Turtle Dissection

Scientists believe other land vertebrates

evolved from BONY LOBE-FINNED fish

TURTLE LATIN meaning

KINGDOM _____________

PHYLUM ____________________________

SUBPHYLUM ___________________________

CLASS _______________________________

ORDER _____________________________

ANIMALIA

CHORDATA

VERTEBRATA “backbone”

REPTILIA “to creep or crawl”

CHELONIA “tortoise”

INTEGUMENT

THICK, DRY, SCALY SKIN

Contains KERATIN (protein) LIPIDS & PROTEINS make it water tight

ADVANTAGES over thin, moist Amphibian skin

1. WATER TIGHT - Keeps them from drying out on land

2. TOUGH PROTECTION – - prevents injury, keeps out germs, - prevents wear & tear on skin

when crawling around on land

Image from:

http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/canwaters-eauxcan/bbb-lgb/creatures-animaux/reptiles/index_e.asp

SHELL IS LIVING PART OF BODY

Expanded ribs form shellCan regenerate damaged scutesGrowth rings tell age

Limbs at right angles to body

Location of

Pelvic and Pectoral girdles allow turtle to pull limbs into shell

http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~eeob/anatomy/eeob512/miscellaneous/turtleskeleton.jpg

Nictitating membraneTympanic membraneExternal naresOnly reptiles with NO TEETH

Claws on feet

VENT

WHAT SEX IS IT?

FEMALES: MALES: Short tail Longer tailVent closer Vent farther from body

MALE PLASTRON slightly CONCAVE to fit on top of female

CURVE OF PLASTRON

FEMALE PLASTRON slightly CONVEXto make more room for eggs

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION

Increases chances of sperm and egg meeting

Image from: http://www.turtletimes.com/PhotoContest/2001PhotoContests/May2001/Geoemyda%20spengleri%20mating.jpg

Penis deposits sperm inside female’s body

GLOTTIS – respiratory opening

PHARYNX

GULLET

GLOTTIS

INTERNAL NARES

Ectothermic• Body heat comes from

surrounding environment

• Slow metabolism/low activity in cold places

• “cold-blooded”

• EX: All invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles

ECTOTHERMICADVANTAGES: Slow metabolism means you can survive on 1/10 the food as a same size endotherm

DISADVANTAGES:• Can’t to live in extremely cold places (NO reptiles in Arctic)

• Can’t keep up max activity level for long

Endothermic “warm-blooded”• Create own body heat

• FAST metabolism allows for:

high activity for extended time

ability to live in variety of environments

• EX: Birds, Mammals

PELVIC & PECTORAL GIRDLES inside ribs

PERICARDIALMEMBRANE

Covers & protects heart

EXCRETORY

URINARY BLADDER

Image from:http://theturtlepages.crosswinds.net/anatomy/index.html

Vent

LIVER

Makes BILE

Stores GLYCOGEN

Stores VITAMINS

Processes TOXINS

including nitrogen waste for kidneys

Image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/turtle/turtledissectlist.html

GALL BLADDER

Stores BILE

STOMACH

Add ACID; Start DIGESTION; Grind & mash food

MESENTERY

PANCREASIn mesentery near first loop of small intestine

Makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, GLUCAGON

SMALL INTESTINE Duodenum Ileum

LARGE INTESTINE(Also called COLON)

CLOACA

SPLEENMake, store, recycle RBC’s

TURTLE HEART

3 CHAMBERS

2 atria; 1 ventricle

Sinus Venosus &

Conus Arteriosus

are smaller

PARTIAL SEPTUM: begins to divide ventricle into two sides

Image from: BIODIDAC

Sinus venosus

RIGHTAtrium

Ventricle Conus arteriosus

Lungs

Bodyorgans

LEFTAtrium

FROG/TURTLE CIRCULATION

ENDOCRINEGlands that make

hormones that control other body organs

THYROID: located above heart Makes hormones that control heart rate, blood pressure; cell development and growth

PANCREAS controls

blood sugar levels

TRACHEA & ESOPHAGUS

BRONCHI

LUNGS HAVE ALVEOLI

FROG LUNG TURTLE LUNGIncrease surface area for more gas exchange

Images modified from: http://www.stclement.pvt.k12.il.us/studentWeb/science98/GarrittPatM/alveoli.gif

REPRODUCTIVE

MALE FEMALE

Images modified from:http://theturtlepages.crosswinds.net/anatomy/index.html

VentVent

OVARY-

• make eggs

OVIDUCT-

• add shells

• transport to cloaca

Image from: BIODIDAC

EPIDIDYMIS –sperm mature here; add tails

TESTES –

make sperm

INTERNAL FERTILIZATION

Increases chances of sperm and egg meeting

Image from: http://www.turtletimes.com/PhotoContest/2001PhotoContests/May2001/Geoemyda%20spengleri%20mating.jpg

DIRECT DEVELOPMENT

Image from: http://www.neuroscientist.com/animimag/turtles.htm

SEX is determined by TEMPERATURE of NEST

Image from:http://www.parcplace.org/documents/GeneralHerpInfo/learnabout2.htm

Types of Reproduction

Ways offspring enter world

OVIPARITY- Reproductive tract encloses egg in a protective shell

Eggs deposited outside body to hatchNourishment comes from egg

EX: Most reptiles,birds & a few mammals (monotremes)

VIVIPARITY-

No shell around egg

Eggs retained in body

Nourished by mother through placenta

Offspring are born alive

Ex: Mammals & some reptiles

Ways offspring enter world

OVOVIVIPARITY-Egg surrounded by protective shellbut kept in body until just before hatching or can hatch inside female

Nourishment comes from egg not mother

Ex: Some reptiles (snakes)

Ways offspring enter world

OVI

PARITY

OVOVIVI

PARITY

VIVI

PARITY

SHELL?

NO SHELL?

Embryo grows?

Food comes

From?

Seen in?

SHELL

OUTSIDE

EGG

Birds,Reptiles,Few mammals

NO SHELL

INSIDE

MOTHER

Mammals,few reptiles

SHELL

INSIDE

EGG

Reptiles

AMNIOTIC EGG

NERVOUS• COMPLEX BRAIN

• DORSAL SPINAL CORD

(Spine is fused to shell)

TURTLE BRAIN

BIGGER CEREBRUM than same sized amphibian

Image modified from: http://theturtlepages.crosswinds.net/anatomy/reprodexc.html

WHAT’S IN REPTILES?

Internal fertilization- (Penis) increases chances of sperm finding egg allows addition of protective shellAmniotic eggs- can lay eggs on land now; better protection for embryos

Partial septum- better separation on high/low oxygen blood

WHAT’S IN REPTILES?

Other kinds of reproduction- (OVOVIVIPARITY; VIVIPARITY) increases chances for offspring survival

Control over Pulmonary circulation can shift blood away from lungs to body when neededDry, scaly skin better able to live on land

WHAT’S IN REPTILES?

Nitrogen waste = uric acid AMMONIA UREA URIC ACID Least toxic form; Needs least water to dilute conserves water

Bigger cerebrum- “smarter”; more complex behaviors

WHAT’S IN REPTILES?

LUNGS have ALVEOLI increases surface area for more gas exchange

Sex depends on temperature of eggs- can change sex based on population needs