Two Dimensional (2D) Instructional

Media

Overview

In these modern times, various instructionalmaterials are used by the teachers but the most common are those that are two dimensional for they are inexpensive and have been used aspermanent fixtures in the classrooms in theremote areas and that could be the reason whytheir pedagogical value is often underestimated.

Content

Two-dimensional (2D) instructional materials consist only oflength and width. They are paper based, opaque materialsthat are commonly found in classrooms that do not need anyspecial equipment for its use.

1. Chalkboards

most common instructional media in classrooms, rural and urban alikecome in variety of colors but the most common is greenused as a medium for verbal communicationused as a surface where other instructional devices are posted to supplement instructionIt is neglected and it does not get the proper care it deserves due to its commonalities

It effectively requires conscious effort for the teacher to beable to harness its power as an instructional tool.

Advantagesa. generally suitable for different age

groups, class size and subject matterb. no special skill is needed to be able to

use itc. not dependent on electricityd. economical and reusable

Limitations

a. does not provide permanent recordsb. viewing the contents of the board and

reaching its top becomes a problem if it is not well situated.

c. good handwriting and knowledge on the proper spelling is a necessity

d. some information cannot be presented well e. chalk dust can trigger asthma or respiratory

problem

2. White Boards and Magnetic Boardsglossy surface, commonly white colored (multipurpose boards)became popular around 90’s when there was a growing concern on the potential health risks of chalk dust. basically have the same use and purpose of a chalkboardbecomes a magnetic board when it is made with a metal base

Advantages

a. using markers does not generate dust that comes from using and erasing chalk

b. whiteboard marker is easier to hold and write compared to chalk and marking with a whiteboard takes a less time

Limitationsa. more expensive than chalkboard, can only use

special whiteboard markers

b. the white background can cause problems to those with vision impairment

c. not convenient for left-handed persons because they usually write with their hand curved around the pen before causing their hand to drag across the stokes previously made

3. Cloth Boards (Felt, Flannel, and Carpet)

A piece of plywood or heavy cardboard covered witheither felt, flannel or carpet having fuzzy surfaceswhich allows visual materials with appropriate backingto adhere like felt, flannel, sandpaper, pellon, scouringpad and yarn

Cloth boards are portable, simple to use, durable, colorful and attractive which canbe best use for drills, positioning exercise,describing flow patterns, explaining

relationshipsand for short term display.

4. Hook and Loop Boards (Velcro Boards)

In creating this, a plywood or heavy cardboard iscovered with a nylon loop material and the nylonhooks are adhered on the back of the instructionalmaterials to be displayed on the board.

5. PegboardsMade of tempered masonite with 1/8-inch holesdrilled one inch apart and also used indisplaying three-dimensional objects with theuse of hooks inserted into the board

6. Bulletin BoardsAre generally not used directly in instruction but tendto be a supplement which are used to introduce orfollow-up lessons presented, designed as aninstructional device that can carry a message withoutthe presence of a teacher, also for displaying notices,announcements, classroom rules, procedures,seasonal items and student’s works

Graphic MaterialsTranslate abstract ideas and relationships into aconcrete form, non-photographic, twodimensional materials designed to communicatea message to the viewer, often reduce effortsin receiving messages, and they help focusattention

Advantages:readily availablehandyeasy to useinexpensivecan be reusedhelps focus attentionconvey certain types of information in a condensed form

Limitations:non interactivelacks depth and motioncan be easily misinterpretedwritten at a certain reading levelneeds prior knowledge in order to interpret or understand what is presented

1.Drawings and SketchesEmploy the use of simple or crude lines, maynot be the real thing but they may representpersons, places, things, and concepts.

Drawingsare more finished and representationalcompared to sketches. Sketches usually lackdetails such as stick figures.

2. CartoonsUse symbolism and bold exaggerationto present at a glance amessage/point concerning newsevents, people or situations. Thepictorial representation shouldbe drawn in a single idea andpresented in a challenging manner. Itneeds not much caption as thesymbolism conveys the message.

3. Strip DrawingsA form of cartooning in which a cast of characters enactsa story in a sequence of closely related drawings. “stripdrawings…a more accurate term for comics/ comic strip”by Dale(1969). Can be used for motivation or lessonstarter and as an activity for students to express gainedlearnings

4. PostersAre combination of lines, images, colors, and words.Intended to catch attention and communicate amessage quickly, used to stimulate interest in a newtopic, a special class or a new event. Upon using this,appropriateness to the grade level, subject andpurpose should be considered

5. ChartsAre graphic presentations of abstractrelationships such as chronologies, quantitiesand hierarchies (Heinich, R., Molenda, M., &Russell, D., 1993)

a.Organization ChartsShow an organization’s structure or chain ofcommand which Illustrates the interrelationshipsbetween the different parts of an organization

b. Classification ChartsSimilar to organization charts but its purpose is toshow the classification or categorization of objects,events or species. An example is a chart showingthe classification of plants or animals according tocharacteristic or specie

c. Time LinesLines that show in sequence different events orthe relationship of the people and events. Toshow the important concepts, picture ordrawings are added

d. Tabular Charts or TablesThey contain numerical information or data in atable or columns.

e. Flow Charts or Process Charts

These kinds of charts show a process, sequence,or procedure

f. Tree or stream chartsShow change, growth or development bystarting with a single course and then spreadsout into many branches which then cometogether into a single channel

g. Gannt ChartAn activity time charts thatillustrates the start orfinish dates of a certainactivity or project

6. GraphsShow quantitative data, make analysis andinterpretation of numerical information easier

a.Line GraphsUsed when plotting trends of relationshipsbetween series of data, shows a progress overa period of time

b. Bar GraphsAre the simplest and easiest to read, data arepresented in horizontal or vertical bars. Whilewidths of bars are the same, its lengthrepresents the amount or percentage data.

c. Pie Graph or Circle GraphSections represents the parts of a whole, alwayspresent whole amounts and its parts arecalculated in percentage or fractional parts

d. Area or Solid GraphsUsed to compare several related totalsthrough the use of geometric shapes

e. Pictorial Graphs or Pictographs

Utilize related pictures ordrawings to show numericaldata, an adaptation of thebar graph

7. DiagramsIntended to show relationships or to help explaina process, how something works or howsomething is constructed. “Any line drawing thatshows arrangement and relations as parts ofthe whole, relative values, origins anddevelopment, chronological fluctuations,distribution, etc.”

a.Cluster or Cloud DiagramUsed in a nonlinear activity wherein ideas,images, and feelings are generated around astimulus word

b. Chain of EventsIllustrates the stages of an event, actions of acharacter, or the steps in a procedure.

c. Fishbone MappingUsed to show causal interaction of a complexevent (like a nuclear explosion) or a complexphenomenon (like learning disabilities)

d. CycleIllustrates how series of events interact toproduce a set of results such as the life cycle

e. Compare/ Contrast

A diagram that is used to showsimilarities and differences

f. Venn DiagramUsed to show relationshipsbetween sets, similarities anddifferences betweencharacters, stories or poem

8. Maps (Flat Maps)Representations of the earth’s surface or a part of it. Thedifferent types are as follows:

a. Political MapsShow territories and boundariesb. Physical MapsShow data like altitude, temperature, rainfall, precipitation,vegetation and soilc. Commercial or Economic MapsShow a variety of information like the economic produce of thedifferent regions

9. Flip ChartsA stationary item resembling a small whiteboardsupported by a four legged easel or tripod andseveral sheets of paper are hinged at the upperedge of the chart, and are best use in a smallgroup discussion.

Pictures and PhotographsAny kind of opaque representation of visual images whichIncludes drawings, photographs, pictures in books andMagazines, or any medium open to the artists’ interpretation

PhotographsOnly includes images that were recorded by the camera andusually the exact representation of the original

“all photographs are pictures but not all pictures arephotographs”

Uses of Photographs:Vocabulary buildingMood settingIntroduction of a topic or lessonSpotlight a problem or issueClarification of a vague or abstract concept

Qualities of Good PicturesAuthentic and clear messageGood compositionEffective colorGood technical and mechanical quality

PostcardsCommercially printed with space on one side foran address and postage stamp used for sendinga short message through mail, can be used inteaching Social Studies or as items to be postedon the bulletin board

FlashcardsUsed for drill activities in teaching certain topics,may contain words, phrases, sentences, mathcombinations or pictures, help develop skills

andlearner’s responses as well

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