TUYNTPTMLHC

TUYNTPTMLHCTcgi:PHMMINHHC

TUSTCGIGios-VinsPhmMinhHcsinhngy26-10-1935tithnngPh,xng

M,huynThanhTr,ngoithnhHNi.HcihcVnkhoaHNi(1954-1955),ttnghipihcTmlhc(1962),

TinsTmlhc(1971),TinsKhoahcTmlhc(1977)titrngihctnghppLmnxp,Nga,cphongGios(1984),phongVinsVinHn lmkhoahcchnhtrNga(1999).

UvinTrungngngkhoVI,VII,VIII(1986-2001),ibiuQuchikhoVII,VIII (1981-1991),Vin ph riVin trngVinKhoahcgio dc (1980-1987),ThtrngriBtrngBGiodc(1985-1990),ThtrngthnhtBGiodcvoto(1990-1996),PhChnhimUbanBovvchmsctremVitNam(1989-1996),phChtchriyvinUbanUNESCOVitNam(1990-nnay),UvinUbandnsvkhochhogianh(1990-1996),ChtchUbanqucgiachngm

ch(1989-2001),PhtrngbanthnhtBanKhoagioTrungng(1996-nnay),PhChtchThngtrcriuvinHingllunTrungng(1996-nnay),ChtchHitml-giodchcVitNam(1990-nnay).ChtchHingchcdanhgio s nh nc (t 2001)Vin trngVinNghin cu con ngi (2000 - n nay),TngbintpTpchNghincugiodc(1983-1988),TpchThngtinkhoahcgio dc (1983-1987), boDn tr (1997-2001), Tp chNghin cu con ngi (t 5 -2002).

LITACunschnybaogmnhngcngtrnhkhoahctithchintrong40nm

qua(1962-2002),tngyvcngtctiTTml-GiodctrngihcSphmHNi,saukhittnghipPhnkhoaTmlhcthucKhoaTrithcTrngihcQucgiaMtxcvamangtnLmnxp.Lc,tuymilbcu,nhngtiptngphigpphnxydngnntmlhcncnh,coilnhimvthinglingcaimnh,cngvithc,tuychasuscrnggingdyihcmuntt,phinghincukhoahc.Vvy,ngaytnmdyhcutincati,ticngviccbnngnghiptrongTtinhnhmtcngtrnhthcnghimtmlhctrnhhc sinh ph thng c s v ph thng trung hcYnHo,TLim,HNi.y lcng trnhnghincu tm lhc thcnghimu tinnc ta.Bncnhcng trnhny,titinhnhnghincullun,thhinquavicphntchmtcunschgiokhoaxutbnSiGn.

Sauvinm,vitcchlttrngTTmlhccaKhoaTml-giodc,ticngvianhchemtrongtxydngmtgiotrnhtmlhc.Vasonvadythvrtkinhnghim,mcdtrongnhngiukinstncckkhkhn,khitrnrngiT,ThiNguyn,khiPhC,HngYn.Chngtilaongkhngmtmi,saysa ln lp, tho lunsagio trnhrtsini,cn thn, laongmitmi...Nm 1969, trc khi c T c i hc nghin cu sinh, b gio trnh c honthnhvcNhxutbnGiodcxutbnvonm1970.Cunschnynnayvncnhiugingvin,sinhvinsdng.

VncsaukhibovxonglunnphtinstiHingkhoahcKhoaTmlhcTrngihcqucgiaLmnxp,Mtxcva,vitcchlPhtrngbanTmlhcVinKhoahcgiodc,tiisuvotmlhcsphm.CngtrnhnghincutmlhcngktrongthiknydoticholnghincunhiumtcahotngtmlcahcsinhBcL,HNam.TonthcccnbBanTmlhctptrunggnhaithngsngtiBcL,hngngytinhnhthcnghimnghincutrnh,tduy,ch,nhncch...hcsinhcpII(naygiltrunghccs)BcL,chiutithmvtmhiuhoncnhgianh,cucsngthccaccem.Sliuthuthpcctnhtonrtcnthn,phntchllunkhchuotrongmythngtiPhngThng,SnTy(naythucHTy),aimstncaVin.Rttic,naymichtm

thymtbidotivitvcavotpschny.ylmtcngtrnhthcnghimutinvtmllatuivsphmncta.

Sau18 thngcng tc tiBanTmlhcVinKhoahcgiodc, thng12nm1972ticcilmthctpsinhcaocpvitlunntins(naytagiltinskhoahc).nhgi lunnph tins,HingkhoahcKhoaTm lhcTrngihcQucgiaMtxcvanghchotitiptctinghincutmlhcthnkinhv trnh lmlunn tinskhoahc,nhngccngch lnhogiodcncnhlcligiaonhimvchotikhilmlunntinskhoahc,philm"mttinornghnmtphngthnghim".TiMtxcva,saubathngcsch,traoiviccgios,nhtlviGios,VinsN.Lnchip,tihonthnhcngnghincutheohngtmticonngxydngvphttrinkhoahctml.cHingkhoahcKhoaTmlhcthngquacngnghincu,tibttayvotrinkhaitivistvncaGS.VSLnchip,cuicngttncholunnlHnhvivhotngvbovthnhcngvomahnm1977.

Lnny(7-1977)vnc,ticphncnglmTrngbanBanTmlhcVinKhoahcgiodc.Bncnhcngtcqunlvgingdytrongmynmny(1977-1980)tichtrtinghincuhcsinhtrngphthng-cngnngnghipcaBCnganttiThyNguyn,HiPhng.Titrctiptinhnhthcnghimvtngkttptrungvovnnhncch.Cthcoiylmttrongcccngtrnhmunhng thcnghimtmlhcnhncchnc ta.Snphmgingdy trong thikny- tcphmNhpmntmlhccNhxutbnGiodcxutbnnm1980,nayccbncthctrongTuyntpny.

Nhngnmtiptheo(1981-1987),mcdtuyqubnrnvicngtcqunltivnkintrdnhmtsthigiannhtnhvocngtcnghincukhoahc.Theosxutcati,clnhoVinthngqua,titptrungchotrinkhaimttiln:"Nghincuhotngdy-hctcpnhncchncptonxhi"-tica tonVin, trong ti trc tipcngvianhchemBanTmlhc tinhnhthc nghim Trng ph thng c s Ng S Lin, H Ni, thc hin ti c th"NghincuhotngchocahcsinhcpII(naylTHCS)".RtticvtiphithuynchuyncngtcnnticaVinkhngtngktc.CnsnphmcaticaBanTmlhcminnm2001mitphplicthnhmttpkyuvcVinKhoahcgiodcchoxutbnvodpknim40nmthnhlpVinKhoahcgiodc.Bicatitrongtpkyucngctuynvotpschny.ylmt trongnhngvndngnhngiu tihc tpcvphnnh trong tpschHnhvivhotngtrongvicxydngnntmlhcncnh.

Cngthaitiky,ngthivicngvcngtcqunlmi,tidnhmtphnthigianvtrtuvovicnghincullunvthctingiodcncnh.Ktqunghincutheohngnybtut1981, tc l tkhi ticclmVintrngVinKhoahcgiodcvmtphnktqunghincucphnnhtrong

tcphmGiodcVitNamtrcngngcathkXXI(NXBChnhtrQucgia,HNi,1999,tibn2002).Sau,t1991,ccktqunghincutmlhcmtithuctheohngnhnhcvnha-xhi,cckttrongtcphmNghincuconngivngunnhnlctrongthikcngnghiphavhiniha(NXBChnhtrQucgia,HNi,2001).CccngtrnhtrongTuyntpnycungcpcsllunchohai tcphmtrncngvihaihngnghincu tngng,sau ti tip tcnghincuphngphplun,lluntmlhcvphbinkhoahctmltrnmtsccbibovchngctphpavophncuicaTuyntp.

Vitmydngtatpsch,trchttixinbytlngbitnsusciving,Nhncototithnhmtcnbkhoahcvscmntolniviccbnngnghip,cctpthkhoahcmticdpcngcngtcvshptchtscqubu,vkhngcshptccaccbnchcchnkhngthcctpschny,cngnhcccngtrnhkhccati.cbit,timuncgilicmntrntrngtiNhxutbnGiodc,niuchocctcphmcatiraiphcvbnctrongsutmychcnmqua.

Tpschchcchnkhngtrnhkhithiust.Mongcschgiocabncgnxa.

NgcH,TtNhmNg2002TCGI

Nhp.TMLHCVCUCSNGBCUXYDNGTMLHCVITNAMQuynI.CCCNGTRNHNGHINCU

QuynII.HNHVIVHOTNGQuynIII.NHPMNTMLHCQuynIV.TMLHCVGTXKISCHCATCGICNGB

CreatedbyAMWord2CHM

Nhp.TMLHCVCUCSNGBCUXYDNGTMLHCVITNAM

TUYNTPTMLHC

NnkhoahccanctalmttrongnhngthnhtuttpnhtcaCchmngthngTm.Trongnnkhoahcy,tmlhclmttrongnhngngnhkhoahcmirai trongkhngchinchngthcdnPhpv trngthnhtrongcuckhngchinchngMcunc,ritiptcphttrintrongsnghipxydngvbovTquc.

Ngaytlccntrngncvtrongsutqutrnhphttrin,Tmlhccachngtalunlungnbvicucsng.Bigingtmlhcihcmauchngchuynthnh bi ni chuyn ph thng cho nng dn, cng nhn, b i v b con cngthng...Tchminghincutmlhcicng,chngtasmivonghincutmlhcsphmvlatui,tipmracchngnghincutmlhcquns,tmlhctphp,tmlhcyhc,tmlhcththao,tmlhcdntc,tmlhcqunl,tmlhcnghthut,vgnyltmlhcinnh,tmlhcphn,tmlhccngdn,tmlhcthngnghip,v.v...

Nhvy,tmlhccngnhccngnhkhoahckhc,tcucsngmravgnbvicucsng,phcvyucucacchmng,catnc.Nhvyingnhngnginghincutmlhcngycngphttrin.

Tmlhcgnlinvicucsnglphngchmvnguyntcchotonb

hotngcatngcsnghincuvgingdytmlhc.cnglltnticakhoahcnichungvcatmlhcniring.Biv,cucsngcaconngivxhiloingicmtchtlngctrng,mtthnhtkhngththiu-ltml.

TthkIVtrcCngnguyn,Arixttcnitibaloitmhntngngvibacucsng:cucsngthcvt,cucsngngvtvcucsngcaconngi.Conngicnuidngvsinhn;conngikhngththiucmth,cmongvvnng;conngibaogicnglconngicbiutng,thchtngtng,bitlplunvlgii.Ttcccchcnngconngi(nuidngvsinhn,cmthvvnng,cmongvbiutng,tngtngvlgii...)hpthnhcucsngtml.Cthphnbitcucsngtmlvicucsngsinhvt,tanhcucsngtinhthnvicucsngcth.Cngicnniticichttmlkhcvicichtcthcah.

Trnhbynhngiutrnylnhmkhngnhlimtlnnachnlnginvvaitrcatmltrongisngcngnhxcnhlivtrcatmlhctrongcucsng.Vtrychcthccviiukinnhngnginghincutmlhcthcthicvaitry.

Chnh v vy, nu cmt bng phn loi cc khoa hc Vit Nam hin nay thngnhintrongctmlhc.CthcoiylmtthnhtuqubucaingcnbtmlhcVitNam.bngphnloiny,tmlhclkhoahchtnhntrongnhmkhoahcotoconngi;nhmkhoahcnygivtrchchttrongcnhmcckhoahcvconngi.

Cucsngcaconngilmtdnghotngbaogmdngtnhtchcc,dngthc,dng tduy.Dnghotngynhmvomti tngc th thayiitnghoclnhhinidungphnnhnhnthcvitng.ylvickhchthhahotngrabnngoiitng,hoctchvtthbinthnhhotngbntrong.

Nghincumilinquangiahotngvthctinlmiquantmthngxuyncaccnhtrithc,ccnhtmlhc.Thctincaloingilthctindoccthhnitipnhautora;do,hotngcaloingicgilthctinxhi-lchs.Trongtrithccngnhtrongtmlhc,thotngilinvitthctin,cngnhvititng.Phmtrhotngvitnhcchlmtphngphptipcn,baohmnidungcacthutnghotngthctinhayhotngitng.

Tmlhcvndngphngphptipcnhotngemlinhngktqutolnmra trinvngttpa tmlhcvocucsng.ngthi,nn tmlhcnyngycngctcdngtchccvthitthcchocucsng:mtmt,nghincucchkhchthhahotng,tccchtorasnphm;mtkhc,ivonghincucchtchkhivtthbinthnhlclngbnchtcachth,tclcchhnhthnhvphttrinnhncch.llgchcaitngkhoahc.Cntrongcucsng,qutrnhcitobini,sngtothgiibnngoicnglqutrnhcibin,sngtothgiibntrongcachthqutrnhhnhthnhvphttrinnhncch.

Thc tinimicatncihiphnb lichongsc laong, tc llmchomingitchcchotngtronglnhvccphncng,nhmtoranhiusn phm c ch (sn phm vt cht, sn phm tinh thn, sn phm t tiu dng, snphmhngha).Tmlhccthvphinggpvovicymnhhotngcaxhinhmnngcaochtlngvhiuquhotngcatngconngi.ngthirtcnchtingcvsnghipxydngvbovTquc,vlichcangilaongvlichcamingi.chnhlngccahotng.cnglyucuivinngiodcangimitrongvicgiodcthhtrnhmnngcaodntr,otonhnlc,bidngnhnti.

Nhvy,nihotnglni tihotngthc tin,hotngi tng.lhotngcachth.Trongqutrnhhotng,chthtrthnhnhncchvhochon thin,hocngc li, suy thoinhncch.Ninnhncch lninmththngthi:chth-khchth,chth-chth,chth-bnthn.Do,phmtrhotngihiphii linviphmtrnhncch; tngtnhvy,phngphptipcnhotngnhncchkhngthtchriphmtrgiaolu(giaotip).

Trongcucsngcngnhtrongkhoahc,vitcchlsphnnhmtcchkhiqut,mtcchtrutnglgchcacucsng,giaoluliukincahotng,lmttrongnhngconngcckquantrngivishnhthnh,phttrinvhonthin (hoc suy thoi)nhncch.Trongnhngiukinnhtnh,giao luc s thhinvvnhnhcth,vlc,giaoluxuthinnhmtdnghotngthctincaconngi.

Nhngnmqua,nht l trongnm1985,gii tm lhcnhiunc sinitranh lunvnny.Ckinchorng,v l lun,cncsgnbhotngvigiaolu.cnhvythcthgiiquytcmtskhkhnmlluntmlhcicngvhotnganggpphivmratrinvngchollunny.Nm1982,tiHinghtmlhctonquclnthVI,chngtaxutphnghngllungiiquyt thangvnny.Trong thigianqua,cmtscng trnhnghincucaBanTmlhcVinKhoahcgiodcvmtsnvkhcthucktqubcuvgpphnkhngnhphnghngllunthngquatcngnngcaohiuqugingdyvgiodc.

SraivphttrincatmlhcVitNamgnbhucvithiiquangvinhnhttronglchsdntc,mutCchmngthngTm.

Lcu, tmlhcxuthinvi tnhcchlmtmnhctrngcaongsphm v cc trng ltx (PTTH thi Php thuc).Gio trnh v sch gio khoa dngtrongcctrngvitphngtheotmlhccaPhunqui(Php),giithiuchohcsinh,sinhvinVitNamnntmlhcnhnguynduytmniquan.Tinhthnytiptc trong chng trnh v sch gio khoa tm l hc xut bn minNamVitNam(1954-1960).Cmtiukhcbitlhbsungtmlhcnhnv.

Nhngbncnh,cnhngttng,quannimvthgii,ol,conngi,...btnguntcucsngchnchnhcangilaong,tscmnhcadntccnnvnhalui,phttrintrongsnghiputranhdngncvginc.Nhngttngquannimyniring,nnvnminhcadntctanichungghilitrongthcadngian,ssch,truyntthhnysangthhkhc,thnhtinhthnVitNambtdit.Nghin cu th ca,mt s tc gi (NguynHngPhong, v.v...) i nmt snhnxtkhiqutvtmldntc:cnc,dngcm,yuclptdo,giutnhsngto,v.v...

NhngphmchttinbymangthmmtchtlngminhnhsngcachnghaMc-LnindoChtchHChMinh-ngicngsnVitNamutinemli.

cngvnhacangCngsnVitNamranm1943cthchinvthucktqungay trongnhngnmkhngchincckgiankh,cngnh trongnhngnmkhiphckinht,xydngchnghaxhi.

Cngnhcckhoahckhc,tmlhccngvNhncVitNamdnchcnghavCnghaxhichnghaVitNamquantmvtomiiukinxydngtnntng.CngvivicthnhlpTrngHSPHNi(1958),TTmlhcvGiodchcrai,mtsngicphncngtmhiuhctpvgingdytmlhc.xydngchngtrnhgiotrnhbmnny,htptrungscvonghincu schgiokhoa tm lhcX-vit.Ktquu tin ca cngvicny lNguyncMinh,PhmCc,ThXuncngvidchgiChuQubinsoncmtcunschgiokhoatmlhc.Lnutinmtsthnhtucatmlhcmc-xt,mibiultmlhcX-vit,cgiithiuchthngvisinhvinvbncVitNam.

NhngngilmcngtctmlhcVitNamlcrachomnhnhimvhngulhctpcccscatmlhcmc-xt.Nhnhngcngtrnhcaccnhtmlhcx-vit,nhngngiutinphthinrachnghaMcchotmlhc,bitc rng,cmtnn tm lhcda trncsphngphp lunmc-xt.TheongliphttrinkhoahccangCngsnVitNam,nhngngilmcngtctmlhcngaytukhngnhchomnhrng,nntmlhcmhbttayvoxydnglnntmlhcmc-xt.

Nm1955,lnutintrongssinhvincChnhphgiihcncngoi,csinhviniLinXhcTmlhcvGiodchc.

Mtlphcctchckodihainm(1959-1961)chocnbgingdytmlhcvgiodchcTrngHSPHNi.HaichuyngiaLinXlP.APraxtxkivP.IXamaucpcmigingbivtmlhcvgiodchc,vndngvonhiumtcngtcthctincatrngsphmvtpdtphngphpnghincucacckhoahcny.C thni,y lmt trongnhngvingchu tincann tm lhcvgiodchcmincta.

i ng nhng ngi lm cng tc tm l hc ngy mt ng o, cc t chcnghin cu tm l hc xut hin trongVinKhoa hc gio dc (1961),VinTrit hc(1966),v.v...Cngvicc tchcy,cc tbmnTml -Giodchc trongcctrngsphmlnltcthnhlp.ngthi,nhiungnh(quni,cngan,thdcththaovcctchcqunchng)cngcnhngbphnnghincu,gingdybmnkhoahcny.

Mttrongnhngvntrachoccnhtmlhcngaytnm1962vcnglsquantmhngucacccquanphtrchbmnnylngthivivichctp l lunchung,phngphplunmc-xt,phi lmsaochongycngcngocnbcng tc trong lnhvcnynmcccphngphpc th,nghincucchintngtmlconngiVitNam.lcchngnhtchuyntmlhc,vit cch lmtbmn trongcc trngchuynnghip, thnhkhoa tm lhc, vi tcchlmtbphncannkhoahcdntc.

Trongnm1964, lnu tin trnbochxuthinbigii thiumt cng trnhthcnghimvtrnhcahcsinhVitNam.lktqunghincucattccnbgingdyTTmlhcTrngHSPHNi, tinhnhtrongnm1962-1963.Ngoivicluynphngphpnghincuchocccnby,cngtrnhnycncmcchxcnhccchstmlngiVitNam.Ccsliuchothy,ccchsphthinykhngkhcccchsvtrnhctrongcngtrnhnghincucatcgiccnc:cng thyccons thnk7+/-2,cng thysbiudinsqun,v.v...NhngkhcbitgiahcsinhVitNamvhcsinhcnglatuiccnctronglnhvctrnhngnnglnhngkhcbitcquynhbicimcahthngngnngvcimxhilchs.

Cccngtrnhnghincuvchtheoccphngphpngincphbintrongtmlhcvsinhlhcthnkinhcnginktlunrng,ccchscaccqutrnhtmltrctiphcsinhVitNamkhngcgkhcsovihcsinhccnc.

Cnnhngqutrnhtmlcpcao,nhtrnhgintip,trnhngnng,tduy,v.v...chothyrtnhchtquytnhlunlchsxhicaccqutrnhy.Mtbiuhincaquytnh lunny lnhhngcaphngphpgingdyivi svnhnhcaqutrnhtmlyhcsinh.Vd,nutrhcmtbikhalp4theocchthnggpnhtrng,mtbichng200t,hcsinhlptrungbnhphihct30-60phtvnkhikimtra,qunahcsinhtronglpniccccbnvcc t"thencht".Nhngnuhun luynchoccemphngphp"im ta"ca A.A. Xmicnp th gim c thi gian hc, tng s hc sinh t kt qu mongmun:cgiovindychophngphphcmi,hcsinhbitcch tchc li trnhcamnh.

MtlotcngtrnhnghincukhccngctinhnhnhmtiptctmchstmlhccahcsinhVitNam,ngthiphthintnhhnhhctpvgingdy

trngphthnggpphnchunbchocicchgiodccngkhngnhthmktlunvanuvccchcnng tm lcpcao.Vd,cccng trnhnghincuv tduy.Chothyphngphpgingdyctruyn(thuytgio)lmchohcsinhcpIIvcpIIIbhnchtrongkhisdngccthaotckhiqutha,nmbnchtkhinim,v.v...

inginhrng,chcncphngphpviukingingdytt,tchcchohcsinhchotngtngngthhcsinhttccctrngucthnmctrithccakhoahchinivitrnhtngngccnctintin.Thcvy,chcnchotrmugiotpphnloibngvt,lini,v.v...tremthamgiathcnghimcho ta kt qu ging ht tr em Nga tham gia thc nghim ca E.I.Tkhva vL.R.Clubvavcctcgikhc.

Tacmtbctranhhontonmi,khiimquacccngtrnhnghincucchintng tm l thng gi l thuc tnh tm l, nh hng th hc tp, hng th nghnghip,idincathgiitnhcm.CccngtrnhnghincunhngthuctnhnychothyvsaohcsinhcpIIIrtquantmnnhngvnthis,xhi.lnhhngcatnhhnhtnctrongnhngnm1965-1975.CngnhnhhngvvtrcacchmngkhoahckthutlmchoshngthiviccmnhchcsinhcpIIvcpIIIVitNamcngginghcsinhccnc:nhcaohngthrivoccmnkhoahctnhin.

CngtrnhtpthcaBanTmlhc,VinKHGDtinhnhnm1972titrngBcLchothy,docthamgiavohotnglaongtorasnphmcnghatrctipnisnggianh,hcsinhlp6,lp7smhnhthnhcthcvmcchxhicaviclm,vichccabnthn.Quanhgianghavtrongccmiquanhxhi,cngvicmccemcthamgia,smctra.Quanhnghavysmc tnhcht thccacuc sng.Nicchkhc,qu trnhhnh thnh thc, tthc, tkhngnhbngcchotnghc tpvnha, laongvcng tcxhi,chnhthnhkhrngayttui12-15,tuihcsinhcpII.

Nh vy, cc cng trnh thc nghimv tm l hc hc sinh a ta n kt lunrng,hotngnhnthccahcsinhcnhngbiuhincthbncnhnhngcimchung.Chnghn,hcsinhcpIIVitNam,trong"hthngccchcnngtml" (L.X.Vgtxki) i khi tr nh cn gi vai tr ch yu (nh th no, ngh th y).Ngc li, trongphmvinhncch,hcsinhVitNamlicnhngchuyndchphttrinsmhn.

Nhiuc liucacccng trnh tinhnh trongnhngnm1900,cphnnhtrongcunschgiokhoaTmlhcthhaivcctpschmivtmlhc,lmchocccunschnygngihnvisinhvinvbncVitNam.Quanimlchsthmnhunticclunimcbncaccchngsch.LnutintrongcctiliuVit Nam c gii thiu t tng "vng phn x", v "h thng chc nng c ng"

(EK.Ankhin,A.N.Bcstin,A.R.Luria).Mtthnhtchbcutrongvicxydngvpht trintmlhcVitNaml

vonm1967xutbncunThutngtmlvgiodc.Vnthutngnyngycngphongphhn,chunxchnvcdngvovicxydngbTinbchkhoautinVitNam.

T1975,cngvicckhoahckhc,tmlhccNhnchtscquantm,toiukinphttrin.Nhvy,slngvtrnhcnbcngtctrongngnhnyctngcng,cctchcnghincutmlcmrng.

Nunm1959-1960mickhaotomtnmchocnbtml-giodc,sautngln2nm,cuinhngnm60tngln3nm,tnm1973cchngtrnhdy4nmtiKhoaTmlgiodc(tchctnm1962)otocnbtmlhcvgiodchc.ngthi,tnm1974,TrngihcTnghpHNimKhoaTrithc,trongcccchuyntmlhc.Tnm1979,theoquytnhcaChnhph,VinKhoahcgiodcvTrngHSPHNiIchnghincusinhtmlhc.

Vingcnbtmlhc,nhngnmgny,ngoissinhvincotov tmlhc trongncvncngoi, t1971nnaycgnnmchcngihonthnhlunnphtinstrongncvncngoivcbangibovlunntins.

TrongccvnphngphplunvllunchungcvnxemxtnhhngcatmlhcHoaKtiminNamVitNam.Tnhnnm1975,SiGnvHuxutbnhngtrmtnschtmlhcphntm,hinsinh,...Ckinchorng,tmlhcHoaKdunhpvominNamVitNamchyuldnglthuytPhrtvhnhvichngha.Nhngciullrttthyschcacctcgihnhvi.Ccschthuntytmlhchnhvihunhchltiliudngnibtrnghc.Cngcmtsschgiodctrnhbytheotmlhchnhvi;mtvitrngphthngthcnghimtheolthuythnhvi.NhngsschnysovischcaPhrt,tle,Iung,thtkhngngk.Cthginhrng,cnhngnhttngchtrng:nntimnhimchodnthucatmlhcsuthmPhrthlgiicuci,cnxydngcucithlycucsng c th lmmc ch, theo kiu "con ngi trung bnh ch ngha".V, khi hunluynchoh,ththeocngthchnhvi,binhthnhngimy".utranhchngli ccquannimphinhnvnny l cngviccn lm trong tm lhc, trongcucsng.Mtphncucutranhcphnnhtrnboch,tronggiotrnh,schgiokhoadycctrngminNam.

Nhng,xydngcmtnntmlhcvitnhcchlmtbphncannkhoahcdn tc,nhimvchyu l tinhnhcnhngcng trnh tm lhc lthuyt,cbitlcccngtrnhthcnghimdatrnphngphplunmc-xt.ngnhin,phikthpchtchvicnghincuviotobidng,vicnghincuvphbinkhoahcvocctnglpnhndnngoymnhvicngdngtinb

khoahctmlvocucsng.Trongbcuxydngkhoahctml,chngtartquantmnvichptc

quc t.Hnhaiminmqua, tadchvxutbn.Gn50cunsch tm lhc,dchvinrntrn5000trangcacctcginitingccnc.Chngtavahctpcc bn ng nghip, va gp phn xy dng khoa hc tm l.n nay, xut bnchn30cunschgiokhoa,chuynkho,kyu,chngtrmbibovtmlhcvchngtatngthamgianhiucuchinghquctvtmlhcvinhiubiging,boco,thamlun,trongchngchcbibongnhiunctrnthgii.

PhnghnglthuytcbncacccngtrnhnghincullnhhittphmtrhotngitngcachnghaMcvvndngphmtrvovicnghincuccqutrnh,ccthuctnhtml.

Vicnghincu tm lhchinnayang tinhnhbaogmcccng trnhphthinchs,cccngtrnhthcnghimnhmgpphnthcsxydngthctingiodc,anninh,qucphng,yt,thdcththao,qunllnho,v.v...Ktqucacngtrnhnylnltphnnhtrongccbocokhoahc,ctiHinghtmlhcminBcminmmtln(1974-1977),baHinghtonquc(1978,1982,1985)vihithnhlpHiTmlGiodcVitNam(31-12-1990).

Vicnghincutmlhcnctatptrungtrongcclnhvcsauy:1.Ccvnphngphplun,2.Tmlhcdyhc,3.Tmlhcgiodc,4.Tmlhcxhi,trongctmlhcgiaolu,5.Tmlhcqunsvanninh,6.Tmlhcyhcv.v..Hinnay,cmtstilntrinkhai,trongcthknccti:"Hot

ngchovshnhthnhnhncchhcsinh"(Vintmlhcvsinhlhclatui-VinKHGD),"NghincuquylutphttrintmltremquathcnghimgingdyccmnhctheochngtrnhvphngphpmihcsinhTiuhc"(Trungtmthcnghimgiodcphthng-BGiodc),"Ccvncatpthhcsinhxhichngha(KhoaTml-GiodcTrngHSPHNi),"Tmlhcnhncchngichins"(HcvinchnhtrQuninhndnVitNam),v.v...

Gny,phttrinnghincutmlhcgiaotip,tmlhcxhi,tmlhcthtrng,mngnghincunhncchctngcng,nhtltkhitmlhcthamgiavoChngtrnhNhnc"Conngi-mctiuvnglccasphttrinkinhtxhi"(KX-07).

Cslluncavicxydngtmlhcnctaxutphtt"Cccththc,hot ng ca h v cc iu kin vt cht ca cuc sng ca h." (C.Mc) v tm lngichcthrainhhotngvgiaoludinratrongccmiquanhxhicachth.

Nicchkhc,vicnghincutmlhcctinhnhtheoquanimhotngmcnhncch,gilphngphptipcnhotngnhncch.

LconcanglixydngkhoahccaVitNam,sinhratrongththchkhngchinvkinquc,ngaytugnbvinntmlhctinbtrnthgii,khoatmlhcVitNamsngymtphttrinmnhmhn,nhmpngnhngnhimv,yucucasnghipxydngchnghaxhivbovTqucVitNamxhichngha.

CreatedbyAMWord2CHM

QuynI.CCCNGTRNHNGHINCU

TUYNTPTMLHC

Phn1.CCCNGTRNHNGHINCUTNM1962NNM1968Phn2.MTSNGHINCUNGDNGVITNAMNM1971-1972

Phn3.NHNGNGHINCUSAUNM1977Phn4.NHNGNGHINCUSAUNM1980

Phn5.GINGPIAGINHTMLHCLILCCATHKXXPhn6.NHHNGCONNGPHTTRINTMLHCVITNAM

CreatedbyAMWord2CHM

Phn1.CCCNGTRNHNGHINCUTNM1962NNM1968

TUYNTPTMLHCQuynI.CCCNGTRNHNGHINCU

I.VISLIUVGHINHMYMCCAHCSINHVITNAMII-KINVMTCUNTMLHCXUTBNSIGN

III-KHOAHCTMLIV.CSSINHLTHNKINHCACCHINTNGTML

V.SNYSINHVHNHTHNHTML,THC

CreatedbyAMWord2CHM

I.VISLIUVGHINHMYMCCAHCSINHVITNAM

TUYNTPTMLHCQuynI.CCCNGTRNHNGHINCUPhn1.CCCNGTRNHNGHINCUTNM1962NNM1968

Tmlhclmtkhoahccntr.RingVitNam,ncnmihnhuhtccngnhkhoahckhc.Cngnhtrcy,hinnaynctatmlhcmitntinhmtmnhctrngsphm.CcbigingtmlchyudavoccnguynlcachnghaMcvconngivtiliutmlhcncngoi,huhtlcaccnhtmlhcx-vit.lviclmcnthitvttyugiaionmu.Tmlhclkhoahcvconngi,cphngnvikhoahctnhin,cphngnvikhoahcxhi.Nctnhphbin,cccnguynlchung,quylutchung,nhngngthicngctnhcth,ccimringcatngdntc.TTmlhcTrngihcSphmHNichnim,nhtltrongthigiangny.TrongccbigingltcmtsvdcaVitNamdoanhemquanstchaylytbococatrngphthng, cc ty gio dc, s gio dc, cc v chc nng... l u im ban u ngkhuynkhch.Nhngnuchlmnhvythchapngcyucucatrngphthng,khngphcvcthctin.Mungingdytt,phinghincukhoahc,ivitmlhcphinitrnthcnghimkhoahc.

Xut pht t nhng nhn thc y, t lu, T tm l hc mun lmmt s thcnghimtmlhcvihcsinhVitNam.Nm1962-1963,chngtibtutinhnh

mtsthcnghimtmtiukcmymccahcsinhcpI(dohusinhvinlpgiodchckha1962-1964thchin)vmtsthcnghimtmtiughinhcnghahc sinhcp II.Ngoi ra, tnmhc1963 -1964,Tchng tiphihpviVinNghincukhoahcgiodcbtunghincutduycahcsinhcpII.

Nghincuqutrnhkc,qutrnhtduycahcsinhcngnhcchintngtmlkhckhngphichphthinchtiunyhaychtiukhc,mchyultmraphngphpcthtcngvohcsinhnhmnngcaohiuqugingdyvgiodc.Nhngthcnghimutinmchngtitinhnhlnhngthcnghimrtnginvcngchmicungcpcmtschtiuvkccahcsinh,trcmtnhmphcvchogiotrnhtmlhc.

Binygii thiuvi s liuvkccahcsinhcc lp5,6,8.ng thi,giithiusliucahaisinhvinlmvihcsinhlp3,4vmtsnhnxtrtratccsliuthuthpc.lktquchyudoccngchngXunHoi,LVnHng,BinhM,NguyncAnhvPhmMinhHccngphtrch.Ngoira,cs thamgia caccngchPhngcHi,PhmHongGia,LThuCc,BicVnvsgipnhittnhcanngchCnh,hiutrngTrngcpIIYnHahuynTLim,HNivmtsngchgiovinchnhimTrngcpII-IIIYnHa.

A.PHNGPHPTHCNGHIMCcthcnghimtinhnhhailp5,hailp6TrngcpIIYnHavmt

lp8TrngcpIIIYnHoa,vitngshcsinhca5lpl120em,trongccccemhclckh,trungbnh,km;sckhetrungbnhtrln;tuitheoquynhcaBGiodc(lp5:12.13 tui; lp6:13 -14 tui,v.v)Ring thcnghimu tinhnh8lpca8trngkhcnhauThiNguyn,HngQung,HNi.

Chngtitinhnhthcnghimtheophngphpthcnghimtnhin.Ttcc5thcnghim:

Thcnghim1.okhilngghinhnhngtkhngclinhv(trirc).hailp5A,6Avcclp3,4chngtidng10t:sungsng,nhca,thngyu,thnhth,cmght,inhc,cham,nirng,sst,schvcclp5B,6B,8chngtidng20t:hoal,nhca,sungsng,vingch,ncn,thuynb,khs,lnh lng,xep, ghu, s st, thnh th, cmght, thngyu, ni rng,inhc,onkt,phnkhi,cham,schv.

Saukhinnhtrtt,chunbgiybt,cnghegiithchvyucu,mcchvcchthcthcnghim,ttchcsinhnghengihngdncmtltnhngttheo th tnu trn.c th th,uging,khngnhnmnhringmt tno;khongcchthigiangiacc tbngnhau,ctovachoc lpnghe.Ngaysaukhicxong,choccemghilinhngtnoccemnhc.Trongthcnghimny,ccemghiliccttheothtty,khngcnphitheotrttccemnghec.

Thcnghimtinhnhnhmtmhiuxemmihcsinhmi lpnhcbaonhiutvtmhiuslngtghinhcthayinhthnokhithayislngtiliuphighinh.

Thcnghim2.okhilngghinhs.ttccclp,chngtidng10s,tsc3chsnsc12chs(theotuc,c)sauy:

972

1406

39418

067285

3516927

58391204

764580129

2164089573

45382170369

870932614280

Trongthcnghimny,chngtikhngcmtltc10s,mctngsmt,ri cho ti hinngay.Khic, c tngcon smt, chkhngc triu, vn, nghn,trm,chc.Vd s972 scnh thny: chn,by,hai.Xong,choccemvit lingaynhngsccemnhc.Sau,cs1406:mt,bn,khng,su,richoccemtihinngay.Cthlmht10s.yyucuphighingvccsnghetrongmilt.Vd,saukhinghecs39418,nuccemghi34918hay3941,...ucoilsai.Thcnghimnychotabitmihcsinhmilpnhcslnnhtgmbaonhiuchs.

Thcnghim3.Cngokhilngt,nhngkhcthcnghimtrn:trongthcnghimnyccemphighinhvtihinttheongtrttcchoccemnghe.y,yucucaohn.

Trong thc nghimny, cc lp 3, 4, 5A, 6A, chng ti dng10 t: thuynb,phnkhi,ncn,hoal,xep,cnhi, lnhlng,nhca,onkt,khs,cclp5B,6B,8dng20 t: cyc, saym, sngngi, thni,bu tri, lc lng,daoqum,habnh,lmc,mingi,nhngha,nin,raumung,mmng,tin,c nhi, va li, lnh nht, t ng, tranh nh.Cch c ging cch c trong cc thcnghimtrn.

Thcnghim4.Thcnghim"nhnt".Mitvitlnmttgiy.Saukhichunbxong,choccemnhnlnltcct,tuncui.Sthigianchonhnmittngngsthigiannghemtt.Khongcchtkhinhntnynkhinhntkiabngkhongcchkhic t.Nhnxongchoccem tihinngay,vkhngbtbucphitheotrttnhnthy.Diylcctdngtrongthnghimny.Cclp3,4,5A,6A:cnging,hpphn,tmlng,bic,hnhhc,khckhuu,cong,hcthuyt,mycy,trnh...Cclp5B,6B,8:khnngoan,cnging,rungla,tmlng,hnhhc,khckhuu,nila,bic,cayng,hpphn,qutim,khimtn,cong,mycy,hoaqu,trnh,cchp,chuitiu,hnhphc.

Thcnghim5.Vanghet,vaxemtranhni lnnidungty.cln lttng tchoccemnghe,cxong1 t,choxem1 tranh tngng.Cchc,qungcchthigian...nhccthcnghimtrn.Saukhinghet,nhn tranh,ccemtihinnhngtcnnh,khngbuctheotrttnghe.Nhngtdngtrongthcnghimcclp3,4,5A,6A:xep,khclc,cinh,chinthng,cyci,gpg,mttri,vuici,cibn,nhyma.Cc lp5B,6B,8:xep,khc lc,cinh,chin thng,cyci,gpg,mttri,vuici,cibn,nhyma,ngh,Tquc,habnh,quda,hctp,hoahng,conb,tnggia,conhu,thtth.

Cchtnhktquccthcnghimrtngin:lytrungbnhcnghoctrungbnhtuyn.

B.KTQUThcnghim1MtHSlp3,nghe10t,sttrungbnhnhc5tMtHSlp4,nghe10t,sttrungbnhnhc5,5tMtHSlp5A,nghe10t,sttrungbnhnhc7,0tMtHSlp6A,nghe10t,sttrungbnhnhc9,0tMtHSlp5B,nghe20t,sttrungbnhnhc8,0tMtHSlp6B,nghe20t,sttrungbnhnhc11tMtHSlp8,nghe20t,sttrungbnhnhc11t-Cmtstrnghpcbit:12trongs60emnhc16/20t;11trongs

40emnhc10/10t,trongc2emnh9/10ttheongthtnghe.-Ccsliutrnchothy,nuhcsinhcclpkhcnhaucngghinhmymc

10tgingnhauchoktqukhcnhau(theotuc,trungbnhnh7/10t).Nutngs t (10-20 thkhi lngnh tuytic tng theo (7 tng ln8 t),nhngkhilngtnginhcgim(70%xung40%).

Thcnghim2Mthcsinhlp3trungbnhnhcsc5,5chsMthcsinhlp4trungbnhnhcsc6,3chsMthcsinhlp5trungbnhnhcsc7,0chsMthcsinhlp6trungbnhnhcsc7,5chsMthcsinhlp8trungbnhnhcsc8,5chs

-Theotiliucatuc,mtngitrungbnhnhct6n8s,ngiln(sinhvin)nhkhngqu10s.Trongthcnghimcachngticmtstrnghpcbit:

1trong120emnhnsc12chs3trong120emnhnsc11chs3trong120emnhnsc10chs3trong120emnhnsc9chs

Thcnghim3Mthcsinhlp3nhtrungbnh2ttrn10t

Mthcsinhlp4nhtrungbnh2,2ttrn10tMthcsinhlp5Anhtrungbnh6ttrn10tMthcsinhlp6Anhtrungbnh7ttrn10tMthcsinhlp5Bnhtrungbnh7ttrn20tMthcsinhlp6Bnhtrungbnh9ttrn20tMthcsinhlp8nhtrungbnh9ttrn20t

-Mcdyucucao,cmtsemvntktqucao.Cemnhc15trn20t;cemnh9 trn10 t.Trongkhi,phn lnhcsinh thamgia thcnghimnynhkmisovithcnghim1.

Thcnghim4Mthcsinhlp3nhtrungbnh6ttrong10tMthcsinhlp4Anhtrungbnh8ttrong10tMthcsinhlp5Anhtrungbnh9,5ttrong10tMthcsinhlp6Anhtrungbnh9ttrong10tMthcsinhlp5Bnhtrungbnh9ttrong20tMthcsinhlp6Bnhtrungbnh10ttrong20tMthcsinhlp8nhtrungbnh14ttrong20t

-Trongs40emnhn10tc8emnhc10t:1trong80emnhc18trong20t.

Thcnghim5Mthcsinhlp3trungbnhnh9,5ttrn10tMthcsinhlp4Atrungbnhnh9,5ttrn10tMthcsinhlp5Atrungbnhnh9,5ttrn10tMthcsinhlp6Atrungbnhnh9,5ttrn10tMthcsinhlp5Btrungbnhnh12ttrn20tMthcsinhlp6Btrungbnhnh13ttrn20tMthcsinhlp8trungbnhnh16ttrn20t

-Semnh10ttnghnccthcnghimkhc:12trong40emnhc10t3emnh19 trong20 t,1emnh20 t,hin tngnykhng thycc thcnghimtrn.

C.TNGKTSBVCCKTQUTrnylccsliuchyuthuctrongthcnghim.Ngoira,chngticn

lymt s s liub sung trongmt s thcnghimkhc.Tcc s liu trn, c thnhnxtvnhiupha,ygiihntrongmtsvn:

1.SosnhkhilngghinhtrircvsKtquthcnghim1vthcnghim2chothy:khilngnhtlnhnkhi

lngnhs.Vsao?Trcht,mcdcctdngykhnglinhvinhauv,nhngmitnhtnhmangmtnidungnonndtoramilinhnyhaymilinhkiagiachng.Hnna,tdgyracclintngvinhngmilinhdocctcngkhctothnhtrcy.Thcnghimnynhcnhmtlnnarng,phithntrngkhiyucuhcsinhnhs.

2. So snh khi lng ghi nh theo s tham gia ca cc gic quan vo qutrnhtrigic

Quaktqucaccthcnghim1,4,5,tartranhnxt:Khilngghinhthgicnhlttnht:ktquthcnghim1:7t;thcnghim4:9t;thcnghim5:9,5(5A).Khilngghinhringrbngthnhgic,thgicnhhnkhilngghinhthgic,thnhgicphihp.Vsaoghinhthgictthnghinhthnhgic?Cnhiuldo.Mttrongnhngldolvkhitatcngvobmyphntchthgicthdgynhhnggintiptcngvocquanthnhgic,doccbphncacquanphtmhotngtchcchnkhitatrigicthnhgic.hcsinh,shtrqualigiaccvngidintrnvnocacccquanphntchchacthnhlpmtcchchcchn.Khinhnt,munhaykhng, tnhiuhcsinhcngnhvnthmcctangnhn,dlintngnccmthanhmcctcthtora.Vvy,nhntdlpnnnglinhthnkinhtmthidocctcngcathnlnghet.Chcrngccmilinhcthbnhn.

Vsaoghinhthnhgic,ghinhthgicringrukmghinhthnhgic+thgic?Mtldortnginl,trnghpsau,hcsinhnhnchailntcng-nghetvnhntranhvvty,tclgpicctrnghptrn.Ldothhailyhaibmyphntchutchcchotng, trctipthamgiavovictoraccmilinhtmthidocctvtranhvngthigyra.

Quabathcnghim1,4,5,tathyhcsinhcclpthamgiaccthcnghimny,thgicngvaitrlnhnthnhgictrongqutrnhghinh.

3.Sosnhktquthcnghim1vithcnghim3Ktquthcnghim1tthnktquthcnghim3:Cthgiithchschnhlchnhsau:thcnghim3cnhiuyucuhn;hc

sinhphiphntnchtheoccyucuy;do,cnhhngkhngnhngnvicghinht,mcnnhhngctivictrigict.Vsinhl,lhuquca"nicch"gyratnghtiucc.

Lp Thcnghim1 Thcnghim3

5

3 2

4 2,2

5,5

7

5A 6

6A 7

9

8

5B 7

6B 9

11

11

8 9

4.KhilngghinhtheovtrcatQuaccthcnghim1,3,4,tauthynhngtu(1,2,3)cnhnhiunht:

nhng t cui (8, 9, 10 hay 16, 17, 18, 19, 20) cng c nh nhiu, cn nhng t khonggiacnhkmnht(trmtstrnghp).Vsaonhngtucnhnhiu?Cnhiukingiithchkhcnhau(tuc,Sacacp).Theochngti,vtml,nhngtucnhnhiuvchngctnhmihnsovicctsau.Vsinhl,dotrccctukhngccctcngkhcgycch,nhhngnstrigicvghinhccty,tclvkhngc"tincch.Nhngtcuicngcnhnhiu,vsauchngkhngccctkhctcngna:Cthcsxcngvtrngthixccmycnhhngtt tiqutrnhghinh.Nhngtcuikhngbnhhngca"hucch.

Trongmithcnghim,chngtathymtstngkhonggiamcngcnhiuemnh.Vd:thcnghim1,nut"sungsng"(tutin)c95%hcsinhnh, t"nhca" (t thhai):93%, th t"inhc" (t thsu trong10 t)cngc93%hcsinhnh.Hoc t"cmght" (t thnmtrong10 t)cngcnhiuhcsinhnhnhvy.thcnghim3,t"cnhi"ngthsutrong10tcngcnhiuhcsinhnhnhnhngtu(thuynb,phnkhi).T"cong"ngthbytrong10t,t"cyci(ngthnm)cngcnhiuhcsinhnh,v.v...Nhvyltrongcc tkhonggiacngc tcnhnhiu; lcc tdgi ramthnhtng quen thuc, nht l vi hc sinh cp I, nh "con g", cy ci" v.v... Bn cnhnhngtloicnhngt(inhc,cnhi,...)cmthanhhikhcthngsovicctkhc.Hnhnhn"lclng",dgynnhnhtngscnt,cnhiukhnngtoratrngthixccm.Vsinhl,cctcthgyraphnxnhhngrtmnh,dochngdtoraccnglinhtmthidostcngcacctgynn.Quacchintngnuy,cthrtramtnhnxtlkhngphinhngtchangmtnidungtnhcmhaytrngthixccmnocghinhttnht,mchyullmthnotnyhaytkiacthtoramttrngthitnhcm-liukinthunlighinhtt.

5.CcttihingnngtrongthcnghimTrong cc thc nghim ta u thy c hin tng "ti hin gn ng". V d t

thngyu,khitihinnhlilthnyu;thnhph-thnhth;nhngha-nhl;hpphn-ccphn;vuici-tici-cia-civui-vuia...Sosnhst"tihingnng"trongccthcnghimththcnghim5tslngcaonht.Thcnghim5khcccthcnghimkhcch,bncnhmitukmtheotranhvni

lnnidungty.Tranhvctcngrtmnh,gipchosghinhrtnhiu.Tranhvd to ra nhiu lin tng c lin quann t va tc ngv cc t quenbittrc.Do,khichohcsinhxemmtbc tranhno,phixcnhnidungcnlnhhivgii thchngnhngbctranhvovicphcvbiging.Nukhng,bc tranhminhhabihcc thgy tchi,ngnh tani:dngdyhc trcquanlcondaohaili.

6.QutrnhqunChngtitinhnhthcnghim1balntilp.Lnthhailmsaulnthnht

mttun.Lnthbasaulnthhai8tun.Saulnthnht,chlyccemtihincc10t.Ktqu:

Lnthnhtnh10t,Lnthhainh8t,Lnthbanh6t,iuchngt:qutrnhqunxyra,vxyrakhngtlthunvithigian.7.SbsosnhcimlatuiQua5 thcnghim, ta thykhi lngghinhmymct l thunvi la tui

cc lp; thp nht lp 3, 4, cao nht lp 8.Ngoi ra, chng ti tin hnh thcnghim1hailp7TrngSphmscpHngQunglp7AgmcchcsinhhchtcpII,tuit18-21;lp7DgmccgiovincpIvhcbtc,tuit24n30.

Ktqulc16hcsinhlpAnh10t,trongkhichc3hcsinhlpDnh10t;26hcsinhlpAnh9t;trongkhic14hcsinhlpDnhctngyt.sosnh,chngtilpbngktqusauy:

StnhcSnginh

LpA LpD

109

1626

314

8 28 37

Saumttun,chngtiyucuhcsinhhailptihincctnghelntrc,ktqu:

StnhcSnginh

LpA LpD

109

09

03

8 16 0

Nhngc liu trncho thykhi lngghinhmymchcsinh ln(24-30tui)nhhnhcsinht tui(17-20).Trongcngmtlatui,khilngghinhmymctngdntheotui,thmtlatuikhc,khilngghinhmymctlnghchvi la tui.Davoc liuca thcnghimny,chng tic thngvinhnxt:khi lngghinhmymccahcsinhb tcvnhakmhcsinhphthng.

Trny, chng tigii thiu tm ttmt s thcnghim thuc trongnmhc1963-1964.lccthcnghimngin,ktqucnngho,phntchcnslc.CctiliuychyudngphcvbigingtrngsphmvinhngcliuVitNam.lktqubcu.

CreatedbyAMWord2CHM

II-KINVMTCUNTMLHCXUTBNSIGN

TUYNTPTMLHCQuynI.CCCNGTRNHNGHINCUPhn1.CCCNGTRNHNGHINCUTNM1962NNM1968

Cchytlu,chngticdpthamkhomtvitiliutmlhcxutbnSiGn,Hu,trongccunTmlhccaTrnVnHinMinh.ylmtcunschgiokhoa,theotcgivit"Lita","cgiihcsinhnhtvsinhvini hc n tip nng nhit". Trong vng 4 nm, cun sch c xut bn ba ln(1957,1959,1961),hontonpngtheochngtrnhtmlhc,cngbtrongNghnh1268GD/KD,ngy12-8-1958cachnhquynSiGnvcdngnhlmttiliuchnhthctrongcctrng.

Ttngctruynbtrongcunschnycngvicctiliutrithcvtmlhckhcchnh thc tr thnh l lunchovicxydngh thnggiodcminNamvchngtrnhdyhc.Bivy,rtcnemnhngiuckhoahcthgiikhngnhlmsngtttngchocacunschny.

Tm l hc ca TrnVnHinMinh xut bn nm 1961 dy 345 trang, gm baphn,9chng.Phnthnhtnivtmlhctngqut(117trang)c4chng:Tmlhc-mtbphncatrithc,i tngcatml,Phngphptmlhcthcnghim,nhlutvtritthuyttrongtmlhc.Phnthhai:"Cucsinhhottml"

(185trang)c3chng:Sinhhottrithc,Cucsinhhotngvcmtnh,Khiuisngtml.Phncuicnggiithiuchthtmlquahaichng:itmbnngvnhncch,nhnv.

Miquaucaccchngmccngthytmlhckhchnvitmlhcmchngtaquenbit.Khcvthutng,khcvnhngiuctyu.Lytithaitrongchng"Sinhhottrithc"lmvd.yltitnivtrnhmtcgittnl"Botntrithc",trongnitinhiuloitrnh:kcchuynng,kccmgic(ccloitrnhphnloitheoccgicquan-PMH),"kctinhthncitnglskintmlinh".Loisauvihailoitrchontonkhngclinhgvinhau.llthuytcaBcxng,nhtrithcPhp.Thhikctinhthnun?Licnloi"kchng",vinidungthnggilnhlivcholphnxciukinvloi"kcnhng"vinidungthnggilnhnli.(Cphiphnxciukinchclinquanviqutrnhnhnlikhng?).Ngoira,tcgicnara"kchic"chvic"khugiliqukh"v"kchnglai"(mmoirertrospectivevmmoireprospective)chvicnhticixyravcisxyra.giithchcchcasqun,quaccthcnghim,ngitatmracchrtrospectivevcchprospective.Cn "kchng lai" ch c thdngni vmcch ca tr nh shngvocisxyra,cngnhxutpht tci tchcvicghinh.Cchthnkinhcaqu trnhny l"phnnhi trc" (Ankhin).Ngoicchphn loi trnh theo cnng (kc chuynng, kc cmgic,...), theoi tng (kcnhtdng,kcnhdng,...),theothigian(kchic,kchnglai),cnccchphnloitrnhtheophngphpghinh(kctnhin-tagilghinhkhngchnh,kcnhnto-tagiltrnhcchnh).

Chngtixindnglimtiuclkhlth,lnhnghavtrnh:"Kcccoi lmtcnng thngnhthaisng tmlinh"-mtisng tmlinhgmnhng"skintmlinh",ctinhluyntronggiaiontinhthn", lmt"giaiontri thccbitcaconngi linhvnvt", thucv"kctinhthn",khngxutphttnhngcliucmtnh.Tngnhindntiktlunrng"kctinhthn"qulmtcigbhim,tntitrongconngimconngichbitnlmtth"cbitconngi",tmtkhngtrungxathmluiti,lmnhimv"thngnhthaisngtmlinh".Trnhlcigvntutimlicthlmccinhimvnghecvghgmmkhngaihiunlcig?y,theolgccatitny,chcthcmtcutrliduynht:l"mtthcbit"!Trnhconngibchialmhai,vdo,conngicngkhngcnlmt,ncnglhai:mtbnl"xc",mtbnl"hn".chnhlquannimnhnguyndonhbchcPhpcckhngnhtgiathkXVII,khingphnloicchintngthgiiralmcchintngvtlvcchintngtml,vquannimduytmcaBcxngvtrnhngi.Diyscnnhiudpcpnvnny,khisthytrongquanhgia"xc"v"hn"lquanh"hnngvaitquythayhitttcnhnghintngtmlinh"(tr336).

Thy vy ri, ta khng ngc nhin khi tit ny tc gi n ni n thin ti tuyntruyncho"thuyttml"coi"thintidothinthu,trichoainginyc".Tc gi cng li vit v chim bao: "Ci g khng c thamn, ci c chimbao".Chngkhkhngmkhngnhnraiuthnhtlthtrithcmtntntibao th k; nht l trong thi Trung c; v iu th hai thuc v Phrt (1856-1939).Khngisuphn tchnhngiuva trch,chcnnhnmnhrng,haiiukthpvi nhaubov choquanimni trn: cmt conngi l ngi trnmt thtcngvimttmhnThng.

Cmtiungticnal,khinivtrnh,cunschkhnggiithiunhngntchyucathuytlintngdoHcli(1705-1757),nhtrithcvtmlhcngiAnh,tiptcttngcaNiutnvLc,athnhmtphmtrtngqutgiithchtonbcchintngtmltrongcunQuanstconngi.Ttnhinthuytlintngkhnggiithchctonbcchcatrnhniring,cahotngtmlnichung.Nhnglmtthnhtukhoahcngk,cccnhkhoahctinbthaknitipnhauphttrin,vnphnnhngcphnnonhiuhintngtml,trongcnhnghintnglinquanntrnh,nhlintnggnnhau,lintng tngquan, lin tngk tip,v.v...V tkhi thuyt lin tngchc thuytphnxciukincaPplplmcsthcthmscmnhkhoahcmi,cnhiungdngvoyhc,giodcv.v...Hocginhtitnychongicbitmtscchthcnghimcabingaoxhaycatuclmtrithctithiuthcnchicht.lchadmmongmuncbitccqutrnhkhmphracssinhhacatrnhcaHyen.HontonchaihiphiknlthuytghinhgintipcaVgtxkivLnchip,vvai trhotngivivichnh thnh trnhcaSmicnpv.v...Cccngtrnhnilncnhngntnglctrngchotmlngi.Ttnhin,ylmongmuncangic.Nhngchcchnchngtacngnglphilmsaohcccichnxc,citinhty,cibchcakhoahcmthgiivnminhtc.

iumongmunmangtinhthnkhoahcylihontonmauthunvitinhthntbintrnngptrongcunsch,ttnglunchotinhngtitnivcchintng,ccqutrnhtml,cbittrongphnthba:"Lini,chnhltinhthnnhpth"(tr57):nhchtamicththotkhivngnlvtchtvvtdc,ngngulncaohngvnhnglichcaothngcaisng(tr222);khngphinggicquan,mchnhltrthngminhtrigicgicquan(tr199);v.v...Rrngylnhngthptmangmuscbn,hontonkhngmanglimtttrithctchccnocchchocucsng.

Cphi"ngnngltinhthnnhpth"khng?TheocccngtrnhnghincuvngnngvtduycaPiagi,Vgtxki thshnhthnhngnngl tngoixhivo,tsvtnlini,thnhngnngnngni,quangnngthmnngnngtrong.Viquannimdavo"chthotvngnlvtchtvvtdc"thlm

saoc thsosnhvinhngphthinra"sngich"camts tbo thnkinh,hay"hnhmucatcngthnkinh"caXacalp,v.v...-cccngtrnhgpphnquantrnglmsngtcchgiiphusinhlcach.

Tmlhctrongcunschnyccoilmnhc"xcnhnhngnguynnhngnxavccnhlut"cacchintngtmlinh,ngthilikhngnhnhngskintmlinhlnhngskinch"nititrongthc".

"Skintmlinh"lcig?phnhaicacunsch,ccskintmlinhcngmubngcmgic,cmgiccnglmvic"thuthpnguynliuchotrithc.Nhngcmgicvaphthucvogicquan,vaphthucvokchthch.Cuicng,dochquan,conngiquytnhccmgicnyhaykhngccmgickia,chkhngphitrchtphicthgiichungquanhtntikhngphthucvothc,tcngvogicquan tavnh shotngcaconngimchnhnhchquanv thgiikhchquany.Cunschcngnirng,"nguynliuctinhluynbnggicquanlhnhnhhay"nhtng",nhnglhnhnhhay"nhtng"cacmgicchkhngphicachnhsvtccmgic,coicmgiclhnh,nhtnglbng.Thmchcncthcoinhtng"lmtcmgicdomtkchthchsinhltcsthnkinhtrungngchkhngphingoiinvo".HontonltheolthuytduytmsinhlcaMul.

Quagiai ongicquan, cun schvit tip, n "giai on tinh thn",mt "giaiontrithccbitcaconngilinhuvnvt",mubngtng,mtnglilstngnghtrongtr,l"nhtngtrithc",hontonkhngclinhgvi"nhhngbiuth"v"nhhngcmtnh"lbngcacmgic,mnucmtmilinhnoth"nhhng"ch l"ci trcatngbmvobotn".Ninsngncchny l thy rhnquannimcoicchin tng tm linh,ni theongnng trong sch, l cchin tnghon tonngkhung trongmi conngi, saukhicdunhptmtkhngtrungxaxi.Trongtrnghpnucmiquanhgiaconngivicigkhcngoiconngi th li lmtci trutngti tmtcikhngtngxaxm,"nh tngcmtnh"v"nh tngbiu th" ldo tav thnkinh ta tsinhra.Cn"nhtngtrithc"ltngnghtrongtrta.Tip,"khinimltngtngqut","phnonlngtclintngnhiutnglivinhau,v.v...Mtvngvcnglunqun!

Ngynay, tm lhc tduycnhngcng trnhvch raccconng,cchthcitthgiivt,tcucsngvyucucacucsngmhnhthnhnnkhinim,knng,kxovemnhngthngdngvothctin.Bngcch,tmlhcemlilichtolnchocucsng,ngthicnglmchotarnidungthccacigiltinhthn,thclcig.

Tonbccskin tm l, theocunschny, tphp licho tacigi l"bnng".Bnng,theotrithcnhnv,lbiuhincanhnvtrongmthoncnhnht

nh.Tmim ca bn ng l "ci ti", "ci ti hin ti", l ni hn h ca cc hintngtml.Cchintngtml,mtkhicthcthngquatrcgicsoirivo,gipnhnragitrcabnng,slmchthbinthnhnhnv."Nhnvlnigpgcathcvmnh,vngi,thc"vchngta"."Hnnhpth"(hnquaccgicquansinhl)kthpvi"hnthingling"(hn-hn)chotacigil"nhnv".

Nhnvlitngcatmlhcsiuhnh,tclhontontbin.Tmlhcsiuhnhtritdngnguyntctiscaltrxttmlconngi.Chnhvvy,nhngngitheocitmlhcnycthttinara,nol"ti","thc","tinhthnthing ling", v.v... ri emnhngci vo "bnng" tm ragi tr canv cccigil"nhnvhung".Mixem,tathyctmlhcthcnghimvtmlhcsiuhnh,mtciivi"xc",mtciivi"hn",tnguccmtthnhnguyn.Nhngcthmchtnatathycisiuhnh,ciltrlicemvosoiricccliuthcnghim.Thltmlhcchonngynay,theoschni,vncnlmtbphncatrithc,trongthcttmlhctrthnhmtkhoahcclpgnmt thknay.Hnna, tuyni lc tmlhc thcnghim,nhng li thcnghimbngphngphpniquan,tclcliuchyumtmlhcdavolcimtngconngitthnghimthy,ntnhnra,tmt,quamhiumnhvhiungi.Cnphngphpngoiquan,nhphngphpsinhlhc,nghincuquasn phm, v.v... ch l cc phng php ph. Sau khi nu im yu, immnh caphngphpniquan,Chngba,phnmtcunschkhngnh:"Viniquan,tactiliuchnhcngnht.Ccskinbitcbngcchkhchquanchbtcthm...Vicquansttmlcngchquanbaonhiuthcngkhchquanbynhiu!.nycngthyrsichxuynsutcacunschlduytmtondin!

Cchyvang60nm,tiptheoTocai,atsnvccnhhnhvichnghakhcphtcaongnctmlhckhchquan(khchquannhthno,nmcnoli lvnkhc,ychaciukinni ti)chng tm lhcniquancaVunt.Trctnm(1907),Nga,Bchrphnhthnh"Phnxhc";saut lu(1921),Cocnhilpara"Phnnghc",cngnhmchngtmlhcniquan.Cctcginyutchccaraccphngphpthcnghimkhchquanvotmlhc:Dotnhiuhcngcnhngnggpnhtnhivitmlhc,trchtlphthinnhiuhintnglth.Tuynhin,tmlhcniquanmvitcchlmth thng tm lhc th hon ton l sai lm, cnniquanvi t cch lmtphngphpquanst thc thdngmcnhtnh,nhngphi "di skimsotcathcnghim"(Cocnhilp).Thctinhnnathkquachngminhrng,tmlhcthcnghimkhchquancmtscsngkhmnh.Ngpphntchccvovicxydngtmlhc,atmlhcphcvdnsinh.

Khiniticchintngtml,tathngtrncssinhlcachng.Cucsnghngngygichotasuynghnhthvtthnhmtvnkhoahcchoccnhkhoahcnghincu,nhtltgiathkXIX.Tnnay,cccngtrnhnghin

cutipdinkhngngngvcucutranhginhlyccquanimkhoahctinbcngdinra lintc.Thnhtungktronglnhvcnylktqunghincuthcnghimv l thuyt ca cc nh bc hcNga vX-vitXtrnp, Pplp,Vgtxki,Luria,Ankhin,Bcstin,Lnchip,v.v...vihcthuyttmlhcduyvtbinchngvduyvtlchs:hcthuytphnx,"hthngchcnng",khinim"bphnhnhng","vngphnx"vhcthuytnhkhuccchcnngtmlngi,...

Lmkhoahcckhikhngkptipthumtphtminhmihayhiuchangmtchnlckhmph,lchuynbnhthng.Chctsaoclngmongmunthcsitrnchnlkhchquan,lunlunrtkinhnghimtmrachlchu,chsaitri.Hnna,thikhoahcbaogicngphiloitrthibpmostht.

Bnvtmlnhhngnxhi,saukhinhnmnhvaitrcacnhntronglchs,tcgivit:Mtxlini,Htle,Stalingyramtthgiilunglc(tr73).LmsaolicthlnlngiakgyrachintranhxmlcvingilnhonhndnLinXcnglclngdnchthgiichngchintranh,bovTqucmnhvhabnhthgii?

Vithikhngkhoahc,hnna,vithixuyntcstht,bnglitbin,trutng,mpm,tcgidngngibtvbcgingnixunhngngicngsn:"Mtisngltngphilisng,trongmmangschunbhnhng,snngcaohnhng.Chlmvicmkhngisngtmlinhsngisngringcan,taskmlngi,strthnhbnhn,haymytng(phngphpcacngsndnghphmgiconngi)".yclkhngphichninhiuvtnhchtnhnocachnghacngsnkhoahcvnhngphmchtttpcanhngngitheochnghay.Chxinbnhtmnhnvolchsncnhbngimtkhchquanthsthynhngiummingidnlaongchimsngtrongdntauthyr.Hnna,nitheothutngtmlhc,huthnghimvthcyvnhng iu .V chnh h thy r l phi v t nguyn ng vo i ng nhngngigingcaongncchnl"Khngcgquhnclptdo",vangvitnnnhngtrangshuyhongcadntctasutgnnathknay.Vkhisthyrtr,tonbsnghipcanhngngicngsnlnhmbovvnngcaophmgiconngi:conngichcphmgikhicsngtdotrongmtncclp.lmcchcangicngsn.

Tmlcanhngconngiylitngnghincucatmlhcmc-xt.Xydngconngiy,gpphnphttrinxhiylmcchticaocatmlhcangcxydngncta.cngchnhlngunngvinvbomchokhoahctmltcktquttp.

CreatedbyAMWord2CHM

III-KHOAHCTML

TUYNTPTMLHCQuynI.CCCNGTRNHNGHINCUPhn1.CCCNGTRNHNGHINCUTNM1962NNM1968

A.TMLHCLMTKHOAHC1.NhnghintngtmlcaconngiTkhiconngixuthin trnTritbtucmt loihin tngmihin

tngtmlngi.Nhnghintngnykhchnvinhnghintngchc,vtlhc,hohcvsinhhc.Vdnhsilicaconngi,vmtmtnomni,lmtsdichuynnthuncamtkhilngnhtnh.Ncnglmthintngchc.Nhngkhcvicontulnbnhtrnngstbnhthngkhiiconngitabitrnghangivtiuchnh,iukhinchuynngtheochngtrnhra.Sdichuynnginytrongconngicthlmchongivuihaybun,thoimihaykhchu,hnghihayuoiv.vConngibitnschuynngcamnh,bitrngmnhiukhin,iuchnhschuynngy-lnhnghintngtml.

Hintngtmlkhngginghintngvt l.cunschtrcchicgngvi iu kin nh sng bnh thng, trong gng s c nh cun sch. cun schtrcmt ta trongiukinnhsngbnh thng, trongc tacngcnhcunsch.Thotxemtahykhngcgkhcbit,nhngthtracskhcbitrtxakhc

nhauvbncht.Chicgngkhngthbitcrngtronggngcnhcunsch.Cnta,tabitrlm.Ctschi,nhtronggngcngbintheo,cntrongutachabitbaogimimthnhnhcunsch.Hnthna,khithycunschtacthhilvinhntronggng.Nhnghainhcacngmtvt trongnongivtronggngrtkhcnhau: trnbaschccig - tronggngcciy ty theonhsngmchnytchkiam.Cnconngichachcthyhtnhnggctrcmtnhocnhnkntny,bquaimkiacngkhnghontonphthucvoiukinnhsng.yrrngchaihintng:hintngvtlvhintngtml.

Tacthtiptclyvdphnbithintngtmlvihintnghohc,sinhhcvsthyhintngtmlcbnchtkhchnvicchintnghohchaysinhhc.

Nhvyl,mtkhicconngivcsvt,hintngtcngvoconngi,ngoicchintngthinnhinracnchintngtmlna.

Tmlconngiphongphlm.Nhnmtvt trcmt, tagilihnhnhcavt.Nghemtbica,tatngtngraniquhngyudu.Thymtcnhl,tachngmnhnv.v...Hnna, conngikhngphi chbitnghe tingng,ngnng, lica,mnhc,mcnbitnghe tingnica lngmnhna.Conngikhngphichthynhnggcngoicnhvtthinnhin,xhi,mcnbitnhnnhngdinbin trong u, trong tim n. Con ngi c kh nng phn tch chnhmnh. Ri conngicnclcvui,lcbun,khia,khight...visvtnyhaysvtkia,hoclmlcthytmnhhnti,haynhiukhithythovbnthn.Ttcnhnghintng,tcmgicntduy,txccmntnhcmlmtphncathgiitmlconngi.

Tmlconngicncnhiuhintngphctphn.Nhucusinhsngcaconngikhngphichcn,,mc,sinhn.Conngicnphisngbngnimtin,ltng, cm.Nng lc lmvic c li cho x hi - chn gi tr cami con ngi,phmchtoc,tcchcchmnglnhngntkhngththiuctrongmiconngixhichngha.

Cmgic,trigic,trnh,tngtng,ch,tduy,xccm,tnhcm,nimtin,l tng,cm, tnhcch,nng lc...hp li thnh thgii tml thgiini tm(cngilhotngtml)caconngi.Tmhiuhcsinhltmhiutmlcaem.Tonbvicgiodcvbncht l tcngvo tm l, l tcngvoshnhthnhvphttrintmlcahcsinh.

Thgii tm lvcngphongphvphc tpihicmtkhoahcchuynnghincun.KhoahclTmlhc.

Tmlhcnghincucchintngtml.Ngitathngchiacchintngtmlrabaloisauy:

a)Qutrnhtml:cmgic,trigic,tduy,v.v...b)Trngthitml:ch,tmtrng,v.v...c)Thuctnhtml:xuhng,tnhcch,v.v...2.ChcnngchungcacchintngtmlBtclmmtvicgcnguphicschunb.Schunbutinlnh

hngchohotngnosgiiquytvic.Vicnhhngphidavocchnhnhtmlctoratrongnochngta.Chnghnnhngiisnangtmchimmnghethytingchimht,linhngvphatinghtmi.Haymtemhcsinhmungiimtbitonth,phinhubichogvyucutmg.Ngichinscthqunikht,bngqua trmsngngnniv snghipgiiphngv thngnhtTquc,vltngxhichngha.Quanhngvd,tathyhnhnhmthanhchngchongiisnbcti,hnhnhccdkinbitonlchtachonocaemhc sinh lm ton,hnhnhTqucc lp tdo thngnhtdnngi chin snnhng hnh ng anh hng.Nh vy l hnh nh tm l c chc nng chung l nhhngchomihotngcaconngi.

Mtmthanhngin,mtntvngyth,mtmuscbnhthngcthkhuyngcthgiitml,toramtkhoicmthmmvaconngitinhnghnhngcaoqu.Nhnghnhnhtmlkhngnhngnhhng,mcniukhinhnhng ca con ngi.Trong khi lmvic, ngi ta c th c sai lmny sai lmkhc,nhngcthsacha(iuchnh),thayihotngmongsaotcmcchra.Davohnhnhtmlmiukhin,iuchnhhnhng,tclhnhnhtmliukhin,iuchnhhnhng(hnhnglmtkhucahotngtml).

Tmlcvaitrtolnnhvyivihotngcaconngi,chonntaphictinhthntrchnhimrtcaotrongvichnhthnhvphttrintmlhcsinh.Phitomiiukinhcsinhcthccnhnghnhnhtmlphnnhtrungthctntitnhinvxhi,vtomiiukinhcsinhcthhotngmtcchcktqu.

3.itngvvtrcatmlhc trn gii thiumt s hin tng tm l v ni v chc nng ca cc hin

tng tm l.Nhnghin tng tm l li tngca tm lhc -mt trongnhngkhoahcnghincuvconngi,nghincuhotngtmlcangi.Trongcunschny,trchtvchyu,sninnhnghintngtmlcangi.

Nhngkhoahcphntchccdngvnngcathinnhinthucnhmkhoahctnhin.Nhngkhoahcphntchccdngvnngcaxhithucvnhmkhoahcxhi.Cngcnhngkhoahcphntchmtdynhngdngvnnglinquanvchuyntiptdngvnngnysangdngvnngkia.lkhoatrunggiannhkhoahcsinhvt lhc,khoahasinhhc, tonlgchhc, tmlhcv.v...Nhng

hin tng tm l -i tngca tm lhc,gmnhnghin tngnmc trong thgii tnhin ln thgiixhi.Mtbphnca thgii tnhin -c thvbnongi v hot ng ca chng - cngvimt bphn ca th gii x hi - t duy, thc...caconngi-kthphucsnsinhratmlngi.Tmlhcvactnhchtmtkhoahcxhivactnhchtmtkhoahctnhin.

Tm lhcgnbchtchvikhoahcxhivkhoahc tnhin,cngnhthngquatmlhc,khoahctnhinvkhoahcxhikthpchtchvinhau.Mcni:"Vsaukhoahctnhinbaohmtrongnkhoahcvconngi;slmtkhoahc".

Tmlhccquanhvinhiukhoahc;cbitcquanhmt thitvi trithc,sinhlhcthnkinhcpcaovgiodchc.Tmlhccncquanhviiukhinhcvlthuytthngtin.Vvykhithchnh,nghincutmlvaphichyntnhchtxhicacchintngtml,vaphichmtcchthchngncskhoahctnhincan.Tmlhccv tr trunggiannhvykhngcnghan lmtkhoahc"chungchung".Ngc likhigii thch,hc tp,nghincutmlphiquntritythgiiquanmc-xtvngtrnlptrngcagiaicpcngnhn.

Cngnhcckhoahckhc,tmlhctthctinmra,nhthctinmphttrinvquayvphcvthctin.Tytheotnhchtphcvthctincatmlhcmtacccngnhtmlhckhcnhau.Nhngkinthcchungnhtvcchintngtmllnidungcangnhtmlhcicng:Nhngkinthctmlhcvndngvonhiucngtckhcnhaunhgiodc,y t, laong, th thao,quns...hp lithnhccngnhtmlhcsphm,tmlhcyhc,tmlhclaong,tmlhcththao,tmlhcquns.Tmlhcchuynnghincunhngcimtmltremcclatuikhcnhaulngnhtmlhclatui.Ngitacnnintmlhcngvtlmtbmntrunggiangiangvthcvtmhc(Rubinstin).

B.BNCHTCAHINTNGTML1.TmllsphnnhthgiikhchquanthngquabnthnmingiChnghaduyvtbinchngkhngnhrngthctikhchquanlttcnhng

gtntingoithccata.Thctikhchquanbaogmhintngvtchtvhintng tinh thn.Trong thc tikhchquancci ta sm,nhn thy, cci takhngnhnthy,khngnghethyc.Nhngttcnhngcivntntitrongthinnhin,tntivphttrintheoquyluttnhincan.Nhnghintngtinhthncngtntingoimuncata,cngdinbinvphttrintheonhngquylutkhchquancachng.Thc tikhchquan tcngvogicquanca tavno ta tora tmlvthc.Chnghnnhnmtbctranhxong,nhmmtlicthhnhdungcmusc,cnhvtvtrongtranh.Nghexongmtbihttrongutacnvngvnglica,nhciucabicay.Cmmthnbi(khngnhnhnbi),xongrictbii,cthmt

chnhdng,trnglnghnbi.Nhvylccvtthtcngvomt,tai,dacata s to ra trongc tanhnghnhnhcachng,ngha lcmgic, trigic lnhnghnhnhcathctikhchquan.

TngtngcucutranhanhdngcaminNamchnhltoravgilitrongutanhnghnhnhcacucsngchinugiankh,anhhng,vicaminNambtkhut.Nhngithnyulghilitronguhnhnhntmt,khemt,dngi,gingnicangiy.Tngtng,trnhcnglhnhnhcathctikhchquan.

Nhngkhitrigicccsvtvhintng,conngikhngdnglinhngtcng trc tipvo tai,mtmcn"i"vonhngcigin tip, tru tng: conngibnh thngbaogicngcsuynghvnhngcinhn,nghe,nh...vdavo nhng ci suy ngh.V vy suy ngh (t duy) cng l hnh nh v thc tikhchquan.

Nhng nt c tnh ca tng ngi cng vy.Con ngi ca x hi t bn ly linhun lmmc tiu ca cuc sng.Conngixhi chngha ly cuciphcvnhndnlmltngcamnh.Hailtngphnnhhaitntixhi.Conngil"cigngsoi"caxhi,ctnhconngilccquanhxhinhunhli".Tmlcnhnconngilhnhnhcatntixhi.

Tmli,nhLninni,mihintngtml,"cmgiccachngta,thccachngtachlhnhnhcathgiibnngoi".

Phnnhtmlgingccloiphnnhkhcchchngutoranhnghnhnhcaccsvtvhintng.Nhnghnhnhtmlkhcccloihnhnhkhcchbaogincngmang"dun"ringcangiphnnh.Nimtcchkhc,tmls phn nh thc ti khch quan thng qua bn thn ca ngi phn nh. Ci gi l"thngquabnthncangiphnnh"biuhinmyimsauy:

Tm l cami ngi phn nh thc ti khchquan thngquavnkinhnghimringcangi.Haingicngxemmtsvt,hugilihnhnhsvttrongno.Haihnhnhcacngmtsvttronghaibnocnhngntkhcnhau.Trcmtskinlchs,nginycthbunbc,ngikiacthliphnkhi.Giaicpkhcnhau,nghnghipkhcnhau,honcnhsngkhcnhaus to racikhcnhautrongtml.ylchani trnghpmtngiivichnhmtsvt tronghaithiimkhcnhaucngc th torahaihnhnhcacngsvtvinhngntkhcnhau.Lptrng,ttng,oc,tcch,tmtrng,tnhcmcanginouc"dun"trongsphnnhthctikhchquancangiy.Haynhtathngnilmi ngi phn nh thc ti khch quan thng qua "lng knh ch quan" ca mnh:"Ngibuncnhcvuiubaogi".(NguynDu).

Ngimanghnhnhtmltrctipbitcmtcchcth,sinhngcchnhnhtmlctorangiy.Mihintngtmlbaogicngxyratrongmtconngic thnoy.Trcmt tacrtnhiusvtvhin tng,nhngtach

phnnhmt svthayhin tngno.Vch cngi to rahnhnhmibithnhnhymtcchrrng,cth,sinhng.Nhngninhvykhngcngharngtm l l cig thnbnm trongmi conngi,mngikhckhng thbitc.Tmlkhngphilcigbhimnmkntrongchic"hpen",ngikhckhngthbitc-nhphitmlhchnhviMkhngnh.Thctikhchquanlngungccatml.Hotngtmldavocsvtcht lno;ncbiuhinrabnngoi. Thng qua thc ti khch quan, hot ng ca no v nhng biu hin ra bnngoicatmlmtmhiutmlcanginyhaycangikia.Ngigiovincthvphinghincu,nhnxt,rtraktlunvtmlcahcsinhtinhnhcngtcgiodcvdyhc.

Thngquahnhnhtml,conngicthiringvithctikhchquan.Chnhnhtmlcabnthnkhngphimbit,mnhhngchohotngvhotngtml.Tinhthn, ttngcmtscmnhvcngtolncngchnhlch.Vcngchnhvvy,cngtcttngphigivaitrquytnhvphinghngu.

Hnhnh tmlphnnh thc tikhchquanbaogicngcmuscringcatngngi.Vvymingiucmtthiringivithctikhchquan.Nhvylmingitipthucichungvnctrongthctikhchquan,datrncscichungytoraciringcatngngi.ngchLDunvit:lmtngithphicciringcaconngi,khngcthcconngisiuhnh.Khngthphnvconngi.Cichungvciringtrongtmlngitahavinhau,linktvinhaurtchtch.Cichungchociring,ciringnmtrongcichungtrongmtconngic th.Chnhvcci ringymkhigingdyvgiodcphi tomiiukinhcsinh,trchtcthphnnhynhngntcnthit(cichung)casvtvhintnglmcsvngchcchonhngmuscringbitcahnhnhvsvtvhintng.Trnhkhuynhhngquthinvcichunghaychtoracichung.ngthicngkhngthchxydng,hayqungvciring.Gingdyvgiodclgychohcsinhnhnghotngtmltondin,phongphhcsinhtipthucichungvsngtociringcamnh.

Trong tm l con ngi c ci ring, nn chng ta phi nghin cu, tm hiu ciringcatnghcsinh.Cngchnhvvymtronggingdy,cbit trongcngtcgiodc,nhtthitphiccchixringchophhpvitmlhcsinhvviyucugiodc.

2.TmllchcnngcanoNhtrnni, tml lhnhnhcasvt,hin tngkhchquan.N lbn

sao,bnchpcasvt,hintng.Nghalhintng,svttcngvogicquanvno,litrongnonhngduvtno.Tmllhintngtinhthndosvt,hin tng tcngvonogynn: tmlcquanhchtchvivtcht.Tml,

"cmgic,tduy,thclsnphmcaonhtcavtchtctchctheomtcchnhtnh"lno.

Khngphitnhinccchintngtml,haytmldoTribancho,mnlktqucasphttrincavtchttvcnhuc,tchkhngcssngnchcssng,tchssngchactmlnchcmmmngcatml.Ssngctmltkhivtchtphttrinnlcccctbothnkinhhplithnhhthngtngi cht ch (A.Lnchip.Spht trin tm l).Tm l l kt qu ca s phttrinludicavtcht.

Tkhichthnkinhmu(hch)btucmmmngtml.Hthnkinhdndntinhathnhmththngngycngchtch,ctchcngycngcao,vcuicngthnhnovvno.Vnongicnhimvnhncctcngngoigii,toranhnghnhnhtmltrongvno.Vnolcsvtcht,lnitnticacmgic,trigic,tngtng,trnh,tduyvcchintngtmlkhc,lnichunbchocch,hnhvi,hnhngvhotng.Khngcnovvno,haynovvnokhngbnhthng,thkhngctml.Hnhnhtmlgnlinvihotngcano,nhngtmlkhngphilno,vcngkhngphilchtgdonotitragingnhmt do gan tit ra, nh nhng ngi duy vtmymc (Mlst, nh sinh l hcngiHLan(1822-1893)quannim).Ngoigiitcngvonotorahotngthnkinhvhotngtmlvngoigii.

Nhvy,nothchincchcnngphnnhhinthckhchquan.Nhno,vcbitlvno,thngquacchnhnhtmlngitaiukhinhotngcacth.

Tmllchcnngcano.Thngquahnhnhtml,noiukhinhotngcangi.Tcngntmltcltcngvothnkinh,vvykhidydhcsinhtaphichthchngnccquyluthotngthnkinhvccquyluthnhthnhnhnghnhnhtmltrongvno.

3.Tmlngi lkinhnghimlchs loingibinthnhciringcatngngi

Sxuthinconngihonthnhvicphttrintinhacasinhvt.lktqucamtloihotngmichcngi,lhotnglaong.Thottin,nhlaong,saulnhlaongvngnng,conngixuthinvxhiloingihnhthnh (ngghen). Tm l ngi ch ny sinh v pht trin trong qu trnh hot ng.Nhngconngibaogicnghotng,sinhsngtrongmtiukinxhilchsnht nh.ng ch LDun ni: Con ngi lun lun l con ngi lch s, conngixhi.Nlsnphmcamtxhinhtnh."

Conngisngtrongxhithnhtnhphichuschiphicaccquanhxhi.Conngikhngththotkhinhhngcaquanhgiangivngi,quanhaphng,giaicp,dntc,qucgia.Mtkhc,conngilkbiuhinccquan

hxhiy.Mcni:Conngiltnghaccquanhxhi.Nhvyconngicbnchtxhi, lsnphmcamtxhinhtnh,chonntmlngimangnidung lch sxhi loingi.Conngikhngch l thc th sinhvt, tm lngikhngphilmttngsnhngbnnngsng,cht,sinhdc,nhPhrt-bcstinhthnkinhngio(1856-1939)vnhngngi theophi sinhvtho thngni.Vvy,khngthcconngichungchungphigiaicptrongxhicgiaicp.Trongtmlngicciringcamingi,nhngciringylilciringcamtconngicth,thucmtgiaicp,mtaphngtrongmtdntccthno.Trongtmlcatngnginhtnhccichungcaloingi,thii,dntc,giaicp.VvyMcni:nmgicquancaconngilktquphttrincalchs.

Trongqu trnhpht trin lchsxhi, loingi thu thpcvvnkinhnghim, tri thc vmimt ca cuc sng.Nhng kinh nghim, tri thc y biu hintrongcngclaong,cngtrnhkintrc,tcphmkhoahc,vnhc,nghthut,vc truynt t thhny sang thhkhc.Mingi lnhhikinhnghimv trithcchungcaloingi,binthnhvnsng,kinhnghimtrithccaringmnh,tcl tonn tmlcabn thn.Cngsngnhiu,cnghnghi laong,cngkin trhctp,cngtchccthamgiautranhchostinbxhi,ththgiitmlcngphong ph.ng l "Tri bin nhiu th lo ngh su, tnh ton xa th thnh cng ln"(NguynTri.PhChLinh).Vvymunhnhthnhvphttrintmlchohcsinhphignnhtrngvicucutranhcchmng,viisng,vilaongsnxut,kthpllunvithctin,giodcnhtrngvigiodcxhi.Trongkhithuthpnhngcicathhtrctruynli,miconngitmtiratrithckhoahcmi,citinsnxut,sngtonghthut... lmchovnkinhnghimvtri thccaloingingymtphongphhn.Lymtvdminhha:khnngquanstcaconngingynaykhngphich lktqucahotngn thuncahaiconmt, ccdythnkinhthgicvmtsvngtngngtrongvno,mcnccthnhtucaha hc (nhha hc ch binmu chng hn), ca vt l hc (nhquang hc), cangh thuthahnh, tohnh,v.v...Conngibitnhnnhngcicch tora,bitnghvnhngci,vconngicnckhnngch to ramuscmi,bitiuchnhnhsngtinhvihn,bitsngtcccbctranhhihahn,cnidungsuschn,lmchoconmtcachngtatuyvcutokhngcgthayi,nhngnhnthynhiuhn,xahn.

Tmlngicnidunglchsxhiloingi,vvykhigiodcvnghincuconngiphiluthntrngncccimcathii,dntcaphng,giaicp,gianh...catnghcsinhmnhhng,hnhthnhvphttrintmlcahcsinh.Tml lkinhnghimlchsxhi loingibin thnhci ringcamingi,nnkhitinhnhcngtcgiodcphichthchngnnnglc,nguynvng,c tnhca tnghcsinh,ngthicngcntoranhnghotngtngngcnthitcthphttrinkhnngtimtngcahcsinhnmctiavvitc

nhanhnht.Tmli,hintngtmlngilmtloihintngtinhthndothctikhch

quantcngvogicquanvnomtngicth,gyra.Nctnhchtxhi,lchs,giaicp,dntcvmangmuscringcabnthnmingivthctiytrongvno,gipconnginhhnghotng.

C. NGUYN TC, PHNG PHP V PHNGCHMNGHIN CUTML

1.Nhngnguyntcchochungi vi vic nghin cu cc hin tng tm l, nhng nguyn tc ch o chung

nht,khoahcnht lnhngnguyntcduyvtbinchng.Nhngnguyntcthhinnhngmtsau.

Thnht,phinghincumtcchkhchquan.Nghincumtcchkhchquantrc ht l phi nghin cu chnh s vt, v y l phi nghin cu chnh cc hintngtml,phi"tccskhoahcchovicnghincuccskinnilnqutrnhtmlnyhayqutrnhtmlkhc"(Lnin.Thnolnhngngibndn"vhchngliccnhdnchxhinhthno?).Cchintngtmllhintngtinh thn, l thgiini tm.Cnghincuchngmtcchkhchquanckhng?Hontoncthc,vtadavodinbinbnngoicatnghnhvi,cchvtonbhnhngmxtnidung,bnchtcahintngtmlvdavodinbinsinhlcthghichpchnhxcmxtccquyluttml.Lninchthchoccnhtml hc khoa hc "bt tay ngay vo vic nghin cu c s ca cc hin tng tm l -nghincuccqutrnhthnkinhvara-chnghnnhsphntchvgiithchmtqutrnhtml...".Sdlmcnhvylvnhngbiuhinbnngoivbntrong,tmlvhnhvi,thcvhotngbaogicnglmtkhithngnht.Vthcthvphinghincutmlmtcchkhchquan.Ttnhinkhngphimtlccth thomnyucu.Mckhchquancaccphngphpnghincu lmtqu trnh pht trin dn dn v ngy cng hon chnh. Nhng d mc no, numunnghincumtcchkhchquan,thtrchtphithuthpvtchlyccskinkhchquan,"ccskinlkhngkhcanhkhoahc"(Pplp).

Thhai,phinghincucchintngtmltrongmiquanhgiahintngyvicchintngkhc.Khinghincutmlngiphitconngicnghincuvotronghoncnhcth,cngnhkhngthtchrivicnghincutmlvvicnghincucssinh l,cbit lcssinh l thnkinh;nghincuqu trnhtm l ny khng tch ri vi qu trnh tm l khc nghin cu cc qu trnh tm lkhngtchriccthuctnhtmlvtrngthitml.

Thba,phinghincuchnhsvnng,sphttrincacchintngtml.Nghincumthin tng tm l lphi thycqukh,hin tiv tng laicahintngy,phithycngungcchngloivsphttrincthcan.Qun

tritnguyntcphttrincnghalphithycththayiccchintngtml,cthlmnphttrinnhanhhnhaychmli.Dophinghincutheonguyntc:vatcng,vagiodc,vanghincu.Tacththysbiuhinrtrrtcanguyn tc trongcng tcdyhcvgiodc.Ngigiovin thngquaccbinphpgingdyvgiodccthnghincusphttrinvhnhthnhtmlcahcsinh.

Tht,phi tmrabnchtcahin tngtmlvquyluthnh thnhvphttrintml.Nhtrnni,munnghincutmltrchtphithuthpcctiliukhchquan,phinghincutnghintngtmltrongsphttrincanvtrongmitngquanvicchintngtmlkhc.Hintngvbnchtcquanhbinchngmtthitvinhau:bnchtthhinquahintng,davohintngmtmbncht...Micngtrnhnghincunichungcuicngphiinbnchtcahintng.Trong thgi thanhnin,Pplpnikhngnndng libnngoiccskin,mhytmcchisuvonhngiubnphtsinhraccskin,vkinnhntmtiquylutchiphiccskin.

2.MtsphngphpnghincutmlTmlhcdngnhiuphngphpnghincu:quanst,thcnghim,nghincu

snphm,nghincutius,v.v...Diychgiithiuslcmtsphngphp.a)Phngphpquanst.Cngnhivinhiukhoahckhc,quanst lmt

phngphpquantrngkhngththiucivitmlhc.Hyquanst,quanstvquanstna!llikhuyncaPplpivichngta.Phngphpquanstlmttrongnhngphngphpchyutrongtmlhc.Dngphngphpquanst,taghi licnhngiu ta trng thy,nghe thyvmthin tng tmlxyra trongiukinbnhthng, tnhin.Vd: trnlphcngigiovinquanstqutrnhchcahcsinh,trongvntrngibomuquanstsphttrinngnngcatremv.v...

Phngphpquanstkhcvisquanstbnhthngch,phngphpquanstlmtsquanstchthngtheomtchngtrnh,khoch,mcchnhtnh.Ngiquanstphicthcmtcchrtrrtvtonbnhngquanstcamnh.Cth thchin squan stbngnhngbinphpnhghi chp, chpnh,quayphim...Saukhiquanstccchintngphiphntchchngmtcchkhoahc,nghalphipngccnguyn tcchung ra trn,v rt ranhngkt luncn thit.Tip mangnhngkt lun ra kimnghim thc t, hay tip tc nghin cu bngnhiuphngphpkhcnhaulmsngtthmktlunrtra.

Tquanstltmnhthnghimtmlxyratrongchnhmnhritghichp,mt,xton,ktlun.Tquanstcngcthcdngnhlmtphngphphtrchophngphpquanstkhchquan.Ccnh tm lhc theophiniquanchdngphngphptquanst(theothutngcahlphngphpnitnh).Theoh,

phngphpnitnhlphngphpduynhtcthdngnghincutml.Thctchothyrngphitmlhcnitnhhontonsailm,vtmlkhngphilcigbnhontoncamtcnhnno,khngphilmt"hpenkn"khngaicthnghincu,ngoingimang"cihp"y,mtml-nhtrnni,cngungckhchquan,cnhngbiuhinkhchquan,ccsvtcht...Chonncthvphidngnhiuphngphpkhcnhaunghincutml.Phngphptquanstchlmtphngphphtrchonhngphngphpkhcmthi.

Phngphpquanstcmttt,ngthicmthnchcan.Ncthcungcp cho ta nhng ti liu t nhin xy ra trong hot ng bnh thng ca con ngi.Songnhiukhikhphnbittrongcchintngquanstchintngnolhintngngunhin,hin tngno lhin tngxy ra theoquy lutvngiquanstnhiukhiphichmtcchthngsdinbinmthintngnoquanst.Chnhvvyphidngphngphpthcnghimvccphngphpkhchtr.

b) Phng php thc nghim. Phng php thc nghim rt cn cho vic nghincutml,nhPplpni:"Hintngnghincucngphctp,thsthcnghimcngcn thit".Trong tmlhc,phngphp thcnghimcdng t luvngynaynangcsdngmtcchrngrivinhngphngtinrthini.

C hai loi phng php thc nghim: phng php thc nghim t nhin vphngphpthcnghimtrongphngthnghim.

Ni dung ca phng php thc nghim t nhin l tin hnh thc nghim tronghotngbnhthng,nhtrongvuichicatrem,tronghctpvlaongcahcsinh.Vd,trongmtgigingvntheongthikhabiumtlphc,ngigiovintinhnhnghincutc,khilng,chtlngghinhcahcsinhbngcchavobigingmtcugm10trirc,khngchoctclinquanv,vmtonkhc10tcghplithnhhaicuth.Giagihoccuigikimtraxemccemnhnhngtrasao.Nhthltalmthcnghimnghincuqutrnhghinhcahcsinhmtcchtnhin.Cthcoiphngphpnylphngphpqutphngphpquanstnphngphpthcnghimphngthnghim.Nphthuycmt ttng thikhcphccmthnchcaphngphpquanst.Trongiukinhinticancnhchngtaphisdngtritphngphpny.

Phngphp thcnghim trongphng thnghim lngi lm thnghim to ranhngiukinlmnysinhhayphttrinmthintngtmlnonghincu.Docthtinhnhnghincumtcchtngichnghnccphngphpktrn. Nh phng php thc nghim trong phng th nghim, ta c th ghi tng ichnh xc cc biu hin bn ngoi v cc biu hin sinh l ca cc hin tng tm l.Ngy nay ngi ta s dng rng ri phng php phn x c iu kin nh l mtphngphpthcnghimtrongphngthnghimvovicnghincutmlvthucnhiuktqungk.Ngitacndngnhiumymcnghincutml,c

bitlivinhngqutrnhtmlvcchsinhlcanhnghintngtml.Phngphpthcnghimcuimlnlckhnngthuthptiliuchnhxc

vchngtrongnghincu,"quanstchthuthpcnhngcimtnhincungcpcho,cnphngphpthcnghimlytnhincimtamun".Nhngphngphpthcnghimcngchnchchlnnghincucchintngtml trongnhngiukincthgilcbit,khcviiukinsngbnhthng.Tuynhin,nhtrnni,phngphp thcnghimtrongphng thnghimc thcungcprtnhiusliucnthit,vvynncgngtoiukinsdngphngphpny.

c)Phngphi-p:Cthtinhnhnghincutmlbngphngphphiming,hivit.Muntinhnhnghincumtloihintngtmlnoytacthxutphtttnhhnhthctcanhngitngcnghincumtranhngcuhi,ritrctipgpnhngitngymhi,hoccthracuhichohtrlitrngiy.Phngphphimingvhivitcthcungcpnhiutiliuhay,nhngphithntrngkhixemxtnhngtiliu.Khngthcncvostrlinhngcuhitara trcchohri tnhramtconsnoy(mthngs)vkt lunngayvhintngtmlnyhayhintngtmlkia,(nhnhngngithnghaydngphngphptrcnghimccnctbnvnhngngitheophi"Nhinghc"trcyLinxlm).Nhngtiliudophngphphimingvhivitemlichgiptacmtscncnhtnhvgpphntmgiptahiucchintngtmlmthi.Mun tin hnh phng php ny tt, ta phi thc hin "ba cng" vi i tng cnghin cu, ngha l phi tm hiu r hon cnh sng, lm vic ca tng ngi, phinghincunhnghintngtmltrn"thca"(nghincunnglclmvicngaytrongcngtccaitngcnghincuchnghnnhnghincuqutrnhnhnthcngaytrongqutrnhhctplp,nh...cahcsinh).Nh"bacng"mcthcs"thngcm"gianginghincuvngicnghincu,vocthddnghivcththucnhngtiliuchntht.

3.PhngchmnghincuTonbnhngnguyntc,phngphpnitrnchcthdnnccktqutt

p,khisdngchngtheoccphngchmsau:Thnht,vicnghincutmlphiphcvnhndn,phcvsnghipcch

mngcang,cadntc;lphngchmbtdibtdch,btccnbtmlhcno, bt c tin hnh nghin cu u cng phi nghin cu theo phng chmny."Philosaochokhoahcthtnsuvophongtctpqun,hontonvthtstrthnhmtbphnkhngkhtviisngcachngta"(Lnin.Thtmtt).

Thhai, l lungn linvi thc tin lmtphngchmkhng th thiuctrongnghincutml.tluvnhiuln,HChTchdychngtaphignlinllunvithctin.Nghincutmlcngphixutphttthctinvmiktlunkhoahcphickimnghimtrongthctin,ngthiemktqunghincukhoa

hcgpphnphttrinthctin.

CreatedbyAMWord2CHM

IV.CSSINHLTHNKINHCACCHINTNGTML

TUYNTPTMLHCQuynI.CCCNGTRNHNGHINCUPhn1.CCCNGTRNHNGHINCUTNM1962NNM1968

Munxydngtmlhcthtskhoahcphixutphttnhnglunimcbncatrithcmc-xtvhcthuytPplpvhotngthnkinhcpcao.NhtrithcduyvtNganitingBlinxkini:"Tmlhcmkhngdavosinhlhcthcnggingnhsinhlhckhngdavogiiphuhc,ukhngccnc".

Sinhlhcthnkinhcpcaolmtkhoahcrtnontr,clchskhongnathknay.Mtnhhnhthihccvit:"Nhnghiubitcaloingivhotngthnkinhcpcaocngmhnhhiubitvhatinhvy".Pplpcngvit:"Sut23thknay(tthkthIVtrcCngnguynnhtthkXIX-P.M.H.chthch)ngitamuntmhiucquansinhrathc,nhng23thknayngitacngphidng li y. l imkhng hong ca khoa hc t nhin hin i".Hc thuytPplpraigiiquytimkhnghongy.Pplpvnhngngicngtccangphthinnhngquylutcbncahotngthnkinhcpcao,mtthnhtuvicakhoahcthgiihini.Trongchngnychngtanghincunhngquylutcbnygiithchshnhthnhtml.Nhngmuntmhiuccquyluthotngthnkinhtacnbitquatchccahthnkinh.

A. S LC V CU TO V CHC NNG CA H THN KINHTRUNGNG

Tonbhotngcacthvnhnhdisiukhincahthnkinhtrungng.nv tchcgiiphucahthnkinhl tbothnkinh(cngi ln-ronthn kinh).H thn kinh trung ng gm nhiu b phn khc nhau.Di y s giithiuslctchcvchcnngcatbothnkinh,ccbphncah thnkinhtrungng,cbit lvno-mtbphncnhiuquanh trc tipvihotngtml.

1.SlccutovchcnngcatbothnkinhHthnkinhtrungngctonnbiskthpccnvthnkinhgilt

bothnkinh(n-ron).Trongmttbothnkinhcthnbo,nhiunhnhngn,mthochai nhnhdi (Hnh1a).Thnbo cnhimvnui cnv thnkinh, sbphntchccxungngthnkinhquanvgilicc"vt"doccxungngthnkinhli.Ccnhnhngnnhnccxungngthnkinhtcctbokhcvdnvothntbothnkinh.Ccnhnhditruynccxungngthnkinhsangcctbothnkinhkhc.Nhiunhnhdi canhiu tbo thnkinhhp li thnhccbdy thnkinh,cbaobcbimt lpv.Chai loidythnkinh: loihngtmacc lungthnkinhtccbphnnhncmvotrungkhuthnkinh, loi ly tmdncc lungthnkinhttrungkhuthnkinhnccbphnhotngcacth.

Tonbhotngcatbothnkinhtptrungvohainhimvchyusauy:a)Khinhnmtkchthchnoy,tngbphncatbothnkinhvtonbt

bo thn kinh to ramt lung xung ng thn kinh, trong n-ron c qu trnh hngphnxyra,tbothnkinhbtuhotng.

b)Khihngphntnmtnhtnh,ccbphncatbothnkinhcngnhtonbtbocnhimvdntruynhngphntimnyquaimkia,tn-ronnyquan-ronkia.Ccdythnkinhckhnngdntruynhngphntheohaichiu,nhngtn-ronnysangn-ronkhchngphnchctruyntheomtchiu.Sdnhvylvgiaccn-roncmtcutochuynbitgilxi-np(Hnh1b).

2.S lccutovchcnngcaccbphnnmdivnotronghthnkinhtrungng

Hthnkinhtrungnggmcnoty(tysng)vnob.Notynmtrongxngsng,nobnmtronghps.Nobhpbihnh ty (hnhno), tiuno,nogia,notrunggian,ccmu(hch)divvvno.Vnolbphncaonhtcahthnkinhtrungngttcccphncnliunmdivno(Hnh2).

Ttcccbphncahthnkinhtrungngucnhimvdntruynhngphntdiln,tbphnnyquabphnkiavttrnxung.Trongtysng,hnhty, tiu no, no gia v no trung gian c cc trung khu thn kinh ca cc phn x

khngiukintrctipiukhinvnng,thngbng,cctuynnitit,cccquannitngvmtphncahotngnhhng.Mtphncanotrunggian(ith)vcchchdivmbonhnghotngphnxkhngiukinphctpnhttronghthngcchotngphnxkhngiukin.

Tronghthnkinhtrungngcmttchcgmcctbochnhthtoktlivinhautheokiuanlinmkhphnhty,nogia,notrunggian.Bphnnyc gi l cu to hnh li hay vng trng (Megun,gitpe, Ankhin, v.v...). Khinhnclungthnkinhtccdythnkinhcaccgicquaniquacctrungkhuca chng trong cc b phn nm di v no, vng trng khng ch truyn lnmtvng tngngnovomtbmyphn tch trongvno,m thng truyn lnmtsvngcavnohoctonbno.Nhvyvngtrnggipnhiuvngtrnvno sn sng chun b thc hin chc nng thnh lp cc phn x c iu kin.Vngtrnggivaitrngkivicctrngthitchccvtiucc,tnhtovuoi,vuivvbunru,v.v...trongcth.

Ttcccphnnmdivno- tno trunggiann tysngvvng trng,uchusiukhincavno.Cctrungkhuthnkinhcaccphnxkhngiukinucidintrnvno.

3.CutovchcnngcavnoVnolbphncaonhtcano,raimunnht tronglchspht trinvt

chtsng,ctchcphctpvcchcnngquantrngnhtphongphnhtvnongi c hp thnh bi 6 lp t bo dy chng 2 - 3mm, c din tch trn di2200cm2,chialmnhiuthy,nhiuhino(Hnh3).Vnockhong14-16tn-ron,ckhilngtrungbnh1,4kg.

Vnocngviccmu(hch)dinohpli thnhbncuino.Bncuinophivbnuinotringncchbikhelinbncusuttphatrnnphagyvnivinhaunhthchai(Hnh2).Bncuinobnnyiukhinnabnkiacacth.Vdphminnhncmngxcgictrnvnobnphithtaytri,chntri,nathntrikhngcncmgicdodavcccbptonn.

mtngoimibncuinotathyc3khe:kheXinviut,kheRlngvkhethnggc(Hnh3).

Trnvno,giacckhec4thy(min):thytrn,thynh,thythidngvthygy(chm)(Hnh4).ThytrnchimphntrccabncuinochonkheRlngvukheXinviut,thynhgia3khe,thythidngchimphngiavphndicabncuino,thygyphasaubncuino.Trongmithycvngtrctiplinhviccbdythnlinhcaccgicquanvccc.Ngynaythngthngngitachiavnorathnhhn50vng,mivngnhnkchthchhociukhinmtbphn trongc th.Vdvng17 trong thygy trc tipnhnccxungngtdythnkinhthgic,vng40trongthythidngnhnccxungngtdy thnkinh thnhgic,vng3pha trc thynh, saukheRlng trc tipnhnccxungngtda,cbpchntayv.v...Mithycquanhtrctipvimtloicmgic,vngitalyloicmgicttnchochng:thygy-minthgic,thythidng-minthnhgic,phatrcthynh-minxcgic,phasauthytrn-minvnng.Nhngminvaktrnccctrungkhutngngviccgicquannhtnhgilccmintngng.

Ringtrnvnongicccminthchinchcnngngnng:minni(donhbchcBrcatmranngiltrungtmBrcahinodithytrntri),minnghengnng(donhbchcVcnchketmranncngiltrungtmVcnchke)phnsaucahinotricathythidng,minnhnch(dogirintmra)phntrccathygy(Hnh4).ylccmincquanhtrctipvini,nghengnngvnhnchvit.Hotngngnnglchcnngcanhiumincavno.

Ngoiccmintngngcccmintrunggianchimqunadintchtonbbncuino. lphnsauca thynh,phnnmgia thynh, thygyvthythidng.Thynygivaitrquantrngivicchotngthcmvvnng.Khiphnnycathynhhng,b t litc th lmmtkhnngnhhngtrongkhnggian.Thytrncngthucvoloimintrunggian,cnhiulinhvittcccthykhc.Thytrnthamgiavothchincccngphctp,cchnhngcchnhvvicphtccmthanhngnngv.v...

Vnochaichcnngchungliukhin,iuchnhcchotngcacccquanni tngvmbocnbnggiahotngcac thvimi trng.C thmuntntivphttrinphibomcccchcnnghhp,bov,v.v...Ccchcnngnyccctrungkhuthnkinhnmtrongccphndicavno.Ccchcnng y khng thc hin ring r, khng hot ng hon ton c lp, m ngc lichngphihpvinhaurtchtch,nhhngqualilnnhaurtrrt.lktqucasthamgiacahaibncuino,cbitlvno.

Cthlunlunnhncctcngcamitrngvphitrlicctcngy.Mi trng lun lun thayi.C thphi tiuchnhcchotngcamnhchophhpvinhngiukinlunlunthayincamitrng.Vishtrcacc

bphnkhctronghthnkinhtrungng,vnogipcththchinnhimvvcngquantrngny.

Haibncuinobomhotngcacccquannitngsaochophhpttnhtviiukinngoigiixungquanh.Vnogipcthnhnbitcctcngngoigii,bohiuchocthbitsthayicamitrngvngthiiukhincccquankhcthayichophhpvinhngthayicamitrng.Nhvnocungcpnhnghnhnhcasvtvcthtorahotngnyhayhotngkiamconngicthtrlicctcngngoigiivthayingoigii.Munccmgicau,ngoikchthchngoigii(kimchmchnghn)vdythnkinhhngtm,phicvnobnhthng.Munthycmtvttrnvncngtngtnhvy.Munsuynghnhtthitphicvno.Nitmli,mttrongnhngiukinctmllvno.Vyvnolcquanphnnhtmlvaiukhincccquannitng,vagicnbnggiacthvngoigii.

Vnovccphnkhccano.Vnomunthchincchcnngcanphidavoscngtccaccbphnnmdivno.Ccbphnphadivnolmnhimvdntruynxungngthnkinhtcccquannhntcngngoigiinvnov tvnoxungcccquanhotng.Ccbphnycungcplunghngphnchovno,gipvnotoratrngthitchcc,snsnghotng.Vnovccphndivkthpvinhaurtchtch, trongvnogivai trcho-phihpiuha,kimtra,thayihotngcctrungkhuphadi.Ccphnphadicanogivai trngh,h tr,gipvno tp trung thchinnhimvgicnbnghotngtoncthvthchnghivisthayimitrng.Pplpvitvmiquanhgiavnovccphndicanonhsau:"...ditcdngcavno,mihotngcacthsthchinmitngquanvscnbngviiukinbnngoi.Mtkhc,ccphndicano truynxungmnh tnhngtrungkhucachnglnvno,bomhotngcavno".

4.nhkhuccchcnngtmltrongnoNhtrntrnhby,tmlccsvtchtlnovtmllchcnngcano.

lmtquanimhontonduyvt,khoahc.Quanhgianovtmlnhthno?Ctngnhmtbothnkinh,tngtrungkhuthnkinhiukhintngchcnngtm lkhng?Nhngngi theo thuyt tm lgiiphusongsongnhScc -bcsthnkinhcaPhp,Clyit-bcsthnkinhcac,v.vchorngmichcnngtmlucmtvngcnhtrongnoiukhin:cniiukhintngtng,cniiukhintduy,cniiukhinkc,v.v...Hcnchorngtrongccmu"ttng",mu"thu,mu"yung"v.v..lquanimhontonmymcphnkhoahc-cslluncathuytbmsinhditruyn.Chngtakhngnhrngkhngc"trungtmthnkinh"chotngchcnngtml.Miqutrnhtmlphidavohotngcanhiumintrongbncuinophihpgiachngvinhau.

Trongim3cachngnykhininvno,chngtathyvnocccmin,cctrungkhuccutovchcnngkhcnhau.Cctrungkhulidincacctrungkhu thnkinhccphnphadi can - ccon tncngcaccbmyphn tch (snikchngCmgic),v.v...Cc trungkhuccminvnonycquanh trc tipvi hot ng ca cc qu trnh tm l tngi ngin, nhqutrnh cm gic, qu trnh tri gic. Cc qu trnh tm l y c cc trung khu thn kinhring,nhngkhngphichmtminnoycavnothamgiavomtqutrnhtrigic,haymttrungkhuthnkinhnoythamgiavomtqutrnhcmgic,mcnhiumin,nhiutrungkhuthamgiavoqutrnhtmlnyhayqutrnhtmlkia.Trigicsvtkhngphilsphnnhthgicngin,khngphilktqucashotngcaringminthgic,mlsphihpcaminthgic,minvnng,minxcgic,minngnng...(A.R.Luria).

Tmlhcmc-xtcoivnolmtthhonchnh,phnlnhoctonbvnothamgiavoccchcnngtml.Vchcnngvcuto,vnocchiarathnhccmin,cckhurtkhcnhau,nhngkhngc"trungtm"ringcatngchcnngtm l,m nhiu trung khu thn kinh, nhiumin ca v no tham gia vomt hintng tm l: tng tng,ch,ghinh, tduy, tnhcch,v.v...Trongmi trungkhu,miminngvaitrkhcnhau.Lychcnngvitchlmvd:munvitphicnhiutrungkhuthnkinhtrnnhiuminkhcnhaucavnothamgiavoloihotngtngiphctpny:trungkhunghengnng(minthnhgic),trungkhuni (min trn), trung khu iu khin tri gic khng gian (min nh), trung khu iukhinvnngccctay(minvnng)v.v...Tduykhngphilchcnngtmlca ringmin trn, (nhmt s ngi vn thng ngh rng trn cao l ngi thngminh),mtduylchcnngtmlcahuhtvno(chonnnisuynghlngno lnhvy).Tnhcmlchcnngca tonbvnophihpviccbphndicano,chkhngctrungkhutnhcmnmtrongtchcvnohaytrongthnno, nhmt s nh tm l hc lm tng.Ng l chc nng chung ca v no, chkhngphicamttrungkhuthnkinhringbitnov.v...Nitmli,trongmthintngtmlnichung,cbitlcchintngtmlphctp,cnhiutrungkhu,nhiuminvnohoctonthvnothamgiatoraqutrnh.Mttrungkhu,mtminvnothamgiavonhiuhintngtml;lcnynthamgiavomthintngtmlny,lckhcnlithamgiavohintngtmlkhc.Cngckhitrongcngmt thigian,mt trungkhu thamgiavohaihocnhiuhin tng tml.Cctrungkhuthnkinhcngthamgiavomthintngtmlhplithnhmththng.Nimtcchkhc,hthngtrungkhuthnkinhcthnhlptytheocngviccatngloiqutrnh,tngloihintngtml,tcltheochcnng.Cchthngnycthnhlpvhotngtheothigian,khinokhngcnthitcthtmnghhocbhni-nghalchngcththayi.Dotagichnglcchthngchcnngcng(Ankhin,Luria).Trnhphctpcacchthngchcnngcngkhngnhngphthucvoctrngcatnghintngtml,mcnphthucvovn

sngringcatngcth,votrnhchungcastinbnhnloivdntc.Chnhvhthngcctrungkhuthnkinhiukhinmtqutrnhtmlnoy

lhthngcthnhlptheochcnng,chkhngphitheotchcgiiphucth,vhthngchcnngctnhcng,chkhngphibtdibtdch,cnhtrongmtstbothnkinh,chonnkhictnthngmtnitrnvno,nmtmcnhtnh,chcnngtrcycctbobtlitcthchuynsangcctbovnokhc,ttnhinphisaumtthigianluyntp.Hintnggilhintngbtrchcnngcacctbovno(Ankhin,Luria).Nhngnutnthngmtnhiutbovnoqu,vdmthnmtmin,thkhckhnngbtrchcnngc.

y tanhnmnhnhotngchcnngcavnokhngcngha lphnhnhontonvaitrcaccutchcvtrnglng,khilngno.Nunomtngilnckhilngdi1000g,thnokhngkhnnglmvicbnhthng.Phickhilngbnhthngthnomickhnnglpcchthngchcnngcngtt.Cnnhnmnhrngkhilngnokhngquytnhnnglctrtu(ghinh,tngtng,suytnh)cangi.Khngthcncvokhilngnomnhginnglc tr tucaconngi.Mtsnhkhoahc tnga ramt scch tnhkhnngthngminh cangi, v dnhcch tnhkhi lng tngi (khi lngno trnkhilngtonthnth)ttnhintachaththomnvicchtnhkhnngtrtucaconnginhvy.Khilngtngicanochcthnilnstinhacanot thpncao, tngvtnngi,chkhngquytnhnng lc tmlcaconngi (t lkhi lngcvkhi lng ton thncacvoi l1/20, cavoi -1/500,nga-1/400,ch1/250,khhnhngi-1/100,ngi-1/35.

5.HotngthnkinhcpcaoTkhiPplpphthinraphnxciukinvdngphngphpphnxc

iukinnghincuhotngthnkinh,ngthitmramtsquylutcbncahotngy, th loingimicmtshiubitchnhxc,khoahcvhotngthnkinhcpcao.KhoahcthnkinhcpcaolhcthuytPplpvhotngthnkinh.Tonbhcthuytnyxutphtthintngvkhinimphnxciukinvxydngtrncchintngvkhinimy.TtcccsliucahcthuytPplpu c rt ra do phng php phn x c iu kin cho nn ngi ta cn gi hcthuytPplplhcthuytphnxciukin.

Phn ny gii thiu tm tt ni dung hc thuyt v hot ng thn kinh cp caonhmmcchchotahiurcssinhlcahotngtmlvbnchtcatmllhotngphnx.

a)MtskhinimcbnTachiahotngthnkinhtrungngralmhailoi:hotngthnkinhcpcao

vhotngthnkinhcpthp.

Hotngthnkinhcpcao"linhchyuviccbncuino".Hotngny"bomquanhphctp,chnhxcvtinhvicatoncthivithgiibnngoi",c thni lhotng"tinh thn".Hotng thnkinhcpcaochyu lhotngttocamtcth,cktkinhnghimsngcabnthn,lktqucagiodcvtgiodc,phnnhkinhnghimcanhiuthh.Hotngthnkinhcpcaoconngimangduvtcatonblchsxhiloingi.Hotngthnkinhcpcaochyulhotngphnxciukin.Nlunlunthayivngycngphongph,linhhot,phhpkpthivibinicamitrng.Cngvicgingdyvhctpclinquantrctipvihotngthnkinhcpcao,vthngquahotngthnkinhcpcaomnhhngtcngnhotngthnkinhcpthp.

Hotng thnkinhcp thp lhotngcano trunggian,nogia, tiuno,hnhtyvtysng.Nhimvcnbncahotngnyliuhastngquanvphi hp cc phn ca c th vi nhau, ch yu l bo m i sng sinh vt bnhthngcacth.Hotngthnkinhcpthplhotngbmsinhdothhtrcli,nkhthayivtthayi.Hotngthnkinhcpthplhotngphnxkhngiukin.

Tonbhotngcah thnkinhcngnhca tngtbothnkinh,udavohaiqutrnhthnkinhcbnlhngphnvcch.

Hngquphnlmtqutrnhthnkinhgiphthnkinhthchinhaytngmnhcamtphnxhocnhiuphnx.Vd,khinghecmtbnanhhngcataquayuvphangic,mtchmchnhnvpha,hnhnhtonbhotngcacthtptrung"nut"tnglitrongtcphm.Nhngmthanh,gingni,licatcngvotaitalmhngphndythnkinhthnhgic,cctrungkhuthnkinhtngngvccnikhctrongnotoraccphnxquayu,chmchnhn,nghe.Nucmtkchthchgyramthngphnkhmnhhncchngphnkhctacimhngphnuth.

imhngphnuthlcssinhlcach:trcmttacvssvtkhcnhau,nhngtachchnmtvtnoy.Vtytoratrongutaimhngphnuth.Thygioginghaylmhcsinhngingyranghe.

Nhvyltacimhngphnuthtrongvngthnhgiccahcsinh.Toraimhngphnuthtcltoraschhcsinhlviclmrtcnthitmbochobigingcktqutt.

c ch lmt qu trnh thnkinhgiph thnkinhkmhmhoc lmmtmtphnxhaymtsphnxnhtnh.Tinghtnhnhng,mdu,uucangimlmatrangkhcncn,vungtay,giychndndnnmim,thnthcrithiuthiung.Cnglnhngmthanh,nhngvinhp,cng,ktcunoythcthlmmtscquantrongcthgimhoctmngnghotng,tcllmcchli.Gingbiuu,gingniqutthayicaothp,mnhyuv.v...rtdgyra

cch trongnohc sinh lmhc sinhhaybunng.Haynigaygtqu,mngmnngncngdgyracchtrongnonginghe,lmhcphnng"ngm"khngni,khngrng.

Hngphnvcchlhaimtthngnhtcahotngthnkinh.Khngcmthotngthnkinhnolicthchdavohngphnhaycchmlunlunphidavochaiqutrnh.chnyxyrahngphn,chkiacch.Trongcngmtimqutrnhnytipqutrnhkia,hngphnthaythcchvngclicchthaythhngphn;haiqutrnhphihpvinhaurtchtch,htrlnnhaurttchcc.Tonbhotngthnkinhtlcnysinhnlcmtilhngphnvcchvhaiqutrnhthnkinhylktqucastcngcacbnngoilnbntrongcth,tino.ngthi,thccaconnginhiukhicngthamgiaiukhinhaiqutrnhyvinhngmckhcnhau.

Saubaonhiunmnghincu, tm ti, loingimiinshiubitnvhotngcbncahthnkinhlphnx(cc,1644).Khinimphnxgipgiithchmtcchkhoahcmihotngcangvtcaongvngi,tcngnginnsxccm,suyngh.Bivphnxlmtphnngttyuhpquylutcacthivimttcnhnbnngoi-phnngthchinnhmtphnnhtnhcah thng thn kinh. Ly hin tng chpmt khi thy ngn n qu sng lm v d.Chpmt lphnx.Phnxycnguynnhnkhchquan lnhsng tngnnchiuvomt,quaccbphncanhncunvngmc.ynnglngnhsngbinthnhnnglngthnkinhtoratrongdythnkinhthgicmtlungxungngthnkinhcdnquacnosinht,quaithlnthychm.Nnglngthnkinhnvnolmhngphnmtsnithychmvtoracmgicnhsng,hocngaynotrunggiancshngphntheodythnkinhthgicquadythnkinhvnngxungcccxungquanhmtvmt,lmmtnhmli,thytinhthdtli,v.v...

Phnngchpmtxyratheoquylut.Trongphnxnycsthamgiatrctipca trungkhunm trongnogia, no trunggianv ci din trn thy chmvminvnngvno.Cchinlngkhcnhnidagkhitrirt,chymhikhitrinngv.v...cngccchsinhltngt.Xccm,suynghphctphncchintngvak,ccchthnkinhphctphnnhiu.Nhngxtchoncng,xccm,tnhcm,suynghcngchlphnngivimttcngkhchquanvcsthamgia cano.C thdomt svt c th tcngvomtgynnhngphn thychm,vthngphnlansangccvng,ccminkhcxungcccquantrongcthlmhnhhaynhnnh,ticihaycauc,v.v...Hockhicmthoncnhbnngoitcngvotalmtaphisuyngh,tadnghnhnhvhoncnhyvkthpvicchnhnhkhcc trongnocngdovtkhchquan tcng trcymsinhrasuyxtvtmracchgiiquytvn.Chaitrnghpuccchsinhllnhngphnx.Xtrnpchrarngtnhcmvsuyngh,vmtsinhl,ulphn x.Mi phn x c thc hin nh hot ng ca nhiu t bo thn kinh nm

trongmtcungphnx.Chui tbo thnkinh thchinmtphnxgi lcungphnx.Cungphnx

gmcbaphn:-Phndnvo(hngtm)nhntcngngoigii,binnthnhhngphnthn

kinhvtruynhngphnvohthnkinhtrungng.Phndnvocacungphnxcutobibmynhnkchthch(nhngnhnhtncngcadythnkinhthcm),bdy thnkinh thcm (hng tm) tcquannhnkch thchn trungkhu thnkinh.

-Phntrungtmlmnhimvdntruynhngphntrongphmvihthnkinhtrungng tn-ronnyquan-ronkhcvn tboiukhinhnhng tr likchthch.

-Phndnra(lytm)nhnhngphnttrungtm,truynnccc,cctuyn;phnnyccutobitbothnkinhvnng,bdythnkinhvnng(lytm)vtncngcabthnkinhlytmvnng.

Miphnxcthchintheocungphnxgyramtphnngcacthivikch thch.Ktqudophnx tonncbov trungng thnkinhgiphthnkinhkpthiiuchnhphnng,tiptchotng,nhmtktquttnht.Bphnthchincngvicnygilnglinhngc(Ankhin).Mihintngtmlxyrakhingitatinhnhnhnthc,haykhictnhcmcngnhkhihnhngudinratrongmtphnhaytonbcungphnx.Btcmthintngtmlnoxyraucquanhviphntrungtmcacungphnx,ktquyltorachnhnhtmlnyhayhnhnhtmlkhc.

b)HotngphnxTonbhotngcahthnkinhtrungnglhotngphnx.Tacthtn

tivpht trinclnhccchotngphnx.Chai loihotngphnx:hotngphnxkhngiukinvhotngphnxciukin.

Phnxkhngiukinlphnxbmsinhctruyntthhnysangthhkia.Ntn timicngvis tn tica loi.Phnxkhngiukinbommilinhthngxuyngiacthvmitrng,nghaltrongbtkhoncnh,thigianno,cctcngkchthchlcphnxkhngiukintngngxyra.Vvy,hotngphnxkhngiukinchgipcththchngcvimitrngkhngthayi.Nhngphnxnyctrungkhuthnkinhtrongccphndivnovcidintrnvno.

Hotngphnxkhngiukinlcssinhlcabnnngcangvtvngi.Mibnnngudavomtsphnxkhngiukin.Bnnngdinhdng,bnnngtv,bnnngsinhdcutntivdinbintrncsccphnxkhngiukin.

Phnxkhngiukinngitnhiukhcviphnxkhngiukinngvt:phnxkhngiukinngichunhhngcasphttrinlchsxhiv tnhiumang tnhcht lchsxhi.Hotngbnnng,gimtvai tr thyutronghotngcaconngi;nc"xhiha".Tuyphnxkhngiukinlphnxbmsinh,nhngtavncthphthuytcdnggiodcivinbngcchtngcngtnhchtxhichoccphnxkhngiukinthngquavicthnhlpcchthngphnxciukin.

c)Cchthnhlpphnxciukinhiuphnxciukinthnhlpnhthno,talymtvivd.Trongphng thnghimcamnh,Pplp lmthnghimnhsau(thnghim

nyccoilthnghimkinhin):trckhichochnngbtn,saukhichthynhn5-7giythchochn,dochtitncbt;clmnhthmtslt,saukhngphichlcnothcnvommch,chmititncbt,mchcnnhncnglmchochtitncbt.Phnxtitncbtkhinhnthcnlphnxkhngiukin.Phnxtitncbtkhinhnthynhnlphnxciukin.

Lymtvdkhcmtagphngngy.Khitancm,cmvthcnvoming,ncbttitra,lphnxtitncbtkhngiukin,nnhiulnnhvy,sautamitrngthycmvthcn,ngithymicmvthcn,ncbttitra,ylphnxthcnciukin.

Trnghpthnht tacphnxkhngiukin,vccthcntrongmingncbtphititra,khngcnmtiukingc.Trnghpthhaitacphnxciukin."iukin"ylskthptcngcamiv,musccacmvthcn.y liukinquan trngnht,quytnhhotngca tuynncbt,khi tami ch thymu sc,mivcacmv thcn;ycm, thcn lnhngkchthchgyraphnxkhngiukin(gilkchthchkhngiukin,cnnhngkchthchgyraphnxciukingilkchthchciukin).Hailoikchthchnygpnhauu, linhvinhaunh thno?Nh tabit, trungkhu titncbtnmtronghnhtycidintrnvno,cntrungkhuthgictrnvno(thychm).Khimusc,hnhthcacmvthcntcngvomt,mtstbovnotrongthychmhngphnvtvnghngphnny,ccxungngthnkinhtruynsangcctbokhc.Khicmvthcnchmvoming,trungkhutitncbttronghnhtyhngphnvlmchotrungkhuiincantrnvnocnghngphnvcng truynhngphn t trungkhuidinsangcc tbokhccavno.Cclungxungngthnkinhtruyni thaivngygpnhau,ni linhaivngli,lmchomusc,hnhthcacmvthcntcngvomttacngcthlmchotrungkhutitncbttrnnhotngviukhintuynncbtlmvic.Nhvylcnglinhthnkinhtrnvnonihaiimhngphnctorabikch

thchkhngiukinvkchthchciukin.Milinhthnkinhnylmilinhhaichiuvcgilnglinhthnkinhtmthi.

d)iukinthnhlpphnxciukinQuavdtrn,tathymunthnhlpmtphnxciukin,trchtphic

mtphnxkhngiukintitncbt.Tnhchtcamiphnxciukincquytnhbiloiphnxkhngiukincngcn,vd,saukhibtntrcmtthchoconvtn.Lmnhvynhiulnthvsauchcnchoconvtnhnthynhncngcphnxtiuha.Cnhngphnxciukintrctipphthucvophnxkhngiukinvcnhngphnxciukin,nhtlngi,cquanhgintipviphnxkhngiukin,vkhngphthucvokchthchciukin.Cscanhngphnxciukinloinylnhngphnxciukinccngc.

PhnxciukindatrctipvophnxkhngiukinlphnxciukincpI.PhnxciukinthnhlpdavophnxciukincpIgilphnxciukincpII,vcnhvytacththnhlpphnxciukincpIII,cpIV,v.v...ngicththnhlpccphnxciukincpIV,Vvcaohnbngcckchthchngnng.

PhnxciukintitncbtnitrnlphnxciukincpI.NgheninthcncngtitncbtlphnxciukincpIIhoccpcaohn.Ttcccthiquen,npsng,hnhvioccaconngiuccslphnxciukincpcao.Chonnkhigiodc,rnluynnhngphmchtucnnhgikpthivkhen thngngmc -chnh l tocscn thit lpccphnxciukinlmcssinhlchocchintngtmltngng.

Hail,kchthchciukinphitcngtrchoccngvikchthchkhngiukin.NulmngctrnhtthnghimkinhincaPplpvsthnhlpphnxciukin,ngha lchochnrimibtn trcmtch thkhng lpchocrtkhmilpcphnxciukintitncbtivinhsng.Muncphnxciukintitncbtivinhsngphibtntrckhichon(khong5-6giy).Nubtntrcquluhoccnglcchonthcngcthlpcphnxciukintitncbtivinhsng,nhngskhkhnhn,phimtnhiuthigianhn.Vkhilpcphnxthcngdmti.Phnxthnhlptrongtrnghpnykhngchclm.Nhtathngthymunlmmtviclmcktqubaogicngphidndtrckhilmhocvchratnglaisnngvintrc...

Thba,mun tocphnxciukin thcngcakch thchciukinkhngcmnhqu,vnhvysgyimhngphnrtmnh,cthlmcchccvngkhc,trongcidincaphnxdokchthchkhngiukintrnvnogyra.Dokhngcnglinhgiahaitrungkhunavphnxciukinkhngcthnhlp,chonnmngqugaygtkhngctcdnggiodc,mn

tnkhuynnhvnctcdnghn.Tht,vnophitngitdovkhe.Trongkhithnhlpphnxciu

kin,vnophitrngthihotngtnhto.Mtiurtdnhnthylkhingthkhngthlpcphnxciukin.Sckhenichungvringcavnocnhhngnvicthnhlpphnxciukin.Notdotclnokhngcnhiuhotng(hocttnhtlnchchotngcquanhviphnxciukinangcnlp),cnglmtiukincnhhngnvicthnhlpphnxciukin.Vvynntoiukingingdyvolcnokhekhonvtdohncvngquthamlam,gynhiutcngtrongcngmtlc.

Thnm,tuicanobcnhhngnhtnhnsthnhlpphnxciukin.Nobcnnonquchalpcphnxciukin.Nobgiqukhlpcphnxciukin,hocckhikhnglpc.Chonnkhiluyntp,giodcphichnkhnngcanobtnglatuimnhchngtrnh,nidung.

)cimcaphnxciukinPhnxciukincnhngcimsauy:1.Phnxciukinlphnxtto.ngvtcaongvngikhimisinh

rachacphnxciukin.Tngngvt,tngconngitrongqutrnhsngvphttrincamnh,tytheoiukincthmlpraphnxciukincatngcththchngvimitrnglunthayi.Tremcngmtlatuinhngiukinsngkhcnhau,iukintipxcvingoicnhkhcnhaucngcnhngphnxciukinkhcnhau.Vngayc trongiukinngoigiinhnhau,phnxciukinlpchaiatrcthkhcthau,anyphnxciukincththnhlpmauhnnhngchngmthn.akiaphnxcththnhlpluhnnhngbn hn, v.v.. V vy phn x c iu kin thuc v c th ch khng thuc v loi.Thnhlpphnxciukinltoiukinchoconngihotngthunli.Cthnitonbhotnggiodcvtgiodc,ngvmtsinhlhc,lthnhlpnhngphnxciukinvnhnghthngphnxciukin.

2.Csgiiphucaphnxciukinnmtrongvno.Ngi ta l thnghimctvnomtconch,saunmthtccphnxciukinthnhlptrc y, v khng to ra c cc phn x c iu kinmi na.Nh trong c chthnhlpphnxciukin,tathyngnitrungkhunhnkchthchciukinlngnitipnhiutbovno.Khngcvno,ngvtvngivntiuha,hhpc,vntntinhmtcthsngtrongmtthigiannhtnh,ckhihngnmhayhnna,nhnghunhkhngcmtphnxciukinno.Phicvnovhotngbnhthngcavnothmicphnxciukin.

3.Phnxciukinbohiugin tipkch thchkhngiukins tcngvocth.Trongphnnivthnhlpphnxciukin,cckchthchthgicbohiusckchthchthcntcngvoming-iukintuynncbthotng

trckhinhncthcnvoming.Doncbttitratrc,vkhithcnvominglgpncbtngay.Phnxciukinchunbchomthotngspxyra.Davocimnycaphnxciukinmconngicthcnhnghotnghng v tng lai.Vic chun b t tng, chun b tinh thn lmmt vic g chnhcng lcncvokhnngbohiugin tipcaccphnxciukincthnhlp.

Nhvy,phnxciukin lphnngt tocacthivi tcngcangoigii;nctorados thamgiachyucavnovish trcaccbphn khc ca no. Gi nhng phn x c thnh lp nh m t trn y v cnhngcimtrnhbylphnxciukinv thnht,hnhthnh,chngihimtsiukinnhtnh,thhai,tronghotngcachng,chngphthucvoslniukin.

Vinhngcimktrn,hotngphnxciukingipcththchngvimitrnglunlunthayi.

Ttcnhngthiquen, tptc,cchnhvi,hotngdoluyntp,giodctonnuccssinhlthnkinhlphnxciukin.Mihintngtml,tccqu trnhncc thuc tnh,uc linhmt thitviphnxciukin, tuyvmcckhcnhau.

e)cchccphnxciukinMtphnxciukinthnhlpkhngphibaogicngsnsngxuthin,m

clctmthingngtr,bkmli,khnghotng.Hintnggilcchphnxciukin.Tytheoiukinsinhracchmtacccloicchkhcnhau.

Tachiacchralmhailoi:cchngoivcchtrong.cchngoi.Saukhithnhlpcphnxciukin,nuchokchthchc

iukinxuthincngvimtkchthchkhckhngclinhviphnxciu

kinny,vkchthchmiligyraimhngphn,thphnxciukinkhngxyra.Phnxciukinnybcchbimtkch thchbnngoikhngc linquannphnx.cchnycgilcchngoi,haycchkhngiukin(cngckhicngilcchthng).Tronggiginggiovinphilulcnonig,cng,ilithno,khinonnchoxemtranh,v.v...lngnchncccchngoicthxyranhhngxutiligingcamnh.

Ngoiracnmtloicchngoigilcchbov.cchnyxyrakhimtkchthchqumnhhaytcngqulunninokhngcnkhnngtipthuna,ntmthiphi"tchi",phicchgignchohthnkinhvnton.cchbovcncgilcchvthn.Khinghenididng,uu,khhiu,ngitahayng.lcchbov.Qut,mngto,nghechitaicngdgyracchbov.

cchtronglcchclinquannscngccaphnxciukinvxyratrongcchcaphnxciukin.Diychgiithiumtsloicchtrong.

cchttxyrakhiphnxciukinkhngccngcbngmtphnxkhngiukin.Nhtabit,mtiukincbnthnhlpphnxciukinlcmtphnxkhngiukincngc.Nukhngccngcbngvtkchthchkhngiukinthphnxciukinsbtt.Davocchtt,ngitacthbnhngphnxciukinkhngcnthitchostnticacth.Vnocthhotngnhvy,chonntacthtinhnhcitohnhvixu.

cchtrhonlcchlmchophnxchmxyra,ngitacngilcchchm.Trongphngthnghim,saukhilpphnxciukin,takhngchokchthchkhngiukincngcngaysaukchthchciukinmhaibaphtmichokchthchkhngiukincngc.Sauphnxciukinkhngxyrangaysaukhikchthchciukintcng,mchxyrasaukhikchthchciukintcnghaibapht.Vbncht,phnxbcchchmlmtloiphnxthigian.Davocchcacchchmmngi ta luyn tpiukhinchnhxcccng tc,hnhvivkhicnthitcthkmchngli.

cchphnbit.Saukhithnhlpphnxciukinivikchthchciukinlmthanhctns25hcchnghn,trongcthchxyraphnngivimthanh,vkhngphnngvimthanhctns20hay30hc.Muntoraktqu, taphidngmtphnxkhngiukincngcm thanh25hc,vkhngcngcccmthanhkhc.Nhccchphnbitmcthccchnhngtinhvi,cthphnbitkccvtvhintngtrongthgiikhchquan.cchphnbitcquanhchtchvihotngphntchniringvvitduynichung.

Ccphacch.Ngitachiarabamc(haybapha)cchcavno:phangangbng,phatringc,phaccktringc.Trongmiphacch,quylutphthucvocngkchthchlicbiuhinring,hontonkhcnhau.

Trongpha "ngangbng", tt c cckch thch c cngkhcnhauugy ra

phnngbngnhau.Trongpha"tringc",kchthchyutoraphnngmnh,kchthchmnhtora

phnngyu.Trongpha"cck tringc,kch thch trong trng thi tnhkhnggy raphn

ngbygiligyraphnng,vngclikchthchtrongtrngthitnhgyraphnngbygilikhnggyraphnng.

Tacthnghimthysdinbincaccphakhitaqumtmi,btunghaybnhthucm,v.v...Nhiubnhnhntnh,thnkinhthyrtrcctrngthitrn.

Gicngvthimin.Mynghnnmnay,gicngvthiminlitngsuynghcabaonhiubcthinticanhnloivsnsinhranhiuthuytkhcnhau.NhngchnPplpmibtugiiquytcvngicngmtcchkhoahc.TheoPplp,nglhintngcchlanrngvno;lcunnysinhmtsimnhtnh,saulanrahunhtonthvnovlanxungccphnkhccano.Trongkhingcim"trc"hay "imbov"chunb chovnochuyn sangtrngthitnhvcthtipthucckchthchcnthittrongkhing.Pplpkhngnhrngkhngctrungkhuiukhinng,(nhtrungkhuiukhintitncbthayhthi).Gn y ngi ta nhn thy vng trng cng vi v no tham gia vo vic iukhintrngthithcvng.Nglmtloicchbovrtcnthitchomtcthbnhthngcthtntivphttrin.

TheoPplp,thiminlcchbphncgynnbngnhnto.cchnyhphncchxyra tronggicng. trng thi thimin,ccminngnngnghekhngbcch, ccmin linquannvnngbcchnhiuhnc.Thiminkhngphil"phphp"haymatlmnn,mdokchthchngoigiitinhnhuuvomthayhaigicquannoychonlccthgynnmtcch,vcchlanramtsvngnhtnh.

B.CCQUYLUTHOTNGTHNKINHCPCAOHotngthnkinhdinratheomtsquylutcbnsauy:1.QuyluthotngtheohthngMunphnnhsvtmtcch trnvn,cc trungkhu trongccmincav

nokhngthlmvicmtcchringrtipnhntngloikchthchvphntchringrtngkchthchmt,mphicsphihpnhiutrungkhucnghotngtphpcc loikch thch ring r thnhnhm, thnhbhonchnh.Hotng tnghp(baogicngclinquanbinchngvihotngphntch)cavbncuinogiptphpcckchthchhayphnngringtthnhtngnhmbhonchnhgilhotngtheohthngcabncuino.

Sdcchotngnhvytrchtlvtrongthgiikhchquan,cckchthchcquanhvinhau rtchtch.Khi tcngvoc th, thc tcckch thch

khnghontontchrinhau,mkchthchnytcngcngvikchthchkia, tcngnyxyranitiptcngkia,v.v...Do,ctakhngthphnngmtcchringrc,mphiphnngtrlimttphpcckchthch.Munccphnngnhvy,haibncuinophickhnnghotngtnghp,hotngtheohthng,tcltoranhngnglinhthnkinhtmthitrlimtskchthchnyhaymtskchthchkia.chnhlhthngchcnngnitrn.

Mtbiuhinrtquantrngcaquyluthotngchthnglhotngnghnh.Trongphngthnghim,chomtskch thch tunt tcngvonginhiuln,cinktipcikia.Sauchcncmttrongskchthchytcngcnggyraphnngnhlphnngvitphpcckchthchtcngtrckia.Nhvyltoracmthotngnghnh.Tacthnhnghanghnhnhsau:nghnhlmthotngphnxciukinktipnhautheomtthtnhtnhlpilplinhiuln.Pplpvit:cckchthchkhcnhautcngvobncuino,chng"gpnhau,vachmnhau,tcnglnnhauvcuicngphichthngha,thngbngvinhau,cthnilktthcbngmtnhhnhnglc".

Sdcktqunhvylvnotphpcckchthchthnhmththnghonchnhtheomt trnh tnhtnh.Trongisnghngngy, tacngthngthycchlmviccngnnp,quyckhithnhthiquen,thsauclmxongvicnyslmtipvickia,nhlmtchuynttnhin.lbiuhincaquyluthotngnghnh.Xccm,tnhcmcaconngicnglbiuhintmlcaquylutsinhlhotngnghnhcavno.

Nhhot ng theo h thng, theo nghnhmv no va tn nhiu nnglng,vacphnngvingoigiilinhhot,chnhxchn.

2.QuylutlantavtptrungHngphnhaycchnysinhmtimtronghthnkinh,timtasang

ccimkhccahthnkinh,nhvylhngphnvcchlanta.Sauhaiqutrnhythuhivmtninhtnhno,nhvylhngphnvcchtptrung.Nhhngphnlantamcththnhlpccmilinhthnkinh,cthtmtsvicny lin tngsvickhc,c thnhvtnyvdonhnvtkhc,v.v....Nhcchlantamctrngthithimin,ng.cchtlantantptrungathnkinhttrngthingsangtrngthitnh.Hngphntptrunggiptaphntchsu,kmtmtcatngsvtringbit.

3.QuylutcmngqualiHngphnnysinhmtim trongbncuinoc th to racchcc

imlncn,hayngc licchnysinhmtimc th torahngphnccim ln cn.V d nh c lc v qu tp trung nhnmt bc tranh cnh vtm takhngnghethytingng,linibnhthngxyrabncnh.yhngphntrongcctrungkhulinquanntrigicnhntoracchcctrungkhulinquannnghe

tingngvngnng.Hintngnylmtbiuhincaquylutcmngqualimtaginlcmngqualingthihaycmngqualigianhiutrungkhu.

Khngphichhngphnhaycchmtim