Tuscan CitiesTuscan Cities

The Culture of Death, The Culture of Death, Judgment, and PunishmentJudgment, and Punishment

ObsessiObsession with on with DeathDeathand and

DecayDecay

Illness and HopelessnessIllness and Hopelessness

Old Age and Old Age and the Body:the Body:

Lots of Lots of Reminders of Reminders of

DecayDecay

Death Comes InevitablyDeath Comes Inevitably

All Ages All Ages AffectedAffected

Attention to Attention to Avoiding Avoiding

DeathDeathEven at the Even at the

Last MomentLast Moment

Moment of Moment of DeathDeathand and

TemptatioTemptation: The Ars n: The Ars MoriendiMoriendi

Miracles Miracles Happen:Happen:

AscertainiAscertaining Deathng Death

Transport of the CadaverTransport of the Cadaver

The CasketThe Casket

Death and SensualityDeath and Sensuality

InternmentInternment

Decay of the BodyDecay of the BodyAfter Death EmphasizedAfter Death Emphasized

Elaborate Elaborate and and

expensive expensive tombstombs

Grave Grave RobbingRobbing

Office for Office for the Deadthe Dead

HellHell

ResurrectiResurrection of the on of the dead and dead and the Last the Last

JudgmentJudgment

Taken to Taken to be Judgedbe Judged

Guilt Guilt ExpiationExpiation

: : Scrovegni Scrovegni Chapel in Chapel in

PaduaPadua

Universal Universal Judgment: Judgment: When and When and

WhereWhere

Justice in Justice in the Arena the Arena

Chapel Chapel (Giotto)(Giotto)

Two Kinds of Justice Two Kinds of Justice (Lorenzetti)(Lorenzetti)

Good Good GovernmentGovernmentFrescos in Frescos in

SienaSiena

Distributive Justice Distributive Justice (Lorenzetti(Lorenzetti))

Commutative JusticeCommutative Justice

PurgatoryPurgatory

Role of the Role of the Blessed Virgin as Blessed Virgin as

IntercessorIntercessor

ArtisticArtisticOpportunitOpportunit

y,y,Creativity Creativity

and and Sadistic Sadistic

EntertainmEntertainmentent

Hell and Hell and Graphic Graphic TortureTorture

Clergy Clergy andandLaity Laity were were both both

includedincluded

PunishmePunishments fit the nts fit the crime or crime or sin -- in sin -- in

this case this case an an

obsession obsession with with

WealthWealth

Punishment Fitting the Sin:Punishment Fitting the Sin:Clerical CelibacyClerical Celibacy

Eternal and Eternal and appropriate appropriate punishmentpunishment

ss

Sexual Sexual obsessions obsessions and ideas and ideas about the about the physical physical

bodybody

Demons Demons actively actively

and and graphicalgraphically punish ly punish sinnerssinners

Serious Serious and comic and comic value. Can value. Can

these these images images really really

terrify?terrify?

Satan Satan himself himself helpshelps

Simony Simony andand

Bribery: Bribery: Common Common Clerical Clerical

SinsSins

The The End??End??