turkish verb frames and their english equivalents in sentences

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2015

TURKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH

EQUIVALENTS IN SENTENCES

Yksel Gknel

W W W . Y U K S E L G O K N E L . C O M

T URKISH VERB FRAMES and their ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS

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THE VERB FRAMES

A list of frequently used verbs, and their intransitive, transitive, causative,

passive, reflexive and reciprocal forms, which are called verb frames,

are given in the following list. While using reflexive and reciprocal verb

frames, one should be careful because these two forms may have meanings

different from the verb roots or stems that they are attached to. For instance,

although anla means understand, anla means reach an agree-

ment. Therefore, one should consult a dictionary before using them.

Some of the most frequently used verb frames whose meanings are different

from their root or stem meanings are as follows:

aldrmak: care, care about; almak: get used to; atmak: have a row

with; bozulmak: deteriorate, embarrass; bozumak: break up, fall out with;

bulumak: meet with someone; atlatmak: make somebody jealous;

znmek: dissolve; dalamak: fight; dayanmak: act in solidarity with;

dnmek: transform; dvnmek: beat ones chest; durulmak: calm

down, settle down; geinmek: get on well with, make a living; gelitirmek:

improve, develop; gerinmek: stretch; kanmak: avoid; karmak: miss,

abduct, frighten away, hijack, go out of ones mind; kapmak: fall out with;

kayrmak: bestow a privilege on; kesimek: intersect; kestirmek: dose,

have a short nap, estimate; krmak: become wrinkled; korunmak: protect

oneself; rtmek: coincide, correspond to, match up with; sylenmek:

grumble; sylemek: chat; srnmek: creep, live a dogs life; armak:

be confused, be mixed up; iinmek: boast; tartmak: argue, discuss,

dispute; uydurmak: fabricate, feign; karmak: put ones nose into

something.

The suffixes (inflectional allomorphs) used in producing verb frames are the

first suffixes to be attached to verb roots or stems; the others such as the

negative making, time and personal suffixes follow them.

The Structural Composition of the Causative Verb Frames

All the monosyllabic verb roots, and all the other ones ending with /t/

phonemes take [dir, dr, dr, dur, tir, tr, tr, tur] inflectional allomorphs to

change them into the causative verb frames.


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Examples of monosyllabic verbs:

al-dr, at-tr, boz-dur, bul-dur, al-dr, arp-tr, ek-tir, z-dr, del-dir, dv-

dr, ger-dir, kap-tr, kes,tir, kr-dr, kur-dur, rt-tr, v-dr, soy-dur, et-tir,

z-dr, yak-tr, yap-tr, yaz-dr, sat-tr, at-tr, tat-tr, a-tr, yak-tr, yrt-tr

Examples of the polysyllabic (two or more syllables) verbs ending with /t/: iit-tir, ilet-tir, oturt-tur, kapat-tr, kzart-tr, patlat-tr, sarkt-tr, yaat-tr, yk-

selt-tir, tket-tir, tant-tr, boyat-tr, arat-tr, ykat-tr, ayklat-tr.

All the polysyllabic verbs ending with /r/ take /t/ phonemes:

Example: yaptr yap-trt; gldr gl-drt

art*trt, bi*tirt, ge*tirt, at*trt, al*trt, *kart, dal*drt, dei*tirt, do*urt,

dol*durt, dn*drt, dur*durt, d*rt, ge*irt, ge*tirt, geli*tirt, ger*dirt,

gez*dirt, gl*drt, *srt, it*tirt, ka*rt, kan*drt, karla*trt, ka*yrt, kaz*drt,

konu*turt, ko*part, ko*turt, o*nart, l*drt, pi*irt, sinirlen*dirt, sus*turt,

s*prt, i*irt, ta*rt, uy*durt, yar*trt, yap*trt, ya*trt, ye*dirt, yz*drt

The last syllables of the above causative forms are all four-phoneme syl-

lables such as tirt, trt, trt, turt, drt, durt, etc. When the polysyllabic

verbs ending with vowels are attached to [it, t, t, ut, et, at] allomorphs,

the last vowels of the verb roots or stems, and those of the coinciding first

vowels of the allomorphs combine and verbalize as single vowels:

boya-at (bo*yat), by-t (b*yt), atla-at (at*lat), daya-at (da*yat), yr-

t (y*rt), dene-et (de*net), denetle-et (de*net*let), dinle-et (din*let), ertele-

et (er*te*let), frala-at (fr*a*lat), hatrla-at (ha*tr*lat), hazrla-at (ha*zr*-

lat), kovala-at (ko*va*lat), ka-t (ka*t), kokla-at (kok*lat), kuru-ut (ku*-

rut), ona-at (o*nat), sakla-at (sak*lat), sorgula-at (sor*gu*lat), syle-et.


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A SHORT LIST OF VERB FRAMES

INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE CAUSATIVE PASSIVE REFLEXIVE RECIPROCAL

a a atr al al

ak akt akttr aktl

al aldr aln aln

anla anlal anla

anlat anlattr anlatl

ara arat aran

art artr artrt artrl

as astr asl

ar art arl

aykla ayklat ayklan

at attr atl at

atla atlat atlattr atlatl

az azdr azdrt azdrl

bak baktr bakl bakn bak

bas bastr basl

bat batr batrt batrl

bala balat balattr balatl balan

bayl bayl baylt bayltl

bekle bekle beklet beklen bekle

beklet beklettir bekletil

besle beslet beslen beslen

bi bitir biil

bil bildir bilin

bin bindir binil

bit bitir bitirt bitiril

bk bktr bktrt bkl

boz bozdur bozul bozul bozu

bl bldr bln bln bl

bul buldur bulun bulu

bk bktr bkl

cay caydr caydrt cayl

co cotur coturt

al al aldr aln

al al(tr) altrt altrl

arp arptr arptrt arpl arp

atla atlat atlattr atlatl

ek ektir ekil ekin eki

iz izdir izil


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rp rptr rpl rpn

k kert kerttir kertil

z zdr zl zn z

dal daldr daldrt daldrl dala

daya dayat dayatl

dayan dayanl dayan

damla damlat damlattr damlatl

de dedirt denil

de dedir dedirt deil

dein deinil

dei deitir deitirt deitiril dei

del deldir delin

dene denet denen

denetle denetlet denetlen

dengele dengelet dengelen

dik diktir dikil

dinle dinlet dinlen

dila dlat dlan

do dour dourt dourul

doku dokut dokun

dol doldur doldurt doldurul dolu

don dondur dondurt dondurul

doy doyur doyurt doyurul

dk dktr dkl dkn

dn dndr dndrt dndrl dn

dn dndr dndrt dnl

duy duyurt duyurul

drt drttr drtl drt

d dr drt drl

dn dn dndrt dnl

ekle eklet eklen

elle ellet ellen elle

engelle engellet engellen

ertele ertelet ertelen

es estir estirt estiril

eitle eitlet eitlen

esne esnet esnet esnetil esnen esne

et ettir edil

ez ezdir ezil


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INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE CAUSATIVE PASSIVE REFLEXVE RECIPROCAL

frlat frlattr frlatl

ge ge geir geil gein

ger gerdir geril gerin

gel getir getirt getiril

gez gez gezdir gezdiril gezin

gster gstert gsteril

gir giril giri

git gidil

giy giyil giyin

gr grl grn gr

gster gstert gsteril

gl gldr gldrt gln gl

hala halat halan

hatrla hatrlat hatrlan

hazrla hazrlat hazrlan hazrlan

hesapla hesaplat hesaplan hesapla

i iir iil

in indir indirt indiril

sr sr srt srl

slat slattr slatl slan

iit iittir iitil

ile ilet ilettir iletil

inkr et inkr ettir inkr edil

it ittir itil iti

izle izlet izlen

ka kar kart karl kan ka

kal kaln

kan kandr kandrt kandrl

kap kaptr kapl kap

kapat kapattr kapatl kapan

kapla kaplat kaplan

karala karalat karalan

kar kartr kartrt karl

karla karlatr karlatrt karlatrl

kas kastr kasl kasl

ka kat kan kan

kat kattr

kaydet kaydettir yaydedil

kayr kayrt kay()rl


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kaz kazdr kazl

kes kestir kesil kesi

kr krdr krl kr

ky kydr kyl

kz kzdr kzl kz

kzar kzart kzarttr kzartl

kok kokla koklat koklan kokla

kon kondur kondurt kondurul

konu konutur konuturt konuul

kop kopar kopart koparl

kork korkut korkut korkutul

koru korut korun korun

ko kotur koul kou

koy koydur koyul

kur kurdur kurul

kuru kurut kuruttur kurutul

kurula kurulat kurulan kurulan

kus kustur kusturt kusul

ks kstr kstrt ksl ks

kuru kurut kuruttur kurutul

kurula kurulat kurulan kurulan

lekele lekelet lekelen

oku oku okuttur okun

onar onart onarl

otur oturt oturttur oturul oturu

oy oydur oyul

oyala oyalat oyalan

oyna oyna oynat oynan oyna

l ltr ll l

de det den de

l ldr ldrt ldrl ln

p ptr pl p

r rdr rl

rt rttr rtl rtn rt

t ttr ttrt t

v vdr vl vn

patla patlat patlattr patlatl

pi piir piirt piiril

san sanl

sakla saklat saklan saklan


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sap saptr saptrt saptrl

sar sardr sarl sarn

sark sarkt sarkt(tr) sarktl

sars sarstr sarsl sarsl

sat sattr satl say saydr sayl say se setir seil

sev sevdir sevil sevin sevi

seyret seyrettir seyredil

sez sezdir sezil

s sdr sdrt sl sn s

sk sktr skl skn sk

sz szdr szdrt szdrl

sil sildir silin

sin sindir sindirt sindiril

sou sout souttur soutul

sol soldur soldurt soldurul

sor sordurt sorul

sorgula sorgulat sorgulan

soy soydur soyul soyun

sk sktr skl

sn sndr sndrt sndrl

sv svdr sv

syle sylet sylen sylen syle

sun sunul

sus sustur susturt susturul susu

srt srttr srtl srtn srt

ssle sslet sslen sslen

sz szdr szl

a art arttr artl ar

i iir iirt iiril iin

tak taktr takl takn tak

tara tarat taran taran

ta tar tart tarl

ta tat tan tan

tat tattr

temizle temizlet temizlen temizlen

tercih et tercih ettir tercih edil

tut tuttur tutul tutu


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u uur uurt uurul uu

um umul

unut unuttur unutul

uy uydur uydurt uydurul uyu

uyar uyart uyarl

uygula uygulat uygulan

uyu uyut uyuttur uyutul uyun

uza uzat uzattr uzatl uzan

fle flet flen

tle tlet tlen

z zdr zl

ver verdir veril

vur vurdur vurul vuru

ya yadr yadrt

yakala yakalat yakalan

yan yak yaktr yakl yakn

yaa yaat yaattr yaatl yaan

yaz yazdr yazdrl yaz

yedir yedirt yediril

yen yenil yeni

yerle yerletir yerletirt yerleil

yeti yetitir yetitirt yetiil

y ydr yl

yka ykat ykan ykan

yldr yldrt yldrl

yrt yrttr yrtl yrtn

yut yuttur yutul

yor yorul yorul

yksel ykselt ykselttir ykseltil

yr yrt yrttr yrtl yrn

yz yzdr yzdrt yzl yz

CAUSATIVE VERB FRAME EXAMPLES

We use a causative verb frame when we do not carry out the action

ourselves, but we are responsible for the action being done: Ahmete arabam ykamasn syledim; o da ykad.

Ahmete araba-am- ykat-t-m


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I made Ahmet wash my car. I had Ahmet wash my car.

I got Ahmet to wash my car. .

I asked someone to wash my car. Araba-am- ykat-t-m.

I had my car washed. (The doer of the verb is not mentioned.)

As it is seen in the two sentences above, the two Turkish verb compositions

are identical: ykat-t-m. However, in the first sentence, the doer of the

verb wash is mentioned, but in the second one, it is not. In English, when

the doer of the verb is mentioned make somebody do something, or the

alternative ones above are used, but when the doer of the action is not

mentioned, a different sentence type have something done is used.

THE PASSIVE CAUSATIVE

The passive causative frames are frequently used in both English and

Turkish:

Onlar bana kap-/y/ a-tr-d-lar.

(on*lar / ba*na / ka*p*y / a*tr*d*lar )

They made me open the door. (Causative)

Kap kim-e a-tr-l-d? Kap bana a-tr-l-d.

(ka*p / ki*me / a*t*rl*d ) (ka*p / ba*na / a*t*rl*d )

Who was made to open the door? I was made to open the door.

(Passive causative)

Hrsz kasa-/y/ bana a-tr-d.

(hr*sz / ka*sa*y / ba*na / a*tr*d )

The thief made me open the safe. (Causative)

Kasa kim-e a-tr-l-d? Kasa bana a-tr-l-d.

(ka*sa / ki*me / a*t*rl*d ) (ka*sa / ba*na / a*t*rl*d )

Who was made to open the safe? I was made to open the safe.

(Passive causative)

Double causative forms are rarely used in Turkish, therefore they are not

put in the verb frames list above:

Araba-am- ykat-trt-t-m.

(a*ra*ba*m / y*kat*trt*tm )

I asked someone to have my car washed. (Double causative)


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SOME EXAMPLE SENTENCES OF THE VERB FRAMES It may be useful to give further explanations on word stress before giving

some more example sentences on the verb frames. There are three kinds of

stresses in Turkish: weak stress, secondary stress, and primary stress.

If a syllable is printed in normal type, it is weakly stressed. Turkish words generally have weak stress on the first syllables. The

syllables following the weak syllables are all secondarily stressed, and

when a word is thought important, the last secondarily stressed syllable is

primarily stressed. If a root is monosyllabic, its single syllable is naturally

the last syllable, so it is secondarily stressed. However, there may also be

some other secondarily stressed syllables in the first syllables of some

borrowed words. If a speaker thinks that a word is important, he strengthens the last

secondarily stressed syllable of a word to make it dominant in a sentence.

This definition, however, differs in verb compositions because the verb

roots, stems or frames, whether monosyllabic or polysyllabic, are suffixed

by several inflectional morphemes. In verb compositions, the verb roots,

stems and frames, and the following syllables are all secondarily

stressed. Only one of these syllables in the verb compositions can be

primarily stressed, which does not depend on the speaker's choice.

Besides, some of the morphemes used in the verb compositions are formed

of two or more syllables such as me.li, ma.l, e.cek, a.cak,

e.bil.ir. Only the last syllables of such morphemes can be primarily

stressed, except for "e.mez", a.maz, which are negative making

allomorphs. One can change the meaning of a sentence by changing a secondary stress

at the end of a word (except the ones in a verb composition) into a primary

stress:

(an*nem / de*niz*de / y*z*yor )

In the sentence above, each word has several secondarily stressed

syllables that are printed in italics. The last secondarily stressed syllables in

each word are not only secondarily stressed, but they also imply the hearer

a suspended juncture as if another word is going to follow it.

The word roots and stems may have one or more syllables. If a word stem

has only one syllable, it is naturally secondarily stressed. If it has two or

more syllables, these syllables are secondarily stressed except for the first

weak syllable. When the stems are suffixed with inflectional or derivational

suffixes, these suffixes are also secondarily stressed together with the other


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secondarily stressed syllables. Consider the secondarily stressed syllables

in the following words:

(ter*lik), (ter*lik*i), (ter*lik*i*lik); (ba*ba), (ba*ba*s) (ba*ba*s*nn), (ba*ba*sn*dan); (yz), (y*z), (y*z*ne), (y*zn*de), (y*zn*den) However, when one wants to primarily stress one of these words, he can only primarily stress the last secondarily stressed syllable in a word such as:

(ter*lik), (ter*lik*i), (ter*lik*i*lik); (ba*ba), (ba*ba*s), (ba*ba*s*nn),

(ba*ba*sn*dan); (yz), (y*z), (y*z*ne), (y*zn*de), (y*zn*den) Compare the following sentences: (an*nem / de*niz*de / y*z*yor ) means, My mother is swimming in the

sea; not any other woman. (an*nem / de*niz*de / y*z*yor ) means, My mother is swimming in the

sea; not in a lake or a river. (an*nem / de*niz*de / y*z*yor ) means, My mother is swimming in the

sea; not sunbathing or chatting with her friends on the beach. Another point to consider in a language is its intonation, which is the music

of a language that influences its meaning significantly. To describe a piece

of music using words is almost impossible. Therefore, listening to native

speakers speaking it in their own native languages is of vital importance for

students of languages. The longer one is exposed to a foreign language, the

easier and more soundly, he can learn it. In the following example sentences, some frequently used verb frames and

their syllables are given in brackets. Most of the primarily stressable

syllables are also printed in bold face, but this does not mean that the other

important words in a sentence cannot be stressed. Any one of the words

that is thought important in a sentence can be primarily stressed. The open

junctures (pauses) between words are showed by / slashes.

a:

iek-ler sabah-le.yin a-ar.

(i*ek*ler / sa*bah*le*yin / a*ar )

Flowers open in the morning. (Open is an intransitive verb.) Jack kap-/y/ a-t.

(jack / ka*p*y / a*t )

Jack opened the door. (Open is a transitive verb.)


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Jacke kap-/y/ a-tr-d-m. (Causative)

(ce*ke / ka*p*y / a*tr*dm )

I made (had) Jack open the door.

Kap-/y/ a-tr-d-m. (Causative)

(ka*p*y / a*tr*dm )

I had the door opened.

Kap bil-in-me-/y/en bir kii tarafndan a-l-d. (Passive)

(ka*p / bi*lin*me*yen / bir / ki*i / ta*ra*fn*dan / a*l*d )

The door was opened by an unknown person.

Hava a-l-d (at). (Reflexive)

(ha*va / a*l*d) The clouds scattered and the sun began to shine.

Kap, Jacke a-tr-l-d. (Passive causative)

(ka*p /ce*ke / a*t*rl*d )

Jack was made to open the door.

al:

Kitap- al-d-m. (Transitive)

(ki*ta*b / al*dm )

I have taken (received, bought) the book.

Kitap- satn aldr-d-m. (Causative)

(ki*ta*b / sa*t *nal*dr*dm ) (Liaison)

I (have) had the book bought.

Kitap- satn al-drt-t-m. (Double causative)

(ki*ta*b / sa*t*nal*dr(t)*tm ) (Liaison)

I asked someone to have the book bought.

Kitap satn al-n-d. (Passive)

(ki*tap / sa*t*na*ln*d ) (Liaison)

The book has been bought.

Kitap- satn al-dr-d-m. (Causative)

(ki*ta*b / sa*tn / al*dr*dm ) I have had the book bought.


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Aldr-ma! (An expression)

(al*dr*ma )

Never mind!

Elma-lar Ahmete al-dr-l-d. (Passive causative)

(el*ma*lar / ah*me*te / al*d*rl*d )

Ahmet was made to buy the apples.

Elma-lar- Ahmete al-dr-d. (Causative)

(el*ma*la*r / ah*me*te / al*dr*d )

She had Ahmet buy the apples.

Bu elma-lar geen hafta al-n-d. (Passive)

(bu / el*ma*lar / ge*en / haf*ta / a*ln*d )

These apples were bought last week.

Bu elma-lar satn al-ma-/y/a de-mez.

(bu / el*ma*lar / sa*tn / al*ma*ya / de*mez )

These apples are not worth buy-ing. (subject complement)

Yarn bana bir bilgisayar al-n-.yor. (Passive)

(ya*rn / ba*na / bir / bil*gi*sa*yar / a*l*n*yor )

A computer is going to be bought for me tomorrow.

Sz-ler-im-den aln-d. (Reflexive)

(sz*le*rim*den / a*ln*d )

She was offended by what I said. (What I said is the object of by.)

anla:

Jack ders-i anla-d. (Transitive)

(jack / der*si / an*la*d )

Jack understood the lesson.

Ders anla-l-d. (Passive)

(ders / an*la*l*d )

The lesson has been understood.

(Onlar) anla-t-lar. (Reciprocal)

(on*lar / an*la*t*lar )

They (have) reached an agreement.


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anlat:

Jack biz-e bir masal anlat-t. (transitive)

(jack / bi*ze / bir / ma*sa*lan*lat*t ) (Liaison)

Jack told us a story.

retmen masal- Ahmete anlat-tr-d. (Causative)

(*ret*men / ma*sa*l / ah*me*te / an*lat*tr*d )

The teacher made (had) Ahmet tell the story. Masal- anlat-tr-d-m. (Causative)

(ma*sa*l / an*lat*tr*dm )

I had the story told.

Masal dn anlat-l-d. (Passive)

(ma*sal / dn / an*la*tl*d )

The story was told yesterday.

Masal Ahmete anlat-tr-l-d. (Passive causative)

(ma*sal / ah*me*te / an*lat*t*rl*d)

Ahmet was made to tell the story.

retmen bir konu anlat-.yor (retiyor). (Transitive)

(*ret*men / bir / ko*nu / an*la*t*yor )

The teacher is teaching a subject.

art: Hz art-t. (Intransitive)

(hz / art*t)

The speed increased.

Hz- artr-d. (Transitive)

(h*z / ar*tr*d )

He increased the speed.

Hz artr-l-d. (Passive)

(hz / ar*t*rl*d ) The speed has been increased.

O/n/a hz--/n/ artrt-t. (Causative)

(o*na / h*z*n / ar*trt*t )

He made him increase his speed.


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Hz- artrt-t. (Causative)

(h*z / ar*trt*t )

He had the speed increased.

Hz Jacke artrt-l-d. (Passive causative)

(hz / ja*ke / ar*tr*tl*d )

Jack was made to increase the speed.

bala: Oyun bala-d. (Intransitive)

(o*yun / ba*la*d )

The game (has) started.

Hakem oyun-u balat-t. (Transitive)

(ha*kem / o*yu*nu / ba*lat*t )

The referee started the game.

Hakem oyun-u Ahmete balat-t. (Causative)

(ha*kem / o*yu*nu / ah*me*te / ba*lat*t )

The referee made Ahmet start the game.

Oyun Ahmete balat-l-d. (Passive causative)

(o*yun / ah*me*te / ba*la*tl*d )

Ahmet was made to start the game.

Oyun balat-l-d. (Passive)

(o*yun / ba*la*tl*d )

The game was started (by someone).

Oyun-a bala-an-d. (Passive shaped intransitive verb) (o*yu*na / ba*lan*d )

The game was started.

bat: kinci Dnya Sava-/n/da birok gemi bat-t. (Intransitive)

(i*kin*ci / dn*ya: / sa*va*n*da / bir*ok / ge*mi / bat*t )

A lot of ships sank during The Second World War.

kinci Dnya Sava-/n/-da ok gemi batr-d-lar. (Transitive)

(i*kin*ci / dn*ya: / sa*va*n*da / ok / ge*mi / ba*tr*d*lar )

They sank a lot of ships during The Second World War.


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Sava-ta birok gemi batr-l-d. (Passive)

(sa*va*ta / bir*ok / ge*mi / ba*t*rl*d )

A lot of ships were sunk during the war. Parmak--/n/a bir ine batr-d. (Transitive)

(par*ma**na / bir / i*ne / ba*tr*d )

She stuck a needle into her figer.

Parmak-m-a ine bat-t. (Intransitive)

(par*ma**ma / i*ne / bat*t )

A needle stuck into my finger.

bul:

Yzk--/n/ bul-du. (Transitive)

(y*z**n / bul*du )

She has found her ring. Yzk--/n/ koca-/s/-/n/a bul-dur-du. (Causative) .

(y*z**n / ko*ca*s*na / bul*dur*du )

She got her husband to find her ring.

Yzk koca-/s/-/n/a bul-dur-ul-du. (Passive causative)

(y*zk / ko*ca*s*na / bul*du*rul*du )

Her husband was made to find the ring.

Yzk--/n/ bul-dur-du. (Causative)

(y*z**n / bul*dur*du )

She had her ring found.

Yzk- bul-un-du. (Passive)

(y*z* / bu*lun*du )

Her ring has been found. al: Birisi o-/n/un anta-/s/-/n/ al-d. (Transitive)

(bi*ri*si / o*nun / an*ta*s*n / al*d )

Somebody stole her handbag.

anta-/s/-/n/ al-dr-d. (Causative)

(an*ta*s*n / al*dr*d )

She had her handbag stolen


18

Geen hafta o-/n/un anta-/s/ al-n-d. (Passive)

(ge*en / haf*ta / o*nun / an*ta*s / a*ln*d )

Her handbag was stolen last week.

Jack piyano al-a.bil-ir. (Transitive)

(jack / pi*ya*no / a*la*bi*lir )

Jack can play the piano.

Hakem ddk--/n/ al-d. (Transitive)

(ha*kem / d*d**n / al*d )

The referee blew his whistle.

arp:

Top pencere-/y/e arp-t.

(top / pen*ce*re*ye / arp*t ), or (top / pen*ce*re*ye / carp*t )

The ball hit the window.

(Turkish is intransitive; English is transitive)

Klp-im sen-in iin arp-.yor. (Intransitive)

(kl*bim / se*nin / i*in / ar*p*yor )

My heart is beating for you.

Araba-/s/-/n/ elektrik direk-i-/n/e arp-t. (Intransitive)

(a*ra*ba*s*n / e*lek*trik / di*re*i*ne / arp*t )

She hit her car to a lamppost.

Kap-/y/ arp-t. (Transitive)

(ka*p*y / arp*t )

He slammed the door.

Kap arp-l-d. (Passive)

(ka*p / ar*pl*d )

The door was slammed.

ki kamyon arp--t. (Reciprocal)

(i*ki / kam*yon / ar*p*t )

Two lorries collided.

al:


19

Almanyada al-.yor. (Intransitive)

(al*man*ya*da / a*l**yor )

He is working in Germany.

Motor-u al-tr-a.ma-d. (Transitive)

(mo*to*ru / a*l*t*ra*ma*d )

He couldnt start the engine.

Kar-/s/-/n/ al-tr-ma-.yor. (Causative)

(ka*r*s*n / a*l*tr*m*yor )

He doesnt let his wife work.

Eskiden otomobil motor-lar- el-le al-tr-l-r-d. (Passive) (es*ki*den / o*to*mo*bil / mo*tor*la*r / el*le / a*l*t*r*lr*d )

In the past car engines used to be manually started.

Bu fabrika-da kask-sz al-l-maz.

(bu / fab*ri*ka*da / kask*sz / a*l*l*maz )

It is forbidden (dangerous) to work without helmets in this factory.

(Passive shaped intransitive verb) atla: Bardak atla-d. (Intransitive)

(bar*dak / at*la*d )

The glass (has) cracked.

Kaynar su bardak- atla-at-t. (Transitive)

(kay*nar / su / bar*da* / at*lat*t )

The boiling water cracked the glass.

Bardak- sen atla-at-t-n. (Causative)

(bar*da* / sen / at*lat*tn )

You made the glass crack. (You cracked the glass.)

Bardak atla-at-l-d. (Passive)

(bar*dak / at*la*tl*d )

The glass was cracked.

ek:


20

Bu baca iyi ek-er. (Intransitive)

(bu / ba*ca / i*yi / e*ker )

This chimney draws well.

Anne-/s/i-/n/e ek-mi. (Intransitive)

(an*ne*si*ne / ek*mi )

She seems to have taken after her mother.

Araba-/y/ iki at ek-i.yor-du. (Transitive)

(a*ra*ba*y / i*ki / at / e*ki*yor*du )

Two horses were pulling the cart.

Kl--/n/ ek-ti. (Transitive)

(k*l*c*n / ek*ti )

He drew his sword.

Ac ek-i.yor. (Transitive)

(a*c / e*ki*yor )

He is suffering.

Eskiden insan-lar kuyu-lar-dan su cek-er-di. (Transitive)

(es*ki*den / in*san*lar ~ / ku*yu*lar*dan / su / e*ker*di )

People used to draw water from wells in the past.

Teklif dikkat-im-i ek-ti. (Transitive)

(tek*lif / dik*ka*ti*mi / ek*ti )

The proposal attracted my attention. Araba-am ek-il-di. (Passive)

(a*ra*bam / e*kil*di), or (a*ra*bam / e*kil*di )

My car has been towed away. Araba-am- ek-tir-di-im. (Causative)

(a*ra*ba*m / ek*tir*dim )

I had my car towed.

Bir di-im-i ektir-di-im. (Causative)

(bir / di*i*mi / ek*tir*dim )

I had a tooth pulled out. O ekin-i.yor. (Reflexive) (*She is pulling herself)

(o / e*ki*ni*yor )

She is avoiding.


21

Onlar eki-i.yor-lar. (Reciprocal)

(on*lar / e*ki*i*yor*lar )

They are struggling with each other.

Can eki-i.yor. (Reciprocal)

(can / e*ki*i*yor )

He is in the death agony. (Subject complement)

k:

Ev-den k-t. (Intransitive)

(ev*den / k*t )

He (has) left home. (Leave is transitive.) Ceket-i-/n/i kar-d. (Transitive)

(ce*ke*ti*ni / *kar*d )

He took off his coat. apka-am- kart-t. (Causative)

(ap*ka*m / *kart*t )

He made me take off my hat. Dar k-ar-l-d. (Passive)

(d*a*r / *ka*rl*d )

He was taken out.

Boyuna sorun kar-.yor. (Transitive)

(bo*yu*na / so*run / *ka*r*yor )

He is always creating problems.

z:

Bir problem z-.yor. (Transitive)

(bir / prob*lem / *z*yor )

He is solving a problem. Problem-i baba-/s/-/n/a z-dr-d. (Causative)

(prob*le*mi / ba*ba*s*na / z*dr*d )

She got her father to solve the problem.

Tm sorun-lar-m.z z-l-d. (Passive)

(tm / so*run*la*r*mz / *zl*d )

All our problems have been solved.


22

Bu dm- z-e.me-i.yor-um. (Transitive)

(bu / d**m / *ze*mi*yo*rum )

I can't untie this knot.

daya:

Merdiven-i duvar-a daya-d. (Transitive)

(mer*di*ve*ni / du*va*ra / da*ya*d )

He leaned the ladder against the wall.

Merdiven-i duvar-a dayat-t. (Causative)

(mer*di*ve*ni / du*va*ra / da*yat*t )

He had the ladder leaned against the wall.

Merdiven duvar-a daya-an-d. (Passive)

(mer*di*ven / du*va*ra / da*yan*d )

The ladder has been leaned against the wall.

dayan: Bu ayakkab-lar daha ok daya-an-r. (Intransitive)

(bu / a*yak*ka*b*lar ~ / da*ha / ok / da*ya*nr )

These shoes last longer.

Bu scak-a dayan-a.ma-.yor-um. (Intransitive)

(bu / s*ca*a / da*ya*na*m*yo*rum )

I can't endure (tolerate) this warm weather.

dal:

Deniz-e dal-d. (Intransitive)

(de*ni*ze / dal*d )

He dived into the sea. El-i-/n/i su-/y/a dal-dr-d. (Transitive

(e*li*ni / su*ya / dal*dr*d )

He plunged his hand into the water.)

O/n/u deniz-e daldrt-t. (Causative)

(o*nu / de*ni*ze / dal*drt*t )

He got him to dive into the sea.


23

dei:

Sen-i son gr-dk-m-den beri ok dei-ti-in (deimisin).

(se*ni / son / gr*d*m*den / be*ri / ok / de*i*tin )

You have changed a lot since I last saw you. (Intransitive)

Ev-e gel-in.ce giysi-ler-i-/n/i dei-tir-di. (Transitive)

(e*ve / ge*lin*ce~ / giy*si*le*ri*ni / de*i*tir*di )

He changed his clothes when he came home.

Eski lastik-ler-im-i dei-tirt-i.yor-um. (Causative)

(es*ki / las*tik*le*ri*mi / de*i*tir*ti*yo*rum )

I am having my old tires changed.

Kirli masa rt-/s/ dei-tir-il-di. (Passive)

(kir*li / ma*sa / r*t*s / de*i*ti*ril*di )

The dirty tablecloth has been changed.

Futbol kural-lar- degi-tir-il-e.cek. (Passive)

(fut*bol / ku*ral*la*r / de*i*ti*ri*le*cek )

The football rules are going to be changed.

dinle: Syle-dik-im-i dinle. (Transitive)

(sy*le*di*i*mi / din*le )

Listen to what I say. (Intransitive)

Bana ark-/s/-/n/ dinle-et-ti. (Causative)

(ba*na / ar*k*s*n / din*let*ti )

She got me to listen to her song.

do:

Ben Adanada do-du-um. (Intransitive),

(ben / a*da*na*da / do*dum )

I was born in Adana. (Passive)

Gne alt-da do-du. (Intransitive)

(g*ne / al*t*da / do*du )

The sun rose at six.


24

Geen ay bir olan dour-du. (Transitive)

(ge*en / ay / bir / o*lan / do*ur*du )

She gave birth to a son last month.

Ay da dou-dan do-ar. (Intransitive)

(ay / da / do*u*dan / do*ar )

The moon also rises in the east.

dol: Okul hemen ocuk-lar-la dol-du. (Intransitive)

(o*kul / he*men / o*cuk*lar*la / dol*du )

The school soon filled with children.

Sepet-i-/n/i elma/y/-la doldur-du. (Transitive)

(se*pe*ti*ni / el*may*la / dol*dur*du )

She filled her basket with apples.

Sepet-i-/n/i bana elma/y/-la dol-durt-tu. (Causative)

(se*pe*ti*ni / ba*na / el*may*la / dol*durt*tu )

She made me fill her basket with apples.

(onun) sepet-i elma/y/-la dol-dur-ul-du. (Passive)

(o*nun / se*pe*ti / el*may*la / dol*du*rul*du )

Her basked was filled with apples.

Sepet ban-a dol-durt-ul-du. (Passive causative)

(se*pet / ba*na / dol*dur*tul*du )

I was made to fill the basket.

dn: Tekerlek-ler yava yava dn-.yor. (Intransitive)

(te*ker*lek*ler / ya*va / ya*va / d*n*yor )

The wheels are turning slowly.

Geri dn. (Intransitive)

(ge*ri / dn )

Turn back.

Sa-a dn. (Intransitive)

(sa*a / dn ) (Normal): (sa*a: ~ / dn ) (Military order)

Turn right.


25

Sonbahar-da yaprak-lar sar-/y/a dn-er (sarar-r). (Intransitive)

(son*ba*har*da / yap*rak*lar / sa*r*ya / d*ner ), or (sa*ra*rr )

Leaves turn yellow in the autumn.

Yz- kzar-d. (Intransitive)

(y*z / k*zar*d ) Her face turned red. She was ashamed.

Kasa-/y/ a-mak iin anahtar- evir-di (dndrd). (Transitive)

(ka*sa*y / a*mak / i*in / a*nah*ta*r / e*vir*di )

He turned the key to open the safe.

d: Kalem-im yer-e d-t. (Intransitive)

(ka*le*mim / ye*re / d*t )

My pen fell on the floor.

Kalem-im-i dr-d-m. (Transitive)

(ka*le*mi*mi / d*r*dm )

I dropped my pencil.

Ben-i dr-d. (Causative)

(be*ni / d*r*d )

He made me fall down.

Ar bavul-u-/n/u dr-d. (Transitive)

(a*r / ba*vu*lu*nu / d*r*d )

He let his heavy bag fall.

Dr-l-d-m. (Passive causative)

(d**rl*dm )

I was made to fall down.

ge: Araba-lar n-m-den ge-i.yor. (Intransitive)

(a*ra*ba*lar / *nm*den / ge*i*yor )

Cars are passing in front of me.

Snav- ge-e.me-di-im. (Transitive

(s*na*v / ge*e*me*dim )

I couldnt pass the exam.)


26

Onlar iyi gein-i.yor-lar. (Reflexive)

(on*lar / i*yi / ge*i*ni*yor*lar )

They are getting on well with each other.

n-m-de.ki araba-/y/ ge-ti-im. (nmdeki is adjective.)

(*nm*de*ki / a*ra*ba*y / ge*tim )

I overtook the car in front of me. (Transitive)

gr: Yanllk- gr-me-di-im. (Transitive)

(yan*l*l* / gr*me*dim )

I didnt (notice) see the mistake.

Yorgun gr-n-.yor-sun. (Reflexive)

(yor*gun / g*r*n*yor*sun )

You look tired. (Tired is a subject complement.) Bu teklif ilgin gr-n-.yor. (Reflexive)

( bu / tek*lif / il*gin / g*r*n*yor )

This proposal sounds interesting. (Interesting is a subject complement.) mkn-sz gr-n-.yor. (Reflexive)

(im*kn*sz / g*r*n*yor )

It seems (sounds) impossible. (mpossible is a subject complement.)

gl: Bebek gl-.yor. (Intransitive)

(be*bek / g*l*yor )

The baby is laughing.

O ben-i her zaman gl-dr-r. (Causative)

(o / be*ni / her*za*man / gl*d*rr )

She always makes me laugh.

Gl-dr-l-d-m. (Passive causative)

(gl*d*rl*dm )

I was made to laugh.

Bu sorun-lar-a gl-n-mez. (Passive shaped intransitive

(bu / so*run*la*ra / g*ln*mez )

It is not decent to laugh at such problems.)


27

Kz-lar bahe-de gl--.yor-lar-d. (Reciprocal)

(kz*lar / bah*e*de / g*l**yor*lar*d )

The girls were giggling in the garden.

hatrla:

O/n/un isim-i-/n/i hatrla-.yor-um. (Transitive)

(o*nun / is*mi*ni / ha*tr*l*yo*rum )

I remember her name.

Kar-m k-lar- kapat-ma-am- hatrlat-t. (Transitive)

(ka*rm / *k*la*r / ka*pat*ma*m / ha*tr*lat*t )

My wife reminded me to turn the lights off.

Bu eski fotograf bana bykanne-em-i hatrlat-.yor. (Transitive)

(bu / es*ki / fo*tog*ra *lar / ba*na / b*y*kan*ne*mi / ha*tr*la*t*yor )

This old photograph reminds me of my grandmother.

Bu zafer uzun sre hatrla-an-a.cak. (Passive)

(bu / za*fer / u*zun / s*re / ha*tr*la*na*cak )

This victory will be remembered for a long time.

hazrla:

Anne-em le yemek-i-/n/i hazrla-d. (Transitive)

(an*nem / *le / ye*me*i*ni / ha*zr*la*d )

Mother has prepared the lunch.

Anne-em yemek-i bana hazrla-at-t. (Causative)

(an*nem / ye*me*i / ba*na / ha*zr*lat*t )

Mother made me prepare the lunch.

Yemek hazrla-an-d. (Passive)

(ye*mek / ha*zr*lan*d )

The lunch has been prepared.

Hazrla-an-.yor-um. (Reflexive) (*I am preparing myself.)

(ha*zr*la*n*yo*rum )

I am getting ready. (Ready is subject complement.)

i:


28

Anne-em her sabah bir bardak ay i-er. (Transitive)

(an*nem / her / sa*bah / bir / bar*dak / ay / i*er )

Mother drinks a cup of tea every morning.

Anne-em bana her sabah iki bardak st i-ir-ir. (Causative)

(an*nem / ba*na / her / sa*bah / i*ki / bar*dak / st / i*i*rir )

Mother makes me drink two cups of milk every morning.

Bu su i-il-ir. (Passive)

(bu / su / i*i*lir )

This water is drinkable. (Drinkable is subject complement.)

iit: yi iit-e-bil-i.yor mu-sun? (Intransitive)

(i*yi / i*i*te*bi*li*yor / mu*sun )

Can you hear well?

O/n/un Londrada ol-duk-u-/n/u iit-ti-im. (Transitive)

(o*nun / Lon*dra*da / ol*du*u*nu / i*it*tim )

I heard that he is (was) in London.

O-/n/un yalan syle-dik-i hi iit-il-me-di. (Passive)

(o*nun / ya*lan / sy*le*di*i / hi / i*i*til*me*di )

He has never been heard to tell a lie.

sr: Havla-/y/an kpek sr-maz. (Intransitive)

(hav*la*yan / k*pek / *sr*maz )

A bark-ing dog never bites. (a proverb)

(Sen-in) kopek-in dn bacak-m- sr-d. (Transitive)

(K*pe*in / dn / ba*ca**m / *sr*d)

Your dog bit my leg yesterday.

Kuduz bir kpek tarafndan sr-l-d. (Passive)

(ku*duz / bir / k*pek / ta*ra*fn*dan / *s*rl*d) She was bitten by a mad dog.

Ben-i kopek-i-/n/e srt-t. (Causative)

(be*ni / k*pe*i*ne / *srt*t )

She made (let) her dog bite me.


29

ka:

ki hkml hapis-ten ka-t. (Intransitive)

(i*ki / h*km*l / ha*pis*ten / ka*t )

Two prisoners (have) escaped from prison.

ki kii be ya-n-da bir ocuk-u kar-d. (Transitive.)

(i*ki / ki*i / be / ya*n*da / bir / o*cu*u / ka*r*d )

Two men kidnapped a five year old child.

Herkes gen kadn-n kar-l-dk--/n/ dn-.yor. (Passive)

(her*kes / gen / ka*d*nn / ka**rl*d**n / d**n*yor )

Everybody thinks that the young woman has been abducted. ocuk-lar- bahe-den kart-t. (Causative)

(o*cuk*la*r / bah*e*den / ka*rt*t )

He frightened the children away from the garden.

Grev-in-i yap-mak-tan ka-n-ma-ma.l-sn. (Reflexive)

(g*re*vi*ni / yap*mak*tan / ka*n*ma*ma*l*sn )

You shouldnt avoid do-ing your duty.

Herkes dei-ik ynler-e ka--t. (Reciprocal)

(her*kes / de*i*ik / yn*le*re / ka**t )

Everybody ran to different directions.

Akl-/n/ ka-r-d. (Idiomatic) (Transitive)

(ak*l*n / ka*r*d )

He went mad. (Mad is subject complement.)

it: Ben-i kenar-a it-ti. (Transitive)

(be*ni / ke*na*ra / it*ti )

He pushed me aside.

Kenar-a it-il-di-im. (Passive)

(ke*na*ra / i*til*dim )

I was pushed aside.

Araba-/s/-/n/ bana it-tir-di. (Causative)

(a*ra*ba*s*n / ba*na / it*tir*di )

turkish verb frames and their english equivalents in sentences

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