tutorial by sharon ashworth & paul rich
TRANSCRIPT
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WATERWATER
tutorial by Sharon Ashworth
& Paul Rich
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
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OUTLINEOUTLINE
1. Availability & Use1. Availability & Use
2. Hydrology2. Hydrology
3. Shortages3. Shortages
4. Supplying more water4. Supplying more water
•• dams & reservoirsdams & reservoirs
•• water transferwater transfer
•• groundwatergroundwater
•• using water more efficientlyusing water more efficiently
5. Flooding5. Flooding
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
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1. Availability & Use1. Availability & Use
Fig. 13–2© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Only a
small fraction
of Earth's
water is
fresh
water & available
for
human
use.
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Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh Water
Fig. 13–5
• 69% for agriculturemost does not reach crops (60%–80% wasted)800 gallons = 1lb
grain–beef
• 23% for industry (energy production & various industry) 100,000 gallons = 1 car1,000 gallons = 1lb of
aluminum
• 8% for domestic & municipal use
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
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2. Hydrology2. Hydrology
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Surface Hydrology
Local precipitation leads to surface runoff, ground infiltration,
& evapotranspiration (evaporation + transpiration).
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Fig. 13–4 © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Groundwater Hydrology…a deep subjectGroundwater Hydrology…a deep subject
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“Hey, Ms. McClure…what’s a ‘flowing
artesian well’?”
San Antonio, circa 1895http://www.edwardsaquifer.net/intro.html
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Highlights of Hydrology:
surface water: precipitation that does not infiltrate
the ground or evaporate
watershed: region from which water drains into a
water body
groundwater: water that infiltrates the ground & is
stored in voids between soil particles
aquifers: porous, water–saturated layers of soil or
rock through which groundwater flows
recharge area: any area of land through which water
passes into an aquifer© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
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© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Water infiltrates through soil to the water table.
Unconfined aquifers have a zone of infiltration
above (unsaturated) & a water table below which
is saturated.
Confined aquifers are bounded above & below by
less permeable rock; groundwater in this type of
aquifer is confined under pressure.
Groundwater moves from the recharge area
through an aquifer & out to a discharge area (well,
spring, lake, geyser, stream, or ocean)
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3. Water Shortages3. Water Shortages
Causes:
• Dry climate
• Drought - a period in which precipitation is lower &
evaporation is higher than normal
• Desiccation - drying of the soil as a result of deforestation
& overgrazing
• Water stress – increasing demand for limited resource
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
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Fresh Water ShortagesFresh Water Shortages
Fig. 13–8© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
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4. Supplying More Water4. Supplying More WaterDams & Reservoirs
Fig. 13–10 © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
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Supplying More WaterSupplying More Water
Dams & Reservoirs – the Colorado River
• system of dams & canals provides electricity & cheap
water for agriculture, industry, & cities
availability of cheap water has led to wasteful practices
• limited water supply must be divided between farmers,
ranchers, cities, Native Americans, Mexico, & wildlife
currently, the Colorado River rarely makes it to the Gulf of California
• population growth in the lower basin is increasing
demand beyond the allocated supply
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
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Supplying More WaterSupplying More WaterDams & Reservoirs – the Colorado River
GC Dam Video: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/environment/going-
green-environment/conservation-in-action/glen-canyon.html
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Supplying More WaterSupplying More WaterWater transfer – California Water Project
The Problem
• most of the rainfall is in northern California
• most of the population growth & agriculture is in
southern California
The Solution
• water transferred to the south via dams, pumps, &
aqueducts
The Controversy
• southern California wants more water for growing cities
• much of the water transferred is wasted by inefficient irrigation
• the north needs the water for fisheries & flushing
pollutants out of San Francisco Bay© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
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Supplying More WaterSupplying More Water
Water transfer – California Water Project
Fig. 13–12© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
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Supplying More WaterSupplying More Water
Groundwater supplies
Consequences:
• aquifer depletion
• aquifer subsidence
land sinks when
water is withdrawn
• saltwater intrusion
Groundwater in the U.S. is being withdrawn at about four times its replacement rate
Fig. 13–16© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
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Supplying More WaterSupplying More WaterGroundwater supplies
Fig. 13–15 © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
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Supplying More WaterSupplying More Water
Using water efficiently
• increase efficiency of irrigationdrip irrigation, central–pivot, computer monitoring
• use recycled watertreat gray water from showers, washing machines for
reuse
• fix leaky pipes
• water–saving toilets, faucets, & shower heads
• xeriscapingplant drought–tolerant vegetation in residential
communities located in arid & semi–arid areas
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Desalinization
Making fresh water
from salt water
Desware: The Encylopedia of
Desalination and Water
Resourceshttp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/drinkseawater.html
Supplying More WaterSupplying More Water
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Reverse Osmosis
Making fresh water from salt water
Supplying More WaterSupplying More Water
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5. Flooding5. Flooding
Flooding is the result of heavy, prolonged rain or rapid snowmelt causing water in a river to
overflow its channel
Human activities can exacerbate flooding, either increasing the probability of a flood or
increasing the severity of a flood
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
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Fig. 13–22© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Human activities that exacerbate flooding
• Removing vegetation, logging, overgrazing, forest fires, mining, urbanization
• Destruction of wetlandswetlands absorb surface runoff & release it
slowly to the river
• Building in floodplains & replacing vegetation with concrete
loss of vegetation causes rapid runoff of
rainwater