turning on the switch to lighting controls€¦ · with no windows, spaces where controls are not...

Tampa Convention Center • Tampa, Florida

Turning on the Switch to Lighting ControlsWednesday August 16, 2:00 – 3:30 PM

Lyn Gomes, kW EngineeringCharles Knuffke, Wattstopper

Energy Exchange: Connect • Collaborate • Conserve

• Industry is changing… FAST!• Control systems are not “or equals”

– Components might be• Selection based on:

– Project needs – Designers judgement– System’s capabilities– Expertise of the contractor– Maintenance capabilities

• Controls don’t save energy if they’re not programmed or disabled

Why should I care?

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• With proper design and installation, Lighting Controls can enhance the work place environment versus irritating and intimidating the occupants as they often do.

Control Design

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• IECC, ASHRAE, T24, State and Local Codes• Is it working?

Codes Call For Controls In Most Spaces

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• A brief history• Controls basics

– Lighting Control Systems– A little about control systems– Lighting Control Components

• Commissioning – what is it?• Words you cannot say…• Specifying lighting controls

Agenda

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Energy Exchange: Connect • Collaborate • Conserve6

Lighting Controls A history

Timeclock. kW Engineering Hall of Shame. 2014


Control Through the Ages – The Medium

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Line Voltage WireDirect Control of CircuitSwitch, Dimmer, Contactor1900 - Present

Low Voltage WireControl by “Signal”Relays, Power Packs1950 - Present

Low Voltage WireControl by Messages (i.e. Protocol)Room Controllers, Backbone Network2000 - Present

Wireless CommunicationControl by MessagesAll Devices2010 - Present


– Switch - 1890– Photocell - ~1950– Dimmer - 1959– Occupancy Sensor - 1975

Line Voltage Control

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– 0-10V Dimming – 1980– Daylighting –

~1985 (switched “2 bit” dimming)– DMX - 1986– Theatrical 0-10V - 1997

• ESTA E1.3, Entertainment Technology - Lighting Control System - 0 to 10V Analog Control Protocol

– DALI - 2000

Low Voltage - Components

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• Component based – 1990s (and earlier)– Dry contact switch – 0-10V Dimming– Power Packs– Relays– Occupancy Sensor– Time Switch– Photosensor (on/off)

Low Voltage - Components

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Lighting Control System Basics


• Sensor data• (Goes to room controller)• Outputs a command

– Line voltage– 0-10V– Digital

• Power to light changes– Digital or analog– Ballast– Driver

• Light level changes– Dimmed or off

• System Data– Schedules– External signals

• Internal systems• External systems

• Sent to room controllers

Networked (Building Based)

Systems

Standalone (Room Based)

• Standalone– Line voltage controls

• Networked– Schedules– Demand response– Integrated

Combination


Basics


Basics• Action / Data

– What you want to happen“Dim the lights by 10%” or “Is the Space Occupied?”

– Time of Day Events, Sensor Time Delay, CCT, or other• Protocol (language)

– Analogous to English, Spanish, Chinese– Open, closed (proprietary), or standard

• Medium– Analogous to US Mail, fax, email– Installed infrastructure – System architecture


• Dimming Requirement– The Controller must be compatible with the ballast,

the transformer or the driver that it’s controlling• Line Voltage

– Step Dimming (0-50-100), (0-33-66-100)– 2-Wire Line Voltage Dimming – 3-Wire Line Voltage Fluorescent Dimming – Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

• Low Voltage– Analog: 0–10VDC– Digital: DALI, DMX512– Can also transmit other data (color, equipment info)

Dimming Protocols

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Lighting Control System Basic Components (1/2)

• Sensors– Occupancy– Light levels– Power

• Devices– Power switch– Aux relay– Lights– Controlled receptacles

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Lighting Control System Basic Components (2/2)

• Load controller– AKA: Power packs, Room

controllers– Translate inputs from sensors

to a dimming signal – Inputs go to lights or

controlled receptacles• Network

management/supervisory control– Push building level signals to

room controllers– Timeclock, DR, etc

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Think Through the Sequence by Space

• Manual On: Must Manually Turn On Lights, aka “Vacancy Sensor”– Makes sense for areas with good day lighting or easy access

to the wall controls.

• Auto On: Lights Turn On As You Enter The Room– Where allowable by Code, this makes sense for dark rooms

with no windows, spaces where controls are not near entry points, etc. Occupants tend to prefer Auto On.

• Partial On: Some Lights Come On To A Level– Can actually save more energy than manual on. Can be a

level or by switch leg and keep the occupants happy while still saving energy.


Think Through The Sequence By Space

• Partial Off: Go to a level other than Off– Makes sense for Hallways, Stairwells, Restrooms,

Parking Garages, etc.– Allow lights to stay on at a lower level when

unoccupied. Increases occupants comfort level as they are not entering a completely dark space.


Think Through The Sequence By Space

• Presets: Lights turn on at a pre-determined level. – In spaces that are occupied by

many different people, have lights always come on to a comfortable level for all.

– A “Last Level” can bring them on too low or too high. Too Low can generate unneeded calls to maintenance. Shoot for consistency.


• Don’t Assume The Occupant Knows How To Operate Anything Other Than A Normal Switch

User Interfaces


• Choose Intuitive User Interfaces that don’t intimidate occupants

User Interfaces

Simple Control Not as Simple Control


• Use Words or Easy To Understand Symbols

User Interfaces

• Imagine you are an occupant walking into the room for the first time.

Semi-Intuitive ButtonsLit Lamp Means On / Up Triangle = RaiseBlack Lamp Means Off / Down Triangle = Lower

Less Intuitive ButtonsWhat does a clockwise arrow arounda mountain mean?

How about a counter clockwise arrow w/auto under it?


• Use Words or Easy To Understand Symbols

User Interfaces

What Are Scenes 1-7?Can an occupant actually come up with, let alone remember, 7 Scenes?

OFF Makes Great Sense, As Well As


• Engrave all devices in common spaces with revolving occupants with specific information

User Interfaces

Better BestBad


• Don’t make them create their own.

User Interfaces


• Inform occupants if possible. They are typically not at training sessions on the system.

User Interfaces

Not only informational, but makesoccupants feel good about saving energy.


• Override zones instead of individual Switch Legs. Consolidate Switches in some reasonable manner.

Overrides

North 1 North 2 South 1 South 2

North 3 North 4 South 3 South 4

East 1 East 2 West 1 West 2

East 3 East 4 West 3 West 4


• Use scene control instead of individual devices for more complex spaces

User Interfaces

…Not thisThis...


• Even touchscreens should be set up with simple menus and can include control of things other than lighting– Shades– Projection Screens– HVAC– Audio

User Interfaces


• There are 2 occupancy sensor technologies used by the majority of manufacturers

• You want to specify the right technology for each space on the project.

Occupancy Sensors

Passive Infrared Ultrasonic


• PIR Technology: Passive Infrared– Detects Body Heat vs Background Temperature– Small pyroelectric sensor looks through a faceted lens to

detect motion

•

Occupancy Sensors


Passive Infrared Technology• Positives: Passive Allows It To Be Used Wirelessly

Directional and ControllableHi Mounting Height / ExteriorVery Few False Triggers

• Negatives:Can’t easily detect minor movementLine of Sight Device: Does Not Work If It Can’t See You

Occupancy Sensors

Coverage Pattern


• Ultrasonic Technology– Transducer Sends & Receives Sound Waves– Interruptions of the Signal Are Detected As Movement

Occupancy Sensors


Ultrasonic Technology

• Positives: Sees Around ObjectsDetects Minor Motion Very WellQuick Activation

• Negatives: Susceptible To False TriggersActivated By Non-Human Conditions – VolumetricNot Effective Over 12’

Occupancy Sensors


Dual Technology• Positives: Best of Both Technologies

Limit False Ons With Both Tech Needed for OnLimit False Off’s With Either Tech to Re-Trigger

• Negatives: More Expensive. Good CYA Device, ButDon’t Pay For It If You Don’t Need It.

Dual Technology


Specify the best sensor for the appropriate application.

• PIR: Small Offices, High Mounting, Exterior, Rooms w/Ceiling Fans

• Ultrasonic: Hallways, Bathrooms, Open Office

• Dual Tech: Mixed Activity areas. Classrooms, Conference Rooms, Etc.

Occupancy Sensors


SENSOR TIME DELAY (MINUTES)

Space 5 10 15 20 5 min.impact

Break Room 29.0% 25.0% 21.0% 17.0% 23%

Classroom 58.0% 56.0% 54.0% 52.0% 3%

Conference Room

50.0% 46.3% 42.7% 39.0% 32%

Private Office 38.0% 34.7% 31.3% 28.0% 11%

Rest Room 60.0% 55.7% 51.3% 47.0% 9%

The shorter period of time for typical occupancy, the more savings from sensor time out reductions

Time delays can greatly increase energy savings

http://www.wattstopper.com/products/details.html?id=280&category=143&type=Commercial



• Don’t maximize spacing on sensors; Cross your coverage patterns for full coverage.

• Spreading sensors out too far can cause issues with triggering and false offs.

Occupancy Sensor Placement



30’ x 30’ Classroom w/ 1 DT Sensor

4-5 Steps Needed To Activate Sensor With Auto On Scenario.

Must Break Two Zones To Activate Sensor.

Teacher Is In The Dead Zone. Time For A 20 Minute Hand Wave.



30’ x 30’ Classroom w/ 2 DT Sensors

One Step Activation At Doorway.

Teacher’s Desk Is Covered


• When placing occupancy sensors, consider not only motion and activity patterns in space, but also entry points to the space, traffic flow, etc.

• Example: In a parking garage, the most important areas are the entry points; not the majority of the garage. If a sensor is activated at an elevator with a 10 minute time delay, there is plenty of time for an occupant to get to their car.



• Make sure the sensors are installed per manufacturers suggested mounting.


Mount all occupancy sensors 6’ away from air ducts to prevent both false triggers holding on sensors.



Definitely not not 6”. 6’ does not mean 2’



And it definitely DID NOT mean negative 6”!!



For Best Performance…

Don’t mount wall sensors on ceiling looking at the floor.

Don’t mount directional wall sensors upside down .



Don’t mount wall switch sensors on the ceiling; especially with manual on operation. Can be a little challenging to turn lights on.

Sprinkler Head

Manual On Wall Switch.



Don’t Mount A PIR Sensor Nest To The Urinal If There Is A Stall Next Door.

Nor Should You Mount In A Stall At 7’ When There Is A Urinal Next To it.

Wall Switch Sensors


Daylighting

• The most challenging lighting control; yet it offers significant energy savings potential.

• Difficult because we’re taking a reading at the ceiling to set a level at the task or floor.

• Use the right PC for the Application– Closed Loop: Single Zone Control– Open Loop: Multiple Zone

Device– Dual Loop: Skylight Applications


Photocell reads light level in space.

1

Sends command to change light level.2Single Zone

Feedback closes the loop.3

Want to read the luminaire’s reflected light output, not direct light

Concepts & Features | Closed Loop


Daylighting: Closed Loop Sensor

• A closed loop sensor reads at a single point in the space, so it is a single zone control. Very difficult to control a second zone properly. Using 2 can cause dueling control devices.

• Works off reflected light, so sometimes it does not work well in mounting applications above 10-12’ or areas with poor reflectance.


Single or Multi Zones

Photocell reads daylight.

1Sends command to change light level.2

No Feedback. The loop is not closed. Therefore, an “open loop.”

3

Must Only View Day Light Coming Through a Window

Concepts & Features | Open Loop


Daylighting – Open Loop Sensor

• Reads light level at the window, and should not see any electric light in the room.

• Properly calibrated, one photocell can control multiple zones independently based on the daylight contribution.

• Increases energy savings and reduces cost and device count.




The closedloop photosensorprovides control based on the ambient light level in space.

1

The open loop sensor looks out at Natural Daylight contribution.

2Single Zone

The Two Work In Unison To Control Interior Light Levels Correctly.

Concepts & Features | Dual Loop


• Skylighting is very effective when the sun is high, but can be ineffective with low sun angles where most of the light is in the well vs on the floor.

Why Dual Loop?


• If allowable by code, allow temporary override of daylighting for occupants based on time or through period of occupancy – HS Classroom: 1 -2 Hours– Grade School Classroom: 4 hours / half day– College Classroom: 1-3 hours– Private Office: 4 hours / half day

– If not allowable by Code, consider adding it after occupancy and sign off

Daylighting


• A temporary override saves more energy than a permanently disabled photocell. Not allowing an override is only good for 3M and Post-It Sales.

Daylighting

Recent TI in San Francisco had 21 of 24 PC’s disabled within 2 weeks of occupancy. Reprogrammed area to allow temporary over ride and not one disabled photocell after 9 months.

DesignerTry-Try AgainUpgradedBasic


• Even Saw This In Engineer’s Office

Daylighting

Is That A Cylinder Downlight?


No. It’s A Photocell With A Coffee Cup Around It.

• Even Saw This In Engineer’s Office

Daylighting


• Other Things Can Influence The Photocell That May Cause The Need For An Override

Other Daylight Factors

Inverted Blinds Interior Light ShelvesReflective Strit on Window


• Make Sure Sensors Are Mounted Per Install Instructions or They Will Not Work Correctly Closed Loop Sensor

Photocell Install

Placed behind Fixture with Indirect Light shining on it

Perfect Placement


• Don’t use multiple photocells in the same or adjoining spaces.

Photocell Install

UW dueling photocells controlling the same fixture in daylight zone. Switched uplight, dimmed downlight. A constant cycling of lamps for control.


• Make sure sensors are mounted per install instructions or they will not work correctly (Open Loop Sensor)

Photocell Install

Photocell Dangling In Space Aim In Room

Perfect Placement


Photocell Placement

Open Loop Sensor Looking Away From Window And Tucked Into Ductwork.

Open Loop Sensor oriented to read the wall vs out window.


• If the PC’s aren’t positioned correctly, make the EC move them to proper location during commissioning process.

Photocell Commissioning

PC Looking At Wall 5’ Above Window

PC Tucked BetweenDuctwork & Wall

PC Looking At Wall Instead of Window


• Human Element: Not always the actual light level, but the occupants perception of it.

Daylighting Perception

Ben Rush Elementary: “The lights are too dim in the daylight zone. Your PC is not working correctly” – Commissioning Provider


• Daylight Zone: 10% Light Output / 74.8 FC• Non Daylight: 100% Light Output / 56.3 FC

Daylighting Reality

Daylight Zone: 74.8 FC Non Daylight: 56.3 FC

Focus on the Task, Not the Ceiling


• Photocells should be calibrated when room is completely furnished for optimum performance. NOT during construction.

Calibrate At The Right Time


• Make It Easy To Re-Calibrate if Needed.

Easy Adjustments To DL Sensors

All Adjustments made On Fixture Sensor. Classrooms were mounted at 7’, Library at 20’ and Main Lobby Area at 35’.

Vernonia HS, OR


• Now in ASHRAE, T24, WA State & Seattle Energy Codes.

Plug Load Control

Phantom Loads Heaters Task Lamps


• Clearly Mark all controlled Plug Loads – a different color stands out more than a small marking– Plugs are usually located under a dark desk or

4’ below eye level– People get upset when their computer turns

off or their fish die..

• Plug Load at OHSU in Portland & Goldie

Plug Load Control


$.54

$0.07 $0.09

$0.14 $0.16

$0.09 $0.09

$0.40

$0.00

$0.10

$0.20

$0.30

$0.40

$0.50

$0.60

Sensor Switch Multi Level Plug Loads

Energy Conservation Measures

Plug Load Control

Plug Load Control Offers An Energy Savings Almost 3 Times Its Installed Cost.


• Very limited applications where it makes sense.• Saves labor that you don’t ever recover as an owner.• Complicates programming and operation.• Can reduce overall quality of general illumination lighting• Drastically adds to overall project costs• Adds maintenance burden to owner.

Individual Fixture Control


• We have also added an additional 936 devices in the space that will need to be replaced at some point.

• Also added 300-400 programming steps to each floor.

Individual Fixture Control


Commissioning

It’s just testing at the end, right?


• TL;DR: – Quality process– Not a single event

• Commissioning is a quality assurance process that focuses on verifying and documenting that the facility and all of its systems and assemblies are planned, designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained to meet the Owner's Project Requirements (OPR).

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What is Commissioning (Cx)?


• New Buildings:– 13 % median energy savings– $1.16/sq.ft. median cost– 0.4 % of the total construction cost– 4.2 year payback

• Existing Buildings– 16% median energy savings– $0.30/sq.ft. median cost– 1.1 year payback

• Source: California Energy Commission Study, Mills, Evan, PhD, “Building Commissioning: A Golden Opportunity for Reducing Energy Costs and Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” (Mills 2009) http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html

Cx Provides a Good ROI

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http://cx.lbl.gov/2009-assessment.html


• Pre-Design– Help Owner develop OPR

• Design– Basis of Design – 50%DD Review (LEED Credit EA 3)– Develop Cx Plan

• Construction • Post-Occupancy

When do we do it?

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Who Does it?

• Team based, collaborative process

• Owner• Design Team• Commissioning Provider

(CxP)– Plans, coordinates,

documents the process• GC

– Manages the submittals, schedules

• Subcontractors– Verifies installation– Scheduling and coordination– Testing– Training– Corrects deficiencies– Documentation

• Controls Contractor– Programming and trending


Lots of Activities!

• Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR)

• Basis of Design (BOD) Review• Cx Plan• Cx Specs• Design Review• Control System Integration

• Functional Testing– HVAC– Lighting/lighting controls– Renewable energy– Domestic hot water– Building Control System– Irrigation System

• Commissioning Report• Systems Manual

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Prevention, not pipe dreams

• OPR– Set your project up right– Like an architectural narrative,

except focused on energy and maintenance

– Let the CxP help• BOD

– Designers follow through on OPR

– Describe assumptions, standards/code, and control narratives

– CxP reviews

• Design– In agreement with OPR, BOD– Sequences are achievable,

testable– Systems are maintainable– Specified well– Coordinated with other

disciplines– Work within your IT

infrastructure– Risk management– Quality management

• Issues not fixed in the design stage will cost much more to fix in construction


• Lighting controls don’t save energy if they’re not programmed– Manufacturer claims of “self commissioning” or “auto

programming” are MYTHS!• Good sequences of operation are a MUST

– Establish sequences in design and coordinate!!– This may be the only enforceable criteria

• Integration requires coordination• Test

– Room controls– Networked controls– Integration with other systems

• Issues not fixed the 1st time cost 10x more to fix later

Functional Testing – trust but verify


• HVAC and lighting control systems• Direct experience lighting control system• Quantity, size matters• Ask for sequence/control type (scheduling, occupancy,

daylighting, demand response, HVAC integration)• Networked or non-networked• Manufacturers

• ANSI Accredited CxP certification• CCP (BCA), CPMP (ASHRAE), CxP (ACG)• 14 Cx certifications out there – only 3 are ANSI

• Look for other certifications• CLCATT – California Lighting Controls Acceptance Tester• LC – Lighting Certified (Professional)• PE, LEED AP – less of a factor

A qualified CxP


An ounce of preventionPrevent problems, don’t pray that they’ll go away


• Hope is probably not the best solution path for any successful controls project.

• Getting things to turn out well takes an investment in time and research


Get Involved Early & Often• Determine design objectives other than just meeting

the basic energy code:– Energy Savings / ROI– Occupant Comfort– Scene Control– Reduced Maintenance– Tuned Spaces– Improved Productivity

• Balance Energy with Occupant control• What else do you want out of the lighting controls?


Owner Participation

• Live Demo• Mock up• Ask until you understand• Controls interface should be

simple


Role of the commissioning provider

• Prevent problems • Facilitate coordination

– Between design team silos– Between contractors


Approved Supplier,“Or Equals”, or Sole Source…Words I can’t say here


Open it up to Everyone• You don’t know what you want• Don’t care what you get• You only have line voltage controls• You don’t care about lighting or controls• Infinite budget for maintenance• Infinite storehouse for parts• Occupants are ok with sitting in the dark


What can go wrong…


Know what you want

• WHAT DO YOU WANT IT TO DO?• Size matters

– Room– Floor– Building– Campus

• Networked or not?– DR– Scheduling– Data/Integration

• Serviceability– Outside contract– Do-it-yourself

• What does IT want?• Pick 2:

– Security– Interoperability– Deployment


No True “Or-Equals”• Lighting controls have evolved from standalone

controls to control systems• No standard protocols, architecture

– No manufacturer standard protocol (unlike BACNet)• Standard protocols are customized

– Individual components proprietary– Proprietary transmission

• Larger manufacturers offer different control systems• Software capabilities differ significantly


• Evaluate based on installed cost– First cost is a fraction of labor costs to

install, configure, and test

• Evaluate your operating cost– Maintaining spare inventory– Servicing maintenance contracts– Sandbox inventory

Evaluating Or Equals


• “8 Steps”

• Decide what you need to do• Identify the hardware you want to use

• Prepare Electrical Contract Documents:

• Specifications• Reflected Ceiling Diagrams (Power

and Lighting)• Schedules• Detail Drawings• Single-line drawings• Required Forms

• Now need to consider adding Seq. of Operation document to this package.

Specifiers Goals


Specify a system• Components embedded in system spec

– No separate specs for components– Take cues from HVAC Controls (section 25)

• Performance based• Sequences of operation on drawings!• Describe

– Front end– Analysis capabilities– Logging/trending capabilities– Integration with other systems– Network extents


Things to be aware of (1/3)• Choose based on INSTALLED COST

– First cost of equipment is a fraction of labor costs to install, configure, and test

• Institutional projects – 5 years between planning and submittals

• Lighting control industry is changing FAST– HVAC control systems developed over 40 years– Lighting control systems DDC in past 5 years– Product lifecycles akin to consumer electronics


Things to be aware of (2/3)

• Designer– Shifting responsibility

– EE or LC?• Not clearly outlined in

scope• Get what you pay for

– Lack of knowledge • Specs are stuck in the

90s• Rapidly changing

marketplace

From a project designed in 2016:


Things to be aware of (3/3)• Choose a manufacturer with a solid reputation

– “Bright, Shiny, & New” lose their luster quickly– Reliability & low infant mortality– Intuitive interfaces– Reliable support – documentation, phone, factory,

obsolete products


Think about maintenance• Batteries need to be replaced

– How are wireless sensors powered?• Specify 2+ Trainings

– At turnover– 3 months– 6 months

• Integration?– Coordinate specs/design– Get your IT involved EARLY

• Maintenance– Hardware – Software, especially security patches


• Lighting controls have become digital control systems in the last 5 years

• Control systems are not “or equals”– Components might be

• Understand and communicate your:– Project needs – Maintenance capabilities– System’s desired capabilities

• Commissioning is essential– Get them involved in predesign– Controls don’t save energy if they’re not programmed or

disabled– Design review: Prevent problems, don’t pray they wont happen– Trust but verify – functional testing cements the deal

To sum it up…

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Questions?