tvan technical training health physics (radcon) initial training program hpt001.008 revision 2 page...

TVAN Technical TrainingHealth Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program

HPT001.008Revision 2

of 13Cell StructuresCell Structures


• Plasma membrane – envelopes the whole cell and allows nutrients in and wastes out

• Cytoplasm – constitutes the interior of the cell and controls metabolism

• Nucleus – directs all cell activity and contains the genetic material• Ribosomes – synthesizes proteins• Mitochondria – energy source for cell by assembly, storage, and

release of ATP• Lysosome – recycling center that breaks down large molecules by

inserting a molecule of water into the chemical bond• Endoplasmic reticulum – transports chemicals between cells and

within cells• Golgi complex – modifies, stores, and secretes chemicals


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Cell Parts and FunctionsCell Parts and Functions



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Free RadicalsFree RadicalsWater exposed to radiation results in an ion pair

H2O + radiation → H2O+ + e-

The water ion combines with water to produce hydronium and a free radical

H2O+ + H2O → H3O+ + OH∙

Hydronium can combine with a free electron to produce water and a free radical

H3O+ + e- → H2O + H∙

Free radicals can combine with like free radicals to produce hydrogen gas or hydrogen peroxide

H∙ + H∙ → H2 OH∙ + OH∙ → H2O2 If oxygen is present, a free radical

can combine with it, resulting in a hydroperoxyl radical

H∙ + O2 → H2O∙

Hydroperoxyl radicals can combine with other free radicals to produce hydrogen peroxide

HO2∙ + H∙ → H2O2 HO2∙ + HO2∙ → H2O2


Damage to DNA or Chromosomes


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Cell DivisionCell Division

Parent Cell

Cell Division

Normal Daughter Cells

Normal Cell Division – No Radiation Involved



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Cell DivisionCell DivisionParent Cell

Cell Division

Normal Daughter Cells

Radiation

Damage Repaired

Radiation Damage Repaired – Followed By Normal Cell Division



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Cell Division

Abnormal Daughter Cells

Radiation

Radiation Damage Resulting in Abnormal Daughter Cells



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Cell Division

Daughter Cells Die

Radiation

Radiation Damage -- Daughter Cells Incapable of Life



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Parent Cell Dies

Severe Radiation

Severe Radiation Damage -- Parent Cell Dies



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Radiosensitivity of CellsRadiosensitivity of CellsMost Sensitive

Sperm cells

Leukocytes – white blood cells

Erythrocytes – red blood cells

Blood Forming Tissue – bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes

Fetal Cells

Moderately Sensitive

Digestive System

Vascular System – affected in many ways

Outer and inner layers of skin

Hair follicles

Least Sensitive

Muscle

Collagen – connective tissue

Central Nervous System

Bone



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Threshold DosesThreshold DosesDose Health Effect

5 Rad Blood Changes10 Rad15 Rad50 Rad

100 Rad150 Rad200 Rad

300 Rad600 Rad

1000 Rad Central nervous system syndrome, survival virtually impossible

Chromosome AberrationsTemporary sterility in men, up to 4 yrDecreased white blood cells, nausea, vomiting, immune system depressionMild radiation sickness, survival almost certainMortality rare, ovulatory suppression

Hair loss, erythema, blisters, scarring, survival possibleGastrointestinal syndrome, permanent sterility in women aged 15 to 40, death likely

Hematopoietic syndrome, permanent sterility in men and temporary in women, survival possible



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Lethality DoseLethality DoseSpecies LD50 Rads Species LD50 Rads

Sheep 155

Burro 155

Swine 195

Marmoset 200

Goat 230

Guinea pig 255

Dog 265

Monkey 398

Human * 320-360

Human ** 480-540

Human *** > 540

Rabbit 840

Mouse 900

Gerbil 1059

Desert Mice 1520

* With medical care

** With supportive medical care

*** With intensive medical care



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Internal Deposition Internal Deposition

Kidneys

Lungs

Lymph Nodes

Subcutaneous Tissue

Organs

Liver

Extracellular Fluid (Including Blood) SkinGI

Tract

Inhalation

Ingestion WoundExhalation

Perspiration

Urine

Bile

Feces



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Loss of Life ExpectancyLoss of Life ExpectancyHealth Risk Days Lost Health Risk Days Lost

Smoking * 2370 (6.5 years)

Overweight ** 985 (2.7 years)

All accidents 435 (1.2 years)

Auto accident 200

Alcohol use 130

Home accident 95

Drowning 41

Safest jobs 30

Natural Bkgd 8

Medical X-rays 6

All catastrophes 3.5

1 Rem *** 1

1 Rem/yr 30 yr 30

5 Rem/yr 30 yr 150

** by 20%

*** Industry average occupational

exposure is 0.34 Rem/year

* 20 cigarettes (1 pack) per day

tvan technical training health physics (radcon) initial training program hpt001.008 revision 2 page...

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