type of sentence

Name: Tsamara Luthfia HenviandiniNIM: 16615012Lecturer: Mr. Bambang Supriyanto

In this occasion, I’d like to explain about:

1. Parts of speech

2. Types of sentence

3. Clause and phrase

PARTS OF SPEECH

Parts of speech Function Example

Noun As a subject

As a direct object

As an indirect object

As a subjective

complement

As an object of

preposition

My first job was at a

really dreadful

apartment complex.

I saved a girl.

JJ gave Cat some money.

Siva’s twin brother is a

model.

I couldn’t escape the lure

of the beach.

Verb As the predictor My first job was at a

really dreadful

apartment complex.

I saved a girl.

I couldn’t escape the


lure of the beach.

Adjective Modifying a noun or a

pronoun

There were big pools.

The pools were big.

This little girl was on the

other side of the pool.

Adverb Modifying a verb

Modifying an adjective

Modifying an adverb

Modifying the whole

sentence

I warned her but she

completely ignored me.

It’s physically and

mentally demanding.

As a lifeguard, you must

be able to swim very

well.

Usually, he is quite laid

back.

ADJECTIVES are often classified as:

1. Determiners: articles, demonstrative, possessives, indefinite

adjectives and numerals

[a, an, the, this, that, these, those, my, her, his, their, our, some,

many, one, second, etc.]

2. Descriptive adjectives: adjectives of general description, physical

state, and participial adjectives

[famous, beautiful, large, old, yellow, interesting, broken, etc.]


3. Noun adjuncts: nouns that functions as adjectives

[kitchen clock, morning newspaper, car window, movie star, etc.]

ADVERBS have four kinds:

1. Time [now, then, today, every day, early, late, etc.]

2. Place [there, here, far, inside, outside, near, etc.]

3. Frequency [always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never, etc.]

4. Manner [well, fast, hard, chronically, highly, quickly, etc.]

TYPES OF SENTENCE

There are three types of sentence:

1. Simple sentence

2. Compound sentence

3. Complex sentence

SIMPLE SENTENCE

A simple sentence, which is also called an independent clause,

expresses one complete thought. The subject, predicate, or object can


be compound, but the simple sentence is a single unit as in the

following examples.

Examples:

1. No aspect of an urban teenager’s life goes untouched by modern

music.

2. The styles of glamorous metal like teased hair, leather pants, and

tons of bracelets and necklaces were considered trendy in

1980’s.

3. Simple sentence with compound subjects

My brother and I saw a man deep in thought sitting in front of a

small hut.

4. Simple sentence with compound predicates

One weekend I left my car at home and went by train to a large

car centre.

5. Simple sentence with compound objects

Some rock bands include keyboards and electric violins.

COMPOUND SENTENCE

A compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses

joined by coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). It


expresses more than one complete thought. A conjunction is always

followed by comma, except for very short sentences.

Examples:

1. The Beatles started off with sweet poetic lyrics but later on they

were somehow influenced by Bob Dylan.

2. She was adamant and so in the end I decided to surrender.

COMPLEX SENTENCE

A complex sentence is consisting of an independent clause with

dependent clauses.

Examples:

1. Some scientists have begun to figure out how to prevent children

from dying appalling deaths.

2. Last Sunday was a red letter day since we finally found the car.

CLAUSE

Clause is a group of words that has a verb. There are two kinds of clause;

independent (main) and dependent (subordinate). There are three kinds

of subordinate clause:


1. Adjective Clause

2. Adverbial Clause

3. Noun Clause

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Adjective clause functions to explain noun.

No (Pro)noun

Antecedent1

Introductory

Word

Examples

1 A person Relative

pronoun:

Who

(whom

or

whose)

That

A. Introductory word as a subject

Chris can’t recognize facial

expressions.

He suffers from Asperger disease.

Chris, who suffers from Asperger

disease, can’t recognize facial

expressions.

B. Introductory word as an object of verb

The couple was consulting a

psychologist in a last-ditch attempt

to save their marriage.

I met the couple in a marital

research laboratory.

The couple whom (or that or Ø2) I


met in a marital research

laboratory was consulting a

psychologist in a last-ditch attempt

to save their marriage.

C. Introductory word as an object of

preposition

Lauren was born with Mobius

syndrome.

Doctor Zuker operated on her.

Lauren, whom Doctor Zuker

operated on, was born with Mobius

syndrome.

D. Introductory word as a possessive

adjective

The Japanese are learning how to

smile in a western fashion.

Their culture taught them not to

express their emotions openly.

The Japanese whose culture

taught them not to express

their emotions openly are

learning how to smile in a western

fashion.

2 A thing Which A. Introductory word as a subject


That

Micro-expressions can reveal hidden

emotions.

These expressions last for a twenty-

fifth of a second.

Micro-expressions, which last for a

twenty-fifth of a second, can

reveal hidden emotions.

B. Introductory word as an object of verb

Unhealthy expressions of contempt

and disgust can ruin a marriage.

A person sometimes shows

unhealthy expressions of contempt

and disgust to his or her spouse.

Unhealthy expressions of contempt

and disgust which (or that or Ø2) a

person sometimes shows to his

or her spouse can ruin a marriage.

C. Introductory word as an object of

preposition

The muscle transplant gave Lauren

the ability to smile.

Lauren went through a muscle


transplant.

The muscle transplant which

Lauren went through gave her

the ability to smile.

D. Introductory word as a possessive

adjective

Laughter Heaven is a club.

The members of the club gather

each morning only to laugh.

Laughter Heaven is a club whose

members gather each morning

only to laugh.

Laughter Heaven is a club the

members of which gather each

morning only to laugh.

3 A time Relative

adverb:

When

Lauren’s parents are looking forward to

the day.

Lauren will be able to smile for the first

time then (on that day).

Lauren’s parents are looking forward to

the day when Lauren will be able to

smile for the first time.

4 A place Where Marital laboratory is the place.

Tom and Kelsey are being monitored to


see how their bodies change when they

argue there (in that place).

Marital laboratory is the place where

Tom and Kelsey are being monitored

to see how their bodies change when

they argue.

5 A reason Why Technology is suspected to be the reason.

Why do modern people neglect face-to-

face contact?

Technology is suspected to be the reason

why modern people neglect face-to-

face contact.

1An antecedent is the noun or pronoun before the adjective clause which the clause refers to.

2Ø means without any introductory word.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Adverbial clause functions to explain verb, adjective, and adverb.

Types Subordinate

Conjunctions

Examples

Place where, wherever Advanced students of the art of liar catching

watch facial muscles closely where some

muscle movements almost impossible to

fake.


Time after, as, as

soon as, before,

since, until,

when

Psychologist Dr. Paul Ekman ran the film over

and over again until he found the clue.

Jenn appeared chipper and confident on

screen as she asked her doctor for a

weekend pass.

In seventy percent of people tested, the pitch

of the voice rose slightly when they were

upset, afraid, or angry.

Reason as, because,

since

Body language provides the richest lode of

information because liars usually don’t

bother to conceal it.

Since liars’ statements are frequently

couched in form of a denial, they are more

likely to use negative statements.

Contrast although, even

though,

whereas, while

When asked for details, a truth-teller usually

offers lots of new information while a liar

will simply repeat himself.

Although lies are normally condemned,

it’s also normally believed that some lies are

worse than other lies.

Purpose in order to, so

that, in order

that, so as to

The motor doesn’t actually turn over, though,

until the driver presses on the accelerator so

that the vehicle moves out into heavy


traffic.

Six of Ballard workers, hidden from view,

pushed the bus so that it rolled silently

down a slight incline towards the

podium.

Result so...that,

such...that

Looking much like their forerunners from the

twentieth century, cars are moving so quietly

that the swish of tires is louder than the

purr of their electric motor.

They combine in such a way that they form

water and generate electricity without

combustion and nasty emissions.

Condition if Type 1: Present real

If the train doesn’t come on time, I’m

going to be very late.

Type 2: Present unreal

I wouldn’t do that if I were you.

Type 3: Past unreal

If Strobridge hadn’t used nitroglycerin, many

people wouldn’t have been killed.

Mixed type

If they hadn’t built Cipularang toll road, we’d

still have to take the old route via Cipanas or


Purwakarta.

NOUN CLAUSE

Noun clause can be used as a subject, object, subjective complement, or

object of preposition. It contains a subject and predicate.

Noun clause

derived from:

Introductory

Conjunction

Function of Clause Examples

A statement

By 1993

China was

the 10th

largest

exporter.

that Subject

Subjective

complement

Object of

verb

Appositive

That by 1993 China

was the 10th largest

exporter came as no

surprise to everyone.

My understanding is

that China was the

10th largest

exporter by 1993.

The world realized

that China was the

10th largest

exporter by 1993.

His belief that China

was the 10th largest

exporter by 1993 is


correct.

A question

a. Yes or no

answer

Will

China’s

economy

continue

to grow?

b. Question

word

whether (or

not)

if

who

Subject

Subjective

complement

Object of

verb

Object of

preposition

Subject

Whether (or not)

China’s economy

will continue to

grow is a salient

question.

The question is not

whether (or not)

China’s economy

will continue to

grow.

Can we predict

whether (or if)

China’s economy

will continue to

grow?

The economists aren’t

concerned about

whether (or not)

China’s economy

will continue to

grow.

What Deng

Xiaoping do was to


What did

Deng

Xiaoping

do?

what

which

when

where

why

how

Subjective

complement

Object of

verb

Object of

preposition

embrace the

international market.

The most important

factor is what Deng

Xiaoping did.

We must imitate what

Deng Xiaoping did.

Many still talk about

what Deng Xiaoping

did.

An imperative

sentence

Learn more

from China

that Object of

verb

Economists have

suggested that we

learn more from

China.

An exclamation

What an

improvement

China has

made!

what

now

Object of

verb

Object of

preposition

Economists have

realized what an

improvement China

has made.

We talked about what

an improvement

China has made.


PHRASE

Phrase is a group of words that has no verb. There are two kinds of

phrase; adjective phrase and verbal phrase.

ADJECTIVE PHRASE

Adjective phrase functions to explain noun.

The formula:

Op Sh A C O M

Opinion – Shape – Age – Colour – Origin – Material

Example: expensive round new red Japanese plastic car

VERBAL PHRASE

There are three kinds of verbal phrase:

[noun]

explains


1. Participial phrase

2. Geround phrase

3. Infinitive phrase

PARTICIPIAL PHRASE

Participial phrase functions as an adjective.

Examples:

1. to cheat

present participle past participle

active passive

a cheating husband a cheated wife

2. to see

seeing seen

GEROUND PHRASE

Seeing beautiful scenery, I

decided to paint it.

Seen with Andrea, Kian

refused to give any comment.


Geround phrase functions as a noun (subject, object, subjective

complement, object of preposition). It only has one form; present

participle.

Example: to swim

swimming

Geround as subjective complement

My hobby is swimming.

Geround as object of preposition

I’m afraid of swimming.

INFINITIVE PHRASE

Infinitive phrase functions as noun, adjective, and adverb.

Examples:

1. Infinitive phrase as noun

To be number one is his main ambition.

I want to borrow some money.

2. Infinitive phrase as adjective

I have money to buy the ticket.

3. Infinitive phrase as adverb

They killed her to get to me.

[object]

explains

[verb]

explains


REFERENCES

Fitriana, Aida, et al. 2006. Enrich 1: High Intermediate (Student Book).

Jakarta: Pusat Penerbitan LIA.

Susanti, Astrid, et al. 2006. Enrich 2: High Intermediate (Student Book).


Susanti, Astrid, et al. 2006. Enrich 3: High Intermediate (Student Book).


Susanti Astrid, et al. 2007. Enrich 4: High Intermediate (Student Book).


Own notes.

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