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type of substituent

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Type of substituent Examples Activating/ deactivating Directin g effect with respect to benzene Mesomericall y electron- donating OR, NR 2 Strongly activating o/p Inductively electron- donating Alkyl Weakly activating o/p Mesomericall y electron- donating & strongly inductively electron- withdrawing Halogen Deactivating o/p Electron withdrawing NO 2 , SO 3 H, Deactivating m

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Page 1: Type of Substituent

Type of substituent

Examples Activating/deactivating Directing effect with respect to benzene

Mesomerically electron-donating

OR, NR2 Strongly activating o/p

Inductively electron-donating

Alkyl Weakly activating o/p

Mesomerically electron-donating & strongly inductively electron-withdrawing

Halogen Deactivating o/p

Electron withdrawing

NO2, SO3H, Deactivating m

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