two hoards of persian sigloi / by sydney p. noe

7/27/2019 Two hoards of Persian sigloi / by Sydney P. Noe

1/66

Sigloi

NO E

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

T1 56 TH S T R E E T

Crea

tiveCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike

/http://www.hathitrust.org/access_

use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


2/66

E S R V E D B Y

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

G R M AN

N G U C S TA D T

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


3/66

T S AN D M O NO G R A H S

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


4/66

T S AN D M O NO G R A H S

eatiseson sub ectsrelating

y medalsanddecorations.

N CO M M T T E

N C ha i rm a n

E L L I NG R

O TT

.MO MMS N

STA F

S S R d it or

L S O N A ss oc ia te d it or

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


5/66

255innumber appearedonthe

ummerof 1950.Noinformationas

ndcould beobtained.I twas

upportingev idence thattheycameby

nceofasingle Croesushalf-stater

Minor.Mostof thecoinshadbeen

observablewhethertheoriginal

iform.Theywereofferedintwo

twentycoins includingthehalf-

hadbeenselectedfor theirsuperior

235innumber anda llsiglo i w ere

anthatforthefirst lota priceso

at therewasslighthopeof finding

that theoriginalfindermusthave

m.I twasaverredthatthese

entirehoard. I nmy j udgmentthere

thlotscamefroma singlehoard.

mpublishedhoardscontaining

Alargefindis knowntohavebeen

3 butasidef romthestatementthat

ndsigloialongwithsatrapalissues

very litt le information. O fahoard

63wearetold thatforty-fourstaters

Croesusweree aminedalongwith

terestingpara lle lto thepresenthoard.

son A Silversmith sH oardf romMesopotamia in

1 9 50 , p p . 49 f f. R e f e r re d t o as R o b i n so n s M e so p ot a mi a n H o a rd .

B ibliographyofGreek CoinHoards( SecondE dit ion

o. 1 9 .

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


6/66

anSiglo i

ardfromSmyrnain theConstanti-

innumber manycountermarkedand

fourinhalves thecondition

shouldthisbull ion hoardsomeday

y . Mr. Newell sC il icianH oard

ostwhichweresohackedandcounter-

dentificationdif f icult. I n1916 a

whichcamefromSmyrnawasde-

tonMilne andsomeimportantfacts

ed.A segmentofahoardpublished

containedtwosiglo iw hicharede-

reversedie asadaric.A recent

fthe samewriterdescribesseven

nhoardwhichhaslong beeninthe

Museum. A discussionof thebear-

ofourhoard willfollowthecata-

sw hichfo llow noattemptismade

ediesbecausewearor thee igen-

ntyas toanydieidentitybetween

ese uentialorderisestablished

yfromthenumericalrepresentations

oupI thepiecesf romthesame

L A T I andarefurtherindicated

mbering. Amongthepieces

Nos. 165 1 4aref romthesame

urof these( andoneenlargement are

ceshavingobverseorreverseen-

asterisk.Manyof thecoinsselected

eferredtoasNewell sC il icianH oard.

1 95 0 , p. 47.

upI I , there isbutasinglepunchdieforeachgroup.

toF .

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


7/66

nchoseninorderto showtheir

ecountermarkswhichoccuron the

A T X V . F ortheothercounter-

ade w herepossible to identica lor

onta inedinMr. New ell s A

mi s ma t ic C h ro n ic l e 1 9 14 p . 5 o r t o th e

ueforArabia Mesopotamiaand

i i a bb re vi at ed t o H . ( = H i l l No . .

orepartso f l ionandbull f acing.

res theoneatthe le f tthe

U P I . ( 2 2 )

ingork neelingtoright crow ned

andys w ithquiverathis

ndandbow inle ft. Thear-

unchesinlots indicated

omonetothree w iththose

formbeinggiven prece-

reverse cf . E. B abelon L es

es P l . I , 3 4 . 5. 56

verses f law atle f tedge tw of leck storight

mthreedies. 5. 47 5. 60 5. 55

nedge countermark P L A T

C A r ab ia c x x v ii N o. 8 I . 5. 43

at e d to H . 8 1 ( i . e. H i l l N o . ) .

verses. Note irregularf lanofNo. 9.

hshow sf ish-shapedelementto le fto fcenter.

w ssnak e- lik ee lementatlef tedge. 5. 55 5. 56

esof f lans. 5. 45 5. 43

hroughened impressdeeper. 5. 53 5. 45

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


8/66

Sigloi

ttom.O nobverse sur-

withtiny chiselmarks

. 55

enlargement . No. 21hassmall

d inle f tf ield. 5. 62 5. 55

epunch. 5. 5 5. 33

maybearecutstageforthat

entica lw ithCil icianH oard

New ell butinhisco l-

ft fieldofobverse.Counter-

erse.5.6

earwelldef ined headdispro-

5

ppliedthreetimes( cf.No.6

Tw oaddit iona lonedge:

2 a n d b . s im i la r t o H . 9 5 . 5. 5 3

erse.5.66

e ve rs eA ( 2 9 3 9

punchdie( A dist inguished

oleftof center.Theleft

ownand uniteswiththis

sworn.

T X V , 1 3 o n e dg e a s on N o s. 5

. 1 9 . P L A T X V , 8 . 5 .5 5

5 .4 5 5 . 5 , 5 . 5

arksonedge.a.P L AT

50. Onobverse gouge( notcounter-

H . 6 P L A T X V , 3 a nd

incomplete.5.43

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


9/66

. R eve rse B ( 4 0 6 5

nch-dieB , markedbyan

ey-corntotherightand

A bove andnearthetop a

erleft.5.57

5. 60

ntermarkatlowerleftonob-

5. 47

m ar k o n ob v er s e P L A T X V , 4

5. 5

ctiveedge.5.45

triske les obversebadly

pressed.5.46

sedonroyalfigure cf.H. 205.5.62

obverseasonNo.45.5.55

mark resemblingH. 6orH . 7and

ofobverse cf.Newell20

mark ? ) inle f tf ieldofobverse .

apedcountermark ( cf . H. 3 )

ess.5.5

inright fieldhasreceived

urtherbubblesshowonedge.5.52

auseofpunch impact.Note

remeright.5.52

ma rk P L A T X V , 4 o n ob ve rs e

dge countermark slightly re-

57

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


10/66

Sigloi

a d to r ig ht P L A T X V , 7 c ou nt er -

strationinvertedonplate.5.43

remote ly lik eH. I o . 5. 53

R e ver se C( 6 6 8 3

chdieC. Acrescent-shaped

s itsslightlythickened

ef tedgeof thepunch anir-

hecenter isinsomespeci-

peredgebyathinline . This

oardbutthecoin onwhich

Newellas Notdescribed.

rksuperimposedonregalfigure

asecondstampresemblesa

X V , 8 ) a n d t w o go u ge s m ay h a ve

ewell26.5.57

tweakbecausereversepunch

sbecauseof tNre lationof the

snearly complete.5.5

arkonobverseatlowerright

? ) h e ad ( P L A T X V , 9 t o le ft . 5. 47

onNos.45and4 .5.46

eftfieldbelowtopof spear

oardI I . 5. 56

blancetolamination.5.57

erse animalhead( P L AT

h at o n r ev e rs e o f No . 7 o ( b o a r ) a n d

andleftportionofobverse

onatleft.5.46

bverse edgebubbled. 5. 55

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


11/66

interlacedorrepeated

ceptionallyroughandthick

ssed.E dgecountermark

I . 5.5

ve rs eD ( 8 4 9 6

.Ashort triangle-shaped

etop edge.Theleftedge

midpoint.Thelarge element

dergoesmodifications ablunt-

shapeshow ninNo. 86rather

anearlierstateofP unchE.

otstraight.5.60

obverse.5.5

rescenceatright. 5. 57

hrelie f ( recut ) ; notecurveto

P L A T X I . 5 .6 0

53

ofsmallnessofobversedie-

ie . 5. 5 , 5. 62

e ve rs eE ( 9 7- 13 )

unchdieE . L ongelement

tendsf romtheupperrightto

e.A tinyfissureshowsat

timesanotherfissureshows

e(notcountermark behindhead. 5.57

5 .5 5

k ontorsoof f igure. 5. 53

.5.57

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


12/66

Sigloi

o.21.5.53

5 . 57

n.5.60

e linrightf ie ld. 5.62

geattopand gougeinright

2 13 arealikeandcon-

e.Suchdifferencesas are

plainedasduetoineffectual

culationwear.D ie-flaws

oins areoff-flanonothers.

represented thecopyinghas

5 . 60 5 . 60 5 . 40 5 . 62 5 . 60

ardoublingof theupper

eeninNo. 121. There isa lso

eatthe lowerleft ap-

rseof atinychiselin an

f thefigure.

5 . 52 5 . 53 5 . 67

5 .5 3 5 .5 3 5 .5 6 5 .4 0

5 . 5 , 5 .5 0 5 . 5

. F i r st S ta te o f R e ve rs e F ( 1 39 1 64

uivalentfish-shapedele-

ef t j o inedatthetoptothe lef t

htlyhigheronthef lanandtothe

hem andslightlytothe

mtoptobottom asmall

55

differsfromNos.45 4 and71.5.59

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


13/66

rkonobverse( cf.H .I oo .

k sim ilartoH. 94. 5. 53

oreindeterminatecountermarks

e countermark shapedlik e

f lane tendsthroughtothe

s duetoflannot having

.5.55

5 . 5

wingonthereverse.5.54 5.4

a l f lanthick ertorighto fob-

arkonobverse.5.47

untermarklikethaton

y perfectimpressofpunch

eof theflan.5.54

erse:( 1 X ( cf.72and

w i th in s u ar e. 5 .5 4

o bv e rs e ( 1 X ( c f . 15 6 ; ( 2

. 6 ) ; o n e dg e ( 3 s i mi l ar t o

14 3 o n r ev e rs e ( 4 t e tr a sk e le s ( c f .

ruck.5.49

aresult bow notstruck up. 5. 57

hapedlikeaspreadlambda.5.53

le.5.62

ou nt er ma rk ( P L A T X V , 1 3 a s

4 3 a nd 1 5 7. 5 .5

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


14/66


15/66

rmarklikeoneonNo.143but smaller

t er m ar k ( P L A T X V , 1 5 . 5 . 52

markedinrightfieldofobverse.5.47

4 5 .5 6 5 .5 5

fobverse bubblesonedge. 5. 54

pression.5.44

ed. 5.57

5 . 65 5 . 52

da-shapedcountermarkintriangular

5 .5 6 5 .5 , 5 .5 5 5 .5 5 5 .5 0

5 . 49 5 . 53 5 . 53 5 . 5

lineofspearstra ight. 5.52

eldandline ofspear.5.53

, inw hichhavebeenplacedthose

punch-dieswhichnumberthree

eensegregatedintogroups eachfrom

theco insinGroupI I w erea ll

G r ou p I I I w i th P u n ch B , a n d so o n .

f thegroupsisdeterminedby the

h.U singtheacceptedprinciples

themorenumerousgroupsarecon-

progressivelylessnumeroustheear-

nchF , therearetw ostatesof thedie

hef irststate( GroupV I I ) and91

I I I ) . Thosefromthemodif ieddie

t he l a te r a n d si n ce G r ou p V I I I i s

hoard it isinconse uenceto

sw ell. B y thesametoken GroupV

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


16/66

ersianSiglo i

epunch-diehas beenplacedto

hforty-twocoinsfromanotherre-

oups however hasnotbeen

rof piecesfromthesamereverse

rion sty le hadtobeca lledinto

g P L A T S I X a n d X a r e th e c oi n s

ththesecondstateofF asthe irreverse

o u t of 3 9 o n P L A T X h a ve a

rf inishedsty le . ThoseonPL A T I X

s show astylethatisfarf rom neat

ecauseoftheirgreatercrudity

I X ordinarilymightbeconsidered

er wereitnotforthe factthat

e samepunchdie.Thefollowing

betweentheneatandcrude style

ergroups.

e

F I 4 I O

9 I 5

6

3I 5

O 2O

comparisononthebasis ofstyle

orkmanshipandprovidessupport

eatstyleindicatesone( ormore

cuttersattheproducingmint.The

sisso unsatisfactoryandincon-

unabletosatisfymyselfthat the

more thanonegroup.

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


17/66

ditiontoofferingevidencecon-

supportthecomparisonsofsty le.

ficationhaveattemptedtofind

heroyal featureswhichmight

idualrulers.Theenlargedob-

hatonewouldliketodiscover

Throughoutthecoinageuntil we

ourhoard( inwhatwehavecalled

ef igure ispresentedw ithaheadmuch

ody towhichit isa f fi ed. I nthe

ureshaveasimplifiedform.Thenose

t linewithapelletto theleftto

eis almond-shapedorglobular.

la rshapehascomeaboutastheresulto f

to fourgroups theeyehasnotyet

which itisgivenon somany

( cf . enlargementsofNos. 221and

rliestissuesinthehoardarerepre-

swhich givethemunduepromi-

ardiseffectiveinconcealingany

eadandthetorso.

onofthe royalfigureasrunning

Akneelingrulerwouldhardlyhave

r butneitherisroyaltyto be

venhurrying.B utevenifrunning

n thesuccessofthepresentation

ausethee erguall ine isf re uently

eofanyr elationtoaground-linepro-

owingtotheunduelengthof the

dlatestissuesin thehoardthereis

hcanbebest observedintheen-

103and109. Heretheroya lfeatures

binedwithabutton noseanda

eminto strongcontrastwithpre-

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


18/66

ersianSiglo i

smusthavebeencontemporaneous

chdies. I ftheyareto becon-

tyleratherthanthemarksof indi-

utters theirnumberseemsto

a briefperiod.

w il lshow thevastimprovementin

redtoasthe neat sty le. The

ow naturalistic withnotableim-

ntoftheeye.The head though

gehasabetterrelationshipto the

msto beaslightreductionin the

soccasionallypermitsthebowto

urbingline ofthespearseems

. I t isinthehead how ever that

stoberecogni ed.

ard 91innumber arefromthe

.B utalthoughtheobversesin

eatstylepreponderate thepro-

ecruder style similartowhatwe

isimpressive.Thediesinthe neat

somuchso infact asto leadoneto

efromthe samedieandthatthe

etodie alterationsorrepairscom-

ngsorwear.Certaincoinswithin

estionablyfromthesamepairofdies

wostates isthemostremarkable

. F or a f terhav ingitsdeta ilsa ltered

saddedwhatappearstobe theGreek

da . Thisletter if le tteritbe isra ised

uentlymusthavebeenengravedon

epeneddie comparetheen-

Nosimilaroccurrenceof aGreekletter

sk nowntome andI havenoe pla -

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


19/66

dcatetheuseofhingeddies They

ofthepunchis uniformlyoppo-

heheadof thef igure . Thismighthave

ingamarkor notchoneachofthe

scould bebroughtintoalignmentor

king.O rdinarily thiswouldresultin

nd how ever anoccasiona ldev iation

elativelyslight angle andthis

imperfectorincompleteobverse

udgmentthisdeviationisnotintentional.

t ionsfoundinthishoard w emay

ationsin si eandtheirregularities

oi.Thereisno indicationofthe

dofpreparingblanksusedin

e lucidatedbySirGeorgeHill. I n

thesiglo iarethick andthisaf fords

cewhichisnotreachedby eitherof

edgesoccasionallyshowsmall

es ( N o s. 5 , 8 3 2 4 5 , a n d fr e u e nt l y

6 6 2 21 , r id ge s ( N o s. 1 2 4 4 2 30 o r

7 6 1 3 9 1 4 6 1 5 3 1 5 ) . S u rf a ce - ho l es

heenlargementofNo. 80 ( thereare

arenotf re uent buttheysome-

Suchconditionsmusthavebeen

rocess.

tedfromthe globulewhichwasobtainedby

castin asphericalmouldmadeoftwo hemi-

alflowedintothej ointbetweenthetwohalves

oria lridgearoundtheblank. Theglobulew asthen

placedbetweenthetwodies.CfNumChron.

22 , p .6 .

asplitt ingof thef lan(cf . No. 146 suchasiscommon

isusuallye plainedashavingbeencausedby

stil lheatedbecauseofannea lingNos. 5 139

ctions whichseemalmostseparatedfromthe

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


20/66

ersianSiglo i

us canthecausebededuced?

factors

htvariationintheweightsof the

showsfifty-threepiecesrangingbe-

. 52 I O I rangingbetween5. 53and

om5. 5 to5. 62. Thereareonlyseven

n5.62 theheaviestpieceinthe

areonly37 coinsweighinglessthan

w 5. 33. Thispiece( No. I O ) w eighs4. 6

unchdie how ever isthesameas

weighs5.5 .Thereare157sigloi

d5.62.TheweightoftheCroesus

ng sestimatefortheCroeseidnorm

w eightgivenbyhimis5.3 . The

f filingorothereffortto modify

ces.Theremusthavebeen some

pro imationtouniformityin

usthavebeeninherentin thecasting

fthe irregularitiesintheshapesof

w ama ority thatareoval. Theob-

eenanoval flanratherthanaround

y circular.Thosewhicharevery

mallproportion buttheyarethe

oinsaregenerallyrounded and

tohavebeen presenteveninthe

ans.To obtainsuchcastings may

fclayorsomesuitablematerialin

seappropria tesi ehadbeende-

rowsofovalholesordepressions

mentwouldhaveproduced

arydepthandwouldhavepermitted

hefinishedcoinsthat havesurvived.

1 915 , p .9 .

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


21/66

that theseholesintheclay could

sto secureaproperweightofmetal

ouldthishavebeennecessaryif

erwhichwouldhave helda

suchas wouldhavegiventhede-

aga in hav ingbeendeterminedby

adle couldhavebeenofama-

rdid notadhereorwhichcould

chuse.

hapedcoins withridgedor

eingP Suchbubblesseemtohave

of themoltensilverbeingpoured

clay.I ntheearlystagesof pour-

ow f ree ly intoeachho leandf il l it . B ut

to cool itwouldflowlessreadily

tw ouldno longerf low itw ould

thefire.I ntheirregularlyshaped

6 212 andtheonesw iththeridgedor

4 8 3 , mayw enotseecastingsw hich

cedfroma particularmelting

alflowedpartwayinto thede-

olidifiedbeforereachingtheper-

msofAthensforthelate fifthand

wconditionswhichareanalogous

toa similarityinthecasting

havebeenaf la tteningof the

nvolvednomorethanplacing

nd givingthemahammerblowof

sotherthanontheedges wouldhave

wwhichflattenedthe castingtoa

was usedmaybeobservedfrom

allof whichaflattenedfieldbeyond

hepunchoccupies aconsiderable

plain fieldfre uentlyshowsa

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


22/66

ersianSiglo i

hichmusthavebeen duetothe

eblankafterithad beenflattened.

ver whichshowasecondplanein-

andthiscouldhavebeenproduced

teningthecastingswasnot per-

eredgeonone sideastheresult.

heimperfectimpressions( Nos.9.

; t h e me t al w a s no t f or c ed i n to t h e ob v er s e di e

affectedbythebevel.

this hoardshowthatbothob-

punch-reverseareover-largeforthe

ebeenrecorded.Theyalso show

uasinglee ceptionhasbeenasyet

thatthediesare uniformlyina

other. O ntheobverse w ef indasa

theflanthatthetype isalmost

nally thereversepunchwillbe

thatis unusuallyspread.The

walip orside-pro ection.Thereis

ttressingpro ectiononanyofthe

hat isevenmorenotableis that

ofarimor bordertotheobverse

ohavebeencutinaf la tsurfacew hich

sides. Whenthepunchw asheldina

n theresultshouldhavebeena

adtheflanbeen ofuniformthick-

rhand thepunchinthestrik ingw ere

pendicular thetopofthepunch

erblowmightbecomeaffectedin

presentforsubse uentstrik ingsa

asnottrulyhori ontal.Thisdevi-

a lwould inturn becommunicated

esultthatthe flanwouldhavere-

de thanontheother.A metal-

ebehaviorofmoltensilver would

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


23/66

e evidencepresentedbythese

duceaconv incinge planationof the

ntermarksonthesigloi inthis

g. I nthef irstplace the irpaucity

mbersof coinsfromthesamedie-

rpretedasindicatingthattheir

been farfromthemintin which

nceofthesebankers ormoney-

doublesignificance: ( 1 Theco ins

edasacceptablewithoutthe

mark thatis w hatcirculationthey

de anareainwhich therewas

purityofthe metalofwhichthey

therconditionthat wasthecause

rked.Thatthecoinshadseen

tfroma glanceattheplates but

delyand thecountermarks

beenappliedforcertifyingthat

eght. (2 O f the254siglo iinthis

termarked.Someofthesefortybear

rk andoccasionallythesame

rethanoneof them.Thenumber

sfoundontheedge fourteen is

sthecircumstancethattheoccurrence

ariably incon unctionw itha

obverseorreverse.I nonlytwo

66 isthemark placedonthebodyof

placementuponthe royalfigure

ous. O ntheobverse themark is

nthe le f tf ieldw here itw il lnot

nthereverseit occursoneither

lsow ithinthepunchitse lf. ( 3 I f the

el A C i li c ia n F i n d N u m. C hr o n. 4 t h se r . X I V

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


24/66

rsianSigloi

thecauseforthese countermarks

hecorrectone theymusthaveeither

ance.Thereseemsnogoodreason

ebeena small-scale inter-

gnets. B uteventhentheywouldhave

ndacceptance andwhateverthe

avebeengivenrecognitionwithin

notherhoardasiglos hasbeenfound

evenofthesemarks. Thelargest

thishoardisfour( No. 157 . A

eenpublishedbyMr. Hil l inB MC

ii butthismak esnocla imtocompleteness.

oardbearmarksoccurringin that

snothitherto recorded andbe-

gementsaremoreaccuratethanline

roducedinthatmanner.Amongthose

s. 43and62representaneagle shead

V , 4 . N o . 63 h a s th e h ea d o fa c a lf o r r am

A T X V , 7 . N o . 77 i s l es s c le a rl y

b ea b oa r s h ea d ( P L A T X V , I o ; i t

adontheearlyissues ofP haselis.

rgedonP lateX aredistortedby

o s. 1 1 1 6 2 1 a nd 3 1 , w he t he r d ue t o

deepor theopposite.

ntermarkswhichusesomeform

e le s ( N o s . 2 5 2 7 4 5 4 , 7 , I 4 0

associatethesew ithLyciaandtoreca ll

nimateformsamongthecounter-

he coinsofSelgeandAspendus.

plicationsofthesecountermarks

hthat twoindependentoccur-

esignet-die . I do f ind how ever four

shoardamongthoserepresented

ia n H o a r d ( N 9 7 wi t h 23 ; N 1 14 w i th

e r X V I ( 1 91 6 , p . 2 n o . 5.

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


25/66

n d po s si b ly 5 0 N I 5 w i th 6 6 . T h es e

hanbeingidenticalsignets.An

223isunusuallydistinctiveand

p re v io u sl y p ub l is h ed ( P L A T X V 1 5 .

lanalysisofone ofthecoinsof

nificant weturnedtoone ofour

ostgenerouswithhishelp on

f . EarleR . C a leyofO hioStateU ni-

eisprintedin full:

analysisofthespecimenofa

nt inMay.Theresultsareas

96 . 35 %

teonly fourpreviousanalysesof

vesresultsofdeterminationsofthe

mensandB ibra giveschemical

etwospecimenslistedby L enor-

nd94.0%, and theseresultswere

ssay.Theanalysesmadeby

results:

o 9 %

4%

/ 6

L a mo nn ai ed an s l a n t i u i t ( P a r i s 1 7 - 1 7 9 , V o l . 1 p .1 90 .

b e r al t e E i s e n- u n d Si l be r - u n de ( N r n be r g an d L e i p i g

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


26/66

anSigloi

thesilvercontentof thespecimenyou

anthat ofthefourpreviously

hismeansintermsofchrono logyor

unabletosay asw elack thenecessary

I be lieve how ever thatitmaybe

eoffinenessis usuallyassociated

ueinagivenseries andthismaybe

ead andthelowgoldcontentof

atthesilver wasobtainedfrom

ygalena andnotf romelectrum.

pportunityofanaly ingthisspeci-

C a l ey

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


27/66

scribedhoardwasreadyforpubli-

argerfind cameintomyhandsin

severalseparateparcels andits

have beenTchal asmalltown

myrna.Thecoins wereoffairly

arance.Afewwerepartlycovered

tionwhichrefused toyieldto

s.

ed652coins:212 half-statersof

thehalf - figureof thek ing 127w ith

wand spearand260drawingthe

vableconnectionwiththeprevi-

inthe relativelysmallproportion

repetitionof someofthem.The

hesiglo i strangelyenough w as

ntire ly f reefromcountermark s the

eststhat thisgroupwaslaterthan

asthe circumstancethattheCroe-

dmoreoftenthanthesigloi afew

arksmadewithatinychisel as

rd itw aspossibletogroupthe

erse punches.I twasalsopossible

thesamemanner andtherewere

henthiswasdone.The conclusions

eparingtheflans ofthesigloibe-

dfromthepiecesin thefirsthoard

s largernumber anditseemed

onditionsalsoe tendedtoprepa-

eCroeseids.

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


28/66

anSigloi

presentedproblems.Thelarge

inH oardI I asw ellasthecondit ionof

epossibilityof reproducingevery

wever itwasimportanttomakea

The coinswerearrangedcarefully

rminedbythe si eoflotshaving

nphotographedinthat order.This

attheAmericanNumismatic

ilableforstudyingthe coinswas

oursehadto betakenwithoutclean-

happytoacknowledgethegreathelp-

enson w hovolunteeredtow eighmost

ishe lptomeincheck ingq uestions

obligationtohima veryheavy

Society toac uirethemostsigni-

re il lustratedonPL A T sX I I to

usha lf - staters1 w erese lected o f the

12 o f thegroupw iththeroya l

ndspear hereinconsideredthe

piecesw erechosen( H oardI , ac-

ntained254coinsof thistype ; o f the

hereinconsideredtheearliest w ith

walone 26outof260 werese-

eredictatedbytheunusualedge

resultthatsome piecesarewornand

fo llow s minutevariationshavenot

possible thepieceshavebeencom-

descriptionspreceding.Aswith

termark identit iesarenumberedaccordingto

A r a b i a p . c x x v i i a n d t hi s r ef e re n ce

il l . F orcountermark forms most

nyofwhichareedgecountermarks

A T X V .

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


29/66

occurrencesofeitherofthe

eenidentifiedin thishoard.

epartso f lionandbull f acing.

res theoneatthe le f tthesmaller.

:

16 b. X V , 1 7 c. X V , 3 ? 5 .2

i f fo n h ea d P L A T X V , 1 5 . 4O

on alsooccursonreverseof

5. 2

.4 onobverse b.H .43

.5.37

2P onobverse H .43onedge.5.30

53( twiceonreverse , occurs

ntonobverse H. 5075. 3

aretwo specimensfromthe

.156onobverse5.34-5.24

X V , 31onedge5. 31 5. 26

a.H umanfoot X V , 19

r . X V , 2 0 5 . 46

termark H . 90 5. 32-5. 30

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


30/66

anSigloi

feringobversesbutthesame

0-5.3

.

eespecimensof whichoneor

dies areidentical.( Certainty

nimpossible

dif ferent R eversessmallpunch2/1

rent R eversesidentica l5.36 5. 41 5. 37

dif ferent R eversesidentica l5.35 5. 29 5. 36

ldif ferent R everses smallpunch2/ 1

ldifferent R everses la rgepunch2/ 1

s al l d if f er e nt R e v e r se s i de n ti c al 5 . 37 5 . 30 ? 5 . 22

ark H. 43

identica l No . 85bearscountermark H . 195

X V , 3 3 N o. 8 7 b ea rs t hr ee c ou nt er -

b. Grif fonhead( tw ice ;

2 3. 5. 22 5 .1 , 5 .2 4

rspecimenson oneormoreof

mallpunchesofthe reverse

epunches.

0 t w o c ou n te r ma r ks a . H . 4 3 b . H . 2 2 O n

3 5 . 32 5 . 37 5 . 33 5 . 35

5 . 32

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


31/66

menshavingidentitiesineither

mallpunch3/ 2w t. 5. 225. 36

meforall fivepieces5.25-5.39

amefora llf ourpieces5.32 5. 37

edgecountermark ason1575. 32

esameforall fivepieces5.325.37

bversesthesame 5. 25-5. 46

esameforall fivepieces5.30-5.3

esameforall fivepieces5.305.39

cimenshavingidentitiesin

hdies.

fora llsevenpieces No. 136

plustestchise lcut No. 137

e e P L A T X I I ) ; b . S i m il a r to

o . 144hasonobverserepeated

s ee P L A T X I I ) , b . re ve rs e ma rk

rminatecountermark5.335.41

llsevenpieces smallpunch

4 7 an d 1 51 p u nc h b . sa m ef o r I 4 ,

un c h c. 1 4 6. N o . 15 h a s an e d ge

g o at P L A T X V , 2 5 . 5. 2 7 5 . 3

.

imenshavingbothofthe

m ar k s a. P L A T X V , 2 6

a nd 5 73 ; c . P L A T X V , 2 7 a ls o

. 5 4 ( r e pe a te d ; e . H . 4 3 . N o. 1 5

A T X V , 3 1 N o . 15 9 h as e d ge

X V , 3 1 a s on N o s. 1 5 a n d 19 7 .

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


32/66

Sigloi

I

menshavingbothpunches

ak H . 9o ; No. 16 anin-

P L A T X V , 2 5 . 23 - 5. 3

untermark sim ilartoPL A T

h as c ou nt er ma rk s a. P L A T X V , 3 1

X V , 2 9 on e dg e c . on r ev er se

ecimenseachhavingboth

ve s a me o b ve r se d i e N o . 1 7 b e a r s

X V , 3 0 . 5. 2 9 5 . 3

m ar k P L A T X V , 3 1 N o . 19

s No.199hasonobverse

adle f tonlion ssnoutand

3 2 ( H . 1 3 3 r e ve r se d o n e dg e . 5. 2 7- 5 .4 0

cimenseachhavingboth

secountermark of tw opelle ts com-

No. 212hasedgemark P L A T

E I ( B O W MAN

toright w earingcrownand

awingbow andw ithquiverathisback

uentlyof f -f lan. R everse: O blong

figureandsimplifiedreverse.5.32

edies5.34 5.26

reversedie5.3 -5. 40

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


33/66


34/66

Sigloi

I I ( H A F - I G U R E )

ngrightandwearingcrown in

ngpara llelto thevertica la is

w oarrow sw ithpointstoright.

e No.474countermarkedas

1. 5 .3 4- 5- 35

e.5.35-5-37

e reversesidentical. 5. 09 5. 3

. 4 9bearss uarecountermark

surroundedbyfoursmall

o o c f . No . 30 6 N o . 49 0 H . 5 3

a . S im i la r t o P L A T X V , 3 3

44. 5. 30-5.40

esdifferinscale.5.30-5.40

bverseswithdifferencesin

markonobversefigure

k onobversef igure acy li ?

E I I I ( S E AR AND B O W )

w earingcrownandk andys

ee ling att itude inle f thandbow

diagonallyacrossbody w ith

w ithtip( f re uentlyof f -f lan in

e:O blongpunch-impress.

R eversepunchsimple inform. 5. 34

R eversesimple. 5. 29

R everselesssimplesingle-

le R eversedeveloped. 5. 2 5. 37

k( theonlyoneforthis

A T X I I I a nd N o. 1 57 a ls o H . 5 4.

e.5.32 5.3

mereverse O bversedieA

possibleadditions Obverse

thtwopossibleadditions.No.257

others5. 24-5. 4

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


35/66

enpiecesfromsamereverseF ivesingletons

omsameobversediesre-

m sameobversediesre-

ustedcoinswithidentification

23-5.43

F - S TA T R S 2 1 2 pi ec es

difficultyinmakingcomparisonof

oeseids.I nadditiontothe custom-

dition w hetherasaresulto fw earon

incrustationanddiscoloration

ftenwithsub-groupsfromthesame

bedisturbingvariationsin the

hichseemtobedueto adifferencein

blowreceivedfromtherespective

ryunusualfor boththelionandthe

ncompletely.Thusthedetails

ndareat thecenteroftheflan and

pressedmoredeeplyinthe metal

llbea resultingweaknessofeither

ne tto impossibletocompensate

s. B ecauseof this andbecause in

ndoesnotlend itselftosharp

uently impossibletobesurethat

e half-statersareun uestionably

nthoughtheirreversesareobviously

oupseachofwhich containedfive

seemtohaveallfiveobversesfrom

howsadivision whichappearstobe

nce there islitt le re liancetobeplacedon

sasidefromwearandthat criterion

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


36/66

anSigloi

eofthesub-groupshavingthe same

eenusedtodeterminethearrangement.

osesthevariationsforthe re-

sing.Alterationsor mendingsof

ok place havenotbeenrecogni ableas

nwhich thesamelargepunchis

mallpunchesandalesser number

isconnectedwithtwodiffering

hconditionsarerelativelyrare.

gtwospecimensfromthe same

ehaveidenticalobversesandsome

mtobedif ferent. I tfo llows be-

avebeenvariationsin thelivesofthe

andthatreplacementofeithercould and

ceof thishoard how ever seemsto

irw ereusedinj u taposit ionmore

ged.Thiswouldimplythat in

cardedatthesametime.Notwith-

ons thenumberofspecimenson

punchesisnotduplicatedin the

and to j udgef romthew earon

tgiveindicationof beingtheearliest

Croeseidsse uentiallywas

gevidenceofwearandfromspeci-

ersesasoutlinedpreviously.

ablelotsinwhichboth obverse

edencouragedanefforttoe plain

woreversepunchesoftheCroe-

spreviouslybeennotedthat the

punchesw as w ithoute ception

everse whichmadeitcomeoppo-

ebull whilethelargerpunchwas

C L y d i a p . 5 . T h e on l y e c e pt i on s t o

veryrareinstanceswhereboth of

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


37/66

enearly identicalinsi e . Thes uare

e ception inthesamere lativepo-

anceofdieposit ionsw asf irste -

onaldinhisdelightfullyclear

tica heobservedthatinhis

diesoriginatedinsouth-westAsia

ervationisnow abundantly

ditionshowedthatthetwoele-

eseparatepunchesandnot asingle

nasmall butnotnegligiblenumber

herofthetwois foundassociated

ofthe otherpunch.Although

theother somemeansofclamping

mtogethermusthavebeenused for

whoseuniformityofwidth( orits

f romwhichitmaybededucedthat

tant.

tcoiningmethodsisdrawn

whichdatecenturiesafterthe

utw ithf i eddiesandpunches

d wemayconcludethattheob-

eanvilor cutdirectlyinan anvil

ghandheavyenoughto withstand

king.I fthereversepuncheswere

aybevisualisedashavingbeen

ouldhaveadef initeandaf i ed

achwouldfurtherhavetomain-

respect totheotherpunch else

nsratherthanrepeatedrecurrences

nthecoins.

econceptionthatinsteadofa

chthere wasasinglearminto

ttedor slotted.I nsupportofthis

rsesshowthepunchessogrownto-

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


38/66

anSigloi

h av e b ee n f us e d ( N o s . I 9 9 2 I ) .

avebeen used oneisforcedtothe

mmerblowwasused onthecoins.

I ( B O W M AN 2 60 pi ec es

calgroupofH oardI I consisted

lfigureholdingabow.O fthefif-

tedinthisgroup oneisrepresented

whileothersshowthirty-seven

tw enty -seven tw enty -oneandnine-

e.Thissuggestsa mintingmethod

yascribedtothe Greekcenters.

typewhichsuggestwhatthis

hesefivepiecesarestruck highon

gualspacethatisunusua llye tensive

To fN o4 34 .

ervew eareabletoseethetopofa

gurewearsinallof thesigloi.

nowninother mintswhichSir

duponinhise ce llentdiscussionof

e whereitsoccurrenceis illus-

ples a ll how ever drawnf romcoins

gHill: O necanonlyconcludethat

diewascarelesslyhubbedinto the

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


39/66

herthatitw asimpossibletostrik ea

gettinganimpressionofpartof

tionalproofthathubbingwas

hardlysupposethat suchamistake

hecourse ofthemuchslower

Withoutgivingconsideration

pressedregardinghubbingonlater

there ectede planationistheonethat

repeatedportionofthe designis

eformofthis crowndiffersfromthat

thissamediewherethereare

ee ergualonehasf ive . I tseemsmore

was largeenoughtopermitthe

erse-typedies andtheremayeven

hichmorethan twowerecut.Such

rtlye plainthelargenumbers

sfoundinthesetwohoards.

w herethesef ivepiecesunderdiscussion

han elevenpiecesfromthissame

ondgroupcontainseightspecimens

bothlotssharingthesame punchdie.

engreater foramongthethirty-

punchdiesomewereencrustedor

sibletobesurethat theydidnot

woobversedies.U nfortunately

discoveradiewhichembodiesthe

thee ergueof thef ivecoins.

inthescaleof theroyalfigure

hichismuchgreaterthanfor

theillustrationofNos.242 and30 with

Noristhis trueofthefigurealone

uswhentheheadsarecompared.

perhapsslightly too largeforthebody

osslydisproportionate nearly or

er V I I ( 1 94 7 , p p. 1 73 1 74 .

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


40/66

anSigloi

e lengthof theforearm. I nNo. 319 the

vethe royalarm andthelower

sbeautifully aconditionob-

ns.Theupperhalfof thebow-

ise ly le f tto the imagination. A vo iding

s thereasonw hy theuppertipof the

close tothecrown.Thefigure

ratherthanmoving whichisas

I I 5 3pi ec es

chmay beappliedintryingto

uencewithinthisgroup: ( a w ear

changesordif ferencesinthetype

sub-groupshav ingthesamepunches. None

terminative.

emustplaceNos.504-525asthe latest

ertainlybecontemporaneous that

struckwithinthe lifeofthereverse

nsider( b . Withinthissub-group

servethatNo. 524bearsatypew hichis

mallerinscalethan theothers.

soto befoundinthe twosub-

n s i e t o t hi s o ne ( c f . No . 4 93 e a ch

nstwelvee amplesascompared

aclearindicationthatthesmall-scale

rani ntervalwhichwascovered

by the lif eof threereversepunches. The

efigurein whatweconsiderthe

504-525 isonlyonceamongits

encethe constrictioninscalemay

rtheuseof this the latest punch

milarsmall-scalefigureinthe

reconsideredtheearliest wecannot

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


41/66

smalltobroad typeoffigure.W ith

ch-diesintheha lf -f iguretype( I I ) , it

small-scalefigurewasbriefand

rewithbowandspear , 127pieces

Nos.572 652 fromthesame

havestrongclaimtobeingcon-

thehoard.Theyarethefreshest

eofmoney-changers counter-

ee ception may imply lesscircu-

fidenceintheirgenuineness.

containsissuesw ithtypeslaterthan

neofTypesI I andI I I .R obinson sMeso-

e includedTypeI I I pieces butnone

andthathoardisdatedbyhimf rom

aboutthemiddleofthe first

en t ur y , i . e. 3 9 0 3 5 . H o a r d

thesingleC roese idw hichM. Seyrigcon-

supportstheimplicationsofthe

S O F T H E M O N Y CH A NG R S

ngthecountermarkswhich

remostnumerousontheCroesus

X I I , w i th t h ir t y- f iv e ( o u t o f 2 12 b e ar i ng

ontrasttothesi outo fatotalo f

pwiththehalf-figuresandthe

er X V I ( 1 91 6 , p p. 1 -1 2.

( 1 950 , p .47.

chlumberger Tresorsmon ta iresd A fghanistan

p .5 7.

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


42/66

rsianSigloi

inthesiglo iw ithbow . I nTypeI I I

uto f127specimens isfoundonthe

hereitisveryinconspicuouslysuper-

thespear. Of thesi tycounter-

ad( tw oarequestionable forty-one

k e levenhavetwo( ontw ocoins

ntermarksisimpressedtwice ,

ions( aga in one isrepeated anda

hasf ivedif feringsignets oneofw hich

r moresignetswhichoccuron

threew hicharefoundonthree. One

dw iththefootshow ingbeneath a l-

i ableonlywithdifficultybecause

co ins.

hthosefoundinother hoards

econdhoardarenotablysmaller

nthesiglo io fe itherR obinson s

r o r N ew e ll s C i li c ia n F i n d . L i k e-

cein thepositionoftheirimpress on

agreaterproportionhasbeenapplied

antotheobverseorreverse . I tseems

conditions pointtoaconsiderable

a lo fourH oardI andtheseother

ingamongthecountermarks

he humanfootonNo.3

1 9 a n d th e c ro w ne d f ac i ng h e ad o n N o. 1 5 7

2 6 .

swereappliedtocoinswhich

their genuineness.No.3 of

o leontheobverse. Someof theothers

pittings whichsuggestplating but

detected.I tiscustomarilyac-

ngle signetispresentthateach

eofthepieceat theshopofthe

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


43/66

rsuchaninterpretation theco inwith

57ofH oardI I ) w ouldhaveseen

fcit ies or tousethee treme

elargecity.

h I b e l i ev e t o be l a te r t ha n H o a r d I I , t h e

.TheanimaltypesofH oardI

4 7 a n d 9 s h o w mo r e de v el o pm e nt t h an t h os e

A T X V , 2 0 2 4 2 5a nd 31 , a nd th is is tr ue

ntermarksareappliedto either

e uentlythantotheedgeson the

dI ) . Thistendency isconf irmedbypiecesin

nF ind. I be lieve it issafetoconclude

eis tobeinterpretedasthe earlier

areconsistentlysmalland simple

foundoccurringoneither theob-

sontheedge.

theearlierHoardI I , thegroup

ldingbothspear andbowbears

w hereasintheotherhoard w hich

i edw ithanyother thereare

milarsignets inbothhoards

nthattheydo notoverlapeither

phically:I noteasmalltriskeles

L A T X V , 1 2 t h e f or m s ar e s im i la r

possiblyH I oo .

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


44/66

A T N G

firsthoarddescribedin thismono-

asreceivedinNew Y ork duringthe

sual statementthatitcomprised

ndlot 652pieces w ase amined

artrather thantheentirehoard

nfoundin1945.

rof.Seyrig( 490pieces wassaidto

gionofSmyrna before J anuary

rebe inguncerta in. The lote amined

6 ) consistedof22 siglo iandmore

he informationthatthe22 coins

rtersof thetotal w hichwouldthere-

umberofCroeseidsisundetermined.

wsshowsthemake-upofthese

ndtothisshould beaddedthedata

nthee cavationsofOldSmyrna

blished.

r.Milneinthe Numismatic

edbuttwoof thesigloitypes the

r andthatwiththedagger.This

he daggertypeisthelatest ofthe

he proportionaterepresentation

oitypesisaboutthe sameforeach

hlumberger Tr sorsmon ta iresd A fghanistan

pp. 55 57. ThisnotebyProf . Sey rigsuppliesthe infor-

seidin ourH oardNo.I wasaninterpolation.

clusionthat H oardNo.I isnotpartof thelot

9 0 pi e ce s .

er V I I ( 1 94 7 , p p. 1 73 1 74 .

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


45/66

dANSH dR . slotSeyrig sO .Smyrna

6 5

O O 8 3 .

7 p lu s 2 3

andProf . Sey rig sconclusionsthat

.R obinsonformedpartofasingle

fedby thethirdlo t( ourHoard

nthebasiso fcomposition andcounter-

othertwo.Castsof asmallnumber

rof.Seyrigbearreversepunches

urHoardI I . F urther photographs

ac uiredby theB rit ishMuseum

sfoundinourH oardI I , andI have

ountermarkswhichwerecommon

ebeenfoundhadeitherof the

edin detail.

gisformedwiththebenef ito f the

yrnaH oardwhichhasnotyetbeen

ainedcontemporarysilverof

epieceswhich passedthroughmy

kofcompetanceas ametrologist

ooffermorethanbriefobservations.

I ( 1 952 , p. 106.

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


46/66

anSigloi

R O E S I D S AND S G O I

A R D S

O A R D I

f ig. B ow & SpearB ow man& Sp.

8 I 2

60

3 7 2

s containedasingleC roese id w hich

anintrusion. I tcametousin1950

eces contained212half - statersofC roesus.

withbowalone26o

usionthatHoardI I istheearlier

noverlappingfortheissuesof the

ar.I havebeenunabletofind

erlapping.I believethatthereis

pbetweenthe twohoards basing

ofthereversepuncheswhichare

ndsimplerreversesalthoughthe

toa lesssimpleformforthis

thanproven.W ithourpresent

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


47/66

3

ow ayofgaugingthee tentof thissug-

sshow however anincreasein

hoard( I andimpliesara isedor

closeto 5.35gramsfortheearlier

orthe laterone( I ) o fappro i-

saveragew eightw as5. 3 andhis

grams. Thischangetookplace

val.Noeffortto parallelthesilver

ade. NeitherH il l norB abelon

wmanorwiththehalf-figure.Can

esetypesw asstruck orarew e

bledeductionthat allsuchwere

onofthetype withbowand

emsthe lesslik e lyof thetw oalterna-

denceatpresentavailable.

etw eenthetw ohoards asI be lieve

dmust precedethefirstbythe

ane tentw hichw eatpresenthave

Thelargerhoardcontainsissues

agemusthavestoppedwithhisdown-

tainspiecesincirculationin Asia

theburia lo f thehoard. I fw emay

e ualwearontheCroeseidsand

upB ) therewouldseemtohavebeen

akafter thedeathofCroesusbe-

started.Theymightevenhave

onclusionwouldi ncreasethe

ichthe hoardwasbeingformed.

d( I ) wouldseemtohavebeen

rperiodof saving.Thesame

ntedbyninety-onespecimensis

1 915 , p .9 .

sgrec uesetromaines.

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


48/66

anSigloi

s C il icianHoard andinR obin-

nHoard. I t isa lsotobefoundin

P l . L X X X V I I , 7 a nd in B M CA ra bi a 1 9 ,

26.

gloihavebeenheldbycol-

ltingslightcommercialva lue is

eirhavingbeen givenlittleat-

curredinhoards.Not untilwe

dcontainingsigloialongwithissues

e definitivelydatedcanwede-

getookplace.

dedpresentedauni ueoppor-

temptstoclassif yPersiansiglo ihadnot

ersepunchesand theirusefor

graphisaninnovation.H illand

orderofthetypes q uitethereverse

hows. R obinsonindiscussingthe lotdes-

f . p. 41 be lievedtheordertobe: I I

( A rc he r , I I I ( W i t hs pe ar a nd B o w , a l t ho ug h

ff iguregroup(I I ) m ightcomeaf ter

. I na letterheacceptstheorderassig-

at thedataregardingcountermarks

tandthatthe evidenceofa

llprovesignificantformetrologists.

herdemonstrationthatcoinsaretheir

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


49/66

206

M NTS O F C O U NT R MAR K S

77

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


50/66Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


51/66


52/66Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


53/66Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


54/66

E V . A

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


55/66


56/66

R E V . C

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


57/66

E V . D

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


58/66

E V . E .

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


59/66

R E V . F ( 1 ST STAT )

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


60/66

I , R E V . F ( 2ND S TAT )

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


61/66

I , R E V . F

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


62/66

XI

ENLARGEMENTS

Crea

tiveCommonsAttribution-N

onCommercial-ShareAlike

/http://www.h

athitrust.org/access

_use#cc-b

y-n

c-s

a-4.0


63/66

F H O A R D I I

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


64/66Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


65/66

E S I I A ND I I I

Crea



use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0


66/66

SO F CO U N T R MA R K S

mercial-ShareAlike


use#cc-by-nc-sa-4.0

two hoards of persian sigloi / by sydney p. noe

Documents