twenty five years of community forestry: mapping tree
TRANSCRIPT
29 November,2018Kathmandu, Nepal
Naya Sharma Paudel Rahul Karki
Samata Manandhar
Community Forestry in the Changing Rural Dynamics
1
Twenty five years of community forestry: Mapping tree dynamics in Nepal
• Migration and remittance, urbanization and monetization of rural economy have changed forest-people relation.
• Reliance on forest products has reduced in general, but more specialized interactions have developed
• Timber harvest has dominated the OP content, regulatory focus and leaders interests, diverse values/needs are undermined
Key messages
2
Absentee population by age, gender and wealth group
87.60%
12.40%
Absentee population by gender
Male Female
Source:NLSS,2010/11;CBS,2014
11.2
14.4
19.224.3
30.9
Absentee population by wealth status
Poorest
2nd
3rd
4th
richest
13.20%
49.50%
24.90%
5.60% 1.40%Absentee population by age
5-14' 15-29 30-44 45-59 60 and above
3
4.86.1
7.4
8.9
10.913.4
15.8
18.2
02468
101214161820
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Perc
enta
ge
Urbanisation Trend
Remittance and Urbanization
0500
1000150020002500300035004000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
US$
(in
mlli
on)
Inflow of remittances in Nepal (2001-2011)
0102030405060708090
100
1995/96 2003/04 2010/11
Remittance flow at HH level
Share of Remittance in HH income of recipient (%)
Remittance Receiving HH (%)
Source: CBS 2011 4
Change in the employment pattern (before and after migration)
70
2.5
10.4
1.7 13.9 2.6
7.93
9.9 12.67.5 8 7.4
32.8
18.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Before After
Internal
Nepal Migration Survey 2009
66.4
5.7 5.63.2 2.6 3.4
6 77.9
31.7
16.2 15.7
5.2 6.111.6
5.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Before After
Nepal Migration Survey 2009
International
5
94.3591.17
81.23
65.760.43
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Perc
enta
ge d
istrib
utio
n
Year
Economically active population involved in agriculture,forestry and fishery
Decreasing reliance on farming
Source: CBS,2001;CBS, 2013
6
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Cattle Chaunri Buffaloes Goats Sheep Pigs
000’
Axis Title
1981/82
1991/92
2001/02
2011/12
Changing status of livestock: Decreasing per capita holding; goats are rising
7.95 7.82
6.886.56
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
1981/82 1991/92 2001/02 2011/12
Livestock per holding
Change in livestock over decade
(CBS, 2015)7
Land abandonment trends
8
Increasing land under-utilisation in the hills
Adopted from Ojha et al. 2017 9
Labor substitution
81.8
74.3
75.9
77.4
13.6
17.1
13.8
14.6
4.6
8.6
10.3
8.0
0 50 100
Boch
Kawasoti
Nalma
Total
Who substitutes men’s work when they migrate?
Head/SpouseChildRelatives
Migration leading to labor loss (current and future).
Male labor substituted by elderly male and female. “Where can you find labor . Everyone is leaving”
Women substituting, but only to a certain extent. (Explains reduction in agriculture).
“Women aren’t allowed to plough the land. People believe that the land will be turned upside down if is ploughed by women.”
Exchange labor among women increased.
Certain tasks continue to be reserved for able bodied men – collection of firewood from community forestry and ploughing.
10
93.33
0
29.32 26.5832.73 30.26
6.7
100.0
70.7 73.467.3 69.7
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Timber NTFPs Firewood Fodder Leaf litter Total
Collection of forest resources
Male Female
Collection of forest resources: women are key actors
Source: Field Survey, 2017 11
Changing fuel consumption
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
Import of LPG (in MT)
Source: NOC 2015
12
From generic to specific use
13
Regulatory and institutional practice on timber: other benefits undermined
(legal cases from Kavre and Lamjung)
Sites Fiscalyear
Legal case
Dharapani 069/70 Financial embezzlement by EC chair, CIAA case, timber that was auctioned, could not be sold, later 950 cft damaged by fire
Chappani 072/73 Timber harvested after receiving DFO permit could not be sold due to reconstruction related circular, later 800cft damaged by fire
LangdiHariyali
073/74 Round wood were taken to saw mill after harvest as per the permit, police case, later DFO took the case, EC leaders suffered much
LangdiHariyali
071/72 Few trees were felled due to Mid-Hill Highway construction; followed by DFO action on CFUG, EC leaders suffered much
Aapchaur 071/72 Difference between Chapan and actual harvest volume led to a case that delayed release order (permit), damaged timber was sold at cheap price
Kalopani 072/73 Despite harvest permit, CFUG leaders could not harvest trees, as people were yet to construct houses due to delayed release of grants by the [earth] reconstruction authority. Re-applying required later. 14
CF meetings are heavily timber dominatedExecutive committee and CFUG decisions in Aapchaur CF (2070-2073)
Major decisions No of decisions
Timber harvesting, timber auctioning, distribution of timber (including to earthquake victims), timber valuation/grading, forest inventory, plantation and block management
24
Control of illegal harvesting, construction of fences, boundary allocation, OP renewal
5
Wellbeing ranking, fodder management, allocation of fund for poor/marginalized, roadside cleaning and support, nomination for exposure visits and trainings, biochar preparation
7
15
Elite nexus and timber centric management are linkedCF Key leadership tenure (since when) Representation in other institutions
Lampata 18 years (in key position like chair and secretary)
NC leader, Chair of Agriculture cooperative Chair of VFCC
Aapchaur 10 years (in key position like chair and secretary)
CPN-UML party leader; Businessman Secretariat member of Lamjung FECOFUN
Langdihariyali 15 years (in the position of chair) Chair of road construction committee
Kalopani 20 years (with a gap of four years though was chair for another CF)
Former Ward chair Previously engaged in Australian CF project
Saparupa 15 years (in the position of chair)
Fagarkhola 10 years (in key position like chair and secretary)
Member of school management committeeRural health mobilizer; Chair of Mothers Groupand agriculture groups (cardamom, sericulture)
Kalopani CF: Dairy is the main enterprise, timber dominated discussions, DFO staffs mostly focus on timber related calculations Khasru management in shadow
SAPARUPA CF: Dairy enterprise one of the major livelihood sources, people buy rice straw transported all the way from Terai
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