turning to dust or digital denise troll covey associate university librarian, carnegie mellon future...
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Turning to Dust or Digital
Denise Troll CoveyAssociate University Librarian, Carnegie Mellon
Future of the Book Conference
Cairns, Australia – April 2003
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Perilous Facts
Books are turning to dust on library shelves
Even if digitized, books can disappear or go dark, & licenses & technologies can trump legal uses
Stewardship of our heritage is endangered
Equitable access is becoming a platitude
Education & scholarship are in peril
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The Copyright Absurdity
95% of books ever printed are still in copyright
< 3% are still in print
92% of the world’s books are neither generating revenue for the copyright owner nor easily accessible to potential readers
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Solution:Copyright Permission for Open Access
Protecting
private interest
Promoting
public good
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Digital Free-to-Read Feasibility Study
Statistically valid random sample
Couldn’t locate publisher for over 10% books
If located publisher, half didn’t respond
If got response, fewer than half gave permission
If got permission, fees or other restrictions applied
Overall success rate 22%
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Success of Copyright Permission
Books
Total items 337
1. Copyright protected 94%
2. Publishers contacted 88%
3. Publishers responded 51%
Permission granted 43%
Overall success rate 22%Wayne
State
2000
Carnegie
Mellon
1999-2001
Articles
96
70%
70%
45%
90%
28%
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Success Rate
Scholarly associations 45%
University presses 37%
Museums & galleries 31%
Commercial publishers 12%
Permission by Publisher Type
0%
25%
50%
75%
SuccessRate
No-Response
Rate
LibraryContent
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Labor Cost to Digitize Books
$25 - $150 per book in the United States
– Digitization, OCR, metadata capture, & initial storage
– Not hardware, software, or catalog links
– Contingent on characteristics of book & scanner
Disbound book Bound book Rare book
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Copyright Permission Costs
Permission cost – Fee for permission itself
– Hundreds of dollars per book
Transaction cost – Labor & related costs
– Hundreds of dollars per request
Wayne State
1,000 Articles
Permission $26,000 (51%)
Transaction $24,500 (49%)
TOTAL $50,500
Total Cost Millions Books
netLibrary $85 40,000
Questia $127 40,000
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Free-to-Read Million Book Project
Digitize 1,000,000 books in 5 years– NSF - $3.6 million for equipment & travel
– India - $1.5 million for labor (1000 people for 5 years)
– Led by Carnegie Mellon Libraries & Computer Science
– U.S. Partners – Internet Archives, OCLC, & libraries
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Collection Development
November 2001 (NSF)
– Collection of collections
• 200,000 indigenous Indian works
• 700,000 public domain works
• 100,000 copyrighted works – Books for College Libraries
November 2003
– Select more bibliographies
– Strategize logistics
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Scanning Underway in India
Labor cheaper than in U.S., but high paid in India
Each scanner, 2 shifts a day = 4000 books a year
100 scanners – 400,000 books per year
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Copyright Negotiations
Educate – Find online, but use print
– Online access increases use
– Open access doesn’t decrease, & can increase sales
– Copyright absurdity
Ask– Non-exclusive permission
to digitize & offer free-to-read
– Minimal system functionality
– Focus on out-of-print books
Give – Preservation-quality copies
– Metadata & OCR
Motivate– $$ Use in added-value,
fee-based services
– $$ Print on demand for out-of-print titles
– $$ Buy button for in-print titles
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Initial Copyright Approach
Do not pay permission cost
Focus on out-of-print, in-copyright titles
– Books for College Libraries has 50,000 titles
– Begin with scholarly associations & university presses
Transaction cost per title is prohibitive
– Identifying & inserting titles in letters
– Negotiating & tracking permission per title
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Epiphany & New Approach
Focus on publishers of quality books – Treat bibliographies as approval plan of publishers – Books for College Libraries has 5600 publishers
Ask for permission to digitize– All out-of-print, in-copyright titles– All titles published prior to a date of their choosing– All titles published # or more years ago– List of titles they choose
Follow-up with phone call or visit
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Results of New Approach
Estimate transaction costs remain the same
– Shift $$ from clerical to administration
But acquire more books for $$ spent
– National Academy Press – 99% increase
• 26 titles in Books for College Libraries
• Permission for 3046 titles
– Brookings Institution – 96% increase
– Rand McNally – 60% increase
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“More Bang for the Buck”
Indigenous Indian
Public Domain
In Copyright
Initial Current
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Projections
Success rate (# BCL publishers)
# of books per publisher
Million Book Collection
3% (168) 1500 252,000
5% (280) 1500 420,000
20% (1,120) 1500 1,680,000
We could need to negotiate
with India for more labor
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Current Status
100 letters sent
Hiring full-time staff & distributing negotiations
– 6% permission granted
– 5% permission denied– 21% negotiations underway
– 52% no follow-up or response
– 5% copyright reverted to author
– 1% no electronic rights
– 4% incorrect address
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Copyright Workflow #1
N o
U p d a te p u b lish e r da ta b a se
S c a n & O C RC a p tu re m e tad a taR e tu rn bo o k s as n e e d edS e n d co p ie s to C a rn e g ie M e llon
L o c a te , a c q u ire , & sh ip to In d ia
Y e s
N e g o tia te p e rm iss ion U p d a te p u b lish e r da ta b a se
Id e n tify & c o n ta c t p u b lish e rs
India
Carnegie Mellon
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Copyright Workflow #2
U p d a te p u b l is h e rd a ta b a s e a s n e e d e d
N o
U p d a te p u b l is h e r d a ta b a seU p d a te a d m in is t r a t iv e m e ta d a ta
Y e s
N e g o t ia te p e rm iss io n s
Id e n ti fy & c o n ta c t p u b l is h e rs
S c a n & O C RC a p tu re m e ta d a taR e tu rn b o o k s a s n e e d e dS e n d c o p ie s to C a rn e g ie M e l lo n
L o c a te , a c q u ire , & s h ip to In d ia
India
Carnegie Mellon
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Metadata
Bibliographic - for delivery system– MARC record or Dublin Core
Administrative - for reporting system– Bibliographic metadata– Source library– Return requested– Copyright status – check renewal records– Permission status – used by delivery system – Copies sent to publishers, libraries, & mirror sites
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Funding Copyright Permission
Foundation proposals not funded
UC Merced – $35,000 pending
IMLS – pendingIMLS
Copyright, collection development, & project management $234,700 $445,000
Acquisitions, shipping, & survey software $265,300
Outcomes assessment $78,000
TOTAL $500,000 $523,000
Cost share 51% of total project
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Copyright Assessments
Number of copyrighted books in the Collection
Success rate of permission requests
Participating publisher
– Overall satisfaction
– Quality of the copies
– What they did or plan to do with the copies
– Impact on revenue & view of open access