ty rey intercultural communication culture shock 2007version

Asalam AlaikumMABUYAY!

Greetings of Peace!

Rey

DIVERSITY

I HAVE BEEN TO:

Lanao del SurMaguindanao

Lumad Communities

Northern MindanaoBukidnon, Camiguin, Misamis Oriental

Central MindanaoNorth CotabatoSouth Cotabato

Western MindanaoLanao del Norte,

Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur

Southern MindanaoDavaoDavao del NorteDavao del Sur

When in a Public Space/Place…

• Speak softly• Converse in English

Culture and the workplace(A) Hofstede’s model

– Power distance– Individualism vs. collectivism– Uncertainty avoidance– Masculinity vs. femininity

(B) Evaluation of this model– Cultural boundaries =/= national boundaries– Research may be culturally bound– Dated sample from a single company: IBM

in the 1960s and 1970s

Sarah A. Lanier (2000). Foreign to Familiar. Clarkesville, GA: McDougal Publishing.

• 1. COLD-CLIMATE CULTURE

• 2. TASK ORIENTATION

• 3. DIRECT COMMUNICATION

• 4. INDIVIDUALISM• 5. PRIVACY• 6. DIFF. CONCEPT OF

HOSPITALITY• 7. LOW CONTEXT

(INFORMAL)• 8. PUNCTUAL

• 1. HOT-CLIMATE CULTURE

• 2. RELATIONSHIP ORIENTATION

• 3. INDIRECT COMMUNCIATION

• 4. GROUP IDENTITY• 5. INCLUSION• 6. DIFF. CONCEPT OF

HOSPITALITY• 7. HIGH CONTEXT

(FORMAL)• 8. FLEXIBLE TIME

• COLD-CLIMATE CULTURES• 1. ARE TASK-ORIENTED.• 2. COMMUNICATIONS MUST PROVIDE

ACCURATE INFORMATION.• 3. THO INDIVIDUALS MAY BE OTHERWISE,

THE SOCIETY IS LOGIC-ORIENTED.• 4. EFFICIENCY & TIME R HI PRIORITIES, &

TAKING THEM SERIOUSLY IS A STATEMENT OF RESPECT 4 D OTHER PERSON.

Sarah A. Lanier (2000). Chap. 2. Foreign to Familiar. Clarkesville, GA: McDougal Publishing.

• HOT-CLIMATE CULTURES • 1. R RELATIONSHIP-BASED.• 2. COMMUNICATIONS MUST CREATE A “FEEL-

GOOD” ATMOSPHERE.• 3. THO D INDIVIDUAL MAY BE OTHERWISE, D

SOCIETY IS FEELING-ORIENTED.• 4. EFFICIENCY & TIME DO NOT TAKE PRIORITY

OVER THE PERSON.• 5. IT IS INAPPROPRIATE 2 “TALK BUSINESS”

UPON 1ST ARRIVING AT A BUSINESS MEETING OR MAKING A BUSINESS PHONE CALL.

Sarah A. Lanier (2000). Ch. 2. Foreign to Familiar. Clarkesville, GA: McDougal Publishing.

• Cold-Climate: Direct Communication:• 1. Short, direct question show respect 4 d

person’s time & professionalism.• 2. A yes is a yes & a no is a no. There r no

hidden meanings.• 3. An honest, direct answer is information only.

It does not reflect on how d person feels about u.

• 4. U can say what u think (nicely), & it will usually not be taken personally.


• Hot-Climate: Indirect Communication:• 1. It’s all about being friendly.• 2. Every question must be phrased so that u

don’t offend others by its directness.• 3. Use a 3rd party 4 accurate info if u sense that

a direct question will be 2 harsh, or not get the results u r seeking.

• 4. A yes may mean yes, no, or maybe. So, avoid a yes-no question.

• 5. Avoid embarrassing people.


• COLD-CLIMATE: INDIVIDUALIST CULTURE • 1. I AM A SELF-STANDING PERSON, W/ MY OWN

IDENTITY.• 2. EVERY 1 SHOULD HAVE AN OPINION & CAN

SPEAK 4 HER/HIMSELF.• 3. TAKING INITIATIVE W/IN A GROUP IS GOOD &

EXPECTED.• 4. 1 MUST KNOW HOW TO MAKE 1’S OWN

DECISIONS.• 5. MY BEHAVIOR REFLECTS ON ME, NOT ON THE

GROUP.


• HOT-CLIMATE: GROUP-ORIENTED CULTURE• 1. I BELONG, THEREFORE I AM.• 2. MY IDENTITY IS TIED 2 D GROUP (FAMILY,

TRIBE…)• 3. TAKING INITIATIVE W/IN A GROUP CAN BE

GREATLY DETERMINED BY MY ROLE.• 4. I DO NOT EXPECT 2 HAVE 2 STAND ALONE.• 5. MY BEHAVIOR REFLECTS ON D WHOLE

GROUP.• THE SOUTHERN U.S. WOULD BE A HOT-CLIMATE

CULTURE THAT DOES NOT NECESSARILY FIT D GROUP ORIENTATION.

• 6. TEAM MEMBERS EXPECT DIRECTION FROM THE LEADER.


• Cold-Climate (Privacy) Cultures:• 1. People enjoy having time & space 2 themselves.• 2. People r expected 2 ask permission 2 borrow

something or 2 interrupt a conversation.• 3. Each 1 is considered 2 b d steward of 1’s

possessions & has d responsibility 2 maintain & protect them.

• 4. In a community setting, it might be common 2 label 1’s food, tools, etc. 2 set them apart from d group’s common possessions.

• 5. It is acceptable 2 hold private conversations or make exclusive plans w/ a few people, not including everyone.


• Hot-Climate (Inclusion) Cultures:• 1. r group-oriented culture.• 2. Individuals know they r automatically

included in conversation, meals, & d other activities of d group.

• 3. Possessions r 2 be used freely by all: food, tools, etc.

• 4. It is not desirable 2 b left 2 oneself.• 5. It is rude 2 hold a private conversation or

make plans that exclude others present.



• Cold-Climate Hospitality:• 1. H. is taken very seriously & is planned 4• 2. It is usu. Not as spontaneous. D host usu needs

advanc notice of a visit.• 3. Travelers r expected 2 make their own arrangemts

other than what is specifically communicated 2 the host ahead of time.

• 4. Guests need 2 expect 2 pay 4 their transportation & restaurants if visiting in d U.S. If d host plans 2 pay, s/he usu will say so.

• 5. H. is a special occasion, taking d full attention of d host.

• Hot-Climate Hospitality:• 1. H. is spontaneous, oft w/o an advance

invitation.• 2. It is d context 4 relationship (even a business

relationship).• 3. H. usu. Takes place in d home.• 4. A gift is usu. Expected.• 5. Food & drinks r involved.• 6. Travelers r taken in & provided 4.



• Cold-Climate: Low-Context Societies (nothing matters, anything goes—w/in reason)

• 1. Who u know matters, but not as much. What u know is more important.

• 2. Do not be offended by d casual atmosphere.• 3. Lack of protocol does not mean rejecting, nor is

dishonoring.• 4. They do not know what your rules r, so leave your

rules at home.• 5. Address people by their given names, unless others

use titles.

Sarah A. Lanier (2000). Chap. 7. Foreign to Familiar. Clarkesville, GA: McDougal Publishing.• Hot-Climate: High-Context Societies (Everything

matters)• 1. Who u r related 2 matters.• 2. Who u know matters.• 3. It is better 2 overdress than 2 underdress.• 4. Watch 2 see how others respond in a situation in

order 2 apply appropriate behavior.• 5. Remember 2 honor d people u r dealing w/; 2

casual is insulting.• 6. Ask a local person who has lived overseas 4 a while

what is important 2 know.• 7. Use manners.• 8. Respect d rules.• 9. Give attention 2 appropriate greetings.

• Concept of Time: Cold-Climate Cultures:• 1. R time-oriented.• 2. R structrured in their approach 2 life.• 3. Enjoy using time efficiently.• 4. Try 2 plan their day, & saving time is a value.• 5. Expect d event (dinner, arrival of guest, or

meeting 2 begin at d time announced. Visiting or informally chatting happens b4 or after d event).



• Concept of Time: Hot-Climate Cultures• 1. R not as oriented toward d clock as cold-climate

cultures.• 2. R event-oriented.• 3. R spontaneous & flexible in their approach 2 life.• 4. Respond 2 what life brings.• 5. Consider that saving time is not as important as

experiencing d moment.• 6. Recognize that structure is required in some areas

of life (e.g. d military)• 7. Have informal visiting as part of d event

FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS

• WORLD SITUATION• NATIONAL SITUATION• REGIONAL SITUATION• HISTORICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC,

POLITICAL, CULTURAL, & PERSONALITIES (SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY…)

CULTURE SHOCKRey Ty

Kuya Rey

TAKE YOUR OWN PHOTOS

• We will take official photographs

• Please take your own photos with your cameras

• NIU faculty, management & staff are not your personal photographers

COURTESY

CONFUCIUS SAYS:

• Great minds discuss ideas.• Average minds discuss

events.• Small minds discuss people.

DIGNITY

• There is dignity in all work: manual, mental and all.

• Factory work, university work, grocery work, restaurant work

RESPECT

• Treat everyone with respect.• Treat others as you want to be treated.

NON-DISCRIMINATION

• Treat people of all colors equally: black, brown, white…

• Treat people of different incomes equally: poor, middle class, rich

• Treat people of all professions equally: drivers, janitors, custodians, professors, waitresses, directors, secretaries

HUMILITY

• Humility is a sign of maturity• Be humble, NOT hambug (Filipino word

for “arrogant”)!

GREET

• Greet everyone who you work with or who works with you or for you

• Drivers, secretaries, instructors, waiters, waitresses

4 MINIMUM WORDS

• 1. Hi!• 2. Please…• 3. Thanks!• 4. Bye!

SAY…

• SAY “HELLO” TO JOCELYN & OTHER STAFF MEMBERS IN THE HOTEL

• GREET & THANK DRIVERS• SAY THANK YOU (OR “YOU’RE

WELCOME”) WHEN PEOPLE THANK YOU

CROSSING THE STREET

• Do not jaywalk• Make sure the light for pedestrians is green.• When crossing a pedestrian lane, first, turn

your head left & look left, then wave a “thank you” sign or say “thank you”, cross carefully, and turn your head right and look right, then make a “thank you” sign, and cross carefully.

A. Enculturation = process of learning the

culture of your birth

Enculturation process of learning the culture of

your birth

B. Acculturation = process of learning a culture different from

your native culture

Acculturation process of learning a culture

different from your native culture

Culture Shock

• When placed in a foreign culture people tend to experience culture shock, the frustration from having to learn to cope with new cultural cues and expectations

SHOP

• Lip Balm, Chapstick• Lotion• Paracetamol or aspirin

FIRST BRUSH W/ U.S. CULTURE

• FIGHT IN THE CAFETERIA• WHAT TO DO?

Months Living in New Culture

1 2 3 4 5 6

Acc

epta

nce

of N

ew C

ultu

re

High

Low

Frustration

Understanding

Elation

Stages of Culture Shock

Daniels & Radebaugh, Int’l Business

W Curve

Sources of Problems in Communication

• Language differences

• Nonverbal patterns

• Stereotypes

• Evaluation of behaviors

• Stress

Culture ShockCulture shock is the process of adjusting to a new

country and a new culture.

Stages of Culture Shock:1) Preliminary:Preparation, Excitement2) Spectator: Honeymoon, Fascination,

Euphoria3) Shock: Irritability, Hostility, Depression,

Sadness4) Acculturation: Understanding and

Adjustment5) Integration and Acceptance6) Reverse Culture Shock: Re-Entry

Honeymoon Honeymoon Culture of Recovery & Origin Adjustment Adjustment Overseas Home Disorientation Confrontation with Disorientation the new culture Confrontation with self and/or familiar

Clash Clash of of

Cultures?Cultures?

Implications for Us

• Be conscious of your own nonverbal behavior• Avoid judging student’s behavior by your values• Recognize that the learning environment in the

U.S. may differ from what the you are accustomed to

WHAT IS CULTURE?

CULTURE

• Edward B. Tylor: "Culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." (1871)

Culture

• Definition• Components of culture• Technology and culture• Cultural Diversity• Theoretical Analysis

CULTURE

• 1. the arts collectively: art, music, literature, and related intellectual activities

• Culture is necessary for a healthy society.

• 2. knowledge and sophistication: enlightenment and sophistication acquired through education and exposure to the arts

• They are people of culture.• 3. shared beliefs and values of a group: the beliefs,

customs, practices, and social behavior of a particular nation or people

• Southeast Asian culture

• 4. people with shared beliefs and practices: a group of people whose shared beliefs and practices identify the particular place, class, or time to which they belong

• 5. shared attitudes: a particular set of attitudes that characterizes a group of people

• The company tries hard to avoid a blame culture.• 6. growing biological material in special conditions:

the growing of biological material, especially plants, microorganisms, or animal tissue, in a nutrient substance in specially controlled conditions for scientific, medical, or commercial purposes

• 7. biology biological material grown in special conditions: biological material, especially plants, microorganisms, or animal tissue, grown in a nutrient substance culture medium in specially controlled conditions for scientific, medical, or commercial purposes

• 8. tillage: the cultivation of the land or soil in

preparation for growing crops or plants

• 9. improvement: the development of a skill or expertise through training or education

• physical culture

I. Culture = specialized lifestyle of a group of people including: values, beliefs, artifacts, behaviors and communication styles.

What is Culture?• Culture is the values, beliefs, behavior, and

material objects that together form a people’s way of life.

• Can also be referred to as that which differentiates human beings from other creatures.

• It is a shared way of life or social heritage

CULTURES

• Dominant Culture• Sub-Cultures• Counter-Cultures or Alternative Cultures• Minority Cultures• Suppressed and Minoritized Cultures

Types of culture• Non-material culture – intangible human

creations• Material culture – tangible creations of a

society

• Shapes what we do• Helps form our personalities• Informs our definition of what is ‘normal ‘

Components of Culture• Symbols• Language• Values and Beliefs• Norms• Ideal and Real Culture

Components of culture• Symbols:

A symbol is anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture (a flag, a word, a flashing red light, a raised fist, an animal etc).

-Diverse meanings can be given to different variations of the same object, for example, the winking of an eye.

-Culture shock is a result of inability to read meanings in an unfamiliar environment.-Symbolic meanings also vary within the same society.

Components of culture (contd’)• Language

A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another.

Functions:--Enhances communication-Ensures continuity of culture-Identifies societies or groups-Determines how the world is perceived

Components of culture (contd’)• Values and Beliefs

-VALUES are culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living.

BELIEFS are specific statements that people hold to be true (e.g. The possibility that the US will one day have a female president - based on the shared value of equal opportunity)

What is/are Philippine culture(s)?

What are the similarities between the U.S. and Philippine

cultures?

What are the differences between the U.S. and Philippine

cultures?

IdentityIndividualism vs. collectivism

• Highly individualistic– Weak family ties.– Privacy is normal.– Lasting relationship difficult to achieve.– Confrontation is normal.– Teachers encourage individual initiative.– Students expected to speak up.– Purpose of education is learning how to

learn.

• Highly collectivistic– Strong family ties.– Harmony should be maintained

and confrontation avoided.– Students’ individual initiatives

discouraged.– Students will not speak up in class.– Purpose of education is learning

how to do.

HierarchyPower distance

• High power distance– Parents teach children obedience.– Students dependent on teacher.– Teacher-centered education.– Teachers initiate all communication

in class.

• Low power distance societies– Parents treat children as equals.– Children treat parents and older

relatives as equals.– Teachers treat students as equals.– Student-centered education.– Quality of learning depends on two-way

communication and excellence of students.

DIFFERENCES• USA• Egalitarian• Informal• Individualistic• Task Oriented• Short-Term, Fluid

Relationship• Uncertainty

Avoidance

• Philippines• Hierarchical• Formal• Group-Oriented• Relationship-Focused• Long-Term, Stable

Relationship• Certainty Avoidance

DIFFERENCES

• Direct Indirect• Competitive Cooperative• Analytic Relational• Future Focused Past/present• Earned Status Inherited Status

SYMPTOMS OF CULTURE SHOCK

• fight, • flight, • filter and • flex

SYMPTOMS OF CULTURE SHOCK

• Physical Emotional • Inability to sleep Homesickness• Excessive sleeping Irritability• Chronic fatigue Boredom• Head- or backaches Anger• Weight gain or loss Depression• Frequent illness Low self-esteem • Skin rashes Arrogance• Substance abuse Hypercriticality• Compulsive behaviors Withdrawal

Components of culture (contd’)• U S Values

(according to Sociologist Robin Williams)1. Equal opportunity2. Achievement and success3. Material comfort4. Activity and work5. Practicality and efficiency6. Progress7. Science8. Democracy and free enterprise9. Freedom10. Racism and group superiority

Components of culture (contd’)• Conflict of Values

-Some dominant cultural values contradict others. For example, racism and group superiority go against the equality of opportunity.

NORMS-Rules and expectations by which society guides the behavior of its members

• TYPES– PROSCRIPTIVE

• Should nots, prohibited– PRESCRIPTIVE

• Shoulds, prescribed like medicine

Components of culture (contd’)FURTHER BREAKDOWN:-

• MORES (“MORE-ays”)-These are norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.

• FOLKWAYS-Norms for routine or casual interaction (e.g. appropriate greeting or dressing)

Components of culture (contd’)• “Ideal” and “Real” Culture

Ideal culture prescribes how we should behave.

Real culture describes what actually occurs in our everyday life.

Visible Culture

Food

Fiestas

Famous People

Impact of Visible Culture

• Language differences• Role expectations for male and females• Level of parent involvement in schooling• Parents’ understanding of grading

practices

Deep Culture

• Values, beliefs that influence they way people think, act, communicate

• Unspoken rules• Unconscious rules

Impact of Deep Culture

• The greatest challenges people face in adjusting to a new culture

• An important part of the dynamics of the teaching-learning process in all classrooms

• Impact on the way students learn and the way we teach

Frequency of stimulation Types of questions asked

How Culture Affects Our Lives

• The effects of our own culture generally remain imperceptible to us.

• These learned and shared ways penetrate our being.

• Culture becomes the lens through which we perceive and evaluate what is going on around us.

Cultural Orientations

• Culture Shock - the disorientation that people experience when they come into contact with a different culture.

• Ethnocentrism - the tendency to use one’s own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other societies.

• It can create in group loyalties or lead to harmful discrimination.

Subcultures andCountercultures

• Subculture - a world within the larger world of the dominant culture.

• A subculture has a distinctive way of looking at life.

• The values and norms tend to be compatible with the larger society.

• Counterculture - a subculture whose values place its members in opposition to the values of the broader culture.

• An assault on core values is always met with resistance.

Cultural Universals

• Cultural universals - values, norms, or other cultural traits that are found everywhere.

• Although there are universal human activities, there is no universally accepted way of doing any of them.

• Humans have no biological imperative that results in one particular form of behavior throughout the world.

Cultural Lag, Diffusion, and Leveling

• Cultural lag - not all parts of a culture change at the same pace.

• Material culture usually changes before nonmaterial culture.

• Cultural diffusion – the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another.

• Travel and communication unite us.– Cultural leveling - a

process in which cultures become similar to one another.

Cross-Cultural Miscommunication

• Problem is not due to lack of goodwill.• Problem is that meaning is not contained

in words or actions alone.• Message is interpreted by the receiver.• At times non-verbal communication can be

misinterpreted

Minorities in USA Today

12% African American13% Latinos (Hispanic)

4% Asian and Pacific Islanders1% Native American

EgalitarianEgalitarian

IndividualisticIndividualistic

Task OrientedTask Oriented

Shorter-Term Fluid RelationshipShorter-Term Fluid Relationship

InformalInformal

Post-ModernPost-Modern

Cultural AnalysisCultural Analysis


HierarchicalHierarchical

Group-orientedGroup-oriented

Relationship FocusedRelationship Focused

Longer-term Stable RelationshipLonger-term Stable Relationship

FormalFormal

TraditionalTraditional


Direct CommunicationDirect Communication

Analytic ThinkingAnalytic Thinking

Future Focus; InnovativeFuture Focus; Innovative

Status is earnedStatus is earned

CompetitiveCompetitive

POST-MODERNPOST-MODERN


Indirect CommunicationIndirect Communication

Relational ThinkingRelational Thinking

Past/Present Focus; ConservativePast/Present Focus; Conservative

Status is inheritedStatus is inherited

CooperativeCooperative

TRADITIONALTRADITIONAL

Power Differences

High Power Distance power is in the hands of a few

Brazil India

Low Power Distance power is evenly distributed

throughout the citizenry

Denmark New Zealand

Collectivistpromotes group values as most

important

High-Context most information is the context or

person rather than the verbal message

Low-Context most information is stated explicitly

in the verbal messageU.S.A.

Are we Are we stereotypingstereotyping

??Stop!Stop!

Generalizing Generalizing vs. vs.

StereotypingStereotyping

Understanding the U.S. Culture

Characteristics considered as “typically American”:

•Individuality

•Independence & Self-reliance

•Honesty & Frankness

•Competitiveness

•Measuring Success

Social Customs

Greetings

Use of Names

Friendliness & Friendships

GreetingsFormal Greetings:

"How do you do" "Good morning" "Good afternoon," & "Good evening"

Usually people will simply say: "Hi" or "Hello “ or “What’s up?” or

“Howdy?”

Use of Names

It is acceptable to use the first name of someone approximately of your same age or younger.

You should say "Mr." (for men) or "Ms." (for women) and the person's last name when talking to people in positions of authority.

Do not be shy to ask people how they would like you to call them.

Social Invitations

An invitation is not firm unless a time and place is set.

If you have accepted an invitation or if a meeting has been set, Americans usually expect you to arrive at the agreed location at the right time.

Friendliness and Friendships

It is common for Americans to be informal and casual, even with perfect strangers.

Do not be surprised if somebody you do not know says "Hi!" to you for no reason.

People often say “How are you?”. The accepted response is “Fine, thank you.”

Interpersonal Relationships

Directness, openness, and honesty

Friendliness and informality

Confrontation (vs. Indirection in non-western cultures)

http://www.ous.edu/aca/diversity.gif

When formally invited to someone's home, it is considerate to bring a gift to your host.

Thank your host or hostess when you leave.

It is considerate to send a thank you note as well or to telephone your thanks the following day.

Customs Regarding Hospitality

Punctuality is one of the most highly valued personal traits.

If you know you will be unable to arrive on time, it is customary to telephone the hosts to let them know when you will arrive.

To be late for an invitation/engagement is considered insulting to the person who is kept waiting.

Behaviors and actions which will almost always get a negative reaction from most Americans:

- 1. being late

- 2. not keeping appointments

- 3. not calling to explain why, and

- 4. treating women as less important than men

Behaviors and actions not regarded as being positive or negative in the U.S:

- 1. using the left hand to give something to someone

- 2. calling someone using the right index finger

- 3. looking directly in the eyes of an elder or a woman (other than one's wife)

- 4. putting one's foot/feet on top of the office desk/chair

Should these behaviors occur, no insult or disrespect is intended or assumed.

Personal SpaceAmericans tend to require more personal space than in other cultures.

If the person to whom you are speaking backs away a little, don't try to close the gap.

Avoid physical contact while you are speaking,

Telephone Etiquette

When you call someone, it is polite to identify yourself

It is not polite to call someone before 9 am or after 10 pm, unless it is an emergency.

The only exception would be if he or she told you it is ok to call earlier or later.

1. ETHNOCENTRISM2.CULTURAL RELATIVISM3. COMMON HUMAN VALUES

1. Racist2. Romantic3. Cosmopolitan

ATTITUDES

Ethnocentric

Polycentric

GeocentricBitter,

Sweet, &Bittersweet

ATTITUDES

Int’l Business, Ch. 16Hiring and Managing Employees, by Wild, Wild, & Han

TRAITS THAT CORRELATE WITH FAILURE IN CROSS-CULTURAL

INTERACTIONS• Low tolerance to ambiguity or high uncertainty avoidance• Overly task-oriented or high need for individual achievement• Closed-minded & inflexible

As you try to become familiar with the new culture, keep the following in mind….

Do not travel with misconceptions!

Do not be judgmental.

Residence Halls

Keep an open mind.

Be sensitive to new culture cues you will be receiving.

Take a positive attitude & open mind with you

Explore DeKaIb & Chicago!!!

Strive to know as much as you can…

However, IN ORDER NOT TO CROSS ETHICAL BOUNDARIES…

Inform others about your religious or dietary restrictions

1) pro-actively (best) or2) reactively (too late?)

MARAMING SALAMAT!

THANK YOU!

ty rey intercultural communication culture shock 2007version

Documents

mcdougal publishing

activities of d group

d group family

d society

r grouporiented culture

d responsibility

d individual

coldclimate cultures