriuli Rirebuleba. maTi dainteresebis obieqtebs rogorc wesi

warmoadgens Zveli qvis samtexloebi, maRaroebi, Webi, wyalgayvanilobis

sistemebi, miwisqveSa istoriuli Zeglebi da a.S.

saxmeleTo turizmisa da sportis nazavs warmoadgens e.w X – rbola—

es aris gasarTobi im adamianebisaTvis romlebsac erTdroulad kargad

gamosdiT alpinizmi, cxenosnoba, slalomi kaiakiT, maunTbaikingi da a.S

aseTi adamianebi erTiandebian gundebad da maT mizans warmoadgens rac

SeiZleba swrafad dafaron 3-4 aseuli kilometris sigrZis distancia. X

rbolas kidev uwodeben multisportsac da aseve saTavgadasavlo

rbolasac. msoflioSi yovelwliurad 300-mde X-rbola ewyoba da

monawileobis msurvelTa ricxvi swrafad izrdeba.

samTo Txilamurebi dasvenebisa da garTobis erTerTi Zveli saxeobaa,

am tipis dasvenebis moyvarulTa ricxvi nelnela matulobs, es gamowveulia

imiTac rom ufro daixvewa samTosaTxilamuro kurortebi da servisi.

42

TiTqmis yvela kurortze aris sxvadasxva siZnelis daSvebis SesaZlebloba

rogorc profesionalebis aseve moyvarulebisaTvis.

snoubordi bevrad ufro agresiuli, saSiSi da eqstremaluri saxeobaa

vidre Txilamurebi. is rogorc sportisa da dasvenebis saxeoba gamoCnda

aSS-Si XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. ZiriTadad snoubordiT gatacebulebi

iyvnen serfingistebi, romlebsac ar surdaT usaqmurad jdoma zafxulis

molodinSi, Tumca man Semdeg nelnela masiuri xasiaTi miiRo da

dReisaTvis is Zalian popularulia mTels msoflioSi.

eqstremaluri dasveneba da garToba romlebic dakavSirebulia

TxilamurebTan da snoubordTan SeiZleba daiyos ramdenime tipad: freeskiing

anu freeride -- es aris daSveba gaukvalav TovlSi, cicabo da daSvebisaTvis

moumzadebel ferdobebze, sakmaod rTuli reliefiT. heliskiing _ igivea rac

freeskiing mxolod isaa gansxvaveba rom mTaze asasvlelad vertmfrens

iyeneben.

sahaero saxeobebidan yvelaze gavrcelebulia saparaSuto sporti _

moiTxovs Zlier da safuZvlian momzadebas, iyofa ramdenime saxeobad: 1.

klasikuri paraSutizmi _ moicavs ori tipis gadmoxtomas: gadmoxtomas

daSvebis sizusteze da akrobatul ileTebs Tavisufali vardnis dros.

dReisaTvis daSvebis sizustis amocana aris daeSvas moniSnul adgilas (3

metris diametris wre), Tavidan rodesac iyenebdnen mrgvalgumbaTian

paraSutebs samizne adgilis diametri iyo 100 metri da cdomileba 80

metris farglebSi arcTu ise cud Sedegad iTvleboda. Tumca Semdgom

moxda paraSutis srulyofa da samiznem miiRo is zomebi rac dResaa.

sxvadasxva tipis Sejibrebebze gasamarjveblad saWiroa 0 m-iani cdomilebis

sizustiT daSvebebis seriis Cveneba.

2. jgufuri akrobatika _ rogorc wesi 4-8 adamianisagan Semdgari

gundis gadmoxtomaa, romlis drosac isini cdiloben sxvadasxva tipis

figurebis gakeTebas haerSi paraSutis gaxsnamde. SesaZlebelia jgufSi 16

adamianic iyos, rekorduli raodenobis wevrebisagan Semdgari jgufis

gadmoxtoma Sedga ruseTSi 1996 wels, qalaq anapaSi, jgufSi 296

paraSutisti iyo. saSualod 4 kacian jgufs paraSutebis gaxsnamde SeuZlia

daaxloebiT 30-mde ileTis gakeTeba.

43

3. gumbaTuri akrobatikis dros paraSutistebis jgufi cdilobs ukve

gaxsnili paraSutebis gumbaTebiT sxvadasxva figurebis gakeTebas, riTac is

gansxvavdeba paraSutizmis sxva jgufuri saxeobebisagan romlebSic

ZiriTadi moqmedebebi da ileTebi paraSutebis gaxsnamde keTdeba. gumbaTuri

akrobatikis ileTebis Sesrulebisas jgufis wevrebs xSirad uwevT sxva

sportsmenis paraSutTan Sexeba, ris drosac didia paraSutebis

gadaxlarTvis riski, amitomac am saxeobiT gatacebulebs esaWiroebaT

specialuri, gamZle paraSutebi romlebsac gaaCniaT siCqaris zusti

maregulireblebi. ileTebis gakeTebis Semdeg paraSutistebi daSvebis in

unda moSordnen erTmaneTs, am drosac izrdeba paraSutebis erTmaneTTan

gadaxlarTvis albaToba, rac sagumbaTo paraSutizms erTerT yvelaze

saxifaTo sportis saxeobis statuss aZlevs.

4. Tavisufali stili _ paraSutizmis axali saxeobaa, am dros

fasdeba paraSutistis mier Sesrulebuli ileTebis sizuste, silamaze da

sirTule. amave dros operatoris xelovnebac romelic am yvelafers haerSi

iRebs.

5. skaiserfingi _ es aris paraSutiT gadmoxtoma, Tumca am dros

paraSutists damagrebuli aqvs ovaluri dafa fexebze da akeTebs

sxvadasxva sirTulis ileTebs. skaiserfingi Zalian gansxvavdeba

Cveulebrivi Tavisufali vardnis dros Sesrulebuli ileTebisagan,

radganac am dros aerodinamika sruliad gansxvavebulia. Sejibrebebis

dros fasdeba paraSutistis mier Sesrulebuli ileTebis sirTule da

silamaze. vardnas iRebs operatori-paraSutisti, mxedvelobaSi miiReba

rogorc wesi vardnis pirveli 50 wami.

6. beiz-jamperebs sxva tipis paraSutistebisagan gansxvavebiT ar

esaWiroebaT TviTmfrinavi, mas cvlis lifti an alpinisturi aRWurviloba.

isini adian romelime maRali Senobis Tavze an mTaze da iqidan axdenen

gadmoxtomas. is erT-erT yvelaze saxifaTo saxeobad aris aRiarebuli,

Zalian bevr qveyanaSi Senobebidan gadmoxtoma akrZalulia kanoniT da

saWiroa specialuri nebarTvis aReba, rac x

turistuli produqtis formirebis taviseburebani saqartvelosi d i s e … · 2013. 9. 23. · ivane...

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