Two-Sample Inference

Procedures with Means

Suppose we have a population of adult men with a mean height of 71 inches and standard deviation of 2.6 inches. We also have a population of adult women with a mean height of 65 inches and standard deviation of 2.3 inches. Assume heights are normally distributed.

Describe the distribution of the difference in heights between males and females (male-female).Normal distribution withx-y =6 inches & x-y =3.471 inches

7165

FemaleMale

6

Difference = male - female

Remember:

yxyx

22

yxyx

We will be

interested in the

difference of means, so we will use this to

find standard

error.

Do calculator Do calculator simulation!simulation!a) What is the probability that the

mean height of 30 men is at most 5 inches taller than the mean height of 30 women?

b) What is the 70th percentile for the difference (male-female) in mean heights of 30 men and 30 women?

6.332 6.332 inchesinches

P((xP((xmm – x – xww)< 5) )< 5) = .0573= .0573

Two-Sample Procedures with

means• The goal of these inference procedures is to compare the responses to two treatmentstwo treatments or to compare the characteristics of two populationstwo populations.

• We have INDEPENDENT samples from each treatment or population

Assumptions:• Have two SRS’stwo SRS’s from the

populations or two randomly two randomly assignedassigned treatment groups

• Samples are independent• Both populations are normally

distributed– Have large sample sizes– Graph BOTH sets of data

• ’’ss known/unknown

Formulas

Since in real-life, we will NOTNOT know both

’s, we will do t-procedures.

Degrees of FreedomOption 1: use the smaller of the

two values n1 – 1 and n2 – 1

This will produce conservative This will produce conservative results – higher p-values & results – higher p-values & lower confidence.lower confidence.

Option 2: approximation used by technology

2

2

2

21

2

1

1

2

2

2

2

1

2

1

11

11

ns

nns

n

ns

ns

df

Calculator does this

automatically!

Confidence intervals:

statistic of SD valuecritical statisticCI

21xx *t

2

2

2

1

2

1

n

s

n

s

Called standard

error

Pooled procedures:

• Used for two populations with the same variance

• When you pool, you average the two-sample variances to estimate the common population variance.

• DO NOT use on AP Exam!!!!!We do NOT know the variances of the population,

so ALWAYS tell the calculator NO for pooling!

Two competing headache remedies claim to give fast-acting relief. An experiment was performed to compare the mean lengths of time required for bodily absorption of brand A and brand B. Assume the absorption time is normally distributed. Twelve people were randomly selected and given an oral dosage of brand A. Another 12 were randomly selected and given an equal dosage of brand B. The length of time in minutes for the drugs to reach a specified level in the blood was recorded. The results follow: mean SD n Brand A

20.1 8.7 12 Brand B18.9 7.5 12

Describe the shape & standard error for sampling distribution of the differences in the mean speed of absorption. (answer on next screen)

Describe the sampling distribution of the differences in the mean speed of absorption.

Find a 95% confidence interval difference in mean lengths of time required for bodily absorption of each brand. (answer on next screen)

Normal distribution with S.E. = 3.316Normal distribution with S.E. = 3.316

Assumptions:

Have 2 independent SRS from volunteers Given the absorption rate is normally distributed ’s unknown

)085.8,685.5(12

5.7

12

7.8080.29.181.20

22

53.21*2

22

1

21

21 dfn

s

n

stxx

We are 95% confident that the true difference in mean lengths of time required for bodily absorption of each brand is between –5.685 minutes and 8.085 minutes.

State assumptions!

Formula & calculations

Conclusion in contextFrom calculator df = 21.53, use t* for df = 21 & 95% confidence

level

Think “Price is Right”!

Closest without going over

Note: confidence interval statements

•Matched pairs – refer to “mean difference”“mean difference”

•Two-Sample – refer to “difference of means”“difference of means”

In a recent study on biofeedback, it was reported that meditation could alter the alpha & beta waves in the brain thus changing the rate at which the heart beats. This is important for relieving the effects of stress.

Let’s test this!

Hypothesis Statements:

H0: 1 - 2 = 0

Ha: 1 - 2 < 0

Ha: 1 - 2 > 0

Ha: 1 - 2 ≠ 0

H0: 1 = 2

Ha: 1< 2

Ha: 1> 2

Ha: 1 ≠ 2

Be sure to define BOTHBOTH 1 and 2!

Hypothesis Test:

statistic of SD

parameter - statisticstatisticTest

t

2

2

2

1

2

1

2121

ns

nsxx

Since we usually assume H0 is true,

then this equals 0 – so we can usually

leave it out

The length of time in minutes for the drugs to reach a specified level in the blood was recorded. The results follow:

mean SD n Brand A 20.1 8.7 12 Brand B 18.9 7.5 12

Is there sufficient evidence that these drugs differ in the speed at which they enter the blood stream?

Assump.: Have 2 independent SRS from volunteers Given the absorption rate is normally distributed ’s unknown

05.53.217210.

361.

125.7

127.8

9.181.2022

2

22

1

21

21

αdfvaluep

ns

ns

xxt

Since p-value > a, I fail to reject H0. There is not sufficient evidence to suggest that these drugs differ in the speed at which they enter the blood stream.

State assumptions!

Formula & calculations

Conclusion in context

H0: A= B

Ha:A= B

Where A is the true mean absorption time for Brand A & B is the true mean absorption time for Brand B

Hypotheses & define variables!

Suppose that the sample mean of Brand B is 16.5, then is Brand B faster?

05.53.212896.

085.1

125.7

127.8

5.161.2022

2

22

1

21

21

αdfvaluep

ns

ns

xxt

No, I would still fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Robustness:

• Two-sample procedures are more more robustrobust than one-sample procedures

• BESTBEST to have equal sample sizes! (but not necessary)

A modification has been made to the process for producing a certain type of time-zero film (film that begins to develop as soon as the picture is taken). Because the modification involves extra cost, it will be incorporated only if sample data indicate that the modification decreases true average development time by more than 1 second. Should the company incorporate the modification?

Original 8.6 5.1 4.5 5.4 6.3 6.6 5.7 8.5Modified 5.5 4.0 3.8 6.0 5.8 4.9 7.0 5.7