type thesis - university of the arts london · 2016-01-26 · αΚ ΚΧ!Ν,&≅∋03
TRANSCRIPT
Title e Co- Textile Design: How can textile design and making, combined with
social media tools, achieve a more sustainable fast fashion future?
Type Thesis
URL http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/7789/
Date 2014
Citation Ballie, Jennifer (2014) e Co- Textile Design: How can textile design and
making, combined with social media tools, achieve a more sustainable fast
fashion future? PhD thesis, University of the Arts London.
Creators Ballie, Jennifer
Usage Guidelines
Please refer to usage guidelines at http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/policies.html or
alternatively contact [email protected].
License: Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives
Unless otherwise stated, copyright owned by the author
!
!
!
!
∀#∃%#&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−./!0%1!23.!(∀∋()∗∀!4∀,)−.!3.4!
536).−7!2%58).∀4!1)(9!,%2)3∗!5∀4)3!(%%∗,7!329)∀:∀!3!
5%;∀!,<,(3).38∗∀!=3,(!=3,9)%.!=<(<;∀>!
!
?∀..)=∀;!≅3∗∗)∀!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
∀!#∃%&∋&!&()∗∋##%+!∋,!−(.−∋..∗%,#!/−!#∃%!0%1(∋0%∗%,#&!/−!!
2∃%.&%3!2/..%4%!/−!∀0#!5!6%&∋4,7!2287!9,∋:%0&∋#;!/−!#∃%!∀0#&!</,+/,!!
=/0!#∃%!+%40%%!/−!6/>#/0!/−!?∃∋./&/≅∃;!
!
!
ΑΒΧ∆
i
!
!
Α8,(;32(!
!
∀#∃%#&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−./!Ε/Φ!>3,!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,47!>/∗)∋,%+!Φ∋#∃!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&7!
3>∃∋%:%!3!∗/0%!&(∋,3).%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!−(#(0%Ι!!
!
ϑ∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! 3>Η,/Φ.%+4%&! #∃3#! #∃%! >/,:%,∋%,>%! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! ∃3&! &∃∋−#%+! +%≅%,+%,>%! /,! &Η∋..&! &(>∃! 3&!
+0%&&∗3Η∋,47!0%≅3∋0∋,4!3,+!3.#%0∋,47!≅3&&%+!−0/∗!/,%!4%,%03#∋/,!#/!#∃%!,%Γ#Κ!Λ%>3(&%!/−!#∃%!3>>%&&∋).%!3,+!3−−/0+3).%!
,3#(0%!/−!∗3&&!∗3,(−3>#(0%!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0!∋&!)%>/∗∋,4!.%&&!3>#∋:%!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!+%&∋4,7!≅0/+(>#∋/,!3,+!∗3∋,#%,3,>%!/−!
#∃%∋0! >./#∃∋,4Κ! ϑ∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! ≅0/≅/&%&! #/! (≅Μ&Η∋..! >/,&(∗%0&! 3,+! ∋,#%0>%≅#&! #∃%∋0! −./Φ! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,!
(&∋,4! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&Κ! ϑ∃%&%! %Γ≅./0%! ∃/Φ! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&%&! >3,! )%! >/∗)∋,%+! Φ∋#∃! &/>∋3.! ∗%+∋3!
#//.&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!3!0%,3∋&&3,>%!/−!∗3Η∋,4!#∃0/(4∃!−/(0!+∋−−%0%,#!>/,>%≅#&!#/!%∗≅/Φ%0!>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,! Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,&!+%∗/,#%!3>>%&&∋).%!≅0/>%&&%&!/−!∗3Η∋,4!3,+!3∋∗!#/!)0/3+%,!%,434%∗%,#Κ!ϑ∃%!
+%∗/>03#∋>! %#∃/&! /−! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&! 3.&/! %,3).%&! 34%,>;! #/! %:/.:%! )%;/,+! /0>∃%#%+! ∋,#%03>#∋/,&Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃!
%:3.(3#∋,4! #∃%! ≅0/>%&&! /−! +%&∋4,∋,47! +%:%./≅∋,4! 3,+! +%∗/,#∋,4! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&! 3! ,%Φ! ≅0/≅/&∋#∋/,!
%∗%04%+!#∋#.%+!Ο%Μ2/Μϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,ΠΚ!ϑ∃∋&!∗/+%.!+%∗/,#%&!∃/Φ!&/>∋3.!3,+!+∋4∋#3.!∗%+∋3!>3,!≅0/:∋+%!3!:%∃∋>.%!−/0!
#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,%0&!#/!−3>∋.∋#3#%!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&Κ!
!
=3&#!−3&∃∋/,7!)/#∃!∋,!#%0∗&!/−!#∃%!≅0/+(>#!3,+!3>#∋:∋#;7!>∃3..%,4%&!#∃%!>/,>%≅#!/−!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;Κ!ϑ∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!≅/&∋#∋/,&!
#%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&! −0/∗! /(#&∋+%! #∃%! −3&∃∋/,! &;&#%∗! 3&! 3! ∗%3,&! /−! 3>∃∋%:∋,4! ∗/0%! &(∋,3).%! >/,&(∗%0!
3>#∋:∋#;7!#∃0/(4∃!./,4%0Μ#%0∗!>/,&∋+%03#∋/,!3,+!>/,,%>#∋:∋#;!#/Φ30+!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!≅(0>∃3&%&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∋&!3>∃∋%:%+!);!∗3Η∋,4!
3>>%&&∋).%!,%Φ−/(,+!&Η∋..&!3,+!0%&/(0>%&!:∋3!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3Κ!=(#(0%!0%&%30>∃!0%1(∋0%&!3! ./,4∋#(+∋,3.! &#(+;!#/!%:3.(3#%!
#∃%!∋∗≅3>#!−0/∗!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0Π&!≅%0&≅%>#∋:%Κ!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
ii
!
!
Α26.%1∗∀4−∀5∀.(,!
!!
Ν!Φ/(.+!.∋Η%!#/!)%4∋,!);!#∃3,Η∋,4!Θ%3.Π&!Ρ30+!−/0!≅0/:∋+∋,4!3!&>∃/.30&∃∋≅!3Φ30+7!#∃∋&!≅0/:∋+%+!3,!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!#/!−(0#∃%0!
∗;! 0%&%30>∃! ∋,#/! &(∋,3)∋.∋#;Κ! Λ%∋,4! 3Φ30+%+! #∃∋&! &>∃/.30&∃∋≅! Φ3&! .∋−%! >∃3,4∋,4! 3,+! %,3).%+! ∗%! #/! 0%./>3#%! #/!
</,+/,Κ!ϑ∃%!>0/&&!>/..%4%!&(≅≅/0#!≅0/:∋+%+!);!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!=(#(0%&!Σ%&%30>∃!2%,#0%7!≅0/:∋+%+!∗%!Φ∋#∃!3>>%&&!#/!0%&%30>∃!
0%&/(0>%&7!−3>∋.∋#∋%&!3,+!∗/&#!∋∗≅/0#3,#.;7!−/(0!Φ/,+%0−(.!&(≅%0:∋&/0&!Φ∃/∗!Ν!3+∗∋0%!3,+!0%&≅%>#Κ!?0/−%&&/0&!Σ%)%>>3!
Τ30.%;7!Υ3;!?/.∋#/Φ∋>ς!3,+!Ω3,%!Ε300∋&7!3,+!?∃∋.∋≅!6%.3∗/0%!3..!&∃30%+!#∃%∋0!>/..%>#∋:%!Φ∋&+/∗!3,+!%,>/(034%+!∗%!#/!
40/Φ!3&!3!+%&∋4,!0%&%30>∃%0Κ!Ν!Φ∋..!)%!−/0%:%0!403#%−(.!−/0!#∃%∋0!&∃30%+!Η∋,+,%&&!3,+!&(≅≅/0#Κ!Ν!Φ/(.+!3.&/!.∋Η%!#/!#∃3,Η!
?0/−%&&/0&!Ξ∋Η%!?0%&&!3,+!Ψ##/!:/,!Λ(&>∃!Φ∃/!)/#∃!4%,%0/(&.;!≅0/:∋+%+!/,4/∋,4!∗%,#/0&∃∋≅!#∃0/(4∃!/(#!#∃∋&!#∃%&∋&!
3,+!%,>/(034%+!3!Ο#∃∋,Η!)∋4Π!≅∃∋./&/≅∃;Κ!∀..!/−!#∃%&%!>/,:%0&3#∋/,&!≅0/:/Η%+!3,+!∋,&≅∋0%+!,%Φ!∋+%3&!3,+!∋,−.(%,>%+!3!
40/Φ∋,4!3∗)∋#∋/,!#/!)0∋,4!3)/(#!≅/&∋#∋:%!>∃3,4%Κ!!
!
Ν!Φ/(.+!.∋Η%!#/!#∃3,Η!%3>∃!3,+!%:%0;!/,%!/−!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!Φ∃/!%,434%+!Φ∋#∃!#∃∋&!0%&%30>∃7!∋#!>/(.+!,/#!∃3:%!%:/.:%+!
Φ∋#∃/(#! #∃%∋0!3>#∋:%!%,434%∗%,#Κ!ϑ∃%∋0! ∋,&∋4∃#&!3,+!>/,#0∋)(#∋/,&!∃3+!3! �/,4! ∋,−.(%,>%!/,! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃!3,+! Ν!3∗!
403#%−(.!−/0!#∃%∋0!#∋∗%7!∋,≅(#!3,+!&(≅≅/0#Κ!
!
=∋,3..;7! Ν! Φ/(.+! .∋Η%! #/! #∃3,Η! ∗;! −3∗∋.;! 3,+! −0∋%,+&! Φ∃/! ∃3:%! %,>/(034%+! ∗%! #/! &(∋,! %,%04;! 3,+! ∗/∗%,#(∗!
#∃0/(4∃/(#!#∃%!>/(0&%!/−!#∃∋&!0%&%30>∃Κ!ϑ/!#∃%!,%Φ!−0∋%,+&!Ν!∗%#!3./,4!#∃%!Φ3;!3,+!#/!#∃/&%!Φ∃/!≅0/:∋+%+!&(≅≅/0#!
−0/∗!3−30Κ! Ν!+%+∋>3#%! #∃∋&! #∃%&∋&! #/!∗;! −3∗∋.;7!%&≅%>∋3..;!∗;!∗(∗7!&∋&#%07!)3);!,∋%>%!Τ..∋%!3,+! .3&#!)(#!,/#! .%3!∗;!
≅30#,%0!Ζ03,#!3,+!/(0!≅(≅≅;!?%,,;Κ!
!
&Α≅ΒΧ!∆Ε!∃∆Φ&ΧΦ&Γ!!∀)>#[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ΚΚ∋!
∀>Η,/Φ.%+4%∗%,#&[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[∋∋!
ϑ3).%!/−!=∋4(0%&![[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[∋∋∋!
∃0ΑΗ&ΧΙ!∆ΦΧ/!ϑ.(;%4<2()%.!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Λ!ΧΚΧ!?%0&/,3.!∴#3#%∗%,#!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!]!ΧΚΑ!6%&∋4,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!5!∴(∋,3)∋.∋#;!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Α!ΧΚ∆!Σ%&%30>∃!⊥(%&#∋/,7!∀∋∗&!5!Ψ)_%>#∋:%&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!!ΧΚ!ϑ∃%&∋&!6%&∋4,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!α!ΧΚα!∴;,/≅&∋&!/−!2∃3≅#%0&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!β!
∃0ΑΗ&ΧΙ!&Μ∆/!Ε3,(!Ε3,9)%.!ΓΝ,(∀5!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Ο!ΑΚΧ!Ν,#0/+(>#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!χ!ΑΚΑ!ϑ∃%!=3&#!=3&∃∋/,!∴;&#%∗!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!χ!ΑΚ∆!∴(∋,3).%!6%&∋4,!∴#03#%4∋%&!−/0!=3&#!=3&∃∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧΧ!
ΑΚ∆ΚΧ!<∋−%>;>.%!#∃∋,Η∋,4!−/0!=3&#!=3&∃∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧΑ!ΑΚ∆ΚΑ!?0/+(>#!∴%0:∋>%!∴;&#%∗&!−/0!=3&#!=3&∃∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χα!ΑΚ∆Κ∆!Τ∗/#∋/,3..;!6(03).%!6%&∋4,!−/0!=3&#!=3&∃∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ]!
ΑΚ!2/,>.(&∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χχ!
∃0ΑΗ&ΧΙ!&0ΙΧΧ/!Η3;()2)Π3(%;Ν!∃%.,<5∀;!∃<∗(<;∀!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΘΡ!∆ΚΧ!Ν,#0/+(>#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΑΒ!∆ΚΑ!?30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!2/,&(∗%0!2(.#(0%!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΑΧ!∆Κ∆!2/ΜΤ:%0;#∃∋,4!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Α∆!
∆ΚΑΚΧ!2(&#/∗∋&3#∋/,δ!6ΝΡ!5!?%0&/,3.∋&3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Αα!∆Κ∆ΚΑ!6%&∋4,!∀>#∋:∋&∗δ!∀4%,>;!5!∀>#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!∆Β!∆Κ∆Κ∆!2/..3)/03#∋:%!2/,&(∗≅#∋/,δ!∴∃30%+!ΨΦ,%0&∃∋≅!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!∆Α!∆Κ∆Κ!20/Φ+&/(0>∋,4δ!2/..%>#∋:%!8∋&+/∗!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!∆!∆Κ∆Κα!Ψ≅%,!Ν,,/:3#∋/,δ!2/..%>#∋:%!ϑ//.&7!Σ%&/(0>%&!3,+!2/..%>#∋/,&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!∆β!
∆Κ!2/,>.(&∋/,!∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀∀!#∃!
∃0ΑΗ&ΧΙ!Ε∆ΣΙ/!Τ∀(9%4%∗%−Ν!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΥΡ!ΚΧ!Ν,#0/+(>#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Β!ΚΑ!∀>#∋/,!Σ%&%30>∃!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ!Κ∆!∀>#∋/,!Σ%&%30>∃!∀≅≅0/3>∃!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!Σ%&%30>∃!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Α!Κ!6%&∋4,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!ϑ//.Η∋#!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!∆!Κα!∀>#∋/,!Σ%&%30>∃!?0/>%&&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ε!
ΚαΚΧ!?.3,,∋,4!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ε!ΚαΚΑ!∀>#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ε!ΚαΚ∆!Ψ)&%0:3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!χ!ΚαΚ!Σ%−.%>#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!χ!
Κ]!2/,>.(&∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!αΒ!
ΗΑΙ&!&Μ∆!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ςΛ!
∃93Π(∀;!ΕϑΩΧ/!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Λ!Ξ!+∀,)−.!Α2():),5!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ςΛ!αΚΧ!Ν,#0/+(>#∋/,!#/!ΟΨ.+!∋&!#∃%!Θ%Φ!Λ.3>ΗΠ!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!αΧ!αΚΑ!?0/).%∗!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!αΧ!αΚ∆!∴(∋,3).%!6%&∋4,!∴#03#%4∋%&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!αΑ!αΚ!6%:%./≅∋,4!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!Χ!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!α∆!
αΚΚΧ!Ν,&≅∋03#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!α∆!αΚΚΑ!2/,>%≅#(3.∋&3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!α]!αΚΚ∆!Σ%&%30>∃!Ξ%#∃/+&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!αε!
αΚα!6%&∋4,!5!Ν∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!]Β!αΚαΚΑ!Ν#%03#∋/,!Χδ!6%&∋4,!∀>#∋:∋&∗!8/0Η&∃/≅!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!]ε!αΚαΚ∆!Ν#%03#∋/,!Αδ!6%&∋4,!∀>#∋:∋&∗!8/0Η&∃/≅!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!]χ!αΚαΚ∆!!Ν#%03#∋/,!∆δ!6%&∋4,!∀>#∋:∋&∗!8/0Η&∃/≅!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!βΧ!αΚαΚα!Σ%−.%>#∋/,!/,!Ξ%#∃/+&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!βΑ!αΚαΚ]!Ψ(#>/∗%&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!β∆!
αΚ]!Τ:3.(3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!β!αΚ]ΚΧ!Σ%−.%>#∋/,!/,!6%&∋4,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!β!αΚ]ΚΑ!Σ%−.%>#∋/,!/,!?30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!βα!
∃0ΑΗ&ΧΙ!ΓϑΨ/!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Θ!Ξ!∃%∗∗38%;3():∀!+∀,)−.!ΚΚΚΚ!ΖΘ!]ΚΧ!Ν,#0/+(>#∋/,!#/!Ο∴∃30%+!∴>30:%&Π!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!εΑ!]ΚΑ!?0/).%∗!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ε∆!]Κ∆!∴(∋,3).%!6%&∋4,!∴#03#%4∋%&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ε∆!]Κ!6%:%./≅∋,4!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!Α!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ε!
]ΚΚΧ!Ν,&≅∋03#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ε!]ΚΚΑ!2/,>%≅#(3.∋&3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!χΧ!]ΚΚ∆!Σ%&%30>∃!Ξ%#∃/+&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!χ∆!
]Κα!6%&∋4,!5!Ν∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!χ!]ΚαΚΑ!Ν#%03#∋/,!Χδ!2/Μ6%&∋4,!8/0Η&∃/≅!#∋#.%+!ΟΞ3Η%!Ρ/(0!Ξ30ΗΠ!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧΒΑ!]ΚαΚ∆!Ν#%03#∋/,!Αδ!2/Μ6%&∋4,!8/0Η&∃/≅!#∋#.%+!ΟΛ%&≅/Η%!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!?0∋,#&Π!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧΒ!]ΚαΚ!Ν#%03#∋/,!∆δ!2/Μ6%&∋4,!8/0Η&∃/≅!#∋#.%+!ΟΞ∋Γ!3,+!Ξ3#>∃Π!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧΒ]!]ΚαΚα!Ν#%03#∋/,!δ!2/Μ6%&∋4,!8/0Η&∃/≅!#∋#.%+!Ο∴∃30%+!∴>30:%&Π!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧΒχ!]ΚαΚ]!Σ%−.%>#∋/,!/,!Ξ%#∃/+&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧΧΑ!]ΚαΚβ!Ψ(#>/∗%&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧΧ!
]Κ]!Τ:3.(3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧΧα!]Κ]ΚΧ!Σ%−.%>#∋/,!/,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧΧα!]Κ]ΚΑ!Σ%−.%>#∋/,!/,!?30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧΧ]!]Κ]Κ∆!Σ%−.%>#∋/,!/,!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!5!6%∗/>03#∋>!Ν,,/:3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧΧχ!
]Κβ!2/,>.(&∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧΑΒ!
∃0ΑΗ&ΧΙ!ΓΧΩΧΦ/!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.![!Ξ!∆Π∀.!+∀,)−.!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΛΘΘ!βΚ∆!?0/).%∗!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧΑ∆!βΚ!∴(∋,3).%!6%&∋4,!∴#03#%4∋%&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧΑ∆!
βΚαΚΧ!Ν,&≅∋03#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧΑ!βΚαΚ∆!Σ%&%30>∃!Ξ%#∃/+&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧΑχ!
βΚ]!6%&∋4,!5!Ν∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ∆Β!βΚ]ΚΑ!Ν#%03#∋/,!Χ!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ∆χ!βΚ]Κ∆!Ν#%03#∋/,!Α!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ∆!βΚ]Κ!Ν#%03#∋/,!∆!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ!βΚ]Κα!6∋4∋#3.!?∋./#!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ∆χ!βΚ]Κ]!Σ%−.%>#∋/,!/,!Ξ%#∃/+&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ!βΚ]Κ]!Ψ(#>/∗%&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χα!
βΚβ!Τ:3.(3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ]!βΚβΚΧ!Σ%−.%>#∋/,!/,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ]!βΚβΚΑ!Σ%−.%>#∋/,!/,!?30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χβ!βΚβΚ∆!Σ%−.%>#∋/,!/,!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!3,+!Ψ≅%,!Ν,,/:3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χε!
βΚε!2/,>.(&∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χχ!
∃0ΑΗ&ΧΙ!Χϑ∴0&!#!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Υ/!∀#∃%#&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ΛςΡ!εΚΧ!Ν,#0/+(>#∋/,!#/!φ2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃φ!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧαΒ!εΚΑ!?0/).%∗!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧαΒ!εΚ∆!∴(∋,3).%!6%&∋4,!∴#03#%4∋%&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧαΧ!εΚ!6%:%./≅∋,4!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χα∆!
εΚΚΧ!Ν,&≅∋03#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χα∆!εΚΚΑ!2/,>%≅#(3.∋&3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χαβ!εΚΚ∆!Σ%&%30>∃!Ξ%#∃/+&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χαχ!
εΚα!6%&∋4,!5!Ν∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ]Β!8/0Η&∃/≅!Αδ!ΤΓ≅γ0∋%,>%!?0/#/#;≅%!8/0Η&∃/≅!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ]Α!
εΚαΚΑ!Ν+%3#∋/,!8/0Η&∃/≅!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ]α!εΚαΚΑ!η3ι!6Τ∴ΝΖΘ!Ν6Τ∀ϑΝΨΘδ!2/,&(∗%0!20%3#∋/,!Φ∋#∃∋,!3,!Τ:%,#!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ]]!εΚαΚΑ!η)ι!6Τ∴ΝΖΘ!Ν6Τ∀ϑΝΨΘδ!2/,&(∗%0!20%3#∋/,!=3>∋.∋#3#%+!);!3!6∋4∋#3.!∀≅≅!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ]β!εΚαΚΑ!η>ι!?ΣΨ692ϑΝΨΘ!Ν6Τ∀ϑΝΨΘδ!</>3.!∴%0:∋>%!?0/:∋&∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ]β!εΚαΚ∆!2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃!6%&∋4,!?0/≅/&∋#∋/,&!−0/∗!Ν+%3#∋/,!8/0Η&∃/≅!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ]ε!εΚαΚ!2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃!9&%0!ΤΓ≅%0∋%,>%!?0/#/#;≅%!8/0Η&∃/≅!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χ]χ!εΚαΚα!Σ%−.%>#∋/,!/,!Ξ%#∃/+&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧβΒ!εΚαΚ]!Ψ(#>/∗%&!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧβΧ!
εΚ]!Τ:3.(3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧβΧ!εΚ]ΚΧ!Σ%−.%>#∋/,!/,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧβΧ!εΚ]ΚΑ!Σ%−.%>#∋/,!/,!?30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧβΑ!εΚ]Κ∆!Σ%−.%>#∋/,!/,!#∃%!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧβΑ!
εΚβ!2/,>.(&∋/,!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χβ∆!
∃0ΑΗ&ΧΙ!ΦϑΦΧ/!∃%.2∗<,)%.!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Λ]ς!χΚΧ!ϑ∃%&∋&!∴(∗∗30;!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χβα!
χΚΑ!Ψ)_%>#∋:%!Χ!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χββ!
χΚ∆!Ψ)_%>#∋:%!Α!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χβε!
χΚ!Ψ)_%>#∋:%!∆!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!Χβχ!
χΚα!2/,#0∋)(#∋/,&!#/!Υ,/Φ.%+4%!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΧεΧ!
!ΙΧΕΧΙΧΦ∃ΧΓ!ΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚΚ!ΛΖΘ!
ΑΠΠ∀.4)∋!Α/!∃%#Χ:∀;Ν(9).−/!Τ3ΠΠ).−!(9∀!Η3;()2)Π3(%;Ν!+∀,)−.!Β3.4,23Π∀!=%;!
Ε3,9)%.!3.4!&∀∋()∗∀,⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥ΛΟΡ!
ΑΠΠ∀.4)∋!≅/!+∀,)−.!Ε32)∗)(3()%.!&%%∗6)(⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥ΚΘΛΡ!
ΑΠΠ∀.4)∋!∃/!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!ΛΚ⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥ΚΘΛΛ!
ΑΠΠ∀.4)∋!+/!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Θ⊥ΚΚΚΚ⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥Θ[ς!
ΑΠΠ∀.4)∋!Χ/!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.![⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥ΚΚΘΖς!
ΑΠΠ∀.4)∋!Ε/!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Υ⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥ΚΚΘΟΘ!
ΑΠΠ∀.4)∋!∴/!Η<8∗),9∀4!Η3Π∀;,⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥⊥Κ[ΡΖ!
!
!
!
&Α≅ΒΧ!∆Ε!Εϑ∴ΣΙΧΓ!
=∋4(0%!Χ!ϑ∃%&∋&!2/,#%,#!Ξ3≅! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! β!
=∋4(0%!Α!Θ∋Η%!Ξ3Η∋,4!∀≅≅!ηΑΒΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ΧΑ!
=∋4(0%!∆!Ζ30∗%,#!<∋−%>;>.%!∀&&%&&∗%,#!ϑ//.!η?3;,%7!ΑΒΧΧι! ! ! ! ! Χ∆!
=∋4(0%!!ΤΓ#%,+∋,4!#∃%!<∋−%>;>.%!#∃0/(4∃!6%&∋4,!η?3;,%7!ΑΒΧΧι!! ! ! ! Χ!
=∋4(0%!α!=3&∃∋/,!∴%0:∋>%!∴;&#%∗!ηϕ/,!Λ(&>∃7!ΑΒΒχι! ! ! ! ! ! Χα!
=∋4(0%!]!Σ%≅3∋0!Ν#!Ρ/(0&%.−!ηΣΝ?ι!∴∃/%!);!ηΞ/0≅(04/7!ΑΒΧΧι! ! ! ! ! Χβ!
=∋4(0%!β!90)3,!Ψ(#−∋##%0&!6ΝΡ!/0!6ΝΤ!%:%,#!!ηΑΒΒχι! ! ! ! ! ! Χε!
=∋4(0%!ε!?30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!6%&∋4,!<3,+&>3≅%! ! ! ! ! ! ! Α∆!
=∋4(0%!χ!∴>0%%,&∃/#!−0/∗!∴.∋+%&∃30%!/−!2/ΜΤ:%0;#∃∋,4!Ψ,.∋,%!ϕ∋%Φ&! ! ! ! Αα!
=∋4(0%!ΧΒ!?∴!Ν!Ξ3+%!ϑ∃∋&!Μ!6ΝΡ!=3&∃∋/,!Λ./4!ηΑΒΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ! ! Α]!
=∋4(0%!ΧΧ!6ΝΡ!2%.∋,%!ϑΜ∴∃∋0#!ηΨ(#&3≅/≅!Λ./47!ΑΒΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ! ! Αβ!
=∋4(0%!ΧΑ!ΘΝΥΤ!∋6!.3)!ηΑΒΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Αβ!
=∋4(0%!Χ∆!Λ(0)%00;!Λ%&≅/Η%!ηΑΒΧΧι!! ! ! ! ! ! ! Αε!
=∋4(0%!Χ!Ε3.−Μ83;!=3&∃∋/,!6%&∋4,!ηΕ∋0&>∃%07!ΑΒΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ! ! Αχ!
=∋4(0%!Χα!?.3#−/0∗!ΑΧ!Σ%≅3∋0!Ξ3,∋−%&#/!ηΑΒΒχι! ! ! ! ! ! ∆Χ!
=∋4(0%!Χ]!2/..3)/03#∋:%!2/,&(∗≅#∋/,!ηΛ/#&∗3,!3,+!Σ/4%0&7!ΑΒΧΧι! ! ! ! ∆Α!
=∋4(0%!Χβ!Ζ∋0.!Ξ%%#&!60%&&!ηΑΒΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ∆∆!
=∋4(0%!Χε!Σ%,#!#∃%!Σ(,Φ3;!ηΑΒΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ∆!
=∋4(0%!Χχ!2/,#∋,((∗!=3&∃∋/,!ηΑΒΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ! ! ! ∆α!
=∋4(0%!ΑΒ!ϑ∃0%3+.%&&!20/Φ+&/(0>∋,4!ϑΜ∴∃∋0#Π&!ηΑΒΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ! ! ∆]!
=∋4(0%!ΑΧ!23#Φ3.Η!Ζ%,∋(&!ηΑΒΧΒι! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ∆]!
=∋4(0%!ΑΧ!Ψ≅%,Φ%30!2/..3)/03#∋:%!2/..%>#∋/,!ηΑΒΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ! ! ∆β!
=∋4(0%!ΑΑ!∀>#∋/,!Σ%&%30>∃!ηΣ%3&/,7!ΑΒΒΒι! ! ! ! ! ! ! Β!
=∋4(0%!Α∆!ϑΤ6φ&!ϑΤΘ!Τ30.%;!5!?/.∋#/Φ∋>ς!ηΑΒΧΒΜΧι! ! ! ! ! ! ∆
=∋4(0%!Α!6%&∋4,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!ϑ//.Η∋#! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!! ! ! !
=∋4(0%!Αα!?0∋∗30;!Ξ%#∃/+&!6%&∋4,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!ϑ//.Η∋#! ! ! ! ! α!
=∋4(0%!Α]!Ξ3∋&/,!Ξ30#∋,!Ξ304∋%.3!ΤΓ∃∋)∋#∋/,!ηΑΒΧΒι! ! ! ! ! ! αΑ!
=∋4(0%!Αβ!Λ.3>Η!Ε3>Η!ηΤ30.%;7!ΑΒΧΧι!! ! ! ! ! ! ! α∆!
=∋4(0%!Αε!∴#0%%#!∴#;.%!Λ./44%0&!3#!=3&∃∋/,!8%%Η!ηΑΒΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ! α!
=∋4(0%!Αχ!2/,>%≅#(3.∋&∋,4!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!Χ! ! ! ! ! ! ! αα!
=∋4(0%!∆Β!Ψ.+!∋&!#∃%!Θ%Φ!Λ.3>Η!Ψ:%0!?0∋,#∋,4!Ξ%#∃/+!! ! ! ! ! αα!
=∋4(0%!∆Χ!Ψ.+!∋&!#∃%!Θ%Φ!Λ.3>Η!ϑ(∗).0!Λ./4!ηΑΒΧΒΜΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ! α]!
=∋4(0%!∆Α!6%&∋4,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!Υ∋#!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!Χ! ! ! ! ! ! αβ!
=∋4(0%!∆∆!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!Χ!ϑ%∗≅.3#%! ! ! ! ! ! ]Χ!
=∋4(0%!∆!?∋./#∋,4!#∃%!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,!5!Ξ3Η∋,4!?0/>%&&! ! ! !!!!!!!! ! ! ! ]Α!
=∋4(0%!∆α!Ψ.+!∋&!#∃%!Θ%Φ!Λ.3>Η!ϑ(∗).0!Λ./4! ! ! ! ! ! ! ]∆!
=∋4(0%!∆]!Ψ:%0!?0∋,#%+!∴∃∋0#!−0/∗!?∋./#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ]!
=∋4(0%!∆β!Ψ:%0!?0∋,#%+!Λ./(&%!−0/∗!?∋./#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ]α!
=∋4(0%!∆ε!8/0Η&∃/≅!Χ!Μ!=3&∃∋/,!=//#≅0∋,#&!=%&#∋:3.!ΑΒΧΒ! ! ! ! ! ]]!
=∋4(0%!∆χ!?0/:/Μ#;≅%+!∴Η∋0#!Μ!8/0Η&∃/≅!Α! ! ! ! ! ! ! ]β!
=∋4(0%!Β!?0/:/Μ#;≅%+!60%&&!Μ!8/0Η&∃/≅!Α! ! ! ! ! ! ! ]β!
=∋4(0%!Χ!?0/:/Μ#;≅%+!∴∃/%&!Μ!8/0Η&∃/≅!Α! ! ! ! ! ! ! ]ε!
=∋4(0%!Α!8/0Η&∃/≅!∆!Μ!=%&#∋:3.!/−!<∋4∃#7!∴Φ%+%,!ηΑΒΧΒι! ! ! ! ! ]χ!
=∋4(0%!∆!=/(0!<%:%.&!/−!%:%0;+3;!>0%3#∋:∋#;!η∴3,+%0&7!ΑΒΒ]ι! ! ! ! ! εΑ!
=∋4(0%!!ϑ∃%!∀∗3ς∋,4&!∴Η∋..!∴∃30%!≅.3#−/0∗!ηΑΒΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ! ! ε∆!
=∋4(0%!α!∴Η∋..&∃30%!2/∗∗(,∋#;!2.3&&%&!ηΑΒΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ! ! ε!
=∋4(0%!]!6∋4∋#3.!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!?0∋,#∋,4! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! εα!
=∋4(0%!β!6∋4∋#3.!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!?.3#−/0∗&!ηΑΒΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ! ! ! εα!
=∋4(0%!ε!6ΝΡ!2/(#(0%!3,+!ϑ∃%!?%/≅.%φ&!?0∋,#!2/..3)/03#∋/,!ηΑΒΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ε]!
=∋4(0%!χ!Λ3&&/!3,+!Λ0/Η%!6∋4∋#3.!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!8/0Η&∃/≅!ηΑΒΧΑι! ! ! ! ! εβ!
=∋4(0%!αΒ!2/,>%≅#(3.∋&∋,4!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!Α! ! ! ! ! ! ! εχ!
=∋4(0%!αΧ!Ξ/)∋.%!6∋4∋#3.!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,!∴#(+∋/! ! ! ! ! ! εχ!
=∋4(0%!αΑ!∴∃30%+!∴>30:%&!Λ./4!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! χΒ!
=∋4(0%!α∆!6%&∋4,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!Υ∋#!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!Α! ! ! ! ! ! χΒ!
=∋4(0%!α!?∋./#!8/0Η&∃/≅!Ξ3#%0∋3.&!! ! ! ! ! ! ! χ]!
=∋4(0%!αα!?∋./#!8/0Η&∃/≅!≅0/#/#;≅%!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,&! ! ! ! ! χβ!
=∋4(0%!α]!8/0Η&∃/≅!Χ!(&∋,4!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/! ! ! ! ! ! χε!
=∋4(0%!αβ!8/0Η&∃/≅!Α!(&∋,4!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/! ! ! ! ! ! ΧΒΒ!
=∋4(0%!αε!Ζ%,!κ!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!(&∋,4!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/! ! ! ! ! ! ΧΒΑ!
=∋4(0%!αχ!Ν&&%;!Ξ∋;3Η%!∀?Ψ2!>/,>%≅#!ηΑΒΒΑι! ! ! ! ! ! ΧΒ∆!
=∋4(0%!]Β!8/0Η&∃/≅!∆!(&∋,4!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/! ! ! ! ! ! ΧΒ!
=∋4(0%!]Χ!?30#∋>∋≅3,#!Λ./4!?/&#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ΧΒα!
=∋4(0%!]Α!Ν,#%03>#∋:%!Ξ30Η%#!∴#3..!3#!=(#(0%!Τ:%0;#∃∋,4!ηΑΒΧΧι! ! ! ! ! ΧΒ]!
=∋4(0%!]∆!Ν,#%03>#∋:%!Ξ30Η%#!..!?0/#/#;≅%!∴>30:%&! ! ! ! ! ! ΧΒβ!
=∋4(0%!]!?30#∋>∋≅3,#!Λ./4!?/&#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ΧΧΧ!
=∋4(0%!]α!?30#∋>∋≅3,#!Λ./4!?/&#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ΧΧΧ!
=∋4(0%!]]!Ψ&>30!6%!<3!Σ%,#3!ϑ∃%!Λ/30+!ηΑΒΧΑι! ! ! ! ! ! ΧΧχ!
=∋4(0%!]β!∴ΕΨ8&#(+∋/!6%&∋4,!6/Φ,./3+!ηΑΒΒχΜΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ! ! ΧΑΒ!
=∋4(0%!]ε!2/,#,((∗!6∋4∋#3.!=3&∃∋/,!?.3#−/0∗!ηΑΒΧ∆ι! ! ! ! ! ! ΧΑΒ!
=∋4(0%!]χ!ϑ∃%!9,∋−/0∗!?0/_%>#!ηΑΒΧΒΜΧΧι! ! ! ! ! ! ! ΧΑΧ!
=∋4(0%!βΒ!2/,>%≅#(3.∋&∋,4!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!∆! ! ! ! ! ! ! ΧΑΑ!
=∋4(0%!βΧ!6%&∋4,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!ϑ//.Η∋#!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!∆! ! ! ! ! ! ΧΑ∆!
=∋4(0%!βΑ!ϑ3).%!/−!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Χ∆Β!
=∋4(0%!β∆!6ΣΤ∴∴!9?λ6Ψ8Θ./3+!?∋,#%0%&#!Λ/30+! ! ! ! ! ! Χ∆Χ!
=∋4(0%!β!./Μ−∋!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!≅0/#/#;≅∋,4!#//.Η∋#! ! ! ! ! ! Χ∆Α!
=∋4(0%!βα!?∋./#!8/0Η&∃/≅! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Χ∆Α!
=∋4(0%!β]!6ΣΤ∴∴!9?λ6Ψ8Θ./3+!60%&&! ! ! ! ! ! ! Χ∆∆!
=∋4(0%!ββ!6%&∋4,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!∴∃%%#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Χ∆!
=∋4(0%!βε!8/0Η&∃/≅!Χ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Χ∆α!
=∋4(0%!βχ!./Μ−∋!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!#//.Η∋#! ! ! ! ! ! Χ∆]!
=∋4(0%!εΒ!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!∆! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Χ∆β!
=∋4(0%!εΧ!6ΣΤ∴∴!9?λ6Ψ8Θ./3+!)./4! ! ! ! ! ! ! Χ∆ε!
=∋4(0%!εΑ!6ΣΤ∴∴!9?λ6Ψ8Θ./3+!−3>%)//Η!≅34%! ! ! ! ! ! Χ∆χ!
=∋4(0%!ε∆!8%)!ΑΚΒ7!∴/>∋3.!Ξ%+∋3!3,+!20%3#∋:%!2/,&(∗%0&!ηΛ%0#∃/,7!ΑΒΧΑι! ! ! Χ!
=∋4(0%!ε!∀≅≅!Σ%:∋%Φ!2/..3)/03#∋:%!2/,&(∗≅#∋/,!3,+!2/Μ6%&∋4,! ! ! ! Χβ!
=∋4(0%!εα!%Μ2/!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,!Ξ/+%.! ! ! ! ! ! ! Χε!
=∋4(0%!ε]!2/,>%≅#(3.∋&∋,4!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!! ! ! ! ! ! ! Χχ!
=∋4(0%!εβ!6%&∋4,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!Υ∋#!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!! ! ! ! ! ! ΧαΧ!
=∋4(0%!εε!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!!ϑ%∗≅.3#%! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Χα!
=∋4(0%!εχ!∴#0%%#!∴#;.%!Ν,#%0:∋%Φ!</>3#∋/,! ! ! ! ! ! ! Χαα!
=∋4(0%!χΒ!Ν+%3#∋/,!Ξ3≅! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Χα]!
=∋4(0%!χΧ!2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃!ΤΓ≅%0∋%,>%!?0/#/#;≅%!∀≅≅! ! ! ! ! ! Χαχ!
1
∃0ΑΗ&ΧΙ!Λ/!ϑ.(;%4<2()%.!
ΛΚΛ!Η∀;,%.3∗!Γ(3(∀5∀.(!
!
Ξ;!+%&∋4,! _/(0,%;!)%43,! ∋,! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!≅03>#∋>%7!)(#!Φ3&! #03,&−/0∗%+!);!(,+%0#3Η∋,4!3!Ξ3&#%0Π&!
6%40%%!∋,!6%&∋4,Κ!=/0!∗%7!3!,%Φ!3Φ30%,%&&!%∗%04%+!/(#!/−!#∃%!,%%+!#/!>/,&∋+%0!∃/Φ!+%&∋4,!>/(.+!
#0∋44%0!≅/&∋#∋:%7!,/#!,%43#∋:%!∋∗≅3>#&!/,!≅%/≅.%!3,+!#∃%!%,:∋0/,∗%,#Κ!∀&!3!0%&(.#7!∗;!3##∋#(+%!#/!#∃%!
+%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&! )%43,! #/! >∃3,4%! 3,+! )%>3∗%! >%,#%0%+! /,! >/..3)/03#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#! ∗;! Ξ3&#%0&!
6%40%%!Ν!+%:%./≅%+!3!03,4%!/−!>/Μ+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&%&!#/!%,3).%!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!#/!≅%0&/,3.∋&%!#∃%∋0!>./#∃∋,4Κ!
ϑ∃∋&! Φ/0Η! 1(%&#∋/,%+! )/#∃! ∗;! /Φ,! 3,+! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&Π! 0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅! Φ∋#∃! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! #/! 3++0%&&!
&(∋,3)∋.∋#;Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!+%:%./≅∋,4!3,!(,+%0,+∋,4!/−!>/Μ+%&∋4,!3&!3!∗%#∃/+7!Ν!)%43,!#/!+%&∋4,!3,+!
+%.∋:%0! Φ/0Η&∃/≅&! #/! %,434%! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&! Φ∋#∃! #∃%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&Κ! Ν! )%>3∗%! 3Φ30%! #∃3#! #∃%!
∋&&(%&!03∋&%+!);!+%∗;&#∋−;∋,4!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!Φ%0%!>/,&∋+%03).%µ!#∃%!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!/−!Φ/0Η∋,4!Φ∋#∃!
∋,+∋:∋+(3.&! 3../Φ%+!∗%! #/! +%:%./≅! 3! +%%≅%0! (,+%0,+∋,4! /−! #∃%∋0! ,%%+&7! +%&∋0%&7! 3&≅∋03#∋/,&! 3,+!
≅%0>%≅#∋/,&Κ! ΤΓ≅3,+∋,4! (≅/,! ∗;! )3>Η40/(,+! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! /−! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,7! >/∗)∋,%+! Φ∋#∃! +%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! &Η∋..&7! Ν! −%.#! Ν! ∃3+! 3! >/,#0∋)(#∋/,! #/! ∗3Η%Κ! Ν! −/(,+! Ν! ∃3+! 3! ≅30#∋>(.30! ./>3#∋/,! Μ! >%,#%0%+!
30/(,+! ∗;! ≅03>#∋>%! Μ! 3! ≅/&∋#∋/,! #∃3#! +∋−−%0%+! −0/∗! #∃3#! /−! /#∃%0! ≅%/≅.%! +%&∋4,∋,4! 3,+! >/,>%∋:∋,4!
#%Γ#∋.%&! −/0! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!Φ/0Η∋,4!+∋0%>#.;!Φ∋#∃!≅%/≅.%! Ν! >/(.+!3&Η! #∃%∗!1(%&#∋/,&7!+%:%./≅!3!
+%%≅%0!∋,&∋4∃#!3,+!#3∋./0!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!#/!4/!)%;/,+!>03−#∋,4!)%3(#∋−(.!≅0/+(>#&µ!#/!+%:%./≅!,%Φ!
+%&∋4,!∋,#%03>#∋/,&!3,+!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&Κ!!
!
=/../Φ∋,4! ∗;! Ξ3&#%0&! 0%&%30>∃7! Ν! Φ3&! &(>>%&&−(..;! 3Φ30+%+! 3! 9∀<! >0/&&! >/..%4%! ?∃6! &>∃/.30&∃∋≅!
#∃0/(4∃! #∃%!Θ%3.Π&! Ρ30+!∀Φ30+! &(≅≅/0#%+! );! #∃%! ϑ%Γ#∋.%! =(#(0%&! Σ%&%30>∃! 2%,#0%Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃∋&!
0%&%30>∃! Ν! ∃3:%! >/,#∋,(%+! #/! 0%−∋,%! ∗;! 0/.%! 3&! 3! +%&∋4,%0! #∃0/(4∃! 3,! /,4/∋,4! +%&∋4,%0.;! ≅0/>%&&!
η20/&&7!ΑΒΧΧι!#/!%∗)03>%!−(0#∃%0!∃;)0∋+∋#;!);!%,434∋,4!Φ∋#∃!#∃%/0;7!∗%#∃/+!3,+!≅03>#∋>%!>/,,%>#%+!
#/! 3,+! /(#&∋+%! /−! ∗;! −∋%.+! /−! &#(+;Κ! ϑ/! %Γ≅3,+! (≅/,! ∗;! 0/.%! 3&! 3! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0! Ν! 3##%,+%+! 3!
−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!#03∋,∋,4!>/(0&%!∋,!23∗)0∋+4%7!03,!);!Ν+%,Η!ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!Ν!3.&/!≅30#∋>∋≅3#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#%Γ#∋.%!∗3Η∋,4!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!−3>∋.∋#3#%+!);!60!Τ∗∗3!Θ%()%04!ηΑΒΧΒι!3,+!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!#∃∋,Η∋,4!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!
);!?0/−%&&/0!Σ%)%>>3!Τ30.%;!ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!∀++∋#∋/,3..;7!3!+%&Η!&≅3>%!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!ϑ%Γ#∋.%&!Τ,:∋0/,∗%,#!6%&∋4,!
ηϑΤ6ι!0%&%30>∃!/−−∋>%!3#!2∃%.&%3!2/..%4%!/−!∀0#&!3../Φ%+!∗%!#/!/)&%0:%!#∃%!0%&%30>∃!#%3∗Π&!#%4∋>!
3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,!/−!3≅≅.∋%+!+%&∋4,!#∃0/(4∃!≅03>#∋>%Μ)3&%+!0%&%30>∃Κ!!
!
8∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃7! Ν! %Γ≅3,+%+! (≅/,! ∗;! )3>Η40/(,+! /−! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! #/! +%:%./≅! ∋,>.(&∋:%!
3≅≅0/3>∃%&! −/0! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! #/! %,434%! Φ∋#∃! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4Κ! 20%3#∋:∋#;! ∋&! ,/!
./,4%0!0%&%0:%+!−/0!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!+%&∋4,%0&Κ!∴/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&!3,+!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,&!30%!∋,−.(%,>∋,4!3!,%Φ!
0%,3∋&&3,>%!30/(,+!∗3Η∋,4Κ!=(0#∃%0∗/0%7! Ν!)%.∋%:%! ∋#! ∋&! ∋∗≅/0#3,#! −/0!+%&∋4,%0&! #/!%,434%!Φ∋#∃! #∃%!
≅/#%,#∋3.! /−! +∋4∋#3.! #%>∃,/./4∋%&7! 3&! ∗3,;! >(00%,#.;! 304(%7! ∋,>.(+∋,4! 83..3>%! ηΑΒΒβι7! #∃3#! &(>∃!
2
∗3#%0∋3.&!>3,!)%!3,!%Γ#%,&∋/,!/−!3!∗3Η%0Π&!≅3.%##%Κ!ϑ∃%!+%:%./≅∗%,#!/−!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&7!3≅≅Π&!3,+!
#3).%#! ∋,#%0−3>%&! ∃3:%! )0/3+%,%+! #∃%! 03,4%! /−! #∃∋&! ≅3.%##%! 3,+! ∃3:%! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3! &≅3>%! −/0!∗%! 3&! 3!
+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/0!#/!%,434%!≅%/≅.%!∋,!3!./Φ!>/&#!3,+!3>>%&&∋).%!−/0∗3#Κ!ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!3,+!+%:%./≅∗%,#!
/−! %3>∃! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! ∋,>.(+%+! #∃0%%! Η%;! 3&≅%>#&δ! 3! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&µ! 3! ≅∃;&∋>3.!
0%&/(0>%µ! 3,+! /,.∋,%! &≅3>%Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#! %3>∃! "%! /−! ∗;! 0%&%30>∃! Ν! (&%+! &/>∋3.! ∗%+∋3! #//.&! #/!
3&&%∗).%!3!,%#Φ/0Η!/−!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&7!≅%%0&!3,+!∗%,#/0&! #/!&(≅≅/0#!∗;!≅03>#∋>%Κ!Ξ3∋,#3∋,∋,4!3!)./47!
Φ∃∋>∃!0%:∋%Φ%+!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!+%&∋4,!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!>/,#%Γ#!/−!−3&∃∋/,!3,+!#%Γ#∋.%&7!%,∃3,>%+!#∃∋&Κ!∀&!#∃%!
0%&%30>∃!%:/.:%+! Ν!+%&∋4,%+!3,+!+%:%./≅%+!3!≅%0&/,3.∋&%+!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!≅0%&%,>%!−/0!%3>∃!≅0/_%>#Κ! Ν!
3.&/!≅30#∋>∋≅3#%+!∋,!%Γ#%0,3.!≅0/_%>#&!&(>∃!3&!3!>0/Φ+&/(0>%+!−3&∃∋/,!>/∗≅%#∋#∋/,Κ!Ν!∃3:%!>/,#∋,(%+!#/!
>/,#0∋)(#%! #/! >∃3..%,4%&! /,!Ψ≅%,Ν6ΤΨ7! 3,+! 3&! 3! 0%&(.#! Ν!Φ3&! &∃/0#.∋&#%+! #/! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#%!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%∋0!
</,+/,!Ξ3Η%Μ3Μ#∃/,!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!
!
ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃7! Ν! −/>(&%+! /,! ∋,∋#∋3#∋,4! >/..3)/03#∋/,&! Φ∋#∃! Ζ%,%03#∋/,! Ρ! 3! +%∗/403≅∃∋>!
η)/0,!)%#Φ%%,!Χχββ!Μ!ΑΒΒΧι!#∃3#!30%!Η,/Φ,!3&!#∃%!−∋0&#!#/!)%!+∋4∋#3..;!Ο&3::;Π!#∃0/(4∃!40/Φ∋,4!(≅!Φ∋#∃!
3..! −/0∗&!/−!+∋4∋#3.!∗%+∋3Κ! ϑ∃∋&!+%∗/403≅∃∋>!∃3&!)%%,! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+!3&! #∃%! .304%&#! 3,+!∗/&#! ∋,−.(%,#∋3.!
−3&#! −3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!40/(≅! ηΖ3../Φ3;7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!ϑ∃%;!3.&/!+%∗/,#%!3,!3≅≅%#∋#%! −/0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!
−3&∃∋/,!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%∋0!/,.∋,%!3>#∋:∋#;Κ!Λ%∋,4!≅30#!/−!#∃∋&!4%,%03#∋/,!Ν!−%.#!Ν!>/(.+!0%.3#%!#/!
#∃%!>∃3..%,4%&!3,+!/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&!#∃%;!%,>/(,#%0Κ!!
!
ϑ∃0/(4∃! ≅%0&/,3.! 0%−.%>#∋/,! 3,+! #∃%! 3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,! /−! 3,! Ο3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃! ∗%#∃/+/./4;Π7! Ν! %Γ≅3,+%+!
(≅/,!∗;!+%&∋4,!&Η∋..&Κ!Λ;!∗3∋,#3∋,∋,4!3!&%0∋%&!/−!_/(0,3.&!Ν!3≅≅.∋%+!3(#/Μ%#∃,/403≅∃;!#/!+/>(∗%,#!∗;!
≅%0&/,3.!%,>/(,#%0&!3&!Ν!0%Μ%:3.(3#%+!∗;!0/.%!3&!3!+%&∋4,%0Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#!#∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!_/(0,%;!Ν!∃3:%!
)%%,!>∃3..%,4%+!3,+!3&!3!0%&(.#!∃3:%!43∋,%+!(,%Γ≅%>#%+!∋,&∋4∃#&7!3,+!3.&/!);!3>>%≅#∋,4!%:%0;!≅/&&∋).%!
/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!#/!&∃30%!∗;!≅03>#∋>%Κ!ϑ∃%!&Η∋..&7!∗%#∃/+&!3,+!#%>∃,∋1(%&!0%1(∋0%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃∋&!Φ3;!/−!
Φ/0Η∋,4!Φ%0%!/−#%,!%Γ≅./03#/0;!3,+!%Γ≅%0∋∗%,#3.Κ! ϑ∃%;!>/(.+!,/#!)%! 0%−%0%,>%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!3! #%Γ#)//Η!
3,+! >/(.+! /,.;! %∗%04%! #∃0/(4∃! ≅03>#∋>%Κ! Ν! ∃3:%! )%%,! .(>Η;! %,/(4∃! #/! ∗%%#! 3! 40/(≅! /−! +∋−−%0%,#!
∗%,#/0&! #∃0/(4∃/(#! ∗;! _/(0,%;! Φ∃/! ∃3:%! 4%,%0/(&.;! ≅0/:∋+%+! &(≅≅/0#! 3,+! &∃30%+! #∃%∋0! /Φ,!
≅%0&/,3.!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&!#/!3&&∋&#!∋,!#∃∋&!Ο/−−!0/3+Π!≅0/_%>#Κ!
!
ΛΚΘ!+∀,)−.!Ε32)∗)(3()%.!_!Γ<,(3).38)∗)(Ν!
!ϑ∃%!∗;#∃!/−!#∃%!>0%3#∋:%!4%,∋(&! ∋&!Φ3,∋,4!3,+!Φ%!30%!≅0/40%&&∋,4!−0/∗!#∃%!%03!/−!#∃%!!+%&∋4,%0!
#/Φ30+&! #∃%!%03!/−!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!>(.#(0%! ηΘ(&&)3(∗7!ΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∀&!3! 0%&(.#7! #∃%! 0/.%!/−! #∃%!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!
+%&∋4,%0!∋&!)%>/∗∋,4!∗/0%!∋,>.(&∋:%!Φ∋#∃∋,!+%&∋4,!≅03>#∋>%!);!3+/≅#∋,4!3!−3>∋.∋#3#/0!0/.%Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#!
#∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃7! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! #%4∋>3..;! 3+/≅#%+! &(∋,3).%! +%&∋4,! #%4∋%&! #/! &(≅≅/0#! +%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,Κ! ∴∃%+0/−−! ηΑΒΧΧι! 304(%&! #∃3#! +%&∋4,%0&! >3,! )%4∋,! #/! ∋,−.(%,>%! &(∋,3)∋.∋#;! #∃0/(4∃!
3≅≅.;∋,4!/,%! &(∋,3).%!+%&∋4,! #%4;!3#! 3! #∋∗%7! 3,+!/:%0#∋∗%!∗/0%! #%4∋%&! >3,!)%!%Γ≅3,+%+!
3
(≅/,! #/! 3++0%&&! ∗/0%! ∋&&(%&Κ! ΤΓ∋&#∋,4! &(∋,3).%! +%&∋4,! #%4∋%&! 30%! 3:3∋.3).%! #/! &(≅≅/0#! #∃%!
&(∋,3).%!+%&∋4,!≅0∋,>∋≅3.&!/−! 0%+(>∋,47! 0%(&∋,47! 0%>;>.∋,4!3,+! 0%&#/0∋,4Κ! =/0!%Γ3∗≅.%7! ΟϑΤ6Π&!ϑΤΘΠ!
ηΑΒΧΒΜΧι!+%:%./≅%+!);!ϑ%Γ#∋.%&!Τ,:∋0/,∗%,#!6%&∋4,!ηϑΤ6ι!#/!≅0/∗/#%!&(∋,3).%!+%&∋4,!#%4∋%&!
#∃0/(4∃!+%&∋4,!#∃∋,Η∋,4!(&∋,4!3!∗%#∃/+!>30+! #//.Η∋#Κ!ϑ∃%&%!&(∋,3).%!+%&∋4,!#%4∋%&!∃3:%!)%%,!
304(%+!3&!3!:3.(3).%!#∋,4!≅/∋,#!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!+%&∋4,!/−!≅0/+(>#&7!&%0:∋>%&7!/,.∋,%!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&7!%:%,#&!
/0!%,:∋0/,∗%,#&Κ!
!
ϑ∃3>Η303!ηΑΒΧ∆ι!304(%&!#∃3#!+%&∋4,!−/0!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!∋&!,/#!3)/(#!+%&∋4,%0&!#%..∋,4!≅%/≅.%!∃/Φ!#/!.∋:%7!
∋#!0%1(∋0%&!3!≅0/>%&&!/−!>/Μ>0%3#∋/,!);!≅0/:∋+∋,4!#//.&!3,+!%,3).∋,4!≅.3#−/0∗&!#∃3#!∗3Η%!∋#!%3&∋%0!−/0!
≅%/≅.%!#/!&∃30%!0%&/(0>%&Κ!Ε%!>/,#∋,(%&!#/!#%!#∃3#!+%&∋4,%0&!30%!.%30,∋,4!#∃3#!>/Μ>0%3#∋/,7!03#∃%0!
#∃3,! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.!3(#∃/0&∃∋≅7! ∋&!)%>/∗∋,4!3!∗/0%!%−−%>#∋:%!Φ3;! #/!(,+%0,+!3,+!∗%%#! &/>∋3.!,%%+&!
3,+! ,%Φ! #//.&! 3,+! ≅.3#−/0∗&! 30%! )%>/∗∋,4!∗/0%! %−−%>#∋:%! #∃3,! −∋,∋&∃%+! 30#∋−3>#&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ∋&! ≅30#! /−! 3!
#03,&∗3#%0∋3.∋&3#∋/,7! Φ∃%0%! ,%Φ! ≅0/+(>#! &%0:∋>%! &;&#%∗&! η?∴∴ι! 30%! %∗%04∋,4! 30/(,+! %Γ∋&#∋,4!
≅0/+(>#&Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃∋&! #∃%&∋&7! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! 3+/≅#%+! 3! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0! 0/.%! #/! >∃3..%,4%! #∃%!
≅3&&∋:%! ,3#(0%! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ≅03>#∋>%Μ.%+! 0%&%30>∃! %Γ≅3,+&! (≅/,! #∃%! +%&∋4,!
0%&%30>∃%0&Π! )3>Η40/(,+! Η,/Φ.%+4%! /−! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,47! #/! ∋+%,#∋−;! ∗/0%! ∋,>.(&∋:%!
3≅≅0/3>∃%&!∋,!3,!3##%∗≅#!#/!>∃3..%,4%!#∃%!#(&!1(/!/−!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!);!+%∗/,#∋,4!,%Φ!Φ3;&!/−!
Φ/0Η∋,4! Μ!/,%&!#∃3#!>3,!)%!−(0#∃%0!3∗≅.∋−∋%+!);!#∃%!(&%!/−!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3Κ!Ξ3,ς∋,∋! ηΑΒΒχι!>.3∋∗&!#∃3#!
+%&∋4,%0&!∃3:%!#∃%!>3≅3>∋#;!#/!3>#!3&!&/>∋3.! ∋,,/:3#/0&!);!)%>/∗∋,4!34%,#&!/−!>∃3,4%Κ!ϑ∃∋&!0%1(∋0%&!
∗/:∋,4! )%;/,+! #∃%∋0! &≅%>∋3.∋&#! %Γ≅%0#∋&%! #/! >3#3.;&%! ≅/&∋#∋:%! &/>∋3.! 3,+! %,:∋0/,∗%,#3.! 3>#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%!
Φ/0Η! /−! =.%#>∃%0! ηΑΒΒει! %Γ≅3,+&! (≅/,! #∃∋&! −(0#∃%0! );! ≅/&∋#∋/,∋,4! #∃%! +%&∋4,%0! 3&! 3! �%%#! .%:%.!
>/..3)/03#∋:%! ≅03>#∋>3.! −3>∋.∋#3#/0Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ∋,:/.:%&! /0>∃%#∋,4! ,%Φ! 3>#∋/,! &≅3>%&! #/! &(≅≅/0#! &/>∋3.!
>∃3,4%!);!>0%3#∋,4!#∃%!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!−/0!≅%/≅.%!#/!Φ/0Η!#/4%#∃%0!>/..3)/03#∋:%.;Κ!!
!
Ε/Φ%:%07! ∋,! /0+%0! #/! %,3).%!,%Φ!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! 3>#∋/,&!)%#Φ%%,!,%Φ!34%,#&! 3,+! 3>#/0&7! ,%Φ! &Η∋..&7!
#//.&! 3,+! ∗%#∃/+&! 30%! 0%1(∋0%+Κ! ϑ∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! 304(%&! #∃3#! #∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0! 3.&/! 0%1(∋0%&! 3!
−03∗%Φ/0Η! #/! &(≅≅/0#! &(∋,3)∋.∋#;! );! 0%−.%>#∋,4! /,! #∃%∋0! 3>#∋/,&! 3,+! ∗%3&(0∋,4! #∃%! ∋∗≅3>#! #/!
∋+%,#∋−;!#∃%!&∋4,∋−∋>3,>%!3,+!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#!3,;!−(#(0%!∋∗≅.∋>3#∋/,&Κ!!
!
!
!
4
ΛΚ[!Ι∀,∀3;29!<∀,()%.7!Α)5,!_!∆8α∀2():∀,!!
ΛΚ[ΚΛ!Ι∀,∀3;29!&)(∗∀
!∀#∃%#&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−./!Ε/Φ!>3,!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,47!>/∗)∋,%+!Φ∋#∃!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&7!3>∃∋%:%!3!
∗/0%!&(∋,3).%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!−(#(0%Ι!!
!
ΛΚ[ΚΘ!Α)5,!!
!
• !ϑ/!%Γ#%,+!#∃%!)/(,+30∋%&!/−!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!);!+%:%./≅∋,4!3,!∋,>.(&∋:%!3≅≅0/3>∃!#∃0/(4∃!∗3Η∋,4!
Φ∃∋>∃!%,3).%&!34%,>;!3,+!∋,:/.:%∗%,#!#/!≅0/∗/#%!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;Κ!
• !ϑ/!+%:%./≅!3!∃;)0∋+!∗%#∃/+/./4;!);!>/∗)∋,∋,4!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!Φ∋#∃!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!
#//.&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!3!,%Φ!0/.%!/−!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,Κ!
• !ϑ/!∋+%,#∋−;!#∃%!:3.(%!/−!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3&!3!#//.!#/!%).∋&∃!∗/0%!∗%3,∋,4−(.!>/,,%>#∋/,&!
)%#Φ%%,!≅%/≅.%7!∗3#%0∋3.&!3,+!≅0/>%&&%&!#/Φ30+&!3>∃∋%:∋,4!3!∗/0%!&(∋,3).%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!
−(#(0%Κ!
ΛΚ[Κ[!∆8α∀2():∀,!!
!ΧΚ ϑ/!∗3≅! >/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! #∃0/(4∃!3! .∋#%03#(0%! 3,+!≅03>#∋>%! 0%:∋%Φ!/−! #∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!
+%&∋4,!.3,+&>3≅%!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!>/,#%Γ#!/−!−3&∃∋/,!3,+!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,Κ!
!
ΑΚ ϑ/!%).∋&∃!#∃%!%−−%>#!/−!3!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!0/.%!3&!3!∗%3,&!/−!)0/3+%,∋,4!#∃%!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!/−!
#∃%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! #∃0/(4∃! ∋,>.(&∋:%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4!
≅0/>%&&%&Κ!
!
∆Κ ϑ/! ≅0/≅/&%! >0%3#∋:%! #%4∋%&! −/0! +%&∋4,∋,4! 3,+! +%:%./≅∋,4! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&! #/!
≅0/+(>%!3!)/+;!/−!Φ/0Η!#∃3#!&(≅≅/0#&!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!%,434%∗%,#!3,+!+%:%./≅&!,%Φ!
≅303+∋4∗&!−/0!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!Φ∋#∃!0%430+!#/!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;Κ!
!
5
ΛΚΥ!&9∀,),!+∀,)−.!!
!ϑ∃∋&!#∃%&∋&!3+/≅#&!3!+%&∋4,%0.;!3≅≅0/3>∃!#∃0/(4∃!≅03>#∋>%!)3&%+!0%&%30>∃!);!≅0/#/#;≅∋,4!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!
>/,&(∗%0! ∋,#%03>#∋/,&Κ! Υ/.Η/! ηΑΒΧΧι! 304(%&! #∃3#! #∃%! ∗3#%0∋3.∋#;! /−! #∃%&%! ∋,#%03>#∋/,&! 30%! #;≅∋>3..;!
∋,−.(%,>%+! );! ≅%/≅.%7! )%∃3:∋/(0! 3,+! 3##∋#(+%&7! #∃%0%−/0%! #∃%;! 3..! −/0∗! #3>∋#! Η,/Φ.%+4%! #∃0/(4∃!
∋,#%0≅0%#3#∋:%! %Γ%0>∋&%&Κ! Ε%! >/,#∋,(%&! #/! ∃∋4∃.∋4∃#! #∃3#! #∃∋&! +%∗3,+&! >/,,#! ∋,#%03>#∋/,! Φ∋#∃!
≅%/≅.%7! #∃0/(4∃! ν−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,7! >/,:%0&3#∋/,! 3,+! ∋∗∗%0&∋/,7! >/,,#! 0%−.%>#∋/,! /,! ≅&;>∃/./4;! 3,+!
&/>∋/./4;!3,+!3!≅0/>%&&!/−!0%−.%>#∋/,!∋,!3>#∋/,7!∋,!/0+%0!#/!>/,&∋+%0!Φ∃;!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!0%&≅/,+!#∃%;!Φ3;!
#∃%;!+/ο! ηΥ/.Η/7! ΑΒΧΧδχαιΚ!ϑ∃0/(4∃! #∃%!%Γ≅./03#/0;!∗%#∃/+!/−!%&∋()∗! (∗+&,−&∗+(.∗∋7! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0!
.//Η%+! −/0! −3>#/0&! #∃3#! >/,#0∋)(#%+! #/! (,&(∋,3).%! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! 3,+! #0∋%+! #/! &∃∋−#! /0!
∋,−.(%,>%!#∃%∗Κ!Ν#!∋&!Φ/0#∃!3>Η,/Φ.%+4∋,4!#∃3#!#∃%0%!30%!>/,∋,#&!#/!>/,&∋+%0!Φ∃%,!+%&∋4,∋,4!3,+!
+%:%./≅∋,4!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&δ!#∃%&%!∋,>.(+%!≅∃;&∋>3.!3,+!−∋,3,>∋3.!0%&/(0>%&µ!3,+!3>>%&&!#/!∗3#%0∋3.&7!&Η∋..&!
3,+! &(≅≅/0#Κ! ϑ∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! 3≅≅.∋%+! 3! ∗%#∃/+∋>3.! 3,+! /−#%,! %Γ∃3(&#∋:%! −/0∗! /−! >03−#&∗3,&∃∋≅! #/!
+%:%./≅! ,%Φ! 3≅≅0/3>∃%&! #/! %,3).%! >/,&(∗%0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,7! &(>>%&&! Φ3&! #∃(&! 3>∃∋%:%+! #∃0/(4∃!
∋,−/0∗%+! #0∋3.! 3,+! %00/0Κ! ϑ∃%&%! 3≅≅0/3>∃%&!Φ%0%! %∗≅3#∃%#∋>! 3,+! 0%−.%>#∋:%! #/! >3≅#(0%! 3,! ∋,#∋∗3#%!
:∋%Φ! /−! #∃%! 3&≅∋03#∋/,&! 3,+! %∗/#∋/,&! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! ≅03>#∋>%! ∃3&! )%%,!
+∋0%>#%+!3,+!+0∋:%,!);!3!>/,#∋,(%+!+%&∋4,%0.;!≅0/>%&&7!πΝ!+/,φ#!#∃∋,Η!;/(!>3,!+%&∋4,!3,;#∃∋,4!_(&#!);!
3)&/0)∋,4!∋,−/0∗3#∋/,!3,+!#∃%,!∃/≅∋,4!#/!&;,#∃%&∋&!∋#!∋,#/!3!&/.(#∋/,Κ!8∃3#!;/(!,%%+!#/!Η,/Φ!3)/(#!3!
≅0/).%∗!/,.;!)%>/∗%&!3≅≅30%,#!3&!;/(φ0%!#0;∋,4!#/!&/.:%!∋#Κπ!η20/&&7!ΑΒΧΧΚεΧιΚ!
!
ϑ∃0/(4∃! ≅03>#∋>%! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! −/(,+! ∋#! Φ3&! ∋∗≅/0#3,#! #/! %,434%! Φ∋#∃! #∃%! ≅/#%,#∋3.! /−! +∋4∋#3.!
#%>∃,/./4∋%&! #∃0/(4∃!>/∗)∋,∋,4! &/>∋3.!∗%+∋3! #//.&!Φ∋#∃! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4Κ!∀&!3! 0%&(.#!,%Φ!
/≅≅/0#(,∋#;! &≅3>%&! %∗%04%+! −/0! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! 3,+! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0! #/! )0/3+%,! #∃%! 0%∗∋#! /−! #∃%!
0%&%30>∃!≅03>#∋>%Κ!!
!
ϑ∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! 3>Η,/Φ.%+4%&! #∃3#! #∃%! >(00%,#! ≅03>#∋>%! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! +%&∋4,7! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! 3,+!
>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!∋&!(,&(∋,3).%Κ!ϑ∃∋&!>3,!)%!+%−∋,%+!3&!3!>/∗≅.%Γ!3,+!Φ∋>Η%+!≅0/).%∗!3,+!>3,,/#!)%!
0%&/.:%+!#∃0/(4∃!3!>/∗≅.%#%!/0!∋4∃#−/0Φ30+!&/.(#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!+03Φ&!(≅/,!3!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!
)3>Η40/(,+!#/! ∋+%,#∋−;7!+%&∋4,!3,+!+%:%./≅! ∋,>.(&∋:%!≅0/>%&&%&! #/!%,3).%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&! #/!
%,>/(,#%0! 3,! 3.#%0,3#∋:%! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! 3>#∋:%! %,434%∗%,#! Φ∋#∃∋,! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! ≅0/>%&&%&7!
#∃%&%!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!)%43,!#/!>/,&∋+%0!#∃%!%,:∋0/,∗%,#3.!∋∗≅3>#!/−!#∃%∋0!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃∋&!
Φ3&!3>∃∋%:%+!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&7!3,!%Γ≅./03#/0;!0%&%30>∃!∗%#∃/+!+%:%./≅%+!#/!
+%∗/,#%!,%Φ!−/0∗&!/−!≅03>#∋>%!Φ∃∋.&#!≅0/:/Η∋,4!>/,&(∗%0!)%∃3:∋/(0!>∃3,4%Κ!!
!
ϑ∃∋&! #∃%&∋&! ∋,>.(+%&! −/(0! 3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃!≅0/_%>#&!Φ∋#∃! %3>∃! 3≅≅.;∋,4! #∃%! +&/+(0&! %&∋()∗! (∗+&,−&∗+(.∗!
∗%#∃/+∀!ϑ∃%!≅03>#∋>%!/−!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!Φ3&!&∃30%+!#∃0/(4∃/(#!%3>∃!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!)(#!#∃%!
#%>∃,∋1(%&!:30;!3,+!>/..%>#∋:%.;! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&!>3,!)%!>/∗)∋,%+! #/!≅0%&%,#!3!:30∋%+!≅/0#−/.∋/!/−!
∋,>.(&∋:%! ≅3>Η34%&Κ! 6∋−−%0%,#! >/,>%≅#&! Φ%0%! 3≅≅.∋%+! #/! %,>/(034%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! #/!
6
0%>/,,%>#! Φ∋#∃! #∃%∋0! %Γ∋&#∋,4! Φ30+0/)%! #∃0/(4∃! ,%Φ−/(,+! &Η∋..&! 3,+! 0%&/(0>%&Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! +%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,7!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!>/,#∋,(/(&.;!0%+%−∋,%+!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!≅03>#∋>%!);!∋+%,#∋−;∋,4!%Γ∋&#∋,4!3≅≅.∋>3).%!
∗%#∃/+&7!0%&/(0>%&!3,+!#//.&!/0!+%:%./≅∋,4!,%Φ!/,%&Κ!ϑ∃%!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&!+%∗/,#%!∃/Φ!3!#%Γ#∋.%!
/0! −3&∃∋/,!+%&∋4,%0!∗∋4∃#! 3+/≅#! 3,! ∋,>.(&∋:%! 3≅≅0/3>∃! #/!)0/3+%,! #∃%! 0%∗∋#!/−! #∃%∋0! /Φ,!≅03>#∋>%Κ!
ϑ∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! ∃3&! >(.∗∋,3#%+! ∋,! 3! )/+;! /−! Φ/0Η7! )/#∃! ≅∃;&∋>3.! 3,+! >/,>%≅#(3.Κ! ϑ∃%! 0%&(.#&! ∃3:%!
0%.%:3,>%! −/0! )/#∃! +%&∋4,! 3,+! #∃%/0;! Φ∋#∃! 0%430+! #/! #∃%! 0/.%! /−! #∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/07! 3,+! #∃%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0Κ! ϑ∃%! >/∗≅.%#%! ≅0/>%&&! ∃3&! )%%,! +/>(∗%,#%+! Φ∋#∃! −%%+)3>Η!
∗%>∃3,∋&∗&!%∗)%++%+!∋,#/!#∃%!0%&%30>∃!≅0/>%&&!#/!/)&%0:%!∋,#%03>#∋/,!3,+!0%−.%>#!>0∋#∋>3..;!/,!#∃%!
≅0/>%&&7!−∋,3.!/(#>/∗%&!3,+!/:%03..!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%Κ!!
7
ΛΚς!ΓΝ.%Π,),!%=!∃93Π(∀;,!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!Λ!&9∀,),!∃%.(∀.(!Τ3Π!
8
ϑ∃∋&!#∃%&∋&!∃3&!)%%,!≅(#!#/4%#∃%0!∋,!#∃0%%!≅30#&7!∋..(#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!1()2,&!3!45&∋(∋!6.∗+&∗+!789Κ!?30#!
/,%! ∋,>.(+%&! 3,! ∋,#0/+(>#∋/,! 3,+! ≅0/:∋+%&! 3! >/,#%Γ#(3.! 0%:∋%Φ! /−! #∃%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! &;&#%∗! 3,+!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! >/,&(∗%0! >(.#(0%Κ! ϑ∃%! ≅(0≅/&%! /−! #∃∋&! 0%:∋%Φ! Φ3&! #/! ∋+%,#∋−;! 43≅&! Φ∋#∃∋,! %Γ∋&#∋,4!
.∋#%03#(0%!3,+!+%&∋4,!≅03>#∋>%7!Φ∃∋>∃!#∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!%,+%3:/0%+!#/!3++0%&&Κ!ϑ∃%!−∋0&#!≅30#!3.&/!∋,>.(+%&!
2∃3≅#%0!! Μ! #∃%!#∃%/0%#∋>3.!+%:%./≅∗%,#!/−!3,!3>#∋/,!0%&%30>∃!∗%#∃/+/./4;Κ!ϑ∃∋&!>∃3≅#%0! ∋+%,#∋−∋%&!
#∃%! >/0%! 0%&%30>∃! ∗%#∃/+&! 3,+! >/,>%≅#(3.∋&%&! 3! #//.Η∋#! #/! &(≅≅/0#! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,7! +%&∋4,! 3,+!
∋∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,7!/0>∃%#∋/,!3,+! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!/−!%3>∃! ∋#%03#∋:%!>;>.%!/−!3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃Κ!ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!#//.Η∋#!∃3&!)%%,!+%:%./≅%+!+(0∋,4!#∃%!≅0/40%&&!/−!#∃%!0%&%30>∃Κ!ϑ∃%!−∋,3.!/(#≅(#!∋&!&∃30%+!
3,+!+/>(∗%,#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!:99&∗%(/!;!<&∋()∗!18=(0(+8+.,∋!4..0>(+!+.!?299.,+!≅8,+(=(98+(.∗∀!!
!
?30#!#Φ/!/−!#∃∋&!#∃%&∋&!%Γ≅3,+&!(≅/,!%3>∃!#∃%/0;!3,+!0%−%0%,>%&!Η%;!.∋#%03#(0%!#/!≅0/:∋+%!3!>/,#%Γ#7!
≅/&∋#∋/,!3,+!40/(,+∋,4!−/0!%3>∃!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!&%>/,+!≅30#!/−!#∃∋&!#∃%&∋&!+/>(∗%,#&!
#∃%!0%&%30>∃!3,+!+%:%./≅∗%,#!/−!#∃0%%!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,&!Φ0∋##%,!(≅!η∋,!>∃3≅#%0&!α7!]!3,+!
βι!3,+!−/0∗3##%+!#∃0/(4∃!3!#%∗≅.3#%Κ!Τ3>∃!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!3≅≅.∋%&!3!+∋−−%0%,#!3≅≅0/3>∃!%Γ≅3,+∋,4!(≅/,!
#∃%! &(∋,3).%! +%&∋4,! #%4∋%&! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! 2∃3≅#%0! Αδ! ?30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! 2/,&(∗%0! 2(.#(0%Κ! ∀!
#%∗≅.3#%!∃3&!)%%,!+%&∋4,%+!3,+!+%:%./≅%+! #/!+/>(∗%,#!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#! 0%>0(∋#∗%,#!3,+!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,7!
3,+!/(#.∋,%&!Φ∃%0%!3,+!Φ∃%,!%3>∃!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!#//Η!≅.3>%Κ!ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!3,+!+%.∋:%0;! ∋&!+/>(∗%,#%+!#/!
∃∋4∃.∋4∃#!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&7!3,+!Φ∃∋>∃!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&!Φ%0%! ∋,#%403#%+Κ!Τ3>∃!
∋#%03#∋:%! >;>.%! /−! 3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃! ∃3&! )%%,! +/>(∗%,#%+! 3,+! #∃∋&! ∃3&! )%%,! −(0#∃%0! %Γ≅3,+%+! (≅/,!
Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∋∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,!&%>#∋/,!/−!%3>∃!/−!#∃%&%!>∃3≅#%0&Κ!ϑ∃%&%!>∃3≅#%0&!3.&/!∋,>.(+%!
3,!%:3.(3#∋/,!/−!%3>∃!/−!#∃%!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&7!0%−.%>#∋,4!(≅/,!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,7!>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!
3,+! #∃%! /:%03..! 3≅≅0/3>∃! #/! &∃30%! ,%Φ! ∋,&∋4∃#&Κ! Τ3>∃! >∃3≅#%0! >/,>.(+%&! );! ∋+%,#∋−;∋,4! 3! −(#(0%!
+∋0%>#∋/,!−/0!3>∃∋%:∋,4!3!∗/0%!&(∋,3).%!−(#(0%!−/0!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,Κ!!=(0#∃%0!∋,−/0∗3#∋/,!+/>(∗%,#∋,4!
−%%+)3>Η!−0/∗!%3>∃!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!∋&!+/>(∗%,#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!∀≅≅%,+∋Γ!27!6!3,+!ΤΚ!
!
?30#!#∃0%%!/−!#∃∋&!#∃%&∋&!∋,#0/+(>%&!3!,%Φ!∗/+%.!#∋#.%+!Ο%Μ2/Μϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,Π!&∃30%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!:99&∗%(/!1∀!
ϑ∃∋&! ∗/+%.! ∃3&! )%%,! 3≅≅.∋%+! #/! &(≅≅/0#! #∃%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! +%:%./≅∗%,#! /−! 3! −∋,3.! +&/+(0&! %&∋()∗!
(∗+&,−&∗+(.∗Κ!ϑ∃∋&!#∃%&∋&!+∋&>(&&%&!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.!/−!>/∗)∋,∋,4!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!Φ∋#∃!%Γ∋&#∋,4!
&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3! #//.&! #/! ≅∋./#! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&! /(#&∋+%! #∃%! >(00%,#! −3&∃∋/,! &;&#%∗Κ! ϑ∃%! −∋,3.! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!
>/,>%≅#(3.∋&%&! 3,! 3≅≅! −/0! 3!,%Φ! &/>∋3.!∗%+∋3! #//.! #∃3#!+%∗/,#%&! #∃%! :3.(%!/−! +∋4∋#3.! >03−#! 3,+!
%Γ≅./0%!3!,%Φ!−/0∗!/−!∗3#%0∋3.∋#;Κ!
!
!
9
∃0ΑΗ&ΧΙ!&Μ∆/!Ε3,(!Ε3,9)%.!ΓΝ,(∀5!!
ΘΚΛ!ϑ.(;%4<2()%.!
!Ν,−.(%,>∋,4! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,!≅3##%0,&! #/Φ30+&!%,:∋0/,∗%,#3.!3,+! &/>∋3.! &(∋,3)∋.∋#;! ∋&! 3! >/∗≅.%Γ!3,+!
Φ∋>Η%+! ≅0/).%∗7! /,%! /−! #∃%! ∗/&#! ≅0%&&∋,4! ∋&&(%&! /−! /(0! #∋∗%! η=0∋>Η%! 5! ∴>∃03+%07! ΑΒΧΑιΚ! Ε/Φ%:%07!
%>/,/∗∋>! >∃3,4%&! )/(,+! (≅!Φ∋#∃! 4./)3.∋&3#∋/,! 30%! ∋,>0%3&∋,4! ≅0%&&(0%&! −/0! +%&∋4,%0&! 3,+! ∋,+(�!
%Γ≅%0#&! #/! 0%Μ#∃∋,Η! >(00%,#! ∗/+%.&! /−! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ! ∴(∋,3).%! +%:%./≅∗%,#! 0%1(∋0%&!
>∃3,4%7! ,/#! /,.;! Φ∋#∃∋,! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! &;&#%∗&! )(#! 3.&/! >/,>%0,∋,4! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! ≅3##%0,&! η?%00%.&7!
∀+0∋33,7!Ε∋∗3,%,7!ϕ%∋.Κ!<%%ΜΖ/&&%.∋,7!ΑΒΒειΚ!ϑ/!3##3∋,!&(∋,3).%! ∋∗≅0/:%∗%,#&! ∋,! #∃%!0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅!
)%#Φ%%,!≅0/+(>#∋/,! 3,+! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! 3! 03+∋>3.! ,%Φ!∗∋,+&%#! 3∗/,4!+%&∋4,%0&7!∗3,(−3>#(0%0&! 3,+!
>/,&(∗%0&!∋&!%&&%,#∋3.!∋,!/0+%0!#/!−∋,+!∗/0%!&(∋,3).%!Φ3;&!#/!−(.−∋..!>/,&(∗%0!,%%+&Κ!
!
ϑ∃∋&! >∃3≅#%0! 3++0%&&%&! &(∋,3)∋.∋#;! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%! >/,�(>#! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,7! )(#! +/%&! &/! −0/∗! #∃%!
+%&∋4,%0Π&!≅%0&≅%>#∋:%Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#!#∃%!0%:∋%Φ!/−!#∃%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!&;&#%∗7!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!Φ3&!∗∋,+−(.!
/−!#∃%!%,:∋0/,∗%,#3.!>∃3..%,4%&!#0∋44%0%+!);!/:%0!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ! !ϑ∃%!%Γ≅./03#/0;!∗%#∃/+!/−! Ο+&/+(0&!
%&∋()∗! (∗+&,−&∗+(.∗∋Α!Φ%0%! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+7!3&!3!∗%3,&!/−!%Γ≅./0∋,4!,%Φ!≅0/≅/&∋#∋/,&! −/0! #∃%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!
>/,&(∗%07!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!≅0%∗∋&%!/−!%Γ#%,+∋,4!#∃%!.∋−%>;>.%!3,+!:3.(%!/−!&∃/0#!.∋−%!430∗%,#&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!
−/>(&%+!&≅%>∋−∋>3..;!/,!Ζ%,%03#∋/,!Ρ7!3!>/,&(∗%0!+%∗/403≅∃∋>!η34%+!)%#Φ%%,!ΧχΜΑα!;%30&!/.+ι!Φ∃/!
+∋0%>#.;! ∋,−.(%,>%!/,! #∃%!+%&∋4,7!≅0/+(>#∋/,!3,+! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,!/−! #∃%∋0! >./#∃∋,4! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%∋0! 3>#∋:%!
%,434%∗%,#!Φ∋#∃!/,.∋,%!∗%+∋3Κ!
!
ΘΚΘ!&9∀!Ε3,(!Ε3,9)%.!ΓΝ,(∀5!
!∴∃%+0/−−!ηΑΒΧΧδΑει!304(%&!ν0%#3∋.!#∃%03≅;!#/!)%!/,%!/−!#∃%!∗/&#!+3,4%0/(&!>/,>%≅#&!%:%0!∋,:%,#%+!
);!0%#3∋.%0&!3,+!∗30Η%#%0&!3,+!0%∋,−/0>%+!);!+%&∋4,%0&Κ!ϑ∃%! ∋+%3!#∃3#!≅%/≅.%!Φ∋..! −%%.!)%##%0! ∋−! #∃%;!
)(;! &/∗%#∃∋,4! ∋&! &3+! 3,+!∗%,3>∋,4πΚ!ϑ∃%! &∋#(3#∋/,!Φ%!30%!,/Φ! .∋:∋,4! ∋,! ∃3&!)%%,! 0%−%00%+! #/! 3&! 3!
≅/&#Μ∋,+(�∋3.! %,:∋0/,∗%,#!ηθ∃3,47! ϕ/,+%0%∗)&%7! 5! <∋∗7! ΑΒΒΑιΚ! ∀! >/,&(∗%0! #∃0/ΦΜ3Φ3;! &/>∋%#;!
ηΘ∋∋,∋∗ρΗ∋!5!Ε3&&∋7!ΑΒΧΧ3ι7!/0!3! &%.−Μ>%,#%0%+!≅303+∋4∗7!Φ∃%0%! #∃%! −3&∃∋/,! ∋,+(�!3,+!>/,&(∗%0&!
∃3:%! 4/,%! ∋,#/! 3!>;>.%! /−! %Γ≅./∋#3#∋/,! /−! %3>∃! /#∃%07! #∃%! ≅.3,%#7! 3,+! #∃%! ∗∋..∋/,&! Φ/0Η∋,4! ∋,!
(,%#∃∋>3.!>/,+∋#∋/,&!η∴∋%4.%7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!!
!
8∋#∃∋,!#∃%!9Υ!3./,%7!Φ%!+∋&≅/&%!/−!3≅≅0/Γ∋∗3#%.;!ΧΒ7ΒΒΒ!430∗%,#&!%:%0;!#%,!∗∋,(#%&!ηΥ%00!5!=/&#%07!
ΑΒΧΧιΚ!2/,:%,#∋/,3.!∗%#∃/+&!/−!+%3.∋,4!Φ∋#∃!#∃%&%!∋&&(%&!∃3:%!)%%,!>∋#∋%+!3&!)%∋,4!&;∗≅#/∗&!)3&%+µ!
#∃%;! ∃3:%! ,/#! 3++0%&&%+! >/,#∋,(/(&! 3,+! 0∋&∋,4! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! .%:%.&Κ! ϕ3.(%! ,%%+&! #/! )%! ≅.3>%+! /,!
>/,&(∗%0! (&%7! 3##3>∃∗%,#! 3,+! �/,4%0! Ο(&%0Μ≅0/+(>#Π! 3,+! Ο(&%0Μ∗3,(−3>#(0%0Π! 0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅&!
η2∃3≅∗3,7! ΑΒΒαµ!Θ∋∋,∋∗ρΗ∋!5!Ε3&&∋7! ΑΒΧΧιΚ! ∀≅≅0/Γ∋∗3#%.;7! /,.;! Α! ≅%0! >%,#! /−! #∃%! 0%#3∋.%0&! 3:%034%!
10
>./#∃∋,4!)(+4%#!∋&!0%∋,:%&#%+!∋,#/!&(≅≅/0#∋,4!&%0:∋>%&!#∃3#!0%≅3∋0!/0!.%,4#∃%,!#∃%!.∋−%&≅3,!/−!430∗%,#&!
3,+!3>>%&&/0∋%&!η<%%7!ΑΒΒβιΚ!6(%!#/!#∃%!./Φ!>/&#!/−!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/∗)∋,%+!Φ∋#∃!3!.3>Η!/−!&%0:∋>%!/−−%0&!
≅/&#!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,7! ∋#!∃3&!)%>/∗%!∗/0%!>/&#!%−−%>#∋:%! #/!+∋&≅/&%!3,+!0%≅.3>%!3!430∗%,#!/,>%! ∋#!∃3&!
&%0:%+! ∋#&!≅(0≅/&%Κ! ϑ∃%!Φ∃/.%!%>/,/∗∋>! &;&#%∗! ∋,! #∃%! ∋,+(�∋3.∋&%+!Φ/0.+7! ∋&!)3&%+!/,!3!≅0/+(>#&!
−3&#! 0%≅.3>%∗%,#! 3,+! ≅.3,,%+! /)&/.%&>%! ηΩ3>Η&/,7! ΑΒΧΧι! 3,+! #∃%! −∋%.+! /−! −3&∃∋/,! 3,+! #%Γ#∋.%&! ∋&! ,/!
%Γ>%≅#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!>/,>%≅#!/−!≅.3,,%+!/)&/.%&>%!≅0/∗≅#&!#∃%!&∃/0#%,%+!.∋−%!>;>.%!/−!≅0/+(>#&!#/!%,&(0%!3!
∗30Η%#! ,%%+! −/0! −(#(0%! ≅0/+(>#&! η83.Η%07! ΑΒΧΧιΚ! ϑ∃%0%! ∋&! −(0#∃%0! +∋&≅30∋#;! #∃0/(4∃! +∋&>/,,%>#∋/,!
)%#Φ%%,!#∃%!+%&∋4,%07!#∃%!≅0/>%&&!/−!∗3,(−3>#(0∋,47!3,+!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0!Φ∃/!∋&!/−#%,!.%−#!(,&3#∋&−∋%+!
./,4!#%0∗7!Φ∃∋>∃!%,>/(034%&!#∃%!03≅∋+!0%≅.3>%∗%,#!/−!≅0/+(>#&Κ!
!
ϑ∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!304(%&!#∃3#!Ο−3&#!−3&∃∋/,Π!/,.;!0%≅0%&%,#&!/,%!:%0;!+∋0%>#!∗/+%.!/−!∗3#%0∋3.!∋,#%03>#∋/,Κ!
ϑ∃%&%!430∗%,#&!30%!+%&∋4,%+!∋,!0%&≅/,&%!#/!0%4(.30.;!>∃3,4∋,4!#0%,+&!#∃3#!%,3).%!1(∋>Η!≅0/−∋#7!03#∃%0!
#∃3,!03+∋>3..;!0%Μ#∃∋,Η∋,4!,%Φ!Φ3;&!/−!+%&∋4,∋,4!ηΘ∋∋,∋∗ρΗ∋!5!Ε3&&∋7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!=3&#!−3&∃∋/,!0%#3∋.%0&!∃3:%!
#Φ/!∗3∋,!4/3.&!Μ!#/!0%+(>%!.%3+!#∋∗%&!3,+!≅0/:∋+%!−3&∃∋/,3).%!∗%0>∃3,+∋&%!&∋∗(.#3,%/(&.;!3&!#0%,+&!
%∗%04%! Μ! 3&! 3! ∗%#∃/+! /−! &(∋,%+! %>/,/∗∋>! 40/Φ#∃! ηΛ30,%&! 5! <%3ΜΖ0%%,Φ//+7! ΑΒΧΒιΚ! ϑ∃∋&! ∃3&!
3>>%.%03#%+! ∋,! 0%>%,#! ;%30&! 3,+! −3&∃∋/,! #0%,+&! ∃3:%! ∃∋#! 3! 0%>/0+! ∃∋4∃7! 3≅≅0/Γ∋∗3#%.;! %∋4∃#;!)∋..∋/,!
≅∋%>%&! /−! >./#∃∋,4! 30%! ≅0/+(>%+! 4./)3..;! ∋,! /,%! ;%30! η∴∋%4.%7! ΑΒΧΧι! 3,+! >/,&(∗%0&! 30/(,+! #∃%!
4./)%!&≅%,#!σΧ!#0∋..∋/,!/,!>./#∃%&! η∀..Φ//+7!∀&∃);7!Ζ(#/Φ&Η∋7!5!8/00%..7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!ϑ∃%!#(0,/:%0!/−! −3&#!
−3&∃∋/,! #0%,+&! Φ∋..! >/,#∋,(%! #/! %&>3.3#%! 3&! 0%#3∋.%0&! >/∗≅%#%! );! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#∋,4! 1(∋>Η%0! 0%&≅/,&%!
∗%#∃/+&! );! ∗3Η∋,4! &∗3..%0! 3,+! ∗/0%! −0%1(%,#! ≅(0>∃3&%&! #/! 0%≅.3>%! #∃%∋0! ∋,:%,#/0;! ∗/0%! 03≅∋+.;!
ηΛ∃30+Φ3_!5!=3∋0∃(0!ΑΒΧΒιΚ!∀,!/,.∋,%!&#(+;!);!Τ6ΝϑΤ6!ηΑΒΧΑι!#03>Η%+!≅0/+(>#!&#/>Η!Η%%≅∋,4!(,∋#&!
η∴Υ9Π&ι!/:%0!3!∆Β!+3;!≅%0∋/+7!3,+!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!βΒΒ!,%Φ!≅0/+(>#&!);!θ303!3,+!Ε5Ξ7!Χ7∆αΧ!);!ϑ/≅&∃/≅!
3,+!]7ΑΧβ!);!∀∴Ψ∴!η∴∗∋#∃7!ΑΒΧΑιΚ!ϑ∃∋&!≅0/).%∗!Φ∋..!)%!3∗≅.∋−∋%+!Φ∋#∃!&≅%,+∋,4!≅/Φ%0!∋,!2∃∋,37!Ν,+∋3!
3,+!Σ(&&∋3!≅0%+∋>#%+!#/!#0%).%!);!ΑΒΧ!η8Σ∀?7!ΑΒΧΑιΚ!!
!
ϑ∃%!≅0/40%&&∋:%!/)&/.%&>%,>%!/−! >./#∃∋,4! #%+!3,+!>/,#∋,(%+! −0/∗!#∃%!ΧχΑΒΠ&7!)%−/0%! #∃%,!∗/&#!
>./#∃∋,4!Φ3&!0%≅3∋0%+7!∗%,+%+7!/0!#3∋./0%+!#/!−∋#!/#∃%0!−3∗∋.;!∗%∗)%0&7!/0!0%>;>.%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!∃/∗%!
3&!034&!/0!1(∋.#&!η=∋/,3!Ε3>Η,%;7!ΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!ϑ∃%!∋,−.(Γ!/−!./Φ!>/&#!430∗%,#&!∃3&!0%+(>%+!#∃%!0%1(∋0%∗%,#!
−/0!∃/∗%!&%Φ∋,4!&Η∋..&!&(>∃!3&!+0%&&∗3Η∋,47!0%≅3∋0∋,4!3,+!3.#%0∋,47!#/!)%!#03+∋#∋/,3..;!≅3&&%+!−0/∗!/,%!
4%,%03#∋/,!#/!#∃%!,%Γ#Κ!∀&!3!>/,&%1(%,>%7!>/,&(∗%0&!30%!)%>/∗∋,4!+%Μ&Η∋..%+!3,+!./>Η%+!/(#!/−!#∃%!
+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&7!=.%#>∃%0!3,+!Ζ0/&%!ηΑΒΧΑδβ]ι!&3;!#∃3#!≅%/≅.%!30%!)%>/∗∋,4!ν+%&Η∋..%+!3,+!%:%0!∗/0%!
∋,3>#∋:%! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&7!Φ∃/! −%%.!)/#∃!(,0%≅0%&%,#%+!);! #∃%! −3&∃∋/,!&;&#%∗!3,+!(,3).%! #/!+/!3,;#∃∋,4!
3)/(#!∋#Κ!ϑ∃%!&;&#%∗7!3,+!#∃%!>./#∃%&!#∃3#!0%≅0%&%,#!∋#7!3≅≅%30&!#/!(,+%0∗∋,%!/(0!&%.−Μ%&#%%∗!3,+!;%#!
Φ%!.3>Η!#∃%!Η,/Φ.%+4%!3,+!>/,−∋+%,>%!#/!∗3Η%7!3+3≅#!3,+!≅%0&/,3.∋ς%!−3&∃∋/,!≅∋%>%&!/(0&%.:%&Κ!=0/∗!
#∃∋&!≅/&∋#∋/,!/−!≅3&&∋:∋#;!#∃%!/,.;!>∃/∋>%!3:3∋.3).%!#/!(&!&%%∗&!#/!)%!#/!>/,&(∗%Κπ!!!
!
ϑ∃%!∋,+(�∋3.!0%:/.(#∋/,!∃3&!/,.;!>/,#∋,(%+!#/!40/Φ!);!≅0/:∋+∋,4!3!∗%3,&!/−!∋,>0%3&%+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!−/0!
11
3..! >/,&(∗%0! >/∗∗/+∋#∋%&7! #∃∋&! ∋,#%403.! ≅30#! /−! #∃%! %>/,/∗;7! ∋&! 0%.∋3,#! (≅/,! ∗30Η%#∋,4! 3,+!
≅0/∗/#∋/,! η<./;+! 5! <(Η7! ΑΒΧΒιΚ! ∀&! 3! >/,&%1(%,>%7! #∃%! ∗30Η%#! ≅.3>%! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! ∃3&! )%>/∗%!
>0/Φ+%+7! ,/∋&;! 3,+! /:%0&#/>Η%+Κ! 2/,&%1(%,#.;! #∃∋&! ≅0/40%&&! ∃3&! >3(&%+! %>/./4∋>3.! +%:3#∋/,7!
∃(∗3,7! &/>∋3.! 3,+! %>/,/∗∋>!−034∗%,#3#∋/,! η83.Η%07! ΑΒΧΧιΚ! Ν,! 0%&≅/,&%! #∃%! .3,+&>3≅%! /−! +%&∋4,! ∋&!
>∃3,4∋,47!−(%..%+!3,+!∋,&≅∋0%+!);!%:/.:∋,4!#%>∃,/./4∋%&7!>∃3..%,4%&!%∗%04∋,4!−0/∗!#∃%!%>/,/∗∋>!>0∋&∋&!
3,+! ∋,>0%3&∋,4! %,:∋0/,∗%,#3.! >/,>%0,&Κ! ϑ∃%! ∋,+(�! /0! ∗30Η%#≅.3>%! ∋,! Φ∃∋>∃! Ο+%&∋4,Π! ∋&! 3≅≅.∋%+!
Φ∋#∃∋,!Φ%&#%0,!>/(,#0∋%&!/−#%,!≅0/+(>%&!≅0/+(>#&!#∃3#!+/!,/#!−(.−∋..!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0&!4%,(∋,%!,%%+&!)(#!
03#∃%0! −∋>#∋#∋/(&!,%%+&!≅0/∗/#%+! #∃0/(4∃!∗30Η%#∋,4!3,+!≅0/≅343,+3! η2∃3≅∗3,!5!Ζ3,#7!ΑΒΒβιΚ!ϑ∃%!
∗3∋,!≅0/).%∗!−/0!#∃%!/:%0Φ∃%.∗%+!>/,&(∗%0&!/−!#∃%!Φ%! ∋&!,/#!_(&#!3+:%0#∋&∋,4!/:%0./3+!)(#!3.&/!
#∃%!/:%0!3)(,+3,>%!/−!∗3#%0∋3.!>∃/∋>%Κ!6(%!#/!#∃%!%>/,/∗∋>!>0∋&∋&!Φ/0.+Φ∋+%7!+∋&≅/&3).%!∋,>/∗%&!30%!
/,! #∃%!Φ3,%! 3,+! &/∗%! >/,&(∗%0&! 30%! )%>/∗∋,4! +∋&%,>∃3,#%+!Φ∋#∃!∗∋,+.%&&! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! 3,+! ∋#&!
∋∗≅3>#!/,!&/>∋%#;!ηΥ/ς∋,%#&7!ΣΚϕ7!Ε3,+.%∗3,7!ΑΒΒιΚ!!
!
ΘΚ[!Γ<,(3).38∗∀!+∀,)−.!Γ(;3(∀−)∀,!=%;!Ε3,(!Ε3,9)%.!
!ϑ∃%0%!∋&!.∋∗∋#%+!.∋#%03#(0%!0%.3#∋,4!#/!#∃%!0/.%!/−!#∃%!&≅%>∋−∋>&!/−!%#∃∋>&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!−3&∃∋/,!∋,+(�!−0/∗!
3!+%&∋4,%0&!≅%0&≅%>#∋:%µ!3>Η,/Φ.%+4∋,4!#∃%∋0!0%&≅/,&∋)∋.∋#;!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!&(≅≅.;!>∃3∋,!3,+!#∃%!.∋−%>;>.%!/−!
3! 430∗%,#Κ!ϑ03+∋#∋/,3..;! −3&∃∋/,! +%&∋4,%0&! +/! ,/#! Φ0∋#%7! /0! #∃%/0∋&%µ! #∃%;! >(#! 3,+! ∗3Η%! ηϑ∃/∗3&7!
ΑΒΒΧδιΚ! 8∃∋.&#! ∋,#%00/43#∋,4! #∃%! ∗/+(&! /≅%03,+∋! /−! #∃%! −3&∃∋/,! ∋,+(�7! #∃%0%! >/(.+! 3.&/! )%! 3,!
∋,#%00/43#∋/,!/−!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;7!3,+!Φ∃3#!∋#!>/(.+!∗%3,!∋−!(,∋:%0&3..;!3+/≅#%+!);!+%&∋4,!≅03>#∋#∋/,%0&7!
3,+!);!#∃%!−3&∃∋/,λ#%Γ#∋.%!∋,+(�!∋,!4%,%03.Κ!8∃∋.%!#∃%!Φ/0Η!/−!ηΛ.3>Η7!ΑΒΧΑι7!=.%#>∃%0!ηΑΒΒει7!ϑ∃3∗!
5!Ω/,%&!ηΑΒΒει!3,+!<%%!ηΑΒΒ]ι!∃3:%!%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,!#∃∋&!#%00∋#/0;!Φ∋#∃∋,!3! −3&∃∋/,!>/,#%Γ#Κ!=.%#>∃%0!
ηΑΒΧΒι! 3! −/(,+∋,4! &>∃/.30! /−! #∃%! &./Φ! −3&∃∋/,! ∗/:%∗%,#! >3..&! −/0! 3! 0%Μ%Γ3∗∋,3#∋/,! /−! #∃%! %,#∋0%!
+%&∋4,7!≅0/+(>#∋/,!3,+!+∋�∋)(#∋/,!≅0/>%&&Κ!?0∋/0! #/!#∃%&%!≅().∋>3#∋/,&7! −3&∃∋/,!+%&∋4,!≅03>#∋#∋/,%0&!
3,+! #∃%! ∋,+(�!∃3:%!∃3+! #/!3+3≅#!3,+!>/Μ/≅#! &(∋,3)∋.∋#;!304(∗%,#&!3,+! #∃%/0∋%&! −0/∗!≅0/+(>#!
+%&∋4,! 3,+! 30>∃∋#%>#(0%! +%&∋4,! Φ0∋#%0&7! &(>∃! 3&! 2∃3≅∗3,! ηΑΒΒ]ι! 3,+! Ξ3,ς∋,∋! ηΑΒΒαιΚ! 8∃∋.%!
Ξ>6/,/(4∃!5!Λ03(,430#!ηΑΒΒΑι!%Γ≅3,+!(≅/,!&(∋,3).%!+%&∋4,!∋−!!πΦ%!(,+%0,+!#∃3#!+%&∋4,!.%3+&!
#/! #∃%!∗3,∋−%#∋/,!/−! ∃(∗3,! ∋,#%,#∋/,! 3,+! ∋−!Φ∃3#!Φ%!∗3Η%!Φ∋#∃!/(0! ∃3,+&! ∋&! #/! )%! &3>0%+! 3,+!
∃/,/0!#∃%!%30#∃!#∃3#!4∋:%&!(&! .∋−%7!#∃%,!#∃%!#∃∋,4&!Φ%!∗3Η%!∗(&#!,/#!/,.;!0∋&%!−0/∗!#∃%!40/(,+!)(#!
0%#(0,!∋#7!&/∋.7!#/!&/∋.7!Φ3#%0!#/!Φ3#%07!&/!%:%0;#∃∋,4!∋&!0%>%∋:%+!−0/∗!#∃%!%30#∃!>3,!)%!−0%%.;!4∋:%,!)3>Η!
Φ∋#∃/(#!>3(&∋,4!∃30∗!#/!3,;! .∋:∋,4!&;&#%∗Κ!ϑ∃∋&! ∋&!%>/./4;Κ!ϑ∃∋&! ∋&!4//+!+%&∋4,Κ! Ν#! ∋&!/−!#∃∋&!Φ%!∗(&#!
,/Φ!&≅%3Ηο!ηΛ03(,430#!5!Ξ>6/,/(4∃7!ΑΒΒχιΚ!
!
!
6%&∋4,!−/0!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!#∃%/0∋&#&!ηΞ3,ς∋,∋!3,+!ϕ%ςς/.∋7!ΑΒΒει!)%.∋%:%!∋#!∋&!∗/0%!%−−∋>∋%,#!#/!Φ/0Η!Φ∋#∃!
≅0%:%,#3#∋:%! &/.(#∋/,&! 03#∃%0! #∃3,! 3+/≅#! &;&#%∗&! Φ∃∋>∃! +%3.! Φ∋#∃! +3∗34%! >/,#0/.Κ! ∴#03#%4∋>!
∋,,/:3#∋/,!∋&!0%1(∋0%+!#/!1(%&#∋/,!Φ∃/!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0!∋&7!Φ∃3#!≅0/+(>#&!3,+!&%0:∋>%&!&∃/(.+!)%!/−−%0%+!
12
3,+!∃/Φ!#/!/−−%0!#∃/&%!≅0/+(>#&!3,+!&%0:∋>%&!ηΞ30Η∋+%&7!ΧχχβιΚ!ϑ∃(&!∋#!∋&!,/#!_(&#!3)/(#!0%#∃∋,Η∋,4!#∃%!
−(,+3∗%,#3.&!/,! #∃%! &(≅≅.;! &∋+%7!)(#! 3.&/! 3)/(#! 0%+%&∋4,∋,4! #∃%!)(&∋,%&&!/,! #∃%!+%∗3,+! &∋+%7! −/0!
%Γ3∗≅.%7! ∋,! #∃%! −/0∗! /−! (&%0Μ%Γ≅%0∋%,>%! 3,+! 0%#∃∋,Η∋,4! :3.(%! >0%3#∋/,Κ! 6%&∋4,%0&! >3,! )%4∋,! #/!
∋,−.(%,>%! &(∋,3)∋.∋#;! #∃0/(4∃! 3≅≅.;∋,4! /,%! ,%Φ! #%4;! #/! /,%! ∋&&(%Κ!Ψ:%0#∋∗%7!∗/0%! #%4∋%&!
>3,!)%!%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,!#/!3++0%&&!∗/0%!∋&&(%&Κ!η∴∃%+0/−−7!ΑΒΧΒι!
!
ΘΚ[ΚΛ!Β)=∀2Ν2∗∀!(9).6).−!=%;!Ε3,(!Ε3,9)%.!
!Ν,!#∃%!∗3&&!∗30Η%#7!≅0/+(>#!.∋−%>;>.%!#∃∋,Η∋,4!)%4∋,&!/,!#∃%!≅0/+(>#!−.//0!3,+!%,+&!/,!#∃%!0%#3∋.!−.//0!
η?3;,%7! ΑΒΧΧιΚ! ϑ/! >/,&∋+%0! 3! &(∋,3).%! +%&∋4,! #%4;! #∃%! +%&∋4,%0&! ! ≅0/>%&&! ,%%+&! #/! )%>/∗%!
∗/0%!∃/.∋&#∋>! #/!3++0%&&! #∃%! >/∗≅.%#%! .∋−%>;>.%!/−! 3! 430∗%,#!)%;/,+! #∃%! −∋,3.! "%&!/−!+%&∋4,!3,+!
>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃∋&!>3,!)%!3>∃∋%:%+!);!3>>%&&∋,4!#∃%!∋∗≅3>#!/−!%:%0;!.∋−%!"%!/−!3!430∗%,#!−0/∗!#∃%!
%#∃∋>3.!≅0/+(>#∋/,!/−!−∋)%0!3,+!#%Γ#∋.%&7!#∃0/(4∃!#/!&/>∋3..;!0%&≅/,&∋).;!∗3,(−3>#(0∋,47!Φ∋#∃!3++∋#∋/,3.!
>/,&∋+%03#∋/,!#/!>/,&(∗%0!(&%!3,+!+∋&≅/&3.Κ!∀#!#∃%!%,+!/−!430∗%,#!.∋−7!#∃%0%!∋&!3.&/!−(0#∃%0!≅/#%,#∋3.!
#/!∋∗≅.%∗%,#!3++∋#∋/,3.!&;&#%∗&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!0%>;>.∋,4!/0!0%(&%Κ!ϑ∃%0%!30%!.∋−%>;>.%!3&&%&&∗%,#!+%&∋4,!
#//.&! &(>∃! 3&! ΘΝΥΤΠ&! Ξ3#%0∋3.&! Ν,+%Γ! ηΑΒΧ∆ι7! #∃%! 0%>%,#.;! .3(,>∃%+! 3,! ∀≅≅! #∋#.%+! ΟΞ3Η∋,4ΠΚ! ϑ∃∋&! ∋&!
∋..(#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,! Β()2,&! Χ! η)%./Φι! 3,+! #3Η%&!+%&∋4,%0&! #∃0/(4∃! 3! &#%≅Μ);Μ&#%≅!≅0/>%&&! −/0! >∃//&∋,4!
−3)0∋>&!)3&%+!/,!#∃%∋0!%,:∋0/,∗%,#3.!>0%+%,#∋3.&Κ!Ξ3Η∋,4!#∃%,!03,Η!∗3#%0∋3.&!/,!∃/Φ!%,:∋0/,∗%,#3..;!
−0∋%,+.;!#∃%;!30%7!#3Η∋,4!∋,#/!3>>/(,#!Φ3#%07!>∃%∗∋�7!%,%04;!3,+!Φ3&#%Κ!!
Ε)−<;∀!Θ!Φ)6∀!Τ36).−!ΑΠΠ!βΘΡΛ[χ!
13
!
Τ>/!Ν,+%Γ!ηΑΒΒχι!3.&/!%,3).%&!#∃%!+%&∋4,%0!#/!≅.3,!−/0!3,;!∋∗≅3>#!#∃%!≅0/+(>#!∗∋4∃#!∃3:%!∋,!#%0∗&!/−!
∋,≅(#!3,+!/(#≅(#!ηΥ:∋&%#∃7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!=/0!3!−3&∃∋/,!430∗%,#7!#∃%!.∋−%!>;>.%!)%4∋,&!3#!−∋)%0!η>03+.%ι7!∗/:∋,4!
#∃0/(4∃! #/! #%Γ#∋.%! ≅0/+(>#∋/,7! 430∗%,#! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&7!∗3,(−3>#(0%7! +∋�∋)(#∋/,7! 0%#3∋.7! (&%! ≅∃3&%!
3,+!%:%,#(3.!+∋&≅/&3.!η403:%ιΚ!203+.%!#/!>03+.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3,(−3>#(0∋,4!3∋∗&!#/!);≅3&&!#∃%!403:%!#/!
0%(&%!:3.(3).%!−∋)%0&!:∋3!>./&%+!.//≅!∗3,(−3>#(0∋,4!∗%#∃/+&!ηΞ>6/,/(4∃!3,+!Λ03(,430#!ΑΒΒΑιΚ!!
!
!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀![!∴3;5∀.(!Β)=∀#2Ν2∗∀!Α,,∀,,5∀.(!&%%∗!βΗ3Ν.∀7!ΘΡΛΛχ!
!?3;,%!ηΑΒΧΧι!+%:%./≅%+!#∃%!3&&%&&∗%,#!#//.!Φ∋#∃∋,!1()2,&!#!−/0!+%&∋4,%0&!);!:∋&(3..;!+%≅∋>#∋,4!%3>∃!
"%! /−! 3! 430∗%,#! .∋−%>;>.%Κ! 8∃%,! >/,&∋+%0∋,4! %3>∃! ≅∃3&%! /−! 3! 430∗%,#! .∋−%>;>.%7! ∋#! ∗(&#! )%!
∃∋4∃.∋4∃#%+! #∃3#! #∃%! )∋44%&#! >∃3..%,4%! #/! &(∋,3)∋.∋#;! ∋&! &≅%%+Κ! 8∋#∃∋,! #∃%! .3&#! −∋−#%%,! ;%30&7! #∃%!
&≅%%+!/−!−3&∃∋/,!∃3&!03≅∋+.;!∋,>0%3&%+7!≅0∋>%&!∃3:%!−3..%,!3,+!>/,&(∗%0!+%∗3,+!∃3&!∋,#%,&∋−∋%+!Φ∃∋>∃!
/,.;!≅%0≅%#(3#%&!,%Φ!>;>.%&!/−!+%&∋4,7!≅0/+(>#∋/,!3,+!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!η=.%#>∃%07!ΑΒΒεδΧΑι7!Φ∋#∃!,%Φ!
∋#%∗&!+%.∋:%0%+!#/!∃∋4∃!�%%#!0%#3∋.%0&!%:%0;!ΧΜΑ!Φ%%Η&Κ!ϑ∃%!>(00%,#!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!&;&#%∗!∋&!)3&%+!/,!
−3&#! >;>.%&! /−! −3&∃∋/,! #0%,+&! #∃3#! 3∋∗! #/! >/,#∋,(/(&.;! ≅0/+(>%! ,%Φ! >/,&(∗%0! ,%%+&! 3,+! Φ3,#&Κ!
6%&∋4,! >∃/∋>%&! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! >/,>%≅#(3.∋&3#∋/,! "%! /−! #∃%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&! >3,! −(0#∃%0! ∋∗≅3>#! #∃%!
.∋−%>;>.%!/−!3!430∗%,#!ηΛ.3>Η7!ΑΒΒειΚ!ϑ∃∋&!∋,:/.:%&!−3)0∋>!&%.%>#∋/,!3,+!∗3#%0∋3.!≅0/+(>#∋/,!≅0/>%&&%&7!
Φ∃∋>∃! ∃3:%! 3! −(0#∃%0! ∋∗≅3>#! /,! #∃%! 3−#%0>30%7! ∗3∋,#%,3,>%! 3,+! (&%! /−! 430∗%,#&Κ! =.%#>∃%0! ηΑΒΒει!
304(%&! #∃3#! 3! +%&∋4,%0! >3,! Φ/0Η! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! &(≅≅.;! >∃3∋,! ∋,! 0%&/.:∋,4! /,%! ≅30#∋>(.30! 3&≅%>#7! /0!
14
>/∗≅.%#%.;! %Γ#%0,3.! #/! #∃%! ∋,+(�! 3&! ∋#! ∋&7! ≅0/:∋+∋,4! 3++∋#∋/,3.! &>/≅%! −/0! ,%Φ! +∋&>/:%0;! 3,+!
∋,,/:3#∋/,Κ!!
!
Ε)−<;∀!Υ!Χ∋(∀.4).−!(9∀!∴3;5∀.(!Β)=∀2Ν2∗∀!(9;%<−9!+∀,)−.!βΗ3Ν.∀7!ΘΡΛΛχ!
!
8∋#∃∋,!Β()2,&!∆! η3)/:%ι!?3;,%!ηΑΒΧΧι!≅0/:∋+%&!3!Φ/0Η∋,4! ∋..(#∋/,!#/!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#!#∃3#!);!>/,&∋+%0∋,4!
&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!−0/∗!#∃%!>/,>%≅#(3.∋&3#/,!"%!/−!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&7!,%Φ!/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&!−/0!(≅>;>.∋,4!
>3,! )%! ∋,#%403#%+! ∋,#/! #∃%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&! #/! %Γ#%,+! 430∗%,#! .∋−%Κ! 2(00%,#.;7! 0%>;>.∋,4! ∋&! #∃%! ∗/0%!
Φ∋+%.;! 3>>%≅#%+! %,:∋0/,∗%,#3.! 3≅≅0/3>∃! 3+/≅#%+! );! ∗3,(−3>#(0%0&7! 3&! ∋#! 0%1(∋0%&! /,.;! ∗∋,/0!
>∃3,4%&! #/! #∃%! %Γ∋&#∋,4! ∃3)∋#&! /−! ≅0/+(>%0&! 3,+! >/,&(∗%0&7! %,3).∋,4! #∃%∗! #/! >/,#∋,(%! Φ∋#∃! #∃%∋0!
(,&(∋,3).%! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! ≅3##%0,&Κ! 6%&∋4,%0&! ,%%+! #/! ≅.3;! 3! ∗/0%! 3>#∋:%! 0/.%! ∋,! ∋+%,#∋−∋,4! ,%Φ!
/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!&≅3>%&!#/!∋,#%0>%≅#!#∃%!−./Φ!/−!&∃/0#!.∋−%!430∗%,#&Κ!2/∗≅3,∋%&!3.&/!,%%+!#/!3>Η,/Φ.%+4%!
#∃3#!∗30Η%#!>/∗≅%#∋/,!∋&!+0∋:%,!);!≅0/+(>#!∗%3,∋,4&!3,+!φΦ∃;φ!≅%/≅.%!,%%+!3!≅0/+(>#!03#∃%0!#∃3,!
φΦ∃3#φ!#∃%;!,%%+!∋,!3!≅0/+(>#Κ!?%/≅.%!30%!≅0/∗≅#%+!#/!(&%!#∃%∋0!430∗%,#&!−/0!≅0/−/(,+.;!%∗/#∋/,3.7!
≅&;>∃/./4∋>3.7!3,+!&/>∋3..;!>(.#(03.!0%3&/,&!3&!Φ%..!3&!(#∋.∋#30∋3,!/,%&!ηϕ%043,#∋7!ΑΒΒχιΚ!ϑ∃∋&!0%1(∋0%&!3!
03+∋>3.!>∃3,4%! ∋,!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0Π&!∗∋,+&%#7!3,+!,%Φ!Φ3;&!/−! .∋:∋,4!3,+!+/∋,4!#∃∋,4&7! #/! ∋+%,#∋−;!,%Φ!
3≅≅0/3>∃%&!#∃3#!−(.−∋..!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0&!,%%+&!∋,!3!∗/0%!&(∋,3).%!∗3,,%0Κ!!
15
ΘΚ[ΚΘ!Η;%4<2(!Γ∀;:)2∀!ΓΝ,(∀5,!=%;!Ε3,(!Ε3,9)%.!
!ϑ∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!%Γ≅3,+&!(≅/,!#∃%!−∋%.+!/−!&%0:∋>%!3,+!∋,#%03>#∋/,!+%&∋4,!#/!>/,&∋+%0!&(∋,3).%!+%&∋4,!
#%4∋%&!)%;/,+!3!∗3#%0∋3.&!≅%0&≅%>#∋:%Κ!ϑ/!%Γ≅./0%!∃/Φ!#∃%!+%&∋4,%0!∗∋4∃#!≅.3;!3!∗/0%!#%4∋>!
0/.%!)%;/,+!#∃%!>/∗≅.%#%+!"%&!/−!3!430∗%,#&!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!);!−3>∋.∋#3#∋,4!>/,&(∗%0!∋,#%03>#∋/,!
Φ∋#∃! #∃%∋0! 430∗%,#! )%;/,+! #∃%! ≅/∋,#! /−! ≅(0>∃3&%Κ! ϑ∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! 304(%&! #∃3#! >/,&(∗%0&! ∃3:%! #∃%!
≅/#%,#∋3.! #/! ≅.3;! 3! ∗/0%! 3>#∋:%! 0/.%! ∋,! #∃%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&! ηΕ(0! 5! Λ%:%0.%;7! ΑΒΧΧιΚ! ϑ∃%! 0%#3∋.!
%Γ≅%0∋%,>%! ∋&!,/#!>/∗∗/,.;!#∃/(4∃#!/−!3&!)%∋,4!3!>/,&∋+%03#∋/,!/−!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&Κ!Ε/Φ%:%07! ∋,!
+%&∋4,! −/0! &(∋,3)∋.∋#;7! 0%#3∋.! ∋&! 3,! /≅≅/0#(,∋#;! #/! %,434%! Φ∋#∃! >/,&(∗%0&! ∋,! ,%Φ! Φ3;&7! Φ∃%#∃%0!
#∃0/(4∃!>/Μ+%&∋4,!/0!#∃0/(4∃!∋∗≅.%∗%,#∋,4!≅0/+(>#!&%0:∋>%!&;&#%∗&!η?∴∴ι!ηΞ/0%..∋7!ΑΒΒΑιΚ!!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ς!Ε3,9)%.!Γ∀;:)2∀!ΓΝ,(∀5!β:%.!≅<,297!ΘΡΡΟχ!
!
πΝ,!0%>%,#!+%>3+%&7!0%>;>.∋,4!∃3&!&∃/#!(≅!#∃%!4./)3.!≅/.∋#∋>3.!34%,+3Κ!Λ;!300%&#∋,47!/0!3#!.%3&#!0%+(>∋,47!
#∃%!≅.(,+%0!/−! #∃%!Φ/0.+φ&! 0%&/(0>%&! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%! &()&#∋#(#∋/,!/−!%Γ∋&#∋,4!∗3#%0∋3.&7! 0%>;>.∋,4!/−−%0&!
#Φ/!)%,%−∋#&δ!%>/,/∗∋>!#∃0∋−#!3,+!%,:∋0/,∗%,#3.!>30%[!?%/≅.%!3&!Φ%..!3&!#∃∋,4&!30%!0%∗3+%!#∃0/(4∃!
Φ3&#%!Φ/0ΗΚ!Λ(#! #∃%0%!30%! .∋∗∋#&! #/! _(&#!∃/Φ!/−#%,!≅%/≅.%!3,+!∗3#%0∋3.&! >3,!)%! �%#>∃%+7!)0/Η%,Μ
+/Φ,! 3,+! ≅(#! #/4%#∃%0! 343∋,7! 0%#//.%+! −/0! ,%Φ! %>/,/∗∋>&! 0%4∋∗%&πη∀.%Γ3,+%0! 3,+! Σ%,/7! ΑΒΧ∆δ∆ιΚ!
2(00%,#.;7! #∃%0%! 30%! .∋∗∋#%+! &%0:∋>%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/:∋&∋/,&! ≅0/:∋+%+!);! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! 0%#3∋.%0&! )%;/,+! #∃%!
≅/∋,#! /−! ≅(0>∃3&%Κ!8∋#∃∋,! Β()2,&! Ε! Φ8Γ.−&Η! :/,!Λ(&>∃! ηΑΒΒχι! ∃∋4∃.∋4∃#&! ,%Φ!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;! &≅3>%&! −/0!
,%Φ!&%0:∋>%&!#/!%∗%04%Κ!ϑ∃%!3+:3,#34%!/−!?∴∴!−/0!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;! ∋&!#∃3#!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0Π&!,%%+!>3,!)%!
16
∗%#!);!3! &%0:∋>%! 03#∃%0! #∃3,!3!≅0/+(>#7! #∃%0%);! .%&&%,∋,4! #∃%!:/.(∗%!/−! #∃%!≅0/+(>#! &/.+! ηΞ/0%..∋7!
ΑΒΒΑιΚ!∀.#∃/(4∃!#∃∋&!∃3&!,/#!)%%,!≅/&∋#∋/,%+!3&!)%∋,4!3!#%4;!−/0!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;7!∀(.∋3,!−3&∃∋/,!
∋,+(�!3,3.;&#!Ε3,03∃3,!≅0%+∋>#&!?∴∴!#/!)%!3!∗3_/0!≅30#!/−!−3&∃∋/,!0%#3∋.∋,4!∋,!#∃%!−(#(0%!ηΕ3,03∃3,7!
ΑΒΧΒιΚ! ?0/+(>#Μ&%0:∋>%! &;&#%∗&! η?∴∴ι! %∗≅∃3&∋&%! &;&#%∗&! #∃∋,Η∋,4! 3,+! +0∋:%! >/∗≅3,∋%&! #/! −/>(&! /,!
>/,&(∗%0! ,%%+&! η2∃30#%0! 3,+! 2.30Η7! ΑΒΒβιΚ! ∴#3∃%.! ηΑΒΒΧι!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#&! #∃3#! >/,&(∗%0! &3#∋&−3>#∋/,! /−! 3!
&%0:∋>%! %>/,/∗;! η∋&! 3#! #∃%! >/0%ι7! 3,+! >3,! )%! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#%+! );! /−−%0∋,4! 4//+! ≅0/+(>#! ≅%0−/0∗3,>%!
#∃0/(4∃! &%0:∋>%&! #∃3#! +/! ,/#! ∋,>0%3&%! Φ3&#%! �%3∗&Κ! Σ/)%0#! ηΑΒΒΑι!≅/∋,#&! /(#7! ∋,! ∃∋&! )//Η! Ιϑ&,.!
ΚΛ(∋∋(.∗! ?.=(&+ΜΝ! #∃3#! >/,&(∗%0&! &∃/(.+! ∋,:%&#! ∋,! &%0:∋>%&! 3,+! ≅(0>∃3&%! −(,>#∋/,&! ∋,&#%3+! /−!
≅0/+(>#&Κ! Ν,! #∃∋&! #;≅%!/−! &/>∋%#;!3..!∗3#%0∋3.&!>/(.+!)%!3(#/∗3#∋>3..;! 0%#(0,%+!#/! #∃%!≅0/+(>%0!3−#%0!
#∃%!(&%!≅∃3&%7! #/! >0%3#%!%,:∋0/,∗%,#3.! :3.(%! −/0! #∃%!,%Φ!≅0/+(>#! &%0:∋>%! &;&#%∗Κ! ∴%0:∋>%! #∃∋,Η∋,4!
+∋−−%0&! −0/∗!/Φ,%0&∃∋≅! 3&! ∋#! /−−%0&! −.%Γ∋)∋.∋#;! ∋,! ≅0/+(>#! (#∋.∋&3#∋/,!Φ∃∋>∃!/Φ,%0&∃∋≅!+/%&!,/#! /−−%0Κ!
Ξ/,#!ηΑΒΒΑι!+%&>0∋)%&!∃/Φ!3!≅0/+(>#Μ&%0:∋>%!&;&#%∗!−/>(&%&!/,!>/∗≅%#∋#∋:%!Φ3;&!#/!&3#∋&−;!>(&#/∗%0!
,%%+&µ!Φ∃∋.%!+/∋,4!&/!∋#!3.&/!∃3&!3!./Φ%0!%,:∋0/,∗%,#3.!∋∗≅3>#!#∃3,!#03+∋#∋/,3.!)(&∋,%&&!∗/+%.&Κ!
!
ΘΚ[Κ[!Χ5%()%.3∗∗Ν!+<;38∗∀!+∀,)−.!=%;!Ε3,(!Ε3,9)%.!
!2∃3≅∗3,! ηΑΒΒ]ι! ∋&!,/#3).%! −/0!∃∋&! ∋,>.(&∋/,!/−! −3&∃∋/,!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!+∋&>/(0&%!3&!3!:/∋>%!
03#∃%0! #∃3,! 3! ,%43#∋:%! %Γ3∗≅.%Κ! ϑ∃%! #∃%/0;! /−! %∗/#∋/,3..;! +(03).%! +%&∋4,7! #%0∗%+! );! 2∃3≅∗3,!
ηΑΒΒ]ι!%Γ≅./0%&!∃/Φ!>/,&(∗%0&!&(∋,!∗/0%!∗%3,∋,4−(.!0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅&!Φ∋#∃!>%0#3∋,!≅0/+(>#&Κ!Ψ−#%,7!
#∃%&%! ∋,#%03>#∋/,&! %∗%04%! ∋,! 0%.3#∋/,! #/! 3,! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%7! ∗%∗/0;! /0! ≅%0&/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ∋+%3! >/(.+! )%!
%Γ#03≅/.3#%+!#/!−3&∃∋/,!3,+!#∃%!+%&∋4,%0!>3,!>∃3,4%!−0/∗!&∋∗≅.;!>0%3#∋,4!430∗%,#&7!#/!%Γ≅./0∋,4!,%Φ!
Φ3;&! #/! ≅0/./,4! #∃%∋0! .∋−%! &≅3,! )/#∃! ∋,! (&%! 3,+! 3≅≅%303,>%Κ!ϑ/! ∋+%,#∋−;! ,%Φ! 3≅≅0/3>∃%&! #∃0/(4∃!
>(&#/∗∋&3#∋/,7! 0%≅3∋07! .3(,+%0∋,47! +;%∋,4! 3,+! 3.#%03#∋/,&! #/! %Γ≅3,+! (≅/,! #∃%&%! %Γ∋&#∋,4! ≅03>#∋>3.!
∗%#∃/+&! 3,+! 3≅≅.;! #∃%∗! 3&! ∋,&#∋43#/0&! −/0! >0%3#∋:%! ∋,,/:3#∋/,Κ!Ε/Φ%:%07! +%&∋4,%0&! ,%%+! #/! 3&Η!
#∃%∗&%.:%&!ν23,!Φ%!)0%3Η!#∃%!>;>.%!/−!≅3&&∋:%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!/−!−3&∃∋/,!#/!>0%3#%!3!∗/0%!&(∋,3).%7!
+(03).%!>/,,%>#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!/(0!>./#∃%&Ιο! η2∃3≅∗3,7!ΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!ϑ∃%0%!30%! #∋∗%&!Φ∃%,! #∃%!>(00%,#! −3&∃∋/,!
&;&#%∗!3,+!#∃%!∋+%3.&!/−!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!&%%∗!3#!/++&µ!#∃%0%!30%!∃(4%!>/,#03+∋>#∋/,&7!3&!/,%!&%%∗&!#/!
)%!3)/(#!≅3>%!3,+!+∋&≅/&3)∋.∋#;7!Φ∃∋.%!#∃%!/#∃%0!3≅≅%30&!#/!)%!3)/(#!./,4%:∋#;!3,+!0%&∋.∋%,>%Κ!
!
17
Ε)−<;∀!δ!Ι∀Π3);!ϑ(!ε%<;,∀∗=!βΙϑΗχ!Γ9%∀!8Ν!βΤ%;Π<;−%7!ΘΡΛΛχ!!
ϑ∃%! Σ%≅3∋0! Ν#! Ρ/(0&%.−! ηΣΝ?ι! &∃/%! >/,>%≅#! Φ∋#∃∋,! Β()2,&! Ο! );! Ξ/0≅(04/! ηΑΒΧΧι! (&%&! #∃%! 3>#∋:∋#;! /−!
0%≅3∋0∋,4! #/! 0%Μ3≅≅0/≅0∋3#%! >/,#0/.! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! ∗3#%0∋3.! Φ/0.+7! 3../Φ∋,4! (&%0&! #/! (,+%0,+! ∃/Φ!
#∃∋,4&!−(,>#∋/,!3,+!3>#∋,4!3&!3!Η%;!#//.!−/0!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0!#/!>/,#0/.!∃∋&λ∃%0!≅/&#Μ>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!4//+&!
ηΦ3&#%ιΚ! ϑ∃%&%! 0%≅3∋0! 3,+! 3.#%03#∋/,! &%0:∋>%&! %,3).%! #∃%! −3&∃∋/,! 30#∋−3>#! #/! .3&#! ./,4%07! %−−%>#∋:%.;!
&./Φ∋,4!#∃%!.∋−%>;>.%Κ!πϑ∃%!/,>%!:3.(%+!&Η∋..&!/−!>30%!3,+!0%≅3∋0!/−#%,!−∋#!3ΦΗΦ30+.;!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!(04%!#/!
∃3:%! #∃%! .3#%&#! #%>∃,/./4;! /0! 430∗%,#µ! )(#! &(>∃! >/,&≅∋>(/(&! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! ∗3;! 3.&/! ≅0/:∋+%!
/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&!−/0!/#∃%0!≅%/≅.%!3,+!≅.3>%!#/!)%,%−∋#!≅03>#∋>3..;!3,+!≅/.∋#∋>3..;!−0/∗!0%(&%π!η∀.%Γ3,+%0!
3,+!Σ%,/7!ΑΒΧ∆δΑιΚ!ϑ∃%!>∃3..%,4%!∋&!#/!%,>/(034%!>/,&(∗%0&!#/!∋,:%&#!#∋∗%!∋,!3,!3.#%0,3#∋:%!−3&∃∋/,!
>/,>%≅#Κ! 6%&∋4,%0&! 3,+! 0%#3∋.%0&! ,%%+! #/! %,:∋&34%! #∃%!∗∋Γ#(0%! /−! ≅0/+(>#&! 3,+! &%0:∋>%&! #/! %Γ≅./0%!
∃/Φ! #/! +%:%./≅! ∃%∋4∃#%,%+! .%:%.&! /−! %,434%∗%,#! Φ∋#∃! #∃%! %,+! (&%0Κ! ! Λ(#! #∃∋&! 0%1(∋0%&! ∗∋,+−(.!
≅0/∗/#∋/,!3,+!3+/≅#∋/,7!#∃%!>/,>%≅#&!,%%+!#/!4/!)%;/,+!#/Η%,∋&∗!3,+!0%1(∋0%!#∃%!/,4/∋,4!&(≅≅/0#!
/−!#∃%!+%&∋4,%0!λ!0%#3∋.%0!#/!&(∋,!∋,#%0%&#!3,+!∋,#%03>#∋/,Κ!
!
18
Ε)−<;∀!]!Σ;83.!∆<(=)((∀;,!+ϑε!%;!+ϑΧ!∀:∀.(!!βΘΡΡΟχ!
!
!9Υ! 0%#3∋.%0&! ηϑ/≅&∃/≅7! ΑΒΒβ7! 90)3,! Ψ(#−∋##%0&7! ΑΒΒχ7! ∀,#∃0/≅/./4∋%7! ΑΒΧΒι! ∃3:%! %Γ≅%0∋∗%,#%+! );!
∋∗≅.%∗%,#∋,4!3!:30∋%+!∗%,(!/−!%Γ≅%0∋%,#∋3.!/≅#∋/,&!≅0/∗/#∋,4!6/!Ν#!Ρ/(0&%.−!η6ΝΡι!3,+!>(&#/∗∋&3#∋/,Κ!
90)3,! Ψ(#−∋##%0&! ∃/&#%+! 3,! %:%,#! η&%%! =∋4(0%! βι! Φ∃%0%! −3&∃∋/,! )./44%0&! ≅0/:∋+%+! ∃3)%0+3&∃%0;!
∗3#%0∋3.&! #/! %∗)%..∋&∃! 3,+! >(&#/∗∋&%! 430∗%,#&! ∋,! #∃%∋0! Θ%Φ! Ρ/0Η! −.34&∃∋≅! &#/0%Κ! ϑ∃%&%! %:%,#&! 30%!
3.∋4,%+! #/! ∗30Η%#∋,4! 3,+! ≅0/∗/#∋/,! 3,+! 30%! ,/#! >/,#∋,(%+! )%;/,+! #∃%! %:%,#Κ! Ε/Φ%:%07! ∗/0%!
0%>%,#.;7! ∋,∋#∋3#∋:%&! ∃3:%! )%%,! +%:%./≅%+! );! Ξ30Η&! 3,+! ∴≅%,>%0! ηΑΒΧΑι! 3,+! Ε5Ξ! ηΑΒΧ∆ι! #/!
∋∗≅.%∗%,#! #3Η%!)3>Η!&%0:∋>%&! ∋,!3,!3##%∗≅#!#/!0%>.3∋∗!>/,&(∗%0!Φ3&#%Κ!?/&#!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!>./#∃∋,4!
>3,! )%! 0%(&%+! #∃0/(4∃! 0%&3.%! 3#! ./Φ%0! ≅0∋>%&7! ∋#! ∗3;! )%! %Γ≅/0#%+! ∋,! )(.Η! −/0! &3.%! ∋,! +%:%./≅∋,4!
>/(,#0∋%&!/0!∋#!∗3;!)%!>∃%∗∋>3..;!0%>;>.%+!∋,#/!03Φ!∗3#%0∋3.!−/0!,/,!3≅≅30%.!≅0/+(>#&!η2.3(+∋/7!ΑΒΒβιΚ!
ϑ∃%!+/∗%&#∋>!0%&3.%!/−!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!∃3&!)//∗%+!∋,!#∃%!%03!/−!#∃%!Ν,#%0,%#!#∃0/(4∃!&∋#%&!&(>∃!3&!%Λ3;7!
3,+!/,.∋,%!>3&∃!−/0!>./#∃%&!>3∗≅3∋4,&Κ!!!!
!
19
ΘΚΥ!∃%.2∗<,)%.!
!ϑ∃∋&!>∃3≅#%0!3++0%&&%+!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!Φ∋#∃!3!−/>(&!/,!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,7!#/!>/,&∋+%0!∃/Φ!#∃%!+%&∋4,%0!∗∋4∃#!
∋,−.(%,>%! %,:∋0/,∗%,#3.! >∃3,4%Κ! =3&#! −3&∃∋/,! /,.;! 0%≅0%&%,#&! /,%! :%0;! +∋0%>#! ∗/+%.! /−! ∗3#%0∋3.!
∋,#%03>#∋/,! 3,+! ∋#! ∋&! >.%30.;! −3∋.∋,4! #/! −(.−∋..! >/,&(∗%0! ,%%+&! ./,4! #%0∗Κ! ϑ∃%! .∋−%>;>.%! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!
430∗%,#&! 30%! &∃/0#%,∋,4! 3,+!/(#&∋+%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! ∋&! (04%,#.;! 0%1(∋0%+Κ! Ν,! /0+%0! #/!∗/:%!)%;/,+! 3!
#∃0/Φ!3Φ3;! &/>∋%#;7! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&!,%%+! #/!)%!%,>/(034%+!3,+! &(≅≅/0#%+! #/! 0%4(.30.;! 0%Μ
%,434%!Φ∋#∃!#∃%∋0!430∗%,#&!)%;/,+!#∃%!≅/∋,#!/−!≅(0>∃3&%Κ!ϑ∃∋&!>∃3≅#%0!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#&!#∃3#!≅0%:%,#3#∋:%!
&/.(#∋/,&!30%!0%1(∋0%+!3./,4&∋+%!#%4∋>!+%&∋4,! ∋,,/:3#∋/,!#/!1(%&#∋/,!Φ∃/! ∋&! #∃%!>/,&(∗%0!λ!%,+!
(&%! 3,+! Φ∃3#! 30%! #∃%∋0! ,%%+&7! Φ∃3#! ≅0/+(>#&! 3,+! &%0:∋>%&! &∃/(.+! )%! /−−%0%+! 3,+! ∃/Φ! #∃%;! ∗∋4∃#!
∗3#%0∋3.∋ς%!#/!&(∋,!>/,&(∗%0!∋,#%03>#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!430∗%,#&!./,4Μ#%0∗Κ!
!
ϑ∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!−/../Φ∋,4!>∃3≅#%0!Φ∋..!%Γ≅./0%!∃/Φ!#∃%!0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅!)%#Φ%%,!≅0/+(>#∋/,!3,+!
>/,&(∗≅#∋/,! >3,! )%>/∗%! ∗/0%! #03,&≅30%,#! #∃0/(4∃! ,%Φ! ≅.3#−/0∗&! 3,+! ≅0/>%&&%&7! Φ∃∋>∃! 30%!
&(≅≅/0#∋,4!>/,&(∗%0!%,434%∗%,#Κ!
20
∃0ΑΗ&ΧΙ!&0ΙΧΧ/!Η3;()2)Π3(%;Ν!∃%.,<5∀;!∃<∗(<;∀!
!
[ΚΛ!ϑ.(;%4<2()%.!
!ϑ∃∋&! >∃3≅#%0! 0%:∋%Φ&! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! +%&∋4,! 3,+! #∃∋&! ∃3&! )%%,! &(≅≅/0#%+! );! 3! ∗3≅≅∋,4! %Γ%0>∋&%!
(,+%0#3Η%,!);!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%07!#/!+%:%./≅!3!+%%≅%0!(,+%0,+∋,4!/−!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!>/,&(∗%0!>(.#(0%Κ!
ϑ∃∋&!>∃3≅#%0!∋..(#%&!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0&!#03,&∋#∋/,!−0/∗!)%∋,4!3!≅3&&∋:%!&()_%>#&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!
&;&#%∗7!#/Φ30+&!)%>/∗∋,4!3!>/Μ+%&∋4,%0Κ!8∃∋.%!#∃%!.∋#%03#(0%!0%:∋%Φ!∃3&!)%%,!(,+%0≅∋,,%+!);!#∃%/0;!
−0/∗! /#∃%0! +%&∋4,! +∋&>∋≅.∋,%&7! 3! −/>(&! Φ3&! ≅.3>%+! /,! −3&∃∋/,! 3,+! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃%!
.∋#%03#(0%!0%:∋%Φ!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!3!.3>Η!/−!%∗≅∋0∋>3.!0%&%30>∃!0%:∋%Φ∋,4!#∃%!:3.(%!3,+!%−−%>#!
/−! >/Μ+%&∋4,!Φ∋#∃∋,! −3&∃∋/,!/0! #%Γ#∋.%&7!Φ∋#∃! −%Φ!≅().∋>3#∋/,&!3:3∋.3).%! #/!>∋#%! −3&∃∋/,! #∃%/0;Κ!8∃∋.%!
#∃∋&! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+!3!43≅!∋,!#∃%!.∋#%03#(0%7!#∃∋&!∃3&!)%%,!3++0%&&%+!);!0%−%0%,>∋,4!3!&%.%>#∋/,!/−!≅03>#∋>3.!
Φ/0Η! (,+%0#3Η%,! );! +%&∋4,%0&Κ! ϑ∃%0%! ∋&! 3!Φ%3.#∃! /−! ≅03>#∋>3.! >3&%! &#(+∋%&! +%∗/,#∋,4! ∋,>.(&∋:%7!
/≅%,!3,+!>/,,%>#%+!≅03>#∋>%!#/!>3#%0!−/0!>/,&(∗%0!∋,:/.:%∗%,#!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&Κ!9,+%0!#∃%!
#∋#.%! /−! Ο2/ΜΤ:%0;#∃∋,4Π7! 3! ≅().∋>! ≅0%&%,#3#∋/,!Φ3&! +%&∋4,%+! 3,+! +∋&&%∗∋,3#%+! );! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! #/!
%Γ≅3,+!(≅/,!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!3≅≅0/3>∃%&Κ!ϑ∃%&%!∃3:%!)%%,!>3#%4/0∋&%+!∋,#/!−∋:%!#∃%∗%&µ!>(&#/∗∋&3#∋/,7!
+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&∗7!>/..3)/03#∋:%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,7!>0/Φ+&/(0>∋,4!3,+!/≅%,!∋,,/:3#∋/,Κ!!
!
ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#!#∃%! .∋#%03#(0%!0%:∋%Φ7!#∃%!Ζ%,%03#∋/,!Ρ!+%∗/403≅∃∋>! η>/,&(∗%0&!)/0,!ΧχββΜΑΒΒΧι!∃3:%!
)%%,!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!#/!)%!#∃%!∗/&#!3>#∋:%!);!Φ3;!/−!#∃%∋0!/,.∋,%!%,434%∗%,#Κ!ϑ∃∋&!4./)3.!>/,&(∗%0!40/(≅!
∋&!%Γ≅%0∋%,>∋,4!−3&∃∋/,!.∋:%!3,+!+∋0%>#!−0/∗!#∃%!Ν,#%0,%#!3,+!30%!,(∗)%0%+!,/#!∋,!#∃%!#∃/(&3,+&7!)(#!
∋,!#∃%!∗∋..∋/,&!ηΥ,∋4∃#7!ΑΒΒχιΚ!ϑ∃%;!∃3:%!3>>%&&!#/!≅0%:∋%Φ!−3&∃∋/,!&∃/Φ&!.∋:%!∋,!0%3.!#∋∗%7!#∃%;!0%3+!
0%≅/0#&!(≅./3+%+!∗/∗%,#&!3−#%0!&∃/Φ&!∃3:%!−∋,∋&∃%+!3,+!+∋&>(&&!#∃%∗!∋,!/,.∋,%!−/0(∗&Κ!∀&!3!0%&(.#7!
#∃%∋0! %Γ≅%>#3#∋/,&!∃3:%!%:/.:%+!3,+! #∃%;!∃3:%!)%>/∗%!3>>(&#/∗%+! #/!≅(0>∃3&∋,4!3! .%&&!%Γ≅%,&∋:%!
:%0&∋/,!/−!3!>3#Φ3.Η!#0%,+!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!∗3##%0!/−!+3;&Κ!=0/∗!3,!%,:∋0/,∗%,#3.!≅%0&≅%>#∋:%7!#∃%!&≅%%+!3,+!
>/,&∋&#%,>;! /−! Ζ%,! Ρ! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! ∋&! (,&(∋,3).%Κ! Ε/Φ%:%07! #∃%;! 30%! Η,/Φ,! #/! )%! ∗/0%! :/>3.7!
+%∗3,+∋,4!3,+!≅0/Μ3>#∋:%!∋,!∋,−.(%,>∋,4!)/#∃!∃∋4∃!%,+!3,+!∃∋4∃!�%%#!−3&∃∋/,!0%#3∋.%0&Κ!8∃∋.%!∋#!∃3&!
)%%,!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#%+!#∃3#! #∃∋&!40/(≅!30%! ∋,!+3,4%0!/−!)%>/∗∋,4!+%Μ&Η∋..%+!#∃0/(4∃!≅3&&∋:%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!
η=.%#>∃%0!5!Ζ0/&%7!ΑΒΧΑι7!#∃%;!30%!)%>/∗∋,4!∗/0%!3>#∋:%!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!3,+!/,.∋,%!∗%+∋3!
∋&!&(≅≅/0#%+!3!,%Φ!0%,3∋&&3,>%!/−!∗3Η∋,4Κ!ϑ∃∋&!>∃3≅#%0!%Γ≅./0%&!∃/Φ!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!∋&!)%∋,4!(#3.∋&%+!#/!
+%∗/,#%!3!03,4%!/−!,%Φ!&Η∋..&7!3)∋.∋#∋%&!3,+!3+:3,>%+!+∋4∋#3.!%Γ≅%0#∋&%Κ!!!!!
!
ϑ∃∋&! >∃3≅#%0! %Γ≅./0%&! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! >/,&(∗%0! >(.#(0%! );! %Γ≅3,+∋,4! (≅/,! %Γ∋&#∋,4! .∋#%03#(0%! 3,+!
0%:∋%Φ∋,4!≅03>#∋>3.!>3&%!&#(+∋%&Κ!ϑ/!≅0/:∋+%!3,!/:%0:∋%Φ!/−!#∃%!%∗%04∋,4!>/,>%≅#&!3,+!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#!∃/Φ!
#∃%;!∗∋4∃#!)%!%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!0%&%30>∃!≅03>#∋>%!Φ∋#∃∋,!?30#!ϑΦ/!/−!#∃∋&!#∃%&∋&Κ!
!
21
[ΚΘ!Η3;()2)Π3(%;Ν!∃%.,<5∀;!∃<∗(<;∀!
!ϑ∃%!+%∗/>03#∋&3#∋/,!/−!+%&∋4,!∃3&!)%%,! ∋,−.(%,>%+!);! ∋,>0%3&%+!3>>%&&! #/!+∋4∋#3.!∗%+∋3! #//.&7!Φ∋#∃!
∋,>0%3&%+!,%#Φ/0Η%+!3>#∋:∋#;!3,+!40/Φ∋,4!(&%0Μ4%,%03#%+!>/,#%,#!/,.∋,%Κ!ϑ∃∋&! ∋&! &∋4,3.∋,4!3! &∃∋−#! ∋,!
Ν,#%0,%#! (&34%! #/Φ30+&! 3,! %,:∋0/,∗%,#7! Φ∃%0%! #∃%! +∋−−%0%,#∋3#∋/,! )%#Φ%%,! #∃%! ≅0/+(>%0! 3,+!
>/,&(∗%0! ∋&! )%>/∗∋,4! .%&&! >.%30.;! +%−∋,%+Κ! =3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! 30%! %:/.:∋,4! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%&%! ,%Φ!
>/,:%04%,#! >(.#(0%&! 3,+! ∃;)0∋+! ≅0/+(>%0! 3,+! >/,&(∗%0! φ≅0/&(∗%0φ! 0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅&! 30%! )%4∋,,∋,4! #/!
%∗%04%!ηΣ∋#ς%0!5!Ω(04%,&/,7!ΑΒΧΒιΚ!Ε/Φ%:%07!#∃%0%!∃3&!)%%,!.∋∗∋#%+!3>3+%∗∋>!&#(+;!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!−∋%.+!
/−!−3&∃∋/,!3,+!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!Φ∃%0%!≅03>#∋>%!)%>/∗%&!∋,#%,#∋/,3..;!∋,>.(&∋:%!#/!%Γ≅3,+!#∃%!#03+∋#∋/,3.!
)/(,+30;! )%#Φ%%,! #∃%! 3∗3#%(0! 3,+! #∃%! ≅0/−%&&∋/,3.! ≅03>#∋#∋/,%0Κ! η=.%#>∃%07! ΑΒΒει! Φ∃/! #%&!
ν≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!+%&∋4,!∃3&!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.!#/!∋+%,#∋−;!3!,%Φ!0/.%!−/0!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0!#∃3#!3∋∗&!#/!≅0/∗/#%!
&(∋,3)∋.∋#;! );! &∃∋−#∋,4! −0/∗! 4./)3.! #/! ./>3.7! −0/∗! >/,&(∗∋,4! #/! ∗3Η∋,4! 3,+! −0/∗! ∋..(&∋/,! #/!
∋∗34∋,3#∋/,οΚ!ϑ∃∋&!∋&!&(≅≅/0#%+!);!ϕ/,!Λ(&>∃!ηΑΒΒειι!Φ∃/!+%&>0∋)%&!&/>∋%#;!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!∗%#3≅∃/0!/−!
3!Ο,%#Φ/0ΗΠ!#/!304(%!#∃3#!>/Μ3(#∃/0&∃∋≅!∗%3,&!3!03+∋>3.!)0%3Η!∋,!#∃%!≅/&∋#∋/,!/−!Φ∃3#!Φ3&!>/,&∋+%0%+!
3&!#∃%!≅3&&∋:%!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0Κ!!
!
Θ%#Φ/0Η∋,4!3,+!+∋&&%∗∋,3#∋/,!/,.∋,%!∃3:%!≅.3;%+!3!≅∋:/#3.!0/.%! ∋,! ∋,−.(%,>∋,4!3!,%Φ!0%,3∋&&3,>%!/−!
>03−#! ≅03>#∋>%Κ! ϑ∃%0%! ∃3&! )%%,! 3,! %Γ≅/,%,#∋3.! 40/Φ#∃! /−! /,.∋,%! >/∗∗(,∋#∋%&!Φ∃/! 30%!∗3Η∋,4! )/#∃!
+∋4∋#3.!3,+!φ3,3./4(%φ!#∃∋,4&Κ!ηΖ3(,#.%##7!ΑΒΧΧδει!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#&!#∃∋&!∋&!ν/,%!/−!#∃%!Φ/,+%0−(..;!≅0/+(>#∋:%!
/(#>/∗%&! /−! #∃%! &∃∋−#! −0/∗! 3! φ&∋#! )3>Η! 3,+! )%! #/.+φ! >(.#(0%! #/Φ30+&! ∗/0%! /−! 3! φ∗3Η∋,4! 3,+! +/∋,4φ!
>(.#(0%! %,3).%+! );! 8%)! ΑΚΒ! #%>∃,/./4∋%&οΚ! Ε%! 4/%&! /,! #/! 304(%! #∃3#! #∃%! ∋,#%0,%#! ∃3&! ≅0/:∋+%+!
0%,%Φ%+!∋∗≅%#(&!#/!3,3./4(%!>03−#!>/∗∗(,∋#∋%&!);!−(0,∋&∃∋,4!#∃%∗!Φ∋#∃!3!,%Φ!#//.!Φ∃∋>∃!≅0/:∋+%&!
0%,%Φ%+!:∋&∋)∋.∋#;!#/!>03−#!≅03>#∋>%&7!);!≅0/:∋+∋,4!,%Φ!≅.3#−/0∗&!−/0!%Γ>∋#%+!%,#∃(&∋3&#&!#/!3&&%∗).%!
,%Φ!>/∗∗(,∋#∋%&!3,+!>/,�(>#!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!4./)3.!,%#Φ/0ΗΚ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!/,.∋,%!∗%+∋3!Ζ%,!Ρ!∃3&!3>>%&&!#/!
∗(.#∋≅.%! ∗%+∋3! ≅.3#−/0∗&! #/! ∋,&≅∋0%! 3,+! %,>/(034%! ≅%%0&! Φ∋#∃! &∋∗∋.30! ∋,#%0%&#&7! Φ∋#∃! 3! +%≅#∃! 3,+!
&≅%%+!#∃3#!Φ3&!,/#!≅0%:∋/(&.;!≅/&&∋).%Κ!ϑ∃%!0∋&%!/−!,%Γ#!4%,%03#∋/,!Ν,#%0,%#!#%>∃,/./4∋%&!>/∗∗/,.;!
Η,/Φ,! 3&! 8%)! ΑΚΒ7! &(>∃! 3&! :∋+%/! &∃30∋,47! )./44∋,47! &/>∋3.! )//Η∗30Η∋,4! 3,+! &/>∋3.! ,%#Φ/0Η∋,47! ∋&!
&(≅≅/0#∋,4! ,%Φ! ∋,#%03>#∋/,! 3∗/,4! >/,&(∗%0&! 3,+! 0%>%,#.;7! #∃∋&! ∃3&! ≅.3;%+! 3! ≅∋:/#3.! 0/.%! #/Φ30+&!
−3>∋.∋#3#∋,4!∋,>0%3&%+!>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!ηΛ0/4∋!%#!3.Κ7!ΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!!
!
2/,,%>#%+! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&! −0/∗! 3>0/&&! #∃%! 4./)%! ∃3:%! 3>>%&&! #/! &/≅∃∋&#∋>3#%+! +%&∋4,! #//.&! 3,+! #∃∋&! ∋&!
−∋.#%0∋,4!∋,#/!,%Φ!+/∗3∋,&!&(>∃!3&!−3&∃∋/,Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!Φ%)!ΑΚΒ!3!&(∋#%!/−!+∋4∋#3.!0%&/(0>%&!∃3:%!%∗%04%+!
#/! 3../Φ! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&! Φ∋#∃! :%0;! .∋##.%! +%&∋4,! #03∋,∋,4! #/! %Γ≅%0∋∗%,#! 3,+! >0%3#%! /0! >/Μ>0%3#%! ,%Φ!
>/,>%≅#&!−/0!≅0/+(>#&!3,+!&%0:∋>%&!3#!3!&(0≅0∋&∋,4.;!&/≅∃∋&#∋>3#%+!.%:%.Κ!ϑ∃∋&!&∃∋−#!∋&!&∋4,3.∋,4!#∃3#7!∋#!∋&!
>.%30! #∃3#! ∗30Η%#%0&! Φ∋..! ,%%+! #/! 0%#∃∋,Η! ∗30Η%#∋,4! #%4∋%&7! );! (&∋,4! ∋,,/:3#∋:%! 3≅≅0/3>∃%&! 3&!
>/,&%1(%,#.;! )03,+! ./;3.#;! ∃3&! )%>/∗%! ∋,>0%3&∋,4.;! ∋,−.(%,>%+! η)/#∃! ≅/&∋#∋:%.;! /0! ,%43#∋:%.;ι! );!
/,.∋,%! 0%:∋%Φ&! Φ∃∋>∃! +%∗/,#%! #∃3#! >/,&(∗%0&! ∃3:%! 3! −/0(∗! #/! ≅0/_%>#! &∃30%+! /≅∋,∋/,&7!
≅%0&≅%>#∋:%&7!∋,&∋4∃#&!3,+!/≅∋,∋/,&!3)/(#!−3&∃∋/,!)03,+&Κ!!
22
Τ0∋>!:/,!Ε∋≅≅%.!ηΑΒΒ]ι!)%.∋%:%&!#∃3#!∗/&#!/−!#∃%!∋,,/:3#∋:%!≅0/+(>#!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!#%>∃,/./4;!∋+%3&!
∋,! ∃∋&#/0;! ∃3:%! ,/#! )%%,! ∋,#0/+(>%+! );! +%&∋4,%0&! 3,+! ≅0/−%&&∋/,3.! +%:%./≅%0&! )(#! 03#∃%0! );!
>/,&(∗%0&! #∃%∗&%.:%&Κ!Ε%! >/,#∋,(%&! #/!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#! #∃3#! #∃%!∃∋&#/0;!/−! ∋,,/:3#∋/,! ∋,!∗3&&!≅0/+(>#∋/,!
Φ3&!3!≅%0∋/+!Φ∃%,!#∃%!∋,,/:3#∋/,!+;,3∗∋>!.%3+∋,4!#/!∗3&&!≅0/+(>#&!Φ3&!ν+/∗∋,3#%+!);!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!
∋,:%,#/0&!Φ∃/&%!3>#∋:∋#∋%&!Φ%0%!∗3∋,.;! &()_%>#%+! #/!3,+! 0%4(.3#%+!);! #∃%! _/∋,#!%−−%>#!/−! #∃%! &(≅≅.;!
&∋+%µ! 3,+! ∗3&&! ,%%+&! 3,+! #∃%! Ο>./&%+Π! −/0∗&! /−! ∋,,/:3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! 1(%&#∋/,! /−! ≅0/:∋+∋,4! #∃%! ∗/&#!
%,3).∋,4!≅.3>%!−/0!>(&#/∗%0&!#/!0%3.∋&%!#∃%∗&%.:%&!∋&!/−!#∃%!∃∋4∃%&#!∋∗≅/0#3,>%7!−/0!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0!∋&!
0%3..;!#∋,4! #/!)%>/∗%!#∃%!+%>∋&∋:%! −3>#/0! ∋,! #∃%! ∋,,/:3#∋/,!03>%7!3,+! ∋,,/:3#∋/,!>3≅3)∋.∋#;ο! η:/,!
Ε∋≅≅%.7!ΑΒΒ]ιΚ!=(0#∃%0∗/0%7!+∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! #%>∃,∋1(%&!∃3:%!%Γ≅3,+%+! #∃%!≅/&&∋)∋.∋#∋%&! #/!+%&∋4,!3,+!
≅0/+(>%! (,∋1(%! ≅0/+(>#&Κ! 6∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! ≅0∋,#%0&7! %∗)0/∋+%0;7! .3&%0! >(##∋,4! ∗3>∃∋,%&7! 3,+! +∋4∋#3.!
Φ%3:∋,4!∗3>∃∋,%&!/−−%0!Φ∋+%!/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&!#/!0%3.∋&%!3!>/,&(∗%0&!∋,+∋:∋+(3.!≅0%−%0%,>%&!3,+!,%%+&!
ηΘ∋∋,∋∗ρΗ∋7!ΑΒΒχιΚ!
!
πϑ/+3;φ&!>03−#! ∋&!3.&/!3)/(#!%∗≅/Φ%0∗%,#δ!−%%.∋,4!3!&%,&%!/−!3>∃∋%:%∗%,#!Φ∃%,!∗3Η∋,4!&/∗%#∃∋,4!
Φ∋#∃! ;/(0!/Φ,!∃3,+&Κ! Ν#φ&! 3)/(#! #3Η∋,4!3! ,+!/0!∗3Η∋,4!3! #%∗%,#!343∋,&#! #∃∋&!∗/+%0,7!+∋4∋#3.7!
+∋&≅/&3).%!34%!/−!∗3&&!≅0/+(>#∋/,!3,+!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!#∃3#!∋&!.%3+∋,4!#∃%!Φ/0.+!∋,#/!%,:∋0/,∗%,#3.!3,+!
%>/,/∗∋>!0(∋,π!η83#%0∃/(&%7!ΑΒΧΒιΚ!
!
∀++∋#∋/,3..;7!,%Φ!>0%+∋)∋.∋#;!∋&!)%∋,4!3&&∋4,%+!#/!≅0%:∋/(&.;!+∋&0%430+%+!>03−#!&Η∋..&!3,+!≅03>#∋>%&!&(>∃!
3&!Η,∋##∋,47!+0%&&∗3Η∋,4!3,+!∃/∗%!&%Φ∋,4!ηΡ3∋0!5!∴>∃Φ30ς7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!ϑ∃∋&!0%,3∋&&3,>%!/−!#∃%!∃3,+∗3+%!
∃3&!%:/.:%+!3#!3!#∋∗%!/−!≅0/−/(,+!&/>∋3.7!>(.#(03.!3,+!%>/,/∗∋>!>∃3,4%!∋,!#∃%!8%&#!ηΕ3>Η,%;7!ΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!
8∋#∃∋,! #∃%! 9Υ7! &%Φ∋,4! ∗3>∃∋,%! &3.%&! ∃3:%! %.%:3#%+! 3,+! #∃%! 3:3∋.3)∋.∋#;! /−! Φ/0Η&∃/≅&! 3,+! &%Φ∋,4!
>.3&&%&! ∃3:%! ∋∗≅0/:%+7! ≅0/∗/#%+! );! ,%Φ.;! >/∗∗∋&&∋/,%+! #%.%:∋&∋/,! ≅0/403∗&! &(>∃! 3&! #∃%! Ζ0%3#!
Λ0∋#∋&∃!∴%Φ∋,4!Λ%%!ηΤ:%.%4∃7!ΑΒΧιΚ!Ε3>Η,%;!ηΑΒΒ]ι!304(%&!#∃3#!#∃%!≅/≅(.30∋#;!/−!>03−#!∋,!#∃%!∗%+∋3!∋&!
3! ∗%3,&! /−! 3++0%&&∋,4! #∃%! ≅0/).%∗&! 3,+! 3,Γ∋%#∋%&! &(00/(,+∋,4! ∗/+%0,! .∋−%! η(,%∗≅./;∗%,#7! #∃%!
∋,! /−! ,%Φ!Φ/0Η!≅0/>%&&%&! 3,+! #∃%∋0! %−−%>#&! /,!≅∃;&∋>3.! 3,+!∗%,#3.! .∋−%ιΚ! ∀#! 3! #∋∗%!/−! ≅0/−/(,+!
>∃3,4%7!∋,!3!&/>∋%#;!&Φ3∗≅%+!Φ∋#∃!∗3&&Μ∗3,(−3>#(0%+!4//+&7!#∃%!∃3,+∗3+%!/−−%0&!3!0%≅0∋&%7!3,+!3,!
3.#%0,3#∋:%Κ! ∀&! #∃∋&! ∃3&! />>(00%+7! Ζ%,! Ρ! >/,&(∗%0&! ∃3:%! %∗)03>%+! #∃%! ∋,>0%3&%+! ≅/#%,#∋3.! /−! #∃%!
∋,#%0,%#!3&!∋#!/−−%0&!#∃%∗!3!≅.3#−/0∗!−/0!+%:%./≅∋,4!,%Φ!&∗3..!&>3.%!)(&∋,%&&!∗/+%.&7!Φ∋#∃!%Γ3∗≅.%&!
30%!%∗%04∋,4!.%+!);!3∗3#%(0!≅0/+(>%0&!Φ∋#∃!,/!−/0∗3.!#03∋,∋,4!η∀,+%0&/,7!ΑΒΧΑιΚ!!
!
23
[Κ[!∃%#Χ:∀;Ν(9).−!
!
Ε)−<;∀!Ζ!Η3;()2)Π3(%;Ν!+∀,)−.!Β3.4,23Π∀!
!
ϑ∃%! Ο2/ΜΤ:%0;#∃∋,4Π! .3,+&>3≅%! :∋&(3..;! ∗3≅≅%+! ∋,! Φ∋#∃∋,! 1()2,&! Π! ≅8,+(=(98+.,Μ! <&∋()∗! Θ8∗%∋=89&!
%Γ≅3,+∋,4!(≅/,!#∃%!Φ/0Η!/−!∴3,+%0&!3,+!∴#3≅≅%0&! ηΑΒΒει!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%∋0!≅3≅%0!#∋#.%+δ!6.Ρ6,&8+(.∗!8∗%!
+5&!Σ&Τ!Θ8∗%∋=89&∋!.Β!<&∋()∗Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∋..(#∋/,!≅0/:∋+%&!3!�/,4!−/(,+3#∋/,!−/0!+%:%./≅∋,4!3!+%%≅%0!
(,+%0,+∋,4!/−!>/..3)/03#∋:%!+%&∋4,!∗%#∃/+&7!#/!>/,&∋+%0!∃/Φ!#∃%;!∗∋4∃#!≅.3;!3!0/.%!∋,!,3:∋43#∋,4!
>/,&(∗%0! ∋,:/.:%∗%,#!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&7! #03,&∋#∋/,∋,4! #∃%∗!−0/∗! Ο&()_%>#&Π! #/Φ30+&!3>#∋:%!
Ο≅30#,%0&ΠΚ!ϑ∃%!−∋%.+!/−!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!+%&∋4,!∃3&!)(∋.#!3!>/,#%Γ#!−/0!>/,&(∗%0!%,434%∗%,#!3,+!#∃∋&!>3,!
)%! 0%−%0%,>%+!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! .3&#! −/0#;!;%30&! η∴3,+%0&!3,+!∴#3≅≅%0&7!ΑΒΒειΚ! ∴3,+%0&!3,+!∴#3≅≅%0&! η∋)∋+ι!
304(%!#∃3#!Φ%!30%!,/!./,4%0!&∋∗≅.;!+%&∋4,∋,4!−/0!>/,&(∗%0&7!)(#!03#∃%0!−/0!#∃%!−(#(0%!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&!/−!
≅%/≅.%7!>/∗∗(,∋#∋%&!3,+!>(.#(0%&Κ!ϑ∃%&%!30%!)%>/∗∋,4!>/,,%>#%+!∋,!,%Φ!Φ3;&!#∃3#!Φ%0%!≅0%:∋/(&.;!
(,∋∗34∋,3).%7!%:%,!#%,!;%30&!34/Κ!8%!30%!3.&/!Φ∋#,%&&∋,4!#∃%!+3Φ,!/−!3!,%Φ!34%!/−!∗3,(−3>#(0%7!3,!
34%! Φ∃%0%! 3+:3,>%+! #%>∃,/./4;! ∃3&! ∋,−.(%,>%+! ∋,>0%3&%+! >/∗≅%#∋#∋/,Κ! ∀&! 3! 0%&(.#7! ∗/0%! 3&&%0#∋:%!
>/,&(∗%0&!30%!.%3+∋,4!∋,+(�!#/Φ30+&!#∃%!>(&#/∗∋&3#∋/,!/−!≅0/+(>#&!3,+!&%0:∋>%&!η∀,+%0&/,7!ΑΒΧΑιΚ!!
!
ϑ∃%! (∗)0%..3! −/0! >∋#∋ς%,! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! &(≅≅/0#&! #%0∗&! &(>∃! 3&µ! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! +%&∋4,7! >/..3)/03#∋:%!
+%&∋4,7! >/Μ+%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗%#3Μ+%&∋4,Κ! Ν,! #∃%! )0/3+%&#! &%,&%7! #∃%! #%0∗! Ο>/..3)/03#∋:%! +%&∋4,Π! >3,! )%!
+%−∋,%+!3&!3,!3>#!/−!>/..%>#∋:%!>0%3#∋:∋#;!#∃3#!/>>(0&!)%#Φ%%,!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!+%&∋4,%0&!3,+!≅%/≅.%!,/#!
#03∋,%+!∋,!+%&∋4,Κ!6%&∋4,%0&!>3,!.%:%034%!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0!+%&∋0%!−/0!>/,,%>#%+,%&&!);!Φ%.>/∗∋,4!#∃%∗!
24
∋,#/! #∃%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&! #/! +%:%./≅! ,%Φ! ∗30Η%#&! ΟΦ∋#∃Π! 03#∃%0! #∃3,! Ο−/0Π! >/,&(∗%0&! ηΥ/&Η∋,%,7!
θ∋∗∗%0∗3,7!Λ∋,+%07!Σ%+�/∗7!5!8%,&:%%,7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!Λ0∋##/,!ηΑΒΧΧι!3≅≅.∋%&!#∃%!#%0∗!Ο>/,&(∗%0!ΑΚΒΠ!#/!
&∋4,3.! 3! &∃∋−#! #/Φ30+&! )%##%0! ∋,−/0∗%+! >/,&(∗%0&! Φ∃/! ∃3:%! )%>/∗%! .%&&! ≅3&&∋:%! 3,+! ∗/0%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%∋0! &/>∋3.! >/,,%>#%+,%&&Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! 3>#∋:%! %,434%∗%,#7! #∃%∋0! >∃303>#%0∋&#∋>&!
∃3:%! >∃3,4%+! 3,+! #∃∋&! ∃3&! ∋,−.(%,>%+! ,%Φ! %Γ≅%>#3#∋/,&! 30/(,+! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.∋#;7! 3(#∃%,#∋>∋#;! 3,+!
/Φ,%0&∃∋≅Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! %,434%∗%,#! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3! >/..3)/03#∋:%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&7! #∃%&%! >/,&(∗%0&! ∃3:%! #∃%!
/≅≅/0#(,∋#;! #/! >/..%>#∋:%.;! .%30,7! &/.:%! ≅0/).%∗&! 3,+! #/! +%:%./≅! 3! +%&∋4,! /(#>/∗%! Φ∋#∃! ∃3&! #∃%!
≅/#%,#∋3.!#/!≅0/./,4!>/,&(∗%0!&3#∋&−3>#∋/,!ηΘ∋∋,∋∗ρΗ∋!5!Ε3&&∋7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,%+!/(#>/∗%&!−0/∗!3!
>/..3)/03#∋:%!+%&∋4,!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!∃3:%!)%%,!Η,/Φ,!#/!≅0/:∋+%!3,!∋,>0%3&%+!&%,&%!/−!−(.−∋..∗%,#!/,!#∃%!
%,+! (&%0&! ≅30#7! 3,+! #∃%;! ∃3:%! %Γ≅0%&&%+! #∃∋&! %,3).%&! #∃%∗! #/! −/0∗! 3,! 3##3>∃∗%,#! #/! #∃%! ≅0/+(>#!
∗/0%! %3&∋.;! ηΘ∋∋,∋∗ρΗ∋! 5! Ε3&&∋7! ∋)∋+ιΚ! 8∋#∃∋,! #∃%! −/>(&! /−! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! 3,+! 3∋∗&! >/,>%0,∋,4!
&(∋,3)∋.∋#;7! >/..3)/03#∋:%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/:∋+%&! 3,! 3≅≅0/3>∃! #/! ∋,>0%3&%! (&%0! %,434%∗%,#! Φ∋#∃! #∃%!
30#∋−3>#Κ!
!
ϑ∃%!,/#∋/,!#∃3#!%:%0;!∋,+∋:∋+(3.!∃3&!#∃%!>3≅3>∋#;!#/!%,434%!Φ∋#∃!3!>/Μ+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!/−#%,!0%1(∋0%&!3!
,%Φ!∗∋,+Μ&%#!#/!%,>/∗≅3&&!#∃%!)%.∋%−!#∃3#!3..!≅%/≅.%!∃3:%!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.!#/!)%!>0%3#∋:%7!Φ∃∋>∃!∋&!/−#%,!
,/#!>/∗∗/,.;!3>>%≅#%+Κ!∴3,+%0&!ηΑΒΧΒι!304(%&!#∃/&%!Φ∃/!≅0/∗/#%!>/Μ+%&∋4,!∗(&#!3>Η,/Φ.%+4%!#∃3#!
+∋−−%0%,#!.%:%.&!/−!>0%3#∋:∋#;!%Γ∋!3,+!3>Η,/Φ.%+4%!#∃%!0%1(∋0%∗%,#!−/0!≅0/:∋+∋,4!3!03,4%!/−!+∋−−%0%,#!
%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&!#/!−3>∋.∋#3#%!≅%/≅.%&Π!%Γ≅0%&&∋/,!/−!>0%3#∋:∋#;!3#!3..!.%:%.&Κ!∀,+%0&/,!ηΑΒΧΑι!≅0/≅/&%&!#∃3#!
#∃%! Ν,#%0,%#! ∃3&! &(≅≅/0#%+! #∃%! >/∗)∋,%+! (&%! /−! +∋4∋#3.! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! #//.&! 3,+! #∃∋&! ∃3&! 03+∋>3..;!
#03,&−/0∗%+!+%&∋4,∋,47!∗3Η∋,47!&%..∋,4!3,+!)(;∋,4Κ!Ε%!>/,#∋,(%&!#/!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#!#∃3#!:∋0#(3..;!3,;/,%!>3,!
)%>/∗%!3! &(>>%&&−(.!∗3Η%07! );! #∋,4! #∃%∋0! )(&∋,%&&! −0/∗! #∃%! >/∗−/0#! /−! #∃%∋0! /Φ,!%,:∋0/,∗%,#!
3,+!+0∋:∋,4!∋#!/(#!∋,#/!#∃%!4./)3.!+∋4∋#3.!%>/,/∗;Κ!ϑ∃∋&!03∋&%&!∗3,;!1(%&#∋/,&!3)/(#!#∃%!:3.(%!/−!>03−#!
∋,! ΑΧ&#! >%,#(0;! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! 3,+! 0%1(∋0%&! 3! #∃0/(4∃! %Γ≅./03#∋/,! /−! (&%0! ∋,:/.:%∗%,#! Φ∋#∃∋,! /,.∋,%!
>/∗∗(,∋#∋%&7!3&! #∃%;!)%4∋,! #/!/≅%,!,%Φ!/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&! −/0!3++0%&&∋,4!>(00%,#! &/>∋3.7!%>/,/∗∋>!3,+!
%,:∋0/,∗%,#3.!>∃3..%,4%&Κ!
!
ϑ∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!%Γ≅3,+&!(≅/,!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!+%&∋4,!.3,+&>3≅%!);!>∃3..%,4∋,4!#∃%!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!#%Γ#∋.%!
/0! −3&∃∋/,! +%&∋4,%0! #/! )%>/∗%! ∗/0%! ∋,>.(&∋:%! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%∋0! ≅03>#∋>%! #/! Φ/0Η! )%;/,+! #∃%!
Ο)%3(#∋−∋>3#∋/,! /−! /)_%>#&Π! η?∋,%0/7! ΑΒΧΧιΚ! ∀! 0%:∋%Φ! /−! >/,&(∗%0! %,434%∗%,#!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! >/,#%Γ#! /−!
−3&∃∋/,!3,+!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#%+!3!.3>Η!/−!#∃%/0;!0%−%0%,>∋,4!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!+%&∋4,Κ!?03>#∋>3.!>3&%!
&#(+∋%&! ∃3:%! )%%,! 0%:∋%Φ%+! #/! ∋+%,#∋−;! %Γ∋&#∋,4! >/,&(∗%0! %,434%∗%,#Κ! 8∃∋.%! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! Φ3&!
∗∋,+−(.! #∃3#! ∋#! Φ/(.+! ,/#! )%! ≅/&&∋).%! #/! %Γ≅3,+! (≅/,! %3>∃! #∃%∗%! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! ,%Γ#! "%! /−! #∃%!
0%&%30>∃7! #∃%! 0%:∋%Φ! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+! 3! 0∋>∃!∗∋Γ!/−! %Γ∋&#∋,4! 3≅≅0/3>∃%&Κ! ϑ∃%! −∋:%! #∃%∗%&! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!
Ο2/ΜΤ:%0;#∃∋,4Π!Φ%0%δ!>(&#/∗∋&3#∋/,7!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&∗7!>/..3)/03#∋:%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,7!>0/Φ+&/(0>∋,4!3,+!
/≅%,!∋,,/:3#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!Ο2/ΜΤ:%0;#∃∋,4Π!≅0%&%,#3#∋/,!Φ3&!≅0%&%,#%+!#/!3!≅().∋>!3(+∋%,>%7!>/∗≅0∋&∋,4!/−!
+%&∋4,! ≅0/−%&&∋/,3.&7! 3>3+%∗∋>&! 3,+! ,/,Μ+%&∋4,%0&Κ! =/../Φ∋,4! #∃%! −∋0&#! +%.∋:%0;! /−! Ο2/ΜΤ:%0;#∃∋,4Π!
η2∃%.&%3!2/..%4%!/−!∀0#!5!6%&∋4,7!9∀<7! </,+/,Κ!Θ/:%∗)%07!ΑΒΒχι!3!+∋4∋#3.! >/≅;!/−! #∃%!≅0%&%,#3#∋/,!
25
∃3&!)%%,!(≅./3+%+! #/!3,!/,.∋,%!≅.3#−/0∗!∴.∋+%&∃30%! #/! >3≅#(0%! −(0#∃%0! −%%+)3>Η7! 0%&(.#∋,4! ∋,!Α7χ]ε!
(,∋1(%!:∋%Φ&!#/!+3#%!η&%%!1()2,&!∃!Γ&0.ΤΗ∀!ϑ∃%!>/,#%,#!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!≅0%&%,#3#∋/,!∃3&!)%%,!0%−∋,%+!3,+!
(≅+3#%+! 3,,(3..;! #/! ∋,>/0≅3#%! ≅%%0! −%%+)3>Η! 3,+! 0%&≅/,+! #/! 3+:3,>%+! 3>3+%∗∋>! %,1(∋0;! 3,+!
%∗%04%,#! ∗30Η%#! #0%,+&Κ! ϑ∃%! ∗/&#! 0%>%,#! :%0&∋/,! /−! #∃∋&! ≅0%&%,#3#∋/,! >3,! )%! ≅0%:∋%Φ%+! Φ∋#∃∋,!
∀≅≅%,+∋Γ! ∀Κ! =(0#∃%0! ≅0%&%,#3#∋/,&! ∃3:%! )%%,! +%.∋:%0%+!Φ∋#∃∋,! <_()._3,3! ηΑΒΧΧι7! 230+∋−−! ηΑΒΧΧι! 3,+!
</,+/,!ηΑΒΧΑιΚ!
!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!Ο!Γ2;∀∀.,9%(!=;%5!Γ∗)4∀,93;∀!%=!∃%#Χ:∀;Ν(9).−!∆.∗).∀!Ω)∀1,!
[ΚΘΚΛ!∃<,(%5),3()%./!+ϑε!_!Η∀;,%.3∗),3()%.!
!
ϑ∃%! ≅/&&∋)∋.∋#∋%&! /−! >(&#/∗∋&3#∋/,! ∃3:%! )%>/∗%! )0/3+%0! 3,+! ∗/0%! &/≅∃∋&#∋>3#%+! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%!
3+:3,>%∗%,#!/−!+∋4∋#3.!≅0/+(>#∋/,!3,+!−3)0∋>3#∋/,!#//.&7!3,+!#∃%0%!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,!∃3&!)%%,!&(≅≅/0#%+!);!
&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,&Κ!2/,&(∗%0!≅%0&/,3.∋&3#∋/,!∃3&!)%>/∗%!�/,4.;!∋,−.(%,>%+!);!/,.∋,%!∗%+∋3!
≅.3#−/0∗&! #∃3#! &(≅≅/0#! 6/! Ν#! Ρ/(0&%.−! η6ΝΡι! 3,+! Ξ3&&! 2(&#/∗∋&3#∋/,! ηΞ2ιΚ! ϑ∃%&%! >/,#%∗≅/030;!
3≅≅0/3>∃%&!30%!>/,&(∗%0!.%+!∋,!>/,#03&#!#/!#∃%!#03+∋#∋/,3.!+%&∋4,!3≅≅0/3>∃%&!/−!#3∋./0∋,4!3,+!∃3(#%!
>/(#(0%Κ!ϑ/+3;7!+%&∋4,%0&!30%!3).%!#/!>0%3#%!∋,+∋:∋+(3.!3,+!(,∋1(%!.//Η&!);!(&∋,4!+∋4∋#3.!#%>∃,/./4∋%&7!
Φ∃∋.%! #∃%&%! 430∗%,#&! 3,+! 3>>%&&/0∋%&! 30%! /−#%,! ∗/0%! %Γ≅%,&∋:%! #/! ≅0/+(>%! #∃3,! 3! 0%3+;Μ∗3+%!
430∗%,#7! #∃%! /(#≅(#! ∋&! ∗3+%! #/! #∃%! >/,&(∗%0&Π! ≅%0&/,3.! ≅0%−%0%,>%&7! ,%%+&! 3,+! ∗%3&(0%∗%,#&7!
/−−%0∋,4!3!≅%0−%>#!−∋#!≅∃;&∋>3..;!)(#!3.&/!%∗/#∋/,3..;Κ!Θ∋∋,∋∗ρΗ∋!ηΑΒΒχι!304(%&!3!>3&%!−/0!≅/&∋#∋/,∋,4!#∃%!
>/,&(∗%0&!Φ∋&∃%&!3&! #∃%!>%,#0%!/−! #∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&7! 3&! &%>(0∋,4!3!+%%≅!≅0/+(>#! 0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅!∃3&!
)%%,!Η,/Φ,!#/!∋,>0%3&%!%∗/#∋/,3.!+(03)∋.#∋#;7!3!#%0∗!>/,∋,%+!);!2∃3≅∗3,!ηΑΒΒ]ιΚ!
!
!
26
ϑ∃%! >(.#(03.! &∃∋−#! #/Φ30+&! >/,#%∗≅/030;!6ΝΡ!∃3&!)%%,! >∃3∗≅∋/,%+!/,.∋,%!);! −3&∃∋/,!)./44%0&!Φ∃/!
(&%! &/>∋3.! ∗%+∋3! #/! &∃30%! #∃%∋0! /≅∋,∋/,&! 3,+! :∋%Φ&! Φ∋#∃! #∃%! 0%&#! /−! #∃%! Φ/0.+Κ! ∀>>/0+∋,4! #/! ∀..%,!
ηΑΒΒχι7! −3&∃∋/,!)./4&!∃3:%! >∃3,4%+! #∃%! −3>%!/−! −3&∃∋/,! >/∗∗(,∋>3#∋/,! 3,+! #∃%! >/,#0/.! ∃3&! &∃∋−#%+!
−0/∗!#∃%!&%,+%0!#∃%!0%>%∋:%0Κ!ϑ∃%&%!)./4&!30%!%,3).∋,4!/0+∋,30;!≅%/≅.%!#/!>0%3#%!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!∗%+∋3!3,+!
&∃30%!#∃%∋0!>0%3#∋/,&!/,.∋,%!ηΣ%##)%047!ΑΒΒειΚ!ϑ∃%;!30%!+%&∋4,%+!#/!&≅0%3+!∋,−/0∗3#∋/,!#∃0/(4∃!&/>∋3.!
∋,#%03>#∋/,!3,+!∃3:%!0%∗/:%+!&/∗%!/−!#∃%!#03+∋#∋/,3.!)300∋%0&!#/!Φ∋+%&≅0%3+!+∋�∋)(#∋/,!ηΞ>2/,,%.!
5!Ε()37!ΑΒΒβιΚ!?30∋&%!3,+!Ζ(∋,3,! ηΑΒΒε7!≅Κ!ΑεΧι!%Γ≅.3∋,7! ν#∃%! −(,+3∗%,#3.!≅0∋,>∋≅.%!/−!8%)!ΑΚΒ! ∋&!
#∃3#! (&%0&! 3++! :3.(%! );! 4%,%03#∋,4! >/,#%,#! η#∃%∗&%.:%&ι! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%&%! 3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,&7! 0%&(.#∋,4! ∋,!
,%#Φ/0Η! %−−%>#&! 3∗/,4! #∃%! >/∗∗(,∋#;! /−! (&%0&Κο! ∀>>%&&∋)∋.∋#;! #∃0/(4∃! &∗30#≅∃/,%&! ∗3Η%&! #∃%!
>/,,%>#∋/,!%:%,!∗/0%!≅%0&/,3.7!3,+!&/∗%!∃3:%!%Γ≅0%&&%+!#∃3#!∋#!∋&!.∋Η%!∃3:∋,4!3!−0∋%,+!Φ∋#∃!;/(!3#!3..!
#∋∗%&Κ!!
!!
Ε)−<;∀!ΛΡ!ΗΓ!ϑ!Τ34∀!&9),!#!+ϑε!Ε3,9)%.!≅∗%−!βΘΡΛ[χ!
!
8∋#∃∋,! 1()2,&! 3Υς! ?∴! Ν! Ξ3+%! ϑ∃∋&7! #∃%! −3&∃∋/,! )./44%0! η6/∗%&%Η7! ΑΒΧΒι! +%&∋4,%+! 3,+! ≅0/+(>%+!
3,,/#3#%+!≅/&#>30+&! #/!:∋&(3..;!+%≅∋>#!3!6ΝΡ!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&! −/0! >(&#/∗∋&,4!3! −3&∃∋/,!430∗%,#7! &∃%!
3.&/! ≅0/+(>%&! 6ΝΡ! +%∗/,#∋/,&! −/0! −3&∃∋/,! 3>>%&&/0∋%&Κ! 6∋−−%0%,#! 3≅≅0/3>∃%&! 30%! 3≅≅.∋%+! );!
−3&∃∋/,! )./44%0! Ψ(#&3≅/≅! ηΑΒΧ∆ι! Φ∃/! (&%&! ∃%0! )./4! #/! ≅0/:∋+%! 3,! /,.∋,%! 3(+∋%,>%! Φ∋#∃! Ο∃/ΦΜ#/Π!
Η,/Φ.%+4%!#/!%,3).%!#∃%∗!#/!0%≅.∋>3#%!∃∋4∃!−3&∃∋/,!.//Η&!3#!3,!3−−/0+3).%!≅0∋>%!η&%%!=∋4(0%!ΧΧ!)%./ΦιΚ!!
27
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΛΛ!+ϑε!∃∀∗).∀!&#Γ9);(!β∆<(,3Π%Π!≅∗%−7!ΘΡΛ[χ!
!=(0#∃%0!%Γ3∗≅.%&!/−!6ΝΡ!−3&∃∋/,!)./4&!∋,>.(+%7!∀!Ξ3##%0!/−!∴#;.%!ηΑΒΧ∆ι7!∀!?3∋0!3,+!3!∴≅30%!ηΑΒΧ∆ι7!3,+!
Ν!∴≅;!6ΝΡ!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!ϑ∃%&%!30%!/,.;!3!&3∗≅.%!&%.%>#%+!−0/∗!#∃/(&3,+&!/−!/,.∋,%!)./4&!#∃3#!30%!3:3∋.3).%!
>(00%,#.;!#/!&∃30%!6ΝΡ!∋+%3&!3,+!≅0/∗/#%!Φ30+0/)%!0%∃3)!3,+!0%&#;.∋,4!#%>∃,∋1(%&Κ!=/0!Φ∃∋>∃7!#∃%0%!
30%!>(00%,#.;!χ]7]ΒΒ7ΒΒΒ!Ζ//4.%!0%&(.#&Κ!!
Ε)−<;∀!ΛΘ!ΦϑφΧ!)+!∗38!βΘΡΛ[χ!
!
!
28
ϑ∃%! #%0∗! Ξ3&&! 2(&#/∗∋&3#∋/,! ηΞ2ι! Φ3&! >/∋,%+! );! 63:∋&! ηΧχεβι7! #∃∋&! >/∗)∋,%&! %.%∗%,#&! /−! ∗3&&!
≅0/+(>#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!#∃/&%!/−!)%&≅/Η%!#3∋./0∋,4!#/!≅0/+(>%!./ΦΜ>/!∃∋4∃!:/.(∗%!3,+!%−−∋>∋%,#!≅0/+(>#∋/,!
/−! >(&#/∗∋&%+! /−−%0∋,4&! η?∋,%! 5! Ζ∋.∗/0%7! ΧχχχιΚ! ϑ∃%! >/,>%≅#! /−! Ξ2! Φ3&! ≅0/≅/&%+! 3&! 3! ∗%3,&! /−!
φ≅%0&/,3.∋&∋,4! #∃%! >/,&(∗%0! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%φΚ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! Ξ2! 0/.%! /−! #∃%! +%&∋4,! >∃3,4%&! ≅0/−/(,+.;! #/! 3!
+%:%./≅∋,4! %>/./4;7! 3&! ≅0/+(>#&! 3,+! >/,&(∗%0&! ∗(#(3..;! %:/.:%! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3,! %,3).∋,4! %,:∋0/,∗%,#Κ!
ΘΝΥΤ! ∋6! η&%%! −∋4(0%! ΧΑ! 3)/:%ι! ∋&! 3! &(>>%&&−(.! Ξ2! %Γ3∗≅.%µ! −/(,+%+! ∋,! ΑΒΒΒ! #/! ≅0/:∋+%! 3!
≅%0&/,3.∋&3#∋/,! &%0:∋>%! −/0! −//#Φ%30Κ! ϑ∃%! Θ∋Η%! ∋6! >/,>%≅#! ∋&! >/,#∋,(∋,4! #/! #∃0∋:%! #∃0/(4∃! ≅∃;&∋>3.!
+%&∋4,! .3)&! #∃3#! ≅0/:∋+%! >/,&(∗%0&! Φ∋#∃! &(≅≅/0#! &%0:∋>%&! 3,+! 3,! %Γ≅%0#! #%3∗! 30%! 3:3∋.3).%! #/!
+%∗/,#%!∃/Φ!#/!(&%!3!#//.Η∋#Κ!ϑ∃%!.3)!∋&!≅0/∗/#%+!3&!3,!∋,&≅∋03#∋/,3.!&≅3>%!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!&%.%>#∋/,!/−!
&#/0%&!3,+!∋#!∃3&!)%%,!>(03#%+!#/!&∃/Φ>3&%!#∃%!)%&#!%Γ3∗≅.%&!/−!∗3&&!>(&#/∗∋&%+!−//#Φ%30Κ!ϑ∃%!Ξ2!
#//.Η∋#! ∋&! 3.&/! 3:3∋.3).%! #/! 3>>%&&! /,.∋,%Κ! ϑ∃∋&! &%0:∋>%! ∃3&! ∋,>0%∗%,#3..;! %).∋&∃%+! 3! .304%! 4./)3.!
>/,&(∗%0!−3,!)3&%!3,+!−/../Φ∋,47!)(#!∋#!∋&!Φ/0#∃!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#∋,4!#∃3#!#∃∋&!∃3&!#3Η%,!3!./,4!#∋∗%!−/0!ΘΝΥΤ!
#/!+%.∋:%0!3!0%#(0,!/,!#∃%∋0!∋,∋#∋3.!∋,:%&#∗%,#7!#/!+3#%!∋#!>(00%,#.;!≅0/+(>%&!3≅≅0/Γ∋∗3#%.;!ΑΒτ!/−!#∃%∋0!
0%:%,(%Κ!
∴/∗%!/−!#∃%!.∋∗∋#3#∋/,&!/−!Ξ2!30%δ!
• Ξ/0%!%Γ≅%,&∋:%!#∃3,!∗3&&!≅0/+(>%+!≅0/+(>#&!!
• ϑ∃%!≅0/+(>#!>3,,/#!)%!+%.∋:%0%+!#/!#∃%!>(&#/∗%0!3#!#∋∗%!/−!≅(0>∃3&%!!
• ϑ∃%!>(&#/∗%0!∗(&#!&≅%,+!#∋∗%!+%&∋4,∋,4!#∃%!+%&∋0%+!≅0/+(>#!!
• 2(&#/∗%0&!/−#%,!∃3:%!≅0/).%∗&!30#∋>(.3#∋,4!Φ∃3#!#∃%;!Φ3,#!
• 2(&#/∗%0&!Φ3,#!#/!−%%.!(,∋1(%!)(#!30%!3.&/!(,>/∗−/0#3).%!∋,!,+∋,4!/(#!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!Λ[!≅<;8∀;;Ν!≅∀,Π%6∀!βΘΡΛΛχ!
!
!∀&!+∋4∋#3.! #%>∃,/./4;!∃3&!)%>/∗%! −(0#∃%0! &/≅∃∋&#∋>3#%+!Ξ2! #//.&!∃3:%!)%>/∗%!∗/0%!3+:3,>%+!3,+!
0%>%,#.;! ∃∋4∃Μ%,+! .(Γ(0;! −3&∃∋/,! 0%#3∋.%0&! ?03+3! ηΑΒΧΧι! 3,+! Λ(0)%00;! ηΑΒΧΧι! η&%%! −∋4(0%! Χ∆ι! ∃3:%!
29
∋,:%&#%+! ∋,! #∃%! +%:%./≅∗%,#! /−! /,.∋,%! ∗3&&! >(&#/∗∋&3#∋/,! 3,+! ≅%0&/,3.∋&3#∋/,! &%0:∋>%&Κ! ϑ∃%!
≅%0&/,3.∋&3#∋/,!/≅#∋/,&!30%!3.Φ3;&!≅0%+%−∋,%+!3,+!>/,−∋4(0%+7!#∃%0%−/0%!#∃%0%!30%!+%&∋4,!.∋∗∋#3#∋/,&!
#/! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%! Ξ2! 3≅≅0/3>∃! 3,+! ∗3,;! >/∗)∋,3#∋/,&! 30%! /−#%,! 0%�∋>#%+! #/! ≅0/#%>#! #∃%! )03,+!
3&%#∃%#∋>Κ!Ξ2!∋&!4%,%03..;!3!∗/0%!%Γ≅%,&∋:%!/≅#∋/,!)(#!#∃%!∃∋4∃%0!≅0∋>%!≅/∋,#!+/%&!,/#!∃3:%!#∃%!&3∗%!
>/,&(∗%0!%−−%>#!Φ∋#∃∋,!∃∋4∃!%,+!0%#3∋.Κ!ϑ∃%!≅0∋>%!≅/∋,#! ∋&!≅30#!/−! #∃%∋0!%Γ>.(&∋:%!)03,+!#%4;!3,+!
#∃%! >/&#! −/0! 3!Ξ2!+%&∋4,%+! >(&#/∗!Λ(0)%00;! #0%,>∃! >/3#! 03,4∋,4! 3,;Φ∃%0%! −0/∗!σΧ7εΒΒ! #/! σ]7ΒΒΒ!
+/%&!,/#!%Γ>.(+%!#∃%∋0!%Γ∋&#∋,4!>/,&(∗%0Κ!
!
!
!!
Ε)−<;∀!ΛΥ!03∗=#Μ3Ν!Ε3,9)%.!+∀,)−.!β0);,29∀;7!ΘΡΛ[χ!
!
!∀,! 3,3./4(%! ≅%0&/,3.∋&3#∋/,! 3≅≅0/3>∃! #/! +%&∋4,! >3,! )%! −(0#∃%0! %Γ≅./0%+! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%! >/,�(>#! /−!
∃3.−Φ3;! +%&∋4,! η=(3+Μ<(Η%7! ΑΒΒχ7! χαδ! ?3≅3,%Η7! Χχχα7! ΑιΚ! ϑ∃∋&! 3≅≅0/3>∃! ∋&! +%&∋4,%+! #∃0/(4∃!
∋,>/∗≅.%#%!≅0/+(>#&!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!≅0%∗∋&%!/−!%,>/(034∋,4!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0!#/!≅.3;!3!∗/0%!3>#∋:%!0/.%!∋,!#∃%!
≅0/+(>#&!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!3,+!=(3+Μ<(Η%!ηΑΒΒχι!304(%&!#∃∋&!≅0/:∋+%!3!∗/0%!%Γ#%,&∋:%!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!−/0!
>0%3#∋:∋#;!#∃3,!#∃%!Ξ2Κ!!ϑ∃∋&!3≅≅0/3>∃!∋&!/−#%,!3>∃∋%:%+!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!+%:%./≅∗%,#!/−!+%&∋4,!Η∋#&!#∃3#!
&(≅≅/0#! >/,&(∗%0! 3+3≅#3#∋/,! );! %,3).∋,4! #∃%! >/,&(∗%0! #/! #03,&.3#%! ∃∋&! λ! ∃%0! /Φ,! >0%3#∋:%! 3,+!
≅0%−%0%,>%&!3,+!%:%,!∋,+∋:∋+(3.!∗%∗/0∋%&!∋,#/!#∃%!≅0/+(>#Κ!!ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!Η∋#&!%,3).%!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0!#/!
3&&%∗).%! #∃%∋0! /Φ,! 430∗%,#7! #∃%0%);! 3>1(∋0∋,4! Η,/Φ.%+4%! /−! #∃%! ≅0/+(>#! 3,+! )%>/∗∋,4! 3).%! #/!
0%≅3∋0! #∃%!≅0/+(>#! ∋−!,%%+%+! η?3≅3∋,7!ΧχχαιΚ!8∋#∃∋,!3! −3&∃∋/,!>/,#%Γ#7!Ε∋0&>∃%0! ηΑΒΧ∆ι!%Γ≅./0%+!#∃%!
≅/&&∋)∋.∋#∋%&! −/0! +%&∋4,%0&! #/! ∃%.≅! ≅%/≅.%! +%&∋4,7! 3../Φ∋,4! 3! ,%Φ! &%,&∋#∋:∋#;! 3,+! 0%&≅%>#! #/Φ30+&!
>./#∃%&!3,+!#∃%∋0!≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∋&!∋..(#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!Β()2,&!3∆!3,+!&#(+;!Φ∃∋>∃!>.3∋∗&!Ι+%&∋4,%0&!>3,!
−3>∋.∋#3#%! 3! _/;−(.! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! ∋,! >./#∃∋,4! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! 3,+! #∃%0%);! %,3).%! 3!∗/0%! :3.(%+! ≅%0&/,! #/!
≅0/+(>#!3##3>∃∗%,#οΚ!ϑ∃%! #∋#.%+! Ο:3.(%Μ3).%Π!∃3&!3! &;,%04;! #/! :/,!Λ(&>∃Π&! #%0∗! Ο−3&∃∋/,Μ3).%Π7! )/#∃!
30
∋∗≅.;!∗%#3≅∃/0&! −/0! ≅0/∗/#∋,4! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! #/! %∗≅/Φ%0! >/,&(∗%0&! 3,+! ∋,−.(%,>%! #∃%∗! #/! 3+/≅#!
34%,>;!#/!&(∋,!#∃%!430∗%,#!.∋−%#∋∗%&Κ!
!
[Κ[ΚΘ!+∀,)−.!Α2():),5/!Α−∀.2Ν!_!Α2()%.!
!=(3+Μ<(Η%! ηΑΒΒχι! 3+:/>3#%&! #∃%! >/,�(>#! /−! +%&∋4,! 3>#∋:∋&∗! #/! ≅0/∗/#%! +%∗/>03>;! );!
+%∗/,#∋,4!∃/Φ!+%&∋4,!>3,!)%!.%:%034%+!#/!≅0/∗/#%!≅/&∋#∋:%!>∃3,4%7!3!≅0/>%&&!Φ∃∋>∃!∃%!304(%&!
>3,!∃%.≅!(&!#/!3>∃∋%:%!∗/0%!&(∋,3).%!−(#(0%&Κ!ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&#!3≅≅.∋%&!#∃%!≅/Φ%0!/−!+%&∋4,!−/0!
#∃%!40%3#%0!4//+!/−!∃(∗3,Η∋,+!3,+!#∃%!,3#(03.!%,:∋0/,∗%,#Κ!Λ;!3+/≅#∋,4!3!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&#!0/.%7!#∃%!
+%&∋4,%0! +%:%./≅&! 3! +%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! #/! >∃3..%,4%! 3,! %Γ∋&#∋,4! ≅303+∋4∗! );! ∋,∋#∋3#∋,4! 3>#∋/,! 3,+!
%,3).∋,4! 34%,>;! #∃3#! %:/.:%&! ∋,#/! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ! 8∋#∃∋,! #∃%! >/,#%Γ#! /−! −3&∃∋/,7! ϕ/,! Λ(&>∃7! ηΑΒΒει!
+%−∋,%&!3>#∋:∋&∗!3&!#∃%!≅03>#∋>%!/−!∃3,+&!/,!%,434%∗%,#!#∃3#!∋&!>/..3)/03#∋:%!3,+!/−#%,!∃%.≅&!(&!∗3Η%!
,%Φ!&%,&%!/−!#∃%!Φ/0.+Κ!2/,&(∗%0&!30%!%∗≅/Φ%0%+!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%∋0!3≅≅0%>∋3#∋/,!/−!3.#%0,3#∋:%&7!#/!0%Μ
3++0%&&! #∃%∋0! −3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!Λ;! ∋,#%0>%≅#∋,4! #∃%!3>#!/−! &∃/≅≅∋,4!/0!≅0/:/Η∋,4!,%Φ!3>#∋/,! #/!
0%+(>%!&∃/0#!.∋−%!430∗%,#&!3,+!∋,>0%3&%!430∗%,#!.∋−%#∋∗%&!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!>/,&(∗%0Π&!%Γ∋&#∋,4!Φ30+0/)%!
!
ϑ∃%!Σ%≅3∋0!Ξ3,∋−%&#/!ηΑΒΒχι!∋..(#%+!)%./Φ!Φ∋#∃∋,!1()2,&!3Ο7!);!?.3#−/0∗!ΑΧ!∋..(#%&!3,!%Γ3∗≅.%!
/−! +%&∋4,! 3>#∋:∋&∗! );! +%∗/,#∋,4! 3! >3∗≅3∋4,! #∃3#! Φ3&! Φ∋+%.;! 3+/≅#%+! #/! ≅0/∗/#%! 0%≅3∋0! 3,+!
0%(&%Κ!!
!
31
!Ε)−<;∀!Λς!Η∗3(=%;5!ΘΛ!Ι∀Π3);!Τ3.)=∀,(%!βΘΡΡΟχ!
32
!
[Κ[Κ[!∃%∗∗38%;3():∀!∃%.,<5Π()%./!Γ93;∀4!∆1.∀;,9)Π!
!6(%!#/!#∃%!>/,,#!∋,−.(Γ!/−!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,7!>/,&(∗%0&!∃3:%!3>>%&&!#/!≅03>#∋>3..;!
3,;#∃∋,4! #∃%;! Φ3,#7! 3#! 3,;! #∋∗%! η6;Η%! ΑΒΧΑιΚ! Ε/Φ%:%07! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%∋0! /,.∋,%! %,434%∗%,#7!
>/,&(∗%0&! 30%! 3.&/! )%>/∗∋,4! ∗/0%! 0%&≅/,&∋:%! #/! &∃30∋,4! ∋,−/0∗3#∋/,! 3,+! #∃%;! 30%! )%4∋,,∋,4! #/!
(#∋.∋&%!/,.∋,%!∗%+∋3!#/!%Γ>∃3,4%!≅∃;&∋>3.!4//+&Κ!2/..3)/03#∋:%!2/,&(∗≅#∋/,!η22ι!∋&!3!#%0∗!>/∋,%+!);!
Λ/#&∗3,! 3,+! Σ/4%0&! ηΑΒΧΧι! #/! +%&>0∋)%! 3! ,%Φ! ∗/:%∗%,#! Φ∃∋>∃! %∗%04%+! .%+! );! #∃/&%! (&∋,4!
#%>∃,/./4;!#/!+%:%./≅!,%Φ!Φ3;&!/−!&∃30∋,47!.%,+∋,4!3,+!%Γ>∃3,4∋,4!#∋∗%7!&Η∋..&!3,+!0%&/(0>%&Κ!ϑ∃%!22!
>/,>%≅#! %Γ≅3,+&! (≅/,! /.+! Φ/0.+! )%∃3:∋/(0&7! &(>∃! 3&! .%,+∋,47! %Γ>∃3,4∋,47! &Φ3≅≅∋,4! 3,+! )30#%0∋,4!
#∃3#!30%!∃3:%!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.!#/!)%!3∗≅.∋−∋%+!#/!/≅%03#%!3#!3!.304%!&>3.%7!3>0/&&!4%/403≅∃∋>!)/(,+30∋%&!
%,3).%+!);!#%>∃,/./4;Κ!ϑ∃%!Ο>/..3)/03#∋:%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Π!∗/:%∗%,#!Φ∃∋>∃!∋∗≅.∋%&!#0(&#!Φ∋#∃∋,!&/>∋3.!
,%#Φ/0Η&! ∋&! )%∋,4! 0%∋,−/0>%+! #/! %∗≅/Φ%0! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&! 3,+! &(≅≅/0#! #∃%! &∃30∋,4! /−! &Η∋..&! 3,+! &≅3>%&!
#∃0/(4∃!,%Φ−/(,+!∗/+%.&!.%+!);!4./)3.!∋,,/:3#/0&!3,+!%,#0%≅0%,%(0&!ηΛ/#&∗3,!3,+!Σ/4%0&7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!
Ε)−<;∀!Λδ!∃%∗∗38%;3():∀!∃%.,<5Π()%.!β≅%(,53.!3.4!Ι%−∀;,7!ΘΡΛΛχ!
!
2/..3)/03#∋:%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!+∋−−%0&!);!3≅≅.∋,4!3!&%0:∋>%!≅%0&≅%>#∋:%! ∋,&#%3+!/−!3!≅0/+(>#!≅%0&≅%>#∋:%7!
≅0/∗/#∋,4!(&%!/:%0!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!ηΞ/440∋+4%7!ΑΒΒ]ιΚ!ϑ∃∋&!≅0/∗/#%&!3,+!%,>/(034%&!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!);!
>∃3..%,4∋,4! #∃%! ≅%0>%≅#∋/,! /−! /Φ,%0&∃∋≅! );! −3>∋.∋#3#∋,4! ,%Φ! ∋,#%03>#∋/,&! Φ∋#∃! ∗3#%0∋3.! 4//+&Κ!
Ξ/440∋+4%!ηΑΒΒ]ι!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#&!#∃3#!>/..3)/03#∋:%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!&(≅≅/0#&!#∃%!#03,&∋#∋/,!#/Φ30+&!&∃30∋,4!
);! 4/∋,4! )%;/,+! #∃%! >/,−∋,%&! /−! #03+∋#∋/,3.! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! 3,+! 0%1(∋0%&! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%&7! #/! &(0≅3&&! #∃%!
1(3.∋#;!3,+!+%&∋03)∋.∋#;!/−! #∃%!≅0/+(>#&! #∃3#!≅%/≅.%!/Φ,!#/+3;Κ!ϑ/!+%−∋,%!,%Φ!Φ3;&!/−! .∋:∋,4!Φ∃%0%!
33
3>>%&&!∋&!:3.(%+!/:%0!/Φ,%0&∃∋≅7!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!∋&!:3.(%+!/:%0!∗3#%0∋3.!≅/&&%&&∋/,&!3,+!Ο∗∋,%Π!)%>/∗%&!
Ο/(0&Π!&/!%:%0;/,%Π&Π!,%%+&!30%!∗%#!Φ∋#∃/(#!Φ3&#%! ηΛ(>ς;,&Η∋7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!Λ(&ς;,&Η∋! ηΑΒΧΧι!>/,#∋,(%&!#/!
>.3∋∗! #∃3#! ∃(∗3,∋#;! ∋&! %Γ≅%0∋%,>∋,4! 3,! %:/.(#∋/,! ∋,! >/,&>∋/(&,%&&! );! 0%Μ#∃∋,Η∋,4!Φ∃3#! ∋#!∗%3,&! #/!
Ο/Φ,Π!&/∗%#∃∋,4Κ!
!
ϑ/!&(∋,!#∃%! ./,4!#%0∗!(&%!3,+!0%Μ(&%!/−!3!−3&∃∋/,! ∋#%∗!0%1(∋0%&!>./#∃∋,4!#/!)%!Φ%..!∗3+%7!>.3&&∋>!
3,+!#∋∗%.%&&!+%&∋4,7!4//+!−∋#!3,+!∃∋4∃!1(3.∋#;!/−−%0!/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&!−/0!./,4%0!(#∋.∋&3#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!1(3.∋#;!/−!
3!≅0/+(>#!∋&!+∋0%>#.;!.∋,Η%+!Φ∋#∃!∋#&!+(03)∋.∋#;7!./,4%0!≅0/+(>#!.∋−%!&≅3,&!>3,!3.&/!)%!3>∃∋%:%+!#∃0/(4∃!
&%0:∋>%&! &(>∃! 3&! (≅403+∋,4! /0! (≅+3#∋,47! 0%≅3∋0∋,4! /0! ≅0/+(>#! ∗/+∋−∋>3#∋/,! &;&#%∗&! /0! &%0:∋>%&Κ!
∀&!∴#3∃%.! ηΑΒΒΧι!304(%&! #∃%&%! >/,>%≅#&! 0%1(∋0%! 3! −(,+3∗%,#3.! >∃3,4%! −0/∗! 4./)3.! ∗3,(−3>#(0∋,4!
&;&#%∗&!#/!./>3.!0%,#∋,4!&;&#%∗&7!Φ∃∋>∃!)%,%−∋#!#∃%!./>3.∋#;Κ!ϑ∃%&%!&%0:∋>%&!%Γ#%,+!#∃%!%,_/;3).%!(&%!
#∋∗%!/−!#∃%!≅0/+(>#!3&!Φ%..!3&!≅/&#≅/,%!#∃%!≅&;>∃/./4∋>3.!/)&/.%&>%,>%!#∃3#!>/,&(∗%0&!#∃%∗&%.:%&!
−%%.!3)/(#!#∃%!≅0/+(>#!ηΘ∋∋,∋∗ρΗ∋7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!8∋#∃∋,!3!−3&∃∋/,!>/,#%Γ#7!,%Φ!&%0:∋>%!+%&∋4,!>/,>%≅#&!30%!
%∗%04∋,4!#/!%,3).%!&Φ3≅≅∋,47!&∃30∋,47!)30#%0∋,4!3,+!0%,#∋,4!&(>∃!3&!Λ34!Λ/00/Φ7!∴#%3.!ηΑΒΧ∆ι7!Σ%,#!
#∃%!Σ(,Φ3;!ηΑΒΧ∆ι!ηΦ∋#∃∋,!−∋4(0%!Χει!3,+!Ζ∋0.!Ξ%%#&!60%&&!ηΑΒΧ∆ι!ηΦ∋#∃∋,!−∋4(0%!ΧβιΚ!!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!Λ]!∴);∗!Τ∀∀(,!+;∀,,!βΘΡΛ[χ!
!
34
!Ε)−<;∀!ΛΖ!Ι∀.(!(9∀!Ι<.13Ν!βΘΡΛ[χ!
!
[Κ[ΚΥ!∃;%14,%<;2).−/!∃%∗∗∀2():∀!Μ),4%5!
!ϑ∃%! >/,>%≅#! /−! >0/Φ+&/(0>∋,4! 0%−%0&! #/! /,.∋,%! ≅.3#−/0∗&! Φ∃∋>∃! +%∗/>03#∋&%! +%&∋4,! );! ≅0/:∋+∋,4! 3!
&;&#%∗!#/!>/..3)/03#%7!&∃30%!3,+!≅%%0!0%:∋%Φ!>/,>%≅#&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!%30.;!"%&!/−!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!
η∴∃∋0Η;7! ΑΒΒ]ιΚ! ∀,! 3.0%3+;! %).∋&∃%+! /,.∋,%! >/∗∗(,∋#;! 0%:∋%Φ&! #∃%&%! >/,>%≅#&! 3,+! #∃%! ∃∋4∃%&#!
03#%+!>/,>%≅#&!4/!∋,#/!≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ!!
!
35
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΛΟ!∃%.().<<5!Ε3,9)%.!βΘΡΛ[χ!
!8∋#∃∋,! 3! −3&∃∋/,! >/,#%Γ#! Λ%#3! =3&∃∋/,! 3,+! ∴#∋#>∃! 2/..%>#∋:%! ηΑΒΧ∆ι! ≅0/:∋+%! %Γ3∗≅.%&! /−! 3:3∋.3).%!
/,.∋,%! ≅.3#−/0∗&! #∃3#! &(≅≅/0#! %∗%04∋,4! +%&∋4,%0&! );! +∋�∋)(#∋,4! +%&∋4,! )0∋%−&! #/! >3≅#(0%! (&%0Μ
4%,%03#%+! >/,#%,#!Φ∃∋>∃! ∋&! #∃%,! ≅%%0! 0%:∋%Φ%+!Φ∋#∃! #∃%!∗/&#! &(>>%&&−(.! 4/∋,4! /−−! −/0! ≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ!
2/,#∋,((∗! =3&∃∋/,! ηΑΒΧ∆ι! η∋..(#%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! −∋4(0%! Χχι! ∃3:%! +%:%./≅%+! #∃%∋0! /Φ,! /,.∋,%! #//.&! #/!
%,3).%! >/,&(∗%0&! #/! >0%3#%! #∃%∋0! +∋4∋#3.! +%&∋4,! >/,>%≅#&Κ! ϑ∃%! ≅0/40%&&∋/,! /−! #∃%&%! ≅.3#−/0∗&! ∋&!
%:/.:∋,4! 3&! #∃%;! 30%! )%>/∗∋,4! :%∃∋>.%&! #/! )0∋,4! ,%Φ! >/,>%≅#&! #/! ∗30Η%#Κ! ϑ∃%! +%&∋4,! >/,>%≅#&!
+%:%./≅%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%&%! ≅.3#−/0∗&! (,+%04/! 3,! /,.∋,%! ≅%%0! 0%:∋%Φ! ≅0/>%&&Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! /≅%,! +%&∋4,!
+∋&≅303#%!40/(≅&!/−!>/,&(∗%0&!>3,!>/,,%>#!3,+!Φ/0Η!#/4%#∃%0Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∋&!3!Η!>/,#03&#!#/!#03+∋#∋/,3.!
−3&∃∋/,! +%&∋4,! ν#∃%! ∃∋4∃Μ1(3.∋#;! 0%&/(0>%&! −/0! +%&∋4,! ≅0/#/#;≅∋,4! )%>/∗%&! :%0;! ./Φ! Μ!Φ∃∋>∃! ∋&! #∃%!
#0%,+!)%∋,4!+%&>0∋)%+!Μ!#∃%&%!0%&/(0>%&!>3,!)%!+∋−−(&%+!:%0;!Φ∋+%.;7!3,+!#∃%!3../>3#∋/,!≅0/).%∗!#∃%,!
+∋∗∋,∋&∃%+!∋,!&∋4,∋−∋>3,>%Κ!ϑ∃%!0%&(.#7!)%∋,4!#∃3#!#∃%!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!#/!>0%3#%!)%>/∗%&!+%∗/>03#∋&%+Κο!
η:/,!Ε∋≅≅%.7!ΑΒΒ]δΧΑ]ι!
!
Ψ,.∋,%! >0/Φ+&/(0>∋,4! ≅.3#−/0∗&! −(0#∃%0! +%∗/>03#∋&%! #∃%! −3&∃∋/,! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&7! );! 3../Φ∋,4!
>/,&(∗%0&!#/!∃3:%!3,!∋,≅(#!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!+%&∋4,!+%:%./≅∗%,#!/−!.∋∗∋#%+!%+∋#∋/,!−3&∃∋/,!>/..%>#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!
∗/#∋:3#∋/,! #/! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#%! Φ∋#∃∋,! /,.∋,%! 3,+! /−−.∋,%! /≅%,! ∋,,/:3#∋/,! >/∗∗(,∋#∋%&! 4/%&! )%;/,+!
∗/,%#30;!:3.(%7!3,+!#∃%&%!>/,&(∗%0&!/−#%,!0%−%0%,>%!Ο#∃%!_/;!/−!#∃%!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%Π!3&!3!Η%;!∗/#∋:3#∋/,Κ!
ϑ∃∋&!>/,>%≅#!/−!>0/Φ+&/(0>∋,4!0%1(∋0%&!∗∋,+−(.!>/,&∋+%03#∋/,!#/!%,&(0%!∋,+(�!∋&!,/#!/−−./3+∋,4!#∃%!
∋,,/:3#∋/,! ≅0/>%&&! #/! #∃%∋0! (&%0&! Φ∋#∃/(#! 3,! %Γ>∃3,4%! .∋∗∋#%+! #/! ≅0%Μ>/,−∋4(0%+! ∗/+(.30∋#;! /−!
>/∗≅/,%,#&!η∴∃∋0Η;7!ΑΒΒ]ιΚ!ϑ∃%&%!≅.3#−/0∗&!30%!&(≅≅/0#∋,4!,%Φ!>/,&(∗%0!∗30Η%#!0%&%30>∃!≅0/>%&&%&!
#∃0/(4∃!#∃%∋0!≅/#%,#∋3.!#/!#03>Η!)∋4!+3#3!#/!/)&%0:%!3,+!#∃%;!∃3:%!#∃%!>3≅3>∋#;!#/!3,3.;&%!%3>∃!/,.∋,%!
(&%0&! ∋,#%03>#∋/,!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%∋0!/,.∋,%!,3:∋43#∋/,!3,+! −(0#∃%0!/)&%0:3#∋/,&!>3,!)%!∗3+%!#∃0/(4∃/(#!
#∃%!>0/Φ+&/(0>∋,4!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%Κ!=(0#∃%0!/)&%0:3#∋/,&!>3,!)%!∗3+%!#/!∋+%,#∋−;!Φ∃∋>∃!>/,&(∗%0&!Φ∋#∃∋,!
36
#∃%!/,.∋,%!>/∗∗(,∋#;!>/∗∗∋#!#/!≅(0>∃3&∋,4!#∃%&%!>/,>%≅#&!≅/&#≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ!=/0!%Γ3∗≅.%7!ϑ∃0%3+.%&&!
#Μ&∃∋0#! ≅.3#−/0∗! η&%%! =∋4(0%! ΑΒι! 3Φ30+! ≅/∋,#&! #/! /,.∋,%! (&%0&! −/0! #∃%∋0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! #∃/&%! Φ∃/!
≅(0>∃3&∋,4!≅0/:∋+∋,4!#∃%∗!Φ∋#∃!3!∃∋4∃%0!03,Η!/−!∋,−.(%,>%!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!>0/Φ+&/(0>∋,4!≅0/>%&&Κ!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΘΡ!&9;∀34∗∀,,!∃;%14,%<;2).−!&#Γ9);(γ,!βΘΡΛ[χ!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΘΛ!∃3(13∗6!∴∀.)<,!βΘΡΛΡχ!
!
!
8∋#∃∋,! −3&∃∋/,7! >0/Φ+−(,+∋,4! %:/.:%+! −0/∗! #∃%! >0/Φ+&/(0>∋,4! ∗/:%∗%,#7! 23#Φ3.Η! Ζ%,∋(&! η&%%!
=∋4(0%! ΑΧι! Φ3&! −/(,+%+! ∋,! ΑΒΧΒ7! #/! ≅0/:∋+%! >/,&(∗%0&! Φ∋#∃! 3,! /≅≅/0#(,∋#;! #/! ∋,:%&#! ∋,! ,%Φ.;!
%).∋&∃%+!−3&∃∋/,!.3)%.&Κ!ϑ∃%!)03,+!3##03>#%+!#%&#∋∗/,∋3.&!3,+!&(≅≅/0#!−0/∗!Φ%..!%).∋&∃%+!∗%+∋3!
&/(0>%&! &(>∃! 3&! ϕ/4(%! 3,+! #∃%! Θ%Φ! Ρ/0Η! ϑ∋∗%&! ηΑΒΧΒιΚ! Λ(#! #∃%! >/,>%≅#! ≅0/:%+! (,&(>>%&&−(.! 3,+!
−3∋.%+!#/!43∋,!#03>#∋/,!−/0!3!,(∗)%0!/−!0%3&/,&Κ!ϑ∃/&%!>∋#%+!Φ%0%!+∋−−∋>(.#∋%&!#/!(≅Μ&>3.%!#∃%!∗/+%.!3,+!
&(∋,!/,.∋,%! ∋,#%03>#∋/,Κ!20/Φ+−(,+%+!≅.3#−/0∗&!3.&/!≅0/:∋+%!3++∋#∋/,3.! &(≅≅/0#!);!≅0/:∋+∋,4! #∃%!
+%&∋4,%0!Φ∋#∃!3!)3>Η!%,+!∋,−03�(>#(0%!#/!&(≅≅/0#!≅0%!3,+!≅/&#!≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃(&!≅0/:∋+∋,4!3!,%Φ!3,+!
+∋0%>#! 0/(#%! #/! ∗30Η%#! −/0! ,%Φ.;! %).∋&∃%+! /0! %∗%04∋,4! −3&∃∋/,! +%&∋4,%0&Κ! ϑ∃%! Υ∋>Η#%0!
>/∗∗(,∋#;! ηΑΒΧι! ∋&! ≅0/:∋,4! #/! )%! 3! &(>>%&&−(.! 3≅≅0/3>∃! );! ≅0/:∋+∋,4! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!Φ∋#∃! 3! −/0(∗! #/!
37
>3∗≅3∋4,!−/0!∋,:%&#∗%,#!−0/∗!−0∋%,+&7!−3∗∋.;!3,+!>/..%34(%&Κ!!
!
[Κ[Κς!∆Π∀.!ϑ..%:3()%./!∃%∗∗∀2():∀!&%%∗,7!Ι∀,%<;2∀,!3.4!∃%∗∗∀2()%.,!!
!2∃%&)0/(4∃! >/∋,%+! #∃%! #%0∗! φ/≅%,! ∋,,/:3#∋/,φ! ηΑΒΒ∆ι! Φ∋#∃! 3! −/>(&! /,! ∗30Η%#! )3&%+! ∋,#%03>#∋/,&7!
Φ∋#∃∋,!4./)3.!0%&%30>∃7!+%:%./≅∗%,#!3,+!∋,,/:3#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃∋&!)/##/∗!(≅!3≅≅0/3>∃! ∋&!∗3∋,#3∋,%+!);!#∃%!
Ο>0%3#∋:%!>/∗∗/,&Π!η22ι!#/!3../Φ!#∃%!≅0/>%&&!/−!+%&∋4,!#/!)%>/∗%&!+%∗/>03#∋&%+!#∃0/(4∃!#03,&≅30%,#!
≅0/>%&&%&! 3,+! &∃30%+! 0%&/(0>%&7! Φ∃∋>∃! )0/3+%,! #∃%! 0%∗∋#! /−! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ! <304%! >/∗≅3,∋%&! /0!
0%#3∋.%0&!+/!,/#!.%3+!/≅%,!&/(0>%!−3&∃∋/,!#∃∋&!∗/:%∗%,#!∃3&!)%%,!.%+!);!∋,+%≅%,+%,#!+%&∋4,%0&7!Φ∃/!
3≅≅.;!/≅%,!∋,,/:3#∋/,!#/!#∃%∋0!≅03>#∋>%!#/!+∋�∋)(#%!/≅%,!&/(0>%!#%∗≅.3#%&!3,+!≅3##%0,&!3&!/≅≅/&%+!
#/!3!−∋,∋&∃%+!−3&∃∋/,!>/..%>#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∃3&!)%%,!∋,−.(%,>%+!3,+!&(≅≅/0#%+!);!/,.∋,%!∗%+∋3!#∃3#!≅0/:∋+%&!
3!>/,+(∋#!#/!0%3>∃!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!3..!/:%0!#∃%!Φ/0.+Κ!ϑ∃%!∋,+∋:∋+(3.!>/,&(∗%0!∃3&!3!.%3+∋,4!0/.%!∋,!
#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&7! #(0,∋,4! −0/∗! #∃%!≅3&&∋:%! >/,&(∗%0! ∋,#/! 3,!3>#∋:%!∗3Η%07! 3,+! #∃∋&! +%%≅%,&! #∃%!
−%%.∋,4! /−! 3>∃∋%:%∗%,#! 3,+! ∋,! #(0,! ∋,>0%3&%&! ≅0/+(>#! &3#∋&−3>#∋/,! ηΘ∋∋,∋∗ρΗ∋! 5! Ε3&&∋7! ΑΒΧΧιΚ! Ξ/0%!
0%>%,#.;!2∃%&&)0/(4∃!ηΖ3&&∗3,,7!Τ,Η%.7!5!2∃%&)0/(4∃7!ΑΒΧΒι!∃3:%!&∃∋−#%+!#∃%∋#!−/>(&!−0/∗!≅0/+(>#!
∋,,/:3#∋/,! #/! &%0:∋>%! ∋,,/:3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%;! ∋+%,#∋−;! &%0:∋>%! ∋,,/:3#∋/,! 3&! 3,! %&>3≅%! 0/(#%! −0/∗! #∃%!
>/∗∗/+∋#;! #03≅! /−! ∗3&&! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,7! #∃0/(4∃! Φ∃∋>∃! ≅0/+(>#&! 30%! ≅0/+(>%+! &Φ∋−#.;7! >∃%3≅.;! 3,+!
Φ∋#∃!&∃/0#!.∋−%Κ!Ψ≅%,!&%0:∋>%!∋,,/:3#∋/,!∋&!/−−%0%+!3&!3!&/.(#∋/,!#/!/(#&/(0>∋,4!,%Φ!≅0/+(>#&!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!
≅0/+(>#!&%0:∋>%!&;&#%∗!ηΕ0/,&ςΗ;!5!Υ/:υ>&7!ΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!
!
!
38
!!
Ε)−<;∀!ΘΛ!∆Π∀.1∀3;!∃%∗∗38%;3():∀!∃%∗∗∀2()%.!βΘΡΛ[χ!
!ϑ∃%! Ψ≅%,Φ%30! 0%&%30>∃! ≅0/_%>#! ηΑΒΒεΜΧΧι! η&%%! =∋4(0%! ΑΑι! 3≅≅.∋%+! /≅%,! ∋,,/:3#∋/,! #/! +%&∋4,! 3,+!
≅0/+(>%! 3,! /≅%,! &/(0>%! >/..%>#∋:%! 430∗%,#! >/..%>#∋/,7! Φ∃∋>∃! >3,! )%! 3>>%&&%+! #∃0/(4∃! /,.∋,%!
+/Φ,./3+&Κ! ϑ∃%&%! /≅%,&! &/(0>%! 430∗%,#! #%∗≅.3#%&! Φ%0%! /0∋4∋,3..;! +%&∋4,%+! +(0∋,4! 3! ≅∃;&∋>3.!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅! 3,+! #∃%,! +∋4∋#3..;! 0%Φ/0Η%+! #/! ≅0/:∋+%! 3,! /,.∋,%! 0%&/(0>%Κ! ϑ∃%! &∃/Φ)/Γ! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%!
Ψ≅%,Φ%30! /,.∋,%! >/∗∗(,∋#;7! ≅0/:∋+%&! 3! −%3#(0%! #/! %,3).%! (&%0&! #/! &()&>0∋)%+! #/! #∃%! Ψ≅%,Φ%30!
/,.∋,%!>/∗∗(,∋#;!3,+!∋#!3.&/!≅0/:∋+%&!3,!Φ∋#∃!3!&≅3>%!#/!&∃/Φ>3&%!#∃%∋0!≅%0&/,3.!3+3≅#3#∋/,!/−!#∃%!
>/..%>#∋:%!>/..%>#∋/,&Κ!!
39
!
[ΚΥ!∃%.2∗<,)%.!
!ϑ/! %,>/(034%! &(∋,3)∋.∋#;! 3,+! +∋&>/(034%! #∃%! ∗3&&! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! Φ%! ,%%+! #/! +∋4!
+%%≅%0! #/! >/,&∋+%0! ,%Φ! >/,#%Γ#&! /−! (&%! #∃3#! %Γ#%,+! #∃%! .∋−%>;>.%! /−! #∃%! +%&∋4,%+! 430∗%,#! /0!
3>>%&&/0;Κ! =.%#>∃%0! ηΑΒΒε7! ΧΑΧι! +%&>0∋)%&! #∃%! >(00%,#! &∋#(3#∋/,! π∋#! (&%&! ;%&#%0+3;&! #∃∋,Η∋,4! #/! >/≅%!
Φ∋#∃! #∃%! >/,+∋#∋/,&! /−! #/∗/00/ΦπΚ! ∴(∋,3).%! +%:%./≅∗%,#! Φ∋..! /,.;! )%! ≅/&&∋).%! ∋−! #∃0/Φ3Φ3;!
>(.#(0%!∋&!>∃3..%,4%+!3,+!#∃%0%!∋&!3,!/:%03..! ∋,>0%3&%!∋,!#∃%!.∋−%&≅3,!/−!≅0/+(>#&!η83.Η%07!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!ϑ∃%!
8%)!ΑΚΒ!0%:/.(#∋/,!∋&!>∃3,4∋,4!≅%0>%≅#∋/,&!3,+!∋,−.(%,>∋,4!Ζ%,!Ρ!>/,&(∗%0&Κ!∀&!3!0%&(.#7!#∃%0%!∋&!3!
,%Φ!0%,3∋&&3,>%!/−!∗3Η∋,4!∋,−.(%,>∋,4!#∃%!0∋&%!/−!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&!−/0!#∃%!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0Κ!
ϑ∃%! −./Φ! /−! +%&∋4,7! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! 3,+! +∋�∋)(#∋/,! ∋&! ,/! ./,4%0! +∋0%>#.;! ∋,−.(%,>%+! /0! >/,#0/..%+! );!
∋,+(�Κ!Θ%Φ!∗/+%.&!30%!3.&/!)%4∋,,∋,4!3,+!%:/.:∋,4!Φ∃∋>∃!&(≅≅/0#!/≅%,7!>/,,%>#%+!3,+!)/##/∗!(≅!
∋,,/:3#∋/,Κ!
!
=.%#>∃%0! ηΑΒΧΑι! ∃∋4∃.∋4∃#&! #∃3#! +%&∋4,%0&! 30%! &%%∋,4! #∃%∋0! &Η∋..&! +∋−−%0%,#.;! )(#! #∃∋&! >3,! >/,&#∋#(#%! 3!
>3#>∃ΜΑΑ! −/0! #∃/&%!Φ∃/!Φ3,#! #/!>∃3,4%! #∃∋,4&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! >∃3≅#%0!+%∗/,#%&! #∃3#! #∃%0%! ∋&!3!Φ%3.#∃!/−!
%Γ∋&#∋,4!/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&! −/0!+%&∋4,%0&! #/! 3>>%&&! 3,+!%Γ≅3,+!(≅/,Κ! ϑ∃%!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!+%&∋4,%0! >3,!3.&/!
.//Η! −/0!,%Φ!/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&! #/!+%&∋4,!);!−3>∋.∋#3#∋,4!>∃3,4%!/0! #/!+%&∋4,!);!%+(>3#∋,4!≅%/≅.%7! 03#∃%0!
#∃3,! (&∋,4! +%&∋4,! &Η∋..&! #/! >0%3#%!∗/0%! ≅0/+(>#&Κ! Ν#! ∃3&! )%%,! 304(%+! #∃3#! #∃%! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,! /−!
>/..3)/03#∋:%!∗%#∃/+&! ∋,! +%&∋4,! ≅03>#∋>%!∗∋4∃#! %,&(0%! ≅0/+(>#&! 3.∋4,!Φ∋#∃! #∃%! 4/3.&! /−! &(∋,3).%!
+%&∋4,!−/0!./Φ!∋∗≅3>#!3,+!%,+(0∋,4!.∋−%!&≅3,&!η=.%#>∃%07!ΑΒΒειΚ!ϑ∃%!,%Γ#!"%!/−!#∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!)0∋,4&!
>/,&(∗%0&! ∋,#/!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!#/!%,>/(034%!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!#∃0/(4∃!>/∗)∋,∋,4!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!
∗3Η∋,4!Φ∋#∃!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&Κ!Ν,!#(0,!%Γ≅3,+∋,4!(≅/,!#∃%!Ο2/ΜΤ:%0;#∃∋,4Π!.3,+&>3≅%!∋,!3,!3##%∗≅#!
#/!(≅Μ&Η∋..!>/,&(∗%0&!3,+!∋,#%0>%≅#!#∃%!−./Φ!/−!#∃%∋0!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!!
!
40
!
∃0ΑΗ&ΧΙ!Υ/!Τ∀(9%4%∗%−Ν!
ΥΚΛ!ϑ.(;%4<2()%.!
!8∋#∃∋,!#∃%!+∋&>∋≅.∋,%!/−!#%Γ#∋.%!/0!−3&∃∋/,!+%&∋4,7!∗%#∃/+/./4;!∋&!030%.;!+∋&>(&&%+Κ!ϑ∃%0%!30%!:%0;!−%Φ!
3>3+%∗∋>!≅().∋>3#∋/,&!#∃3#!&≅%>∋−∋>3..;!3++0%&&!−3&∃∋/,!/0!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∗%#∃/+/./4;!∋,!#∃%!&3∗%!Φ3;!
#∃3#! ∋#! ∋&! 3++0%&&%+! 3,+! 3,3.;&%+! ∋,! /#∃%0! +%&∋4,! +∋&>∋≅.∋,%&! η=.;,,! 5! =/&#%07! ΑΒΒχιΚ! ∀.#∃/(4∃!
∗%#∃/+/./4;! ∋&! ∋,∃%0%,#! #/! #%Γ#∋.%! /0! −3&∃∋/,! +%&∋4,! 3&! ∋#! ∋&! #3(4∃#! ∋,! ∃∋4∃%0! %+(>3#∋/,7! ∋#! ∋&! ,/#!
∋+%,#∋−∋%+!3&!&%≅303#%!−0/∗!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&Κ!∴#%3+!3,+!Τ:3,&!ηΑΒΒι!>.3∋∗!#∃3#!3!&#(+%,#!/−!−3&∃∋/,!
/0! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! Φ∋..! )%! #3(4∃#! #∃%! ≅0/>%&&! /−! ∋,−/0∗3#∋/,! −∋,+∋,47! &%.%>#∋/,7! 3)>#∋/,! 3,+!
3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,!)3&%+!/,!3!&%#!+%&∋4,!)0∋%−Κ!ϑ∃∋&!≅0/:∋+%&!3!>.%30!−/>(&!#/!+∋0%>#!#∃%!+%&∋4,%0!#∃0/(4∃/(#!
#∃%∋0! %Γ≅%0∋∗%,#3#∋/,Κ! Ε/Φ%:%07! #∃∋&! 3≅≅0/3>∃! #/! >0%3#∋:%! ≅0/).%∗! &/.:∋,4! ≅0/>%&&! ∋&! /−#%,! .%+! );!
∋,#(∋#∋/,! 3,+! 3.∋4,%+! #∃%! +%&∋4,%0&! &≅%>∋3.∋&#! &Η∋..&%#Κ! ϑ∃%! ∗%#∃/+&! 3≅≅.∋%+! 30%! /−#%,! ,/#! 3.Φ3;&!
>.%30.;! ∗3+%! %Γ≅.∋>∋#! /0! +/>(∗%,#%+! −/0! /#∃%0&! #/! %Γ≅3,+! (≅/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! 304(%&! #∃3#! )/#∃!
−3&∃∋/,!3,+!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!+∋&>∋≅.∋,%&!Φ/(.+!)%,%−∋#!−0/∗!+/>(∗%,#∋,4!3,+!&∃30∋,4!#∃%∋0!+%&∋4,!#//.&!
3,+!0%&%30>∃!∗%#∃/+&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!)%##%0!>/,,%>#%+!3,+!_/∋,%+!(≅!≅03>#∋>%Κ!!
!
ϑ∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+! #∃3#! 3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃! Φ3&! #∃%! ∗/&#! 3≅≅0/≅0∋3#%! ∗%#∃/+/./4;! #/! &(≅≅/0#! 3!
0%−.%>#∋:%! 3,+! ∋#%03#∋:%! 3≅≅0/3>∃Κ! ϑ/! 3+/≅#! #∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0! 0/.%7! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! %∗≅./;%+! 3!
&%.%>#∋/,!/−!∗%#∃/+&!−0/∗!#∃%!+∋&>∋≅.∋,%&!/−!&%0:∋>%!3,+!∋,#%03>#∋/,!+%&∋4,!+∋&>∋≅.∋,%&7!Φ∃%0%!+%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! ∋&! ∗/0%! 3+:3,>%+Κ! ϑ∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0&! /Φ,! )3>Η40/(,+! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! /−! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! Φ3&!
0%−%0%,>%+!3,+!%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,7!∋,!/0+%0!#/!∋+%,#∋−;!≅03>#∋>3.!#%>∃,∋1(%&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!≅0/>%&&%&!/−!
∗3Η∋,4!3,+!%,3).%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!≅03>#∋>%!Φ3&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!0%&%30>∃!
Φ3&!3≅≅.∋%+!3&!3!&#∋∗(.(&!−/0!43#∃%0∋,4!∋,−/0∗3#∋/,!3,+!3&!≅30#!/−!#∃%!0%&%30>∃!∗%#∃/+/./4;!#/!#%&#!
3,+! %:3.(3#%! ∋#Κ! ϑ∃∋&! 3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃! 3≅≅0/3>∃! 3../Φ%+! %3>∃! "%! /−! #∃%! ≅03>#∋>%! #/! )%! /)&%0:%+7!
0%−.%>#%+!(≅/,!3,+!0%−∋,%+!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!,%Γ#!∋#%03#∋/,Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%! ≅0/>%&&! /−! 3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃! ∋&! ,/#! /,.;! 0%&%30>∃! #∃3#! +%&>0∋)%&! ∃/Φ! ∃(∗3,&! 3,+! /043,∋&3#∋/,&!
)%∃3:%! ∋,! #∃%! /(#&∋+%! Φ/0.+7! )(#! 3.&/! 3! >∃3,4%! ∗%>∃3,∋&∗! #∃3#! ∃%.≅&! ∃(∗3,&! 3,+! /043,∋&3#∋/,&!
0%−.%>#! /,! 3,+! >∃3,4%! #∃%∋0! /Φ,! &;&#%∗! ηΣ%3&/,! 5! Λ03+)(0;7! ΑΒΒ]ιΚ! ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃%! ≅03>#∋>%! /−!
>/∗)∋,∋,4!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!Φ∋#∃!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&7!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!>/,,#.;!0%−.%>#%+!(≅/,!
3,+!0%−∋,%+!#∃%!≅03>#∋>%!#/!>/,&∋+%0!∃/Φ!∋#!∗∋4∃#!)%!%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,!#/!3>∃∋%:%!3!∗/0%!&(∋,3).%!
−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!−(#(0%Κ!
41
ΥΚΘ!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
!∀>#∋/,! Σ%&%30>∃! 3∋∗&! #/! ≅0/+(>%! >∃3,4%! η3>#∋/,ι! 3,+! (,+%0,+∋,4! η0%&%30>∃ι! 3#! #∃%! &3∗%! #∋∗%7!
3.#∃/(4∃!,/#!3.Φ3;&! ∋,!%1(3.!3∗/(,#&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!3.&/!3##%∗≅#%+!#/!4%,%03#%!,%Φ!Η,/Φ.%+4%!/−!
#∃%!−3&∃∋/,!&;&#%∗7!Φ∃∋.%!3#!#∃%!&3∗%!#∋∗%!#0;∋,4!#/!>∃3,4%!3,+!+%:%./≅!∋#!η<%Φ∋,7!Χχβι!∋,!/0+%0!#/!
+%:%./≅!,%Φ!Φ3;&!/−!Φ/0Η∋,4Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#!%3>∃!∋#%03#∋/,!/−!#∃%!0%&%30>∃!≅03>#∋>%7!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!Φ3&!
>/,#∋,(/(&.;!.%30,∋,4!−0/∗!%3>∃!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!Μ!.%30,∋,4!∃/Φ!#/!.%30,!−0/∗!#∃%∗!∋,!−3>#!Μ!3,+!>0%3#∋,4!
>/,+∋#∋/,&!η�(>#(0%&7!≅0/>%&&%&!3,+!>(.#(0%&ι!#/!&(≅≅/0#!3,+!−/&#%0!#∃∋&!,%Φ!.%30,∋,4Κ!!
!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΘΘ!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!βΙ∀3,%.7!ΘΡΡΡχ!
!∀>#∋/,!0%&%30>∃!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!Φ3&δ!
• !2/,>%0,%+!Φ∋#∃!∋∗≅0/:∋,4!&/>∋3.!≅03>#∋>%&!/−!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!Φ∋#∃∋,!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!
• ∀!>;>.∋>3.!≅0/>%&&7!&;&#%∗3#∋>3..;!>/,+(>#%+!#∃0/(4∃!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!
• ∀!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋:%!≅0/>%&&!#/!%,3).%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!∋,#%03>#∋/,!
• ∀!0%−.%>#∋:%!≅0/>%&&!#/!∋#%03#%7!0%−∋,%!3,+!.%30,!−0/∗!%3>∃!∋,#%03>#∋/,!
42
!
ΥΚ[!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!ΑΠΠ;%329!1)(9).!(9),!Ι∀,∀3;29!
!ϑ∃0/(4∃! >/,&(∗%0! >(.#(0%7! &/>∋%#;! .∋:%&! ∋,! 3,! %,:∋0/,∗%,#! ∋,∃%0∋#%+! −0/∗! #∃%! ∋,+(�∋3.! 0%:/.(#∋/,!
Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! −03∗%Φ/0Η! /−! Ο≅0/+(>%! ∗/0%7! −3&#%0! 3,+! >∃%3≅%0ΠΚ! ϑ∃%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! ≅∃%,/∗%,3!
+%∗/,#%&! #∃∋&! 3&! ∃∋4∃! �%%#! 0%#3∋.%0&! +%&∋4,! 3,+! +∋�∋)(#%! ,%Φ! >/..%>#∋/,&! %:%0;! −/(0! #/! &∋Γ!
Φ%%Η&7! Φ∋#∃! 3,! 3:%034%! /−! #Φ%.:%! >/..%>#∋/,&! ≅%0! 3,,(∗Κ! Λ;! )(;∋,4! ∋,#/! #∃∋&! >/,�(>#7! −3&∃∋/,!
>/,&(∗%0&! ∃3:%! )%>/∗%! ./>Η%+! /(#! /−! #∃%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! ≅0/>%&&! #∃%;! 30%! ∋,! +3,4%0! /−!
)%>/∗∋,4!+%Μ&Η∋..%+!3&!3!0%&(.#!η=.%#>∃%0!5!Ζ0/&%7!ΑΒΧΑιΚ!ϑ∃∋&!∋&!3!Η!>/,#03&#!#/!3≅≅0/Γ∋∗3#%.;!&∋Γ#;!
;%30&! 34/7! 3! ≅%0∋/+! /−! #∋∗%! Φ∃%,! #∃%! #%0∗! Ο0%3+! #/! Φ%30Π! ∋,:/.:%+! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&! ∗3Η∋,4! #∃%∋0! /Φ,!
>./#∃∋,4!−0/∗!∃/∗%Κ!6(0∋,4!#∃∋&!≅%0∋/+!/−!#∋∗%!+0%&&∗3Η∋,4!≅3##%0,&!Φ%0%!(&%+!#/!+∋&&%∗∋,3#%!,%Φ!
−3&∃∋/,!#0%,+&!3,+!∋,:%&#∗%,#!/−!%−−/0#!3,+!#∋∗%!0%+(>%+!#∃%!>/!∋#!Φ3&!#∃%!/,.;!3−−/0+3).%!/≅#∋/,!
)(#! ∋#! %,&(0%+! #∃%! 430∗%,#&! Φ%0%! ∗/0%! +(03).;! )/#∃! −(,>#∋/,3..;! 3,+! %∗/#∋/,3..;Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! #∃%!
3+:3,>%∗%,#!/−!∗3&&!∗3,(−3>#(0∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&7! 0%3+;! #/!Φ%30! −3&∃∋/,!∃3&! 403+(3..;!)%>/∗%!∗/0%!
3−−/0+3).%!3,+!3>>%&&∋).%Κ!ϑ∃%0%−/0%7!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0!,%>%&&∋#;!#/!&(∋,!#∃%∋0!&Η∋..&%#!#/!%,3).%!#∃%∗!
#/!≅0/+(>%! #∃%∋0!>./#∃∋,4!/Φ,!>./#∃∋,4! ∋&!,/! ./,4%0!%&&%,#∋3.7!3&! #∃%;!>3,!≅(0>∃3&%!Φ∃3#! #∃%;!,%%+!
3,+!Φ3,#! /,! +%∗3,+Κ! ϑ∃%! >/&#! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! ∋&! ,/Φ! >∃%3≅%0! #/!∗3Η∋,4! ;/(0! /Φ,7! ∋#! ∋&! >(00%,#.;!
)%>/∗%!∗/0%!%Γ≅%,&∋:%!#/!∗3Η%!;/(0!/Φ,!430∗%,#!#∃3,!∋#!∋&!#/!&∃/≅!/,!#∃%!∃∋4∃!�%%#Κ!ϑ∃(&!∋#!∋&!3!
∃(4%! >∃3..%,4%! #/! >/,:∋,>%! >/,&(∗%0&! #/! %,434%!Φ∋#∃! 3,! 3.#%0,3#∋:%!/≅#∋/,!Φ∃%,! #∃%! >(00%,#! −3&#!
−3&∃∋/,!&;&#%∗!3≅≅%30&!#/!)%!≅0/:∋+∋,4!#∃%∗!Φ∋#∃!∗/0%!:3.(%!−/0!#∃%∋0!∗/,%;Κ!
!
ϑ∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! %Γ≅./0%&! ∃/Φ! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! ∗∋4∃#! )%! 3≅≅.∋%+! #/! ∗%+∋3#%! >/,&(∗%0! %,434%∗%,#!
Φ∋#∃∋,!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&7!>/∗)∋,%+!Φ∋#∃!/,.∋,%!∗%+∋3!#/!>/,&∋+%0!∗/0%!&(∋,3).%!
−3&∃∋/,!−(#(0%&Κ!ϑ∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!3+/≅#%+!3!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&#!0/.%!#/!−3>∋.∋#3#%!>/,&(∗%0!)%∃3:∋/0!>∃3,4%!
);! ∋+%,#∋−;∋,4! ,%Φ!/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&! &≅3>%&! #/! &(≅≅/0#! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! >/,&(∗%0! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%&Κ! ΤΓ≅3,+∋,4!
(≅/,!#∃%!Φ/0Η!/−!:/,!Λ(&>∃!ηΑΒΧΒι!Φ∃/!304(%&!ν#∃3#!);!∃3)∋#!Φ%!∗3Η%!(&%0Μ−0∋%,+.;!&#(−−!&/!&∋∗≅.%!
#∃3#!Φ%!−3∋.!#/!.%#!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0!Η,/Φ!∃/Φ!∋#!∋&!∗3+%7!/0!0%:%3.!∋#&!#0(%!>/&#οΚ!Σ3#∃%0!#∃3,!+%&∋4,∋,4!
)%3(#∋−(.!/)_%>#&!/−!+%&∋0%7!:/,!Λ(&>∃!η∋)∋+ι!304(%&!3!,%Φ!3≅≅0/3>∃!Μ!+%&∋4,!−/0!34%,>;Κ!ϑ∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!
≅0/∗/#%&!34%,>;!#∃0/(4∃!3!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!≅303+∋4∗!#/!%Γ≅./0%!∃/Φ!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!∗∋4∃#!%:/.:%!∋,#/!3,!
3.#%0,3#∋:%!&;&#%∗!#/!)%>/∗%!∗/0%!#∃3,!#∃%!0%3+;Μ#/ΜΦ%30!≅∋%>%!/−!>./#∃∋,4!/,!#∃%!∃3,4%0Κ!
!
ϑ∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!304(%&!3!>3&%!−/0!+&/+(0&!%&∋()∗!(∗+&,−&∗+(.∗∋!3&!3,!%Γ≅./03#/0;!∗%#∃/+Κ!∀,!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!
∋&! 0%430+%+! 3&! 3! "%+! 3>#! /0>∃%#%+! #/! %−−%>#! ≅/&∋#∋:%! >∃3,4%! #/! 3++0%&&! 3! &%0∋/(&! ≅0/).%∗!
ηϑ∃/0≅%7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!8∋#∃∋,!#∃%!>/,#%Γ#!/−!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!#∃∋&!∗∋4∃#!)%!0%430+%+!3&!(,,%>%&&30;7!%&≅%>∋3..;!
−0/∗! #∃%! >/,&(∗%0&! ≅%0&≅%>#∋:%Κ! ϑ∃%! ∋,:%&#∗%,#! ∋,#/! 3+:%0#∋&∋,4! 3,+! Φ%3.#∃! /−! ≅0/∗/#∋/,!
&3−%4(30+&! #∃%! 0%#3∋.%0Π&! ∋,−.(%,>%7! +%%∗∋,4! #∃%! 3>#! /−! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! 3! ,%>%&&∋#;Κ! ϑ∃%! %Γ≅./03#/0;!
∗%#∃/+! /−! 3! +&/+(0&! %&∋()∗! (∗+&,−&∗+(.∗! ∃3&! )%%,! 3≅≅.∋%+! #∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! #/! +∋&0(≅#! #∃%!
43
&≅%%+;! −./Φ! 3,+! ≅3&&∋:%! ,3#(0%! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ! ∀&! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃! ≅0/40%&&%+7! −/(0!
(∗+&,−&∗+(.∗∋! %∗%04%+! %3>∃! #0∋3.∋,4! 3,+! #%&#∋,4! 3! +∋−−%0%,#! 3≅≅0/3>∃Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃%! +%&∋4,7!
+%:%./≅∗%,#!3,+! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,!/−!%3>∃! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,7! &/>∋3.!∗%+∋3! #//.&!Φ%0%!>/∗)∋,%+! #/! &∃30%!
#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&7!3,+!3∗≅.∋−;!#∃%!0%&%30>∃!≅03>#∋>%!);!≅0/∗/#∋,4!34%,>;!)%;/,+!
−3>∋.∋#3#%+!∋,#%03>#∋/,&Κ!Τ3>∃!/−!#∃%&%!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&!Φ%0%!+/>(∗%,#%+!/,.∋,%!3&!#∃%;!%:/.:%+!3,+!#∃%!
≅03>#∋>%! 3,+! 3&! 3! 0%&(.#7! ∋#! )%>3∗%! +∋−−(&%+! #/! 3,! %Γ#%,+%+! 3(+∋%,>%! 3,+! &()_%>#! #/! /,.∋,%! ≅%%0!
0%:∋%ΦΚ! ϑ∃∋&! /,.∋,%! %,434%∗%,#! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3! 03,4%! /−! +∋−−%0%,#! +∋4∋#3.! ≅.3#−/0∗&! #/! &∃/Φ>3&%7! &∃30%!
3,+! +%∗/,#%! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃! −∋,+∋,4&! 3,+! Φ%.>/∗%+! &%0%,+∋≅∋#;! 3&! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&! )%>3∗%!
3+/≅#%+!);!,%Φ!≅%/≅.%!3,+!3≅≅.∋%+!∋,!,%Φ!>/,#%Γ#&Κ!Τ3>∃!/−!#∃%&%!≅.3#−/0∗&!3,+!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&!
∃3:%!)%%,!0%−%0%,>%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∋∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,!&%>#∋/,&!Φ∋#∃∋,!%3>∃!>∃3≅#%0!∋,!?30#!Α!/−!
#∃∋&!#∃%&∋&Κ!
!
ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#!#∃∋&!#∃%&∋&!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!3!,%Φ!0/.%!ϖ!#∃3#!/−!#∃%!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/0!Μ!Φ∃∋>∃!Φ3&!
3+/≅#%+!3./,4&∋+%!)%∋,4! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0Κ!ϑ∃%! 0/.%!/−!+%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!%Γ≅3,+&!(≅/,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!);!
(#3.∋&∋,4!+%&∋4,!&≅%>∋−∋>!#//.&7!∗%#∃/+&!3,+!&Η∋..&!#/!3≅≅.;!+%&∋4,!Φ∋#∃∋,!/0>∃%#%+!3>#∋/,&!ηΛ/+;7!Ω7!
ϑ%00%;7!Θ7!ϑ%043&7!ΑΒΒειΚ!ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/0!0/.%!∋&!,%Φµ!3,+!Ψ≅%,Ν6ΤΨ!∃3:%!0%>%,#.;!+%:%./≅%+!3!
#//.Η∋#! ηΨ≅%,Ν6ΤΨ7! ΑΒΧΧι! #/! %,>/(034%! #∃%! +%:%./≅∗%,#! /−! #∃%&%! &Η∋..&! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%∋0! /,.∋,%!
>/∗∗(,∋#;Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ∃3&! )%%,! &(≅≅/0#%+! );! ∋,∋#∋3#∋,4! /−−.∋,%! Ο∗%%#! (≅Π&Π! #/! %,3).%! ∗%∗)%0! /−! #∃%∋0!
>/∗∗(,∋#;! #/! ∗%%#! (≅! ∋,! ≅%0&/,! 3,+! %Γ≅3,+! (≅/,! #∃%0%! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! &Η∋..&! #/! 3++0%&&! +%&∋4,!
>∃3..%,4%&!>/..%>#∋:%.;Κ!ϑ∃%;!304(%!#∃3#!#∃%!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/0!∋&!3!030%!)0%%+!3,+!#∃%;!3∋∗!#/!&(≅≅/0#!
#∃%! >(.#∋:3#∋/,! /−! #∃∋&! 0/.%Κ! 8∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! #∃%! ≅0/>%&&! /−! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! 4/%&! )%;/,+!
%,>/(034∋,4! #∃%! 3%&#∃%#∋>! 3,+! −(,>#∋/,3.! 3&≅%>#&! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,7! );! +%&∋4,∋,4! 3,+! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#∋,4!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&! #∃3#! ∋,∋#∋3#%! 3.#%0,3#∋:%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&7! #/! −3>∋.∋#3#%! >/,&(∗%0! ∋,#%03>#∋/,! #/!
+∋&>/(034%!&∃/0#Μ#%0∗!(&34%!/−!430∗%,#&Κ!
!
ΥΚΥ!+∀,)−.!Ε32)∗)(3()%.!&%%∗6)(!
!ϑ∃%! Ο6%&∋4,! =3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! ϑ//.Η∋#Π! &(≅≅/0#&! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! 3,+! #∃%! +%&∋4,7! +%:%./≅∗%,#! 3,+!
/0>∃%#∋/,! /−! 3! +&/+(0&! %&∋()∗! (∗+&,−&∗+(.∗∀! ϑ∃%! #//.Η∋#! %Γ≅3,+&! (≅/,! #∃%! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! Φ/0Η! /−!
Ψ≅%,Ν6ΤΨ!ηΑΒΧΧι7!:/,!Λ(&>∃!ηΑΒΧΧι7!=.%#>∃%0!3,+!Ζ0/&%!ηΑΒΧΑι!3,+!Τ30.%;!3,+!?/.∋#/Φ∋>ς!ηΑΒΧΒΜΧιΚ!
∀./,4&∋+%! 0%−%0%,>∋,4! =0/4Π&! 2/..%>#∋:%! ∀>#∋/,! ϑ//.Η∋#! ηΑΒΧ∆ι7! Ν6ΤΨ! Ξ%#∃/+! 230+&! ηΑΒΒΑι7! Υ∋∗)%..&!
∴/>∋3.!Ν,,/:3#∋/,!ϑ//.Η∋#!ηΑΒΧ∆ι!3,+!∴#3,+−/0+Π&!∴/>∋3.!Ν,,/:3#∋/,!Λ//#>3∗≅!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!
!
ϑ∃%0%!30%!%Γ∋&#∋,4!&(∋,3).%!+%&∋4,!#%4∋%&!3:3∋.3).%!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!&(∋,3).%!+%&∋4,!≅0∋,>∋≅3.&!
/−! 0%+(>∋,47! 0%(&∋,47! 0%>;>.∋,4! 3,+! 0%&#/0∋,4Κ! =/0! %Γ3∗≅.%7! ΟϑΤ6Π&! ϑΤΘΠ! ηΑΒΧΒΜΧι! +%:%./≅%+! );! #∃%!
ϑ%Γ#∋.%&! Τ,:∋0/,∗%,#! 6%&∋4,! ηϑΤ6ι! 40/(≅! ηΤ30.%;! 3,+! ?/.∋#/Φ∋>ς7! ΑΒΧΒΜΧι! #/! ≅0/∗/#%! &(∋,3).%!
+%&∋4,!#%4∋%&!(&∋,4!3!∗%#∃/+!>30+!#//.Η∋#Κ!ϑ∃%&%!#%,!&(∋,3).%!+%&∋4,!#%4∋%&!30%!∋..(#%+!
44
)%./Φ! Φ∋#∃∋,! Β()2,&! Χ#! 3,+! ∃3:%! )%%,! 304(%+! 3&! 3! :3.(3).%! #∋,4! ≅/∋,#! #/! &(≅≅/0#! +%&∋4,!
∋,,/:3#∋/,!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!+%&∋4,!/−!≅0/+(>#&7!&%0:∋>%&7!/,.∋,%!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&7!%:%,#&!/0!%,:∋0/,∗%,#&Κ!!
!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!Θ[!&Χ+η,!&ΧΦ!Χ3;∗∀Ν!_!Η%∗)(%1)2ι!βΘΡΛΡ#ΛΥχ!
!
!
ϑ∃%! ∗%#∃/+/./4;! /−! 3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃! ∋&! 3,! /0∋%,#3#∋/,! #/Φ30+&! %,1(∋0;! #∃3#! &%%Η&! #/! >0%3#%!
%,434%∗%,#7! >(0∋/&∋#;! 3,+! 1(%&#∋/,∋,4! #∃0/(4∃! #%&#∋,4! ≅03>#∋>%! 3,+! 43#∃%0∋,4! %:∋+%,>%! ηΣ%3&/,! 5!
Λ03+)(0;7! ΑΒΒ]ιΚ! 8∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! #∃%&∋&! 3! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! #//.Η∋#! Φ∋#∃∋,! Β()2,&! Χ∆! Φ3&! +%:%./≅%+! #/!
≅0/:∋+%+!3! &>3−−/.+! #/! �(>#(0%!+%&∋4,!∗%#∃/+&!3,+! 0%−∋,%! #∃%∗!#∃0/(4∃!≅03>#∋>3.!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!
∗3#0∋Γ!%Γ≅3,+&!(≅/,!#∃%!−/(0!"%&!/−!3>#∋/,!0%&%30>∃µ!≅.3,,∋,47!3>#∋/,7!/)&%0:3#∋/,!3,+!0%−.%>#∋/,Κ!
ϑ/!)%4∋,!Φ∋#∃!#∃0%%!∗3∋,!∗%#∃/+&!Φ%0%!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!%3>∃!"%Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∋&!&(≅≅/0#%+!);!>/./(0!
>/+∋,4!%3>∃!40/(≅!/−!∗%#∃/+&!#/!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#!Φ∃∋>∃!∗%#∃/+&!∃3:%!)%%,!∋∗≅.%∗%,#%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!%3>∃!
#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!.∋∗%!40%%,!>/./(0!0%−%0&!#/!#∃%!/0∋4∋,3.!#∃0%%!∗%#∃/+&!−/0!%3>∃!"%!
/−! 3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃! 3,+! #∃%&%! 0%∗3∋,! >/,&∋&#%,#! #∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃%! +%&∋4,7! +%:%./≅∗%,#! 3,+!
∋∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,! /−! %3>∃! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! >/./(0! >/+∋,4! ∋&! %Γ≅3,+%+! (≅/,! #∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃%! ,%Γ#!
45
&%>#∋/,! /−! #∃∋&! #∃%&∋&! 3,+! 3++∋#∋/,3.! >/./(0&! 30%! 3.∋4,%+! #/! %3>∃! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 3,+! #∃%∋0! 3&&/>∋3#%+!
>∃3≅#%07! #∃∋&! ∃3&! )%%,! :∋&(3.∋&%+! ∋,! Β()2,&! 3! 45&∋(∋! 6.∗+&∗+! 789! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! ∋,#0/+(>#∋/,! 3,+! #∃%!
>/∗≅.%#%!6%&∋4,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!ϑ//.Η∋#!∋&!+/>(∗%,#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!∀≅≅%,+∋Γ!ΛΚ!!
!
46
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΘΥ!+∀,)−.!Ε32)∗)(3()%.!&%%∗6)(!
47
ϑ∃%!>/./(0&!30%!.∋&#%+!)%./Φδ!
• Ξ3∋,!Ξ%#∃/+&!ϖ!/03,4%!
• ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!Χ!Μ!).3>Η!!
• ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!Α!Μ!).(%!
• ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!∆!Μ!≅∋,Η!
• ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!!ϖ!≅(0≅.%!
!
ϑ∃%! #//.Η∋#! %Γ≅3,+%+! 3&! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃! %:/.:%+! #/! ∋,>.(+%! ,%Φ! ∗%#∃/+&7! #//.&! 3,+! #%>∃,∋1(%&! #∃3#!
%∗%04%+!#∃0/(4∃!3>#∋/,!0%&%30>∃Κ!∀&!#∃%!0%&%30>∃!≅0/40%&&%+!#∃%!#//.Η∋#!Φ3&!0%Μ∋#%03#%+!3,+!3##(,%+!
#/!∋,>.(+%!Φ∃3#!Φ/0Η%+7!3,+!#∃0/(4∃!0%−.%>#∋/,!%3>∃!>∃3≅#%0!∃%0%!3.&/!0%−%0%,>%&!Φ∃3#!+∋+!,/#!Φ/0ΗΚ!
ϑ∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! #//.Η∋#! &(≅≅/0#&! #∃%! +%&∋4,7! +%:%./≅∗%,#! 3,+! +∋&&%∗∋,3#∋/,! /−! #∃%! 4&/+(0&!
<&∋()∗!Ω∗+&,−&∗+(.∗∋!#∃0/(4∃!−/(0!+%−∋,%+!"%&!/−!3>#∋/,!0%&%30>∃µ!≅.3,,∋,47!3>#∋/,7!/)&%0:3#∋/,!3,+!
0%−.%>#∋/,Κ! ∀./,4&∋+%! #∃%! ∗%#∃/+&7! #∃%! &(∋,3).%! +%&∋4,! #%4;7! #%Γ#∋.%&! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&! 3,+!
∋,#%403#%+!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&!∃3:%!3.&/!)%%,!+/>(∗%,#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!6%&∋4,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!ϑ//.Η∋#! η&%%!
Β()2,&!ΧΕ!)%./ΦιΚ!∀..!/−!#∃%!∗%#∃/+&!30%!∋,#%0>∃3,4%3).%!3,+!∃3:%!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.!#/!)%!0%>/,−∋4(0%+!);!
+%&∋4,!0%&%30>∃%0&!Φ∃/!Φ∋&∃!#/!%Γ≅3,+!(≅/,!#∃∋&!0%&/(0>%!#/!+%&∋4,!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&!Φ∋#∃∋,!
#∃%!−(#(0%Κ!
!
Ε)−<;∀!Θς!Η;)53;Ν!Τ∀(9%4,!+∀,)−.!Ε32)∗)(3()%.!&%%∗6)(!
48
ΥΚς!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!Η;%2∀,,!
!
ΥΚςΚΛ!Η∗3..).−!!
!
ϑ∃%! ≅0∋∗30;! "%&! /−! +%&∋4,∋,4! 3,+! +%:%./≅∋,4! %3>∃! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 0%1(∋0%+! #∃%!
∋+%,#∋−∋>3#∋/,!/−! 0%&%30>∃!∗%#∃/+&7!+%&∋4,!#//.&!3,+!#%>∃,∋1(%&Κ!ϑ∃%!#//.Η∋#!≅0/:∋+%+!>/0%!∗%#∃/+&!
3,+! 3++∋#∋/,3.! ∗%#∃/+&! 3,+! #//.&! Φ%0%! #0∋3.%+! 3,+! #%&#%+! #∃0/(4∃! ≅∋./#! &#(+∋%&Κ! ϑ∃%! ≅∋./#! Φ3&!
>/,+(>#%+! #/! 0%−∋,%! #∃%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! +%.∋:%0;! /−! %3>∃! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! #∃0/(4∃! 3! +∋−−%0%,#! 3≅≅0/3>∃Κ!
∀++∋#∋/,3..;7!3!>.%30.;!+%−∋,%+!≅0/).%∗!#%∗%,#!3,+!>/,#%Γ#!Φ3&!%&&%,#∋3.!#/!/0>∃%#%!3>#∋/,!3,+!
∗3,34%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!%Γ≅%>#3#∋/,Κ!Σ∋##%.! ηΑΒΒει!3,!3+:/>3#%!/−!+%&∋4,∋,4! #/4%#∃%0!>.3∋∗&! #∃3#!≅%/≅.%!
∃3:%!#/!∃3:%!+∋3./4(%µ!#∃%;!∃3:%!#/!340%%!/,!∃/Φ!#/!−03∗%!3!≅0/).%∗!3,+!340%%!/,!#∃%∋0!4/3.&!3,+!
3>#∋/,&Κ!
!
ϑ∃%!?.3,,∋,4!/−!Τ3>∃!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,δ!
• ?0∋∗30;!0%&%30>∃!Φ3&!>/,+(>#%+!#/! ∋+%,#∋−;!%Γ∋&#∋,4!3≅≅0/3>∃%&7!#//.&!3,+!∗%#∃/+&!)%−/0%!
+%−∋,∋,4!3,!3≅≅0/3>∃!3,+!>/,>%≅#!−/0!%3>∃!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!
• ϑ∃%!0%&%30>∃!∗%#∃/+&!Φ%0%!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!Φ∋#∃∋,!%3>∃!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!3,+!
43#∃%0!+3#3!#/!0%−.%>#!(≅/,!%3>∃!∋#%03#∋/,Κ!
• Τ3>∃! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!Φ3&!≅∋./#%+! ∋,!3+:3,>%! #∃0/(4∃!≅0/#/#;≅∋,4!Φ∋#∃!3!&3∗≅.%!
40/(≅7!#/!#0∋3.!#∃%!3≅≅0/3>∃!3,+!#∃%!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,!/−!#∃%!#//.&!0%1(∋0%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!
+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&Κ!
• ϑ∃0/(4∃!>/∗)∋,∋,4!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&7!3!+∋4∋#3.!≅.3#−/0∗!Φ3&!>(03#%+!#/!0%≅0%&%,#!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!
+%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 3,+! +%:%./≅! 3! ./ΦΜ−∋+%.∋#;! /,.∋,%! &≅3>%! #/! ∃/&#! >/,:%0&3#∋/,7! &(≅≅/0#!
>/..3)/03#∋/,!3,+!+/>(∗%,#!#∃%!0%&%30>∃!≅0/>%&&!3&!∋#!%:/.:%+Κ!!
ΥΚςΚΘ!Α2()%.!
!ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/0!+∋0%>#%+!#∃%!3>#∋/,!"%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!%3>∃!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!∗%#∃/+!/−!≅0/#/#;≅∋,4!
)%>3∗%!3!∗3∋,!∗%#∃/+!#/!≅0/∗/#%!,%Φ!.%30,∋,4!#∃0/(4∃!3!≅0/>%&&!/−!≅∃;&∋>3.!+%∗/,#∋/,7!3,+!
0%1(∋0%+! 3>#∋/,! );! +/∋,4Κ! ϑ∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! )%>3∗%!∗/0%! >/,−∋+%,#! 3&! #∃%∋0! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! /−! %,434∋,4!
Φ∋#∃!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/40%&&%+Κ!ϑ/!∋,∋#∋3#%!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!0%1(∋0%+!>/Μ/≅%03#∋:%!∋,1(∋0;!#∃3#!
∋&!3!>/∗∗(,∋#;!/−!:3.(%µ!#∃%!:3.(%!≅0%∗∋&%&!Φ%0%!∋∗≅/0#3,#Κ!ϑ∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!∃3+!#/!)%>/∗%!%Γ>∋#%+!
);!3,+!3##(,%+!#/!#∃%&%!≅0%∗∋&%&!∋,!/0+%0!#/!≅30#∋>∋≅3#%Κ!ϑ∃∋&!0%1(∋0%+!%3>∃!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!#/!≅0/:∋+%!3!
>.%30!03#∋/,3.%7!≅(0≅/&%!3,+!+∋0%>#∋/,!−0/∗!#∃%!/(#&%#Κ!Σ%3&/,!5!Λ03+)(0;!ηΑΒΒ]ι!304(%&!#∃∋&!∗3Η%&!
−/0! 4//+!≅03>#∋>%! 3,+!%,>/(034%&! %3>∃!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#! #/!)%>/∗%!%∗≅/Φ%0%+! #∃0/(4∃! >.%30! 4/3.&! 3,+!
3>#∋/,&Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!3+/≅#∋,4!#∃∋&!3≅≅0/3>∃7!%3>∃!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!>/(.+!∗3Η%!&%,&%!/−!#∃%!3>#∋/,&!3,+!≅.3;!3!
0/.%!∋,!+%−∋,∋,4!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!/)&%0:3#∋/,&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!%,3).%+!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#/!#3Η%!∋,∋#∋3#∋:%!3,+!%Γ%0#!#∃%∋0!
49
/Φ,!∋,−.(%,>%!/,!#∃%!0%&%30>∃!≅0/>%&&Κ!
!
ΥΚςΚ[!∆8,∀;:3()%.!
!Ν,!3>#∋/,!0%&%30>∃7!+3#3!>/∗%&!#∃0/(4∃!%,434%∗%,#!Φ∋#∃!/#∃%0&!∋,!#∃%!3>#∋/,!0%&%30>∃!>;>.%&Κ!ϑ∃(&7!∋#!
∋&! >0(>∋3.! #/! Η,/Φ! #∃3#! 3>#&7! Φ∃∋>∃! 30%! ∋,#%,+%+! #/! >/..%>#! +3#37! 30%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&! #∃%∗&%.:%&!
η2/4∃.3,7!67!Λ03,,∋>Η7!ΑΒΒχιΚ!ϑ∃%!∗%#∃/+&!3,+!+3#3!43#∃%0∋,4!∗%>∃3,∋&∗&!,%%+%+!#/!)%!+%&∋4,%+!#/!
−∋#!#∃%!/0>∃%#%+!%,:∋0/,∗%,#!3,+!43#∃%0!+3#3!%−−%>#∋:%.;Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!>/∗)∋,∋,4!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&7!
0%&%30>∃!Φ3&!"%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!/,.∋,%!3,+!/−−.∋,%!>/,#%Γ#&Κ!ϑ∃%!/,.∋,%!∋,#%03>#∋/,!Φ3&!,/#!−3>∋.∋#3#%+!)(#!
Φ3&!/)&%0:%+7!Φ∃∋.%!+3#3!3,3.;#∋>&!>/(.+!)%!%∗)%++%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!/,.∋,%!≅.3#−/0∗&!#/!1(3,#∋−;!#∃%!&>3.%!
/−!>/,&(∗%0!%,434%∗%,#Κ!ϑ∃%!∗%#∃/+!/−!%(,&=+!.Γ∋&,−8+(.∗!Φ3&!3≅≅.∋%+!+(0∋,4!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!3>#∋/,Κ!
ϑ∃%! ∗%#∃/+! /−! 82+.Ρ%.=2Λ&∗+8+(.∗! Φ3&! +%:∋&%+! 3&! 3! ∗%#∃/+! −/0! ≅%0&/,3.! +/>(∗%,#3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&!
0%&%30>∃! 3≅≅.∋%+! 3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃! −0/∗! #∃%! −∋0! &%>/,+! 3,+! #∃∋0+! ≅%0&/,! ≅%0&≅%>#∋:%! 3,+! (&%+! #∃%!
#0∋3,4(.3#∋/,! /−! ∗%#∃/+&! 3≅≅0/3>∃! ηϑ/003,>%7! ΑΒΧΑι! #/! &(≅≅/0#! %3>∃! :∋%Φ≅/∋,#Κ! ϑ∃%! >/,>%≅#! /−!
#0∋3,4(.3#∋/,!>.3∋∗&!#∃3#!%:%0;!∗%#∃/+!∃3&!∋#&! .∋∗∋#3#∋/,&!3,+!∗(.#∋≅.%!∗%#∃/+&!30%!(&(3..;!,%%+%+Κ!
ϑ∃∋&! #0∋3,4(.3#∋/,! �%,4#∃%,%+! #∃%! &#(+;! );! >/∗)∋,∋,4! ∗%#∃/+&! 3,+! 3../Φ∋,4! #∃%! (&%! /−! ∗(.#∋≅.%!
∗%#∃/+&!#/!&#(+;!3!≅0/).%∗Κ!!
!
ΧΚ ∀(#/Μ%#∃,/403≅∃;!η−0/∗!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!≅%0&≅%>#∋:%ι!
ΑΚ Ψ)&%0:3#∋/,!#∃0/(4∃!3(#/Μ+/>(∗%,#3#∋/,!η−0/∗!3!>/..%34(%λ≅%%0!≅%0&≅%>#∋:%ι!!
∆Κ =%%+)3>Η!η−0/∗!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!≅%0&≅%>#∋:%ι!!
!
ΥΚςΚΥ!Ι∀=∗∀2()%.!
!ϑ∃0/(4∃!3>#∋/,!0%&%30>∃7!0%−.%>#∋/,!∋&!#∃%!3>#∋:∋#;!#∃3#!∋,#%403#%&!3>#∋/,!3,+!0%&%30>∃Κ!ϑ∃%!≅0/>%&&!/−!
0%−.%>#∋/,! 0%1(∋0%+! &#%≅≅∋,4! )3>Η! −0/∗! %3>∃! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%7! #/! 1(%&#∋/,! ∋#! 3,+! ∋+%,#∋−;! ,%Φ! ∋,&∋4∃#&Κ!
ηΣ3%.∋,7! ΑΒΧΧι! #%&! #∃3#! #∃∋&! %,3).%&! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! #/! +%:%./≅! 3,! 3)∋.∋#;! #/! (,>/:%0! 3,+! ∗3Η%!
%Γ≅.∋>∋#!Φ∃3#!#∃%;!∃3:%!≅.3,,%+7!+∋&>/:%0%+7!3,+!3>∃∋%:%+!∋,!≅03>#∋>%Κ!Ε%!304(%&!#∃3#!#∃∋&!&∃/(.+!)%!
)0/(4∃#!/(#!∋,#/!#∃%!/≅%,!&/!#∃3#!∋#!4/%&!)%;/,+!Ο#3Η%,!−/0!403,#%+Π!3&&(∗≅#∋/,&Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!>/∗)∋,∋,4!
&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&7!0%−.%>#∋/,!Φ3&!&∃30%+!−0/∗!#∃%!0%&%30>∃!3,+!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!≅/&∋#∋/,%+!#∃%!
0%&%30>∃!/≅%,!#/!≅%%0!0%:∋%Φ!−0/∗!#∃/&%!∋,:/.:%+!3,+!#/!3,!%Γ#%,+%+!/,.∋,%!3(+∋%,>%Κ!
!
ϑ∃%!+3#3!43#∃%0%+!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!/)&%0:3#∋/,!∗%#∃/+&!/−!3(#/!+/>(∗%,#3#∋/,!3,+!3(#/!%#∃,/403≅∃;!
≅0/:∋+%+! :∋&(3.! +3#3! #/! 0%−.%>#! /,! %3>∃! ∋#%03#∋/,! )%;/,+! "%+! 3>#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#! −%%+)3>Η!
&∃%%#&!≅0/:∋+%+!3!≅0/≅!#/!>3≅#(0%!#∃%∋0!0%−.%>#∋/,!/,!#∃%!≅0/>%&&7!/(#>/∗%&!3,+!/:%03..!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%Κ!
ϑ∃∋&! +3#3! 3,+! −%%+)3>Η! Φ3&! %Γ≅./0%+! 3,+! Φ0∋##%,! (≅! #∃0/(4∃! 3,! %:3.(3#∋/,! #/! 0%−.%>#! (≅/,! #∃%!
−∋,+∋,4&Κ! ∀! &%0∋%&! /−! &%∗∋Μ�(>#(0%+! ∋,#%0:∋%Φ&! Φ%0%! &%#! (≅! Φ∋#∃! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! 3,+! #∃%! ≅0/_%>#!
50
>./&%+!);!≅0/≅/&∋,4!3!&%0∋%&!/−!&>%,30∋/&!#/!∋..(#%!∃/Φ!#∃%!3>#∋/,!>/(.+!)%!≅0/_%>#%+!∋,#/!∗30Η%#&!
/−!#∃%!−(#(0%!−0/∗!3!#%Γ#∋.%!3,+!−3&∃∋/,!+%&∋4,!≅%0&≅%>#∋:%Κ!
!
ΥΚδ!∃%.2∗<,)%.!
!ϑ∃∋&! >∃3≅#%0! ∃∋4∃.∋4∃#&! #∃3#! #∃%0%! ∋&! .∋∗∋#%+! .∋#%03#(0%! 30/(,+! +%&∋4,! 0%&%30>∃! ∗%#∃/+&! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%!
+∋&>∋≅.∋,%&!/−!−3&∃∋/,!3,+!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,Κ!Ε/Φ%:%07!#∃0/(4∃!3+/≅#∋,4!3,!3>#∋/,!0%&%30>∃!∗%#∃/+/./4;!
#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!∃3+!3!∗%>∃3,∋&∗!#/!∋+%,#∋−;!0%&%30>∃!∗%#∃/+&!3,+!0%−∋,%!#∃%∗!#∃0/(4∃!∋,−/0∗%+!#03∋.!
3,+!%00/0Κ! ϑ∃∋&! 0%−.%>#∋:%!≅03>#∋>%!≅0/:∋+%+!3,!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;! #/!3≅≅.;!∗%#∃/+&! −0/∗!/#∃%0!+∋&>∋≅.∋,%&!
3,+! %:3.(3#%+! #∃%∋0! %−−%>#∋:%,%&&Κ! ϑ∃%! 6%&∋4,! =3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! #//.Η∋#! 3.&/! %∗%04%+! 3&! 3! 0%&/(0>%! #/!
+/>(∗%,#! #∃%!∗%#∃/+&! #∃3#!%∗%04%+! #∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! #/!+%:%./≅!3! 0%&/(0>%! −/0!/#∃%0&! #/!
3>>%&&!3,+!)(∋.+!(≅/,Κ!ϑ∃%!#//.Η∋#!∋&!3.&/!&(≅≅/0#%+!);!3!∗3#0∋Γ!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!>/,>%≅#(3.∋&3#∋/,!/−!%3>∃!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! #/! +/>(∗%,#! #∃%! &(∋,3).%! +%&∋4,! #%4;! 3+/≅#%+7! ∋,>.(+∋,4! Φ∃3#! #%Γ#∋.%! ∗3Η∋,4!
≅0/>%&&%&!Φ3&!3≅≅.∋%+!3,+!Φ∃∋>∃!%Γ∋&#∋,4!&/>∋3.!3,+!+∋4∋#3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&!Φ%0%! ∋,#%403#%+Κ!ϑ∃%!3>#∋/,!
0%&%30>∃! ∗%#∃/+/./4;! Φ3&! 3≅≅.∋%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! −/../Φ∋,4! ≅30#! /−! #∃∋&! #∃%&∋&! #/! &(≅≅/0#! #∃%!
+%:%./≅∗%,#!/−!%3>∃!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!
!
51
ΗΑΙ&!&Μ∆!!
∃93Π(∀;!ς/!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Λ!Ξ!+∀,)−.!Α2():),5!
ςΚΛ!ϑ.(;%4<2()%.!(%!ϕ∆∗4!),!(9∀!Φ∀1!≅∗326γ!
!8∋#∃∋,! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0! >(.#(0%7! >./#∃∋,4! ∋&! /−#%,! +∋&>30+%+! +(%! #/! #∃%! >/,&(∗%0! −3∋.∋,4! #/!
%).∋&∃!3!∗%3,∋,4−(.!>/,,%>#∋/,!η2∃3≅∗3,7!ΑΒΒαι!3,+!−/0!,/!/#∃%0!0%3&/,Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!3∋∗%+!
#/!+∋&0(≅#!#∃%!−./Φ!/−!−3&∃∋/,!∋#%∗&!#∃3#!>/,&(∗%0&!30%!∃3)∋#(3..;!#∃0/Φ∋,4!3Φ3;!+(%!#/!≅%0>%≅#∋/,&!
0%430+∋,4! Φ∃3#! ∋&! >/,&∋+%0%+! −3&∃∋/,3).%Κ! 8∋#∃∋,! −3&∃∋/,7! #∃%! &./43,! νκ! ∋&! #∃%! ,%Φ! ).3>Ηο! ∋&! 3,!
%Γ≅0%&&∋/,!(&%+!#/!∋,+∋>3#%!#∃%!&(++%,!≅/≅(.30∋#;!/0!:%0&3#∋.∋#;!/−!3,!∋+%3!/−#%,!3&&/>∋3#%+!Φ∋#∃!&/∗%!
%,!:/4(%!#0%,+Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&!&():%0#%+!#∃%!∗%3,∋,4!);!0%Μ≅∃03&∋,4!ΟΨ.+!∋&!#∃%!Θ%Φ!Λ.3>ΗΠ!3&!3!
,%Φ!≅0/≅/&∋#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!∋,#%,#∋/,!#/!%Γ#%,+!#∃%!.∋−%>;>.%!/−!&∃/0#!.∋−%!430∗%,#&Κ!!
!
ϑ∃∋&!>∃3≅#%0!≅0/:∋+%&!3,!∋,&∋4∃#!∋,#/!#∃%!&(∋,3).%!+%&∋4,!#%4∋%&!/−!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&∗!3,+!(≅>;>.∋,4!
#∃0/(4∃! ≅03>#∋>3.! 3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,7! Φ∋#∃! #∃%! ≅0%∗∋&%! /−! +∋&>/(034∋,4! ≅3&&∋:%! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&! Φ3&!
3>∃∋%:%+! );! %∗≅/Φ%0∋,4! >/,&(∗%0&! 3,+! %,>/(034∋,4! #∃%∗! #/! )%>/∗%! 3>#∋:∋&#&! Φ∃/! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#%!
Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!/−!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!>./#∃∋,4Κ!ϑ∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! &(≅≅/0#! (≅>;>.∋,4! );! (&∋,4! ).3>Η! ≅3∋,#! 3,+! #%Γ#∋.%! +;%&! #/! %Γ≅3,+! (≅/,! /:%0≅0∋,#∋,4!
#%>∃,∋1(%&!#/!%,3).%!430∗%,#!#03,&−/0∗3#∋/,Κ!
!
ϑ∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!Φ/0Η%+!>/..3)/03#∋:%.;!Φ∋#∃!60!Ψ##/!:/,!Λ(&>∃!#/!>/,>%≅#(3.∋&%!#∃∋&!+%&∋4,!∋,#%0:%,#∋/!
3,+!#∃∋&!>∃3≅#%0!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#&!&/∗%!/−!#∃%!≅0/).%∗&!0%430+∋,4!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!/)&/.%&>%,>%7!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!3∋∗!/−!
+%:%./≅∋,4!3!+%&∋4,!≅0/≅/&∋#∋/,!#/!3++0%&&!#∃%∗Κ!ϑ∃%!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!∃3&!)%%,!>/,>%≅#(3.∋&%+7!+%&∋4,%+!
3,+! +%:%./≅%+! 3,+! #03∋.%+! 3,+! #%&#%+! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,! /−! 3! &%0∋%&! /−!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅&Κ! ϑ∃%! >∃3≅#%0! >/,>.(+%&! Φ∋#∃! 3,! %:3.(3#∋/,! #/! ∋+%,#∋−;! #∃%! ∋∗≅3>#! /−! >/,&(∗%0!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! #/! ∃∋4∃.∋4∃#! #∃%! .∋∗∋#3#∋/,&! 3,+! /≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&! −/0! −(0#∃%0!
0%&%30>∃Κ!
!
ςΚΘ!Η;%8∗∀5!!
!Ψ:%0>/,&(∗≅#∋/,! ∋&! /,%! /−! #∃%! ∗3_/0! #∃0%3#&! −3>∋,4!#∃%! −(#(0%! /−! /(0! ≅.3,%#Κ! ∴/>∋%#;! #/+3;! ∋&!
/:%0Φ∃%.∗%+!);!#∃%!>/,,#.;!∋,>0%3&∋,4!≅0/+(>#∋/,!/−!,%Φ!4//+&7!Φ∃∋>∃!30%!&(≅≅/&%+!#/!−(.−∋..!/(0!
.∋−%7!3.#∃/(4∃! #∃%;! 03#∃%0! +%>0%3&%! #∃%! 1(3.∋#;! /−! .∋−%! );!>0%3#∋,4! 3,! 3++∋>#∋/,! ηΞ3ΓΜΘ%%−7! ΑΒΧΒιΚ! Ν,!
/0+%0! #/!≅3:%! #∃%! Φ3;! #/Φ30+&! 3! &%.−Μ&(∋,%+! &/>∋%#;! Φ∋#∃/(#!%Γ≅./∋#∋,4! #∃%! 0%&/(0>%&! /−! −(#(0%!
4%,%03#∋/,&7!/(0!>3≅∋#3.∋&#!&;&#%∗!∗(&#!&∃∋−#!3Φ3;!−0/∗!∋#&!+%≅%,+%,>;!/,!%Γ>%&&∋:%!≅0/+(>#∋/,!3,+!
>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! >∃3..%,4%&! #∃%! +∋&≅/&3).%! ,3#(0%! /−! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!
>/,#%Γ#7!Φ∃%0%! 3! .304%!∗3_/0∋#;! /−! >./#∃∋,4! ∋&! ,/#! +∋&≅/&%+! /−! )%>3(&%! ∋#! ∋&! +3∗34%+7!Φ/0,! /(#! /0!
52
≅∃;&∋>3..;! (,(&3).%Κ! ϑ∃%! >/,&(∗%0! −3∋.∋,4! #/! %).∋&∃! 3! ∗%3,∋,4−(.! %∗/#∋/,3.! >/,,%>#∋/,! /−#%,!
>/,#0∋)(#%&!#/!#∃%!+∋&≅/&3).%!,3#(0%!/−!&∃/0#!.∋−%!430∗%,#&!ηΤ30.%;!5!=.%#>∃%07!ΑΒΒαιΚ!2∃3≅∗3,!ηΑΒΒαι!
304(%7!#∃3#!#∃∋&!∋&!)%>3(&%!/)_%>#&!0%∗3∋,!",3,#!Φ∃∋.%!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0!>/,#∋,(%&!#/!%:/.:%!#∃0/(4∃!
#∃%∋0!%:%0;!+3;!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&Κ! Ω/∃3,&&/,! ηΑΒΧΒι!+∋&>(&&%&! #∃%! ∋&&(%!/−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!−/>(&∋,4!/,!&∃/0#Μ
#%0∗!&3#∋&−3>#∋/,7!3&!>/,&(∗%0&!&(−−%0!≅0∋∗30∋.;!−0/∗!Ο3%&#∃%#∋>Π!3,+!Ο&/>∋3.!/)&/.%&>%,>%ΠΚ!νϑ∃0/(4∃!
>/,&(∗≅#∋/,7! ≅%/≅.%! #0;! #/! >/∗≅%,&3#%!−/0! 3! .3>Η!/−! &/∗%!Η∋,+Κ!Ψ(0!∗∋,+! ∋&! +0∋:%,!);! #∃%!(04%! #/!
&3#∋&−;!#∃∋&!%∗≅#∋,%&&!);!−∋..∋,4!∋#!Φ∋#∃!3,!/)_%>#!#∃3#!)%&#!&(∋#&!/(0!3&≅∋03#∋/,&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!>3,!)%!)3&%+!/,!
−(,>#∋/,3.∋#;!/07!∋,!#∃%!>3&%!/−!−3&∃∋/,7!∃3:%!3!Ο≅.3>%)/!:3.(%ο!ηΛ30#∃%&7!ΧχεΒιΚ!
!
8∃∋.%! 3! &%.%>#∋/,! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! 0%#3∋.%0&! ∃3:%! 0%>%,#.;! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#%+! Ο#3Η%! )3>Η! &;&#%∗&Π7! ∋,! 3,!
3##%∗≅#! #/! 0%>.3∋∗! >/,&(∗%0! Φ3&#%! ηΞ30Η&! 3,+! ∴≅%,>%07! ϑ/≅&∃/≅! 3,+! Ε5Ξ7! ΑΒΧ∆ι7! #∃%&%! &3∗%!
)03,+&!30%!;%#!#/! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#!3!+%&∋4,!&;&#%∗!/0!&%0:∋>%!#/!&(≅≅/0#!430∗%,#!∗3∋,#%,3,>%7!0%≅3∋0!/0!
0%Μ(&%Κ!!
!
ςΚ[!Γ<,(3).38∗∀!+∀,)−.!Γ(;3(∀−)∀,!!
Σ3#∃%0! #∃3,! >/,&(∗∋,4! _(&#! Ο,%ΦΠ! 430∗%,#&! #/! /)#3∋,! #∃%! .//Η! /−! #∃%! &%3&/,7! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!
&():%0#%+! #∃∋&! >/,�(>#! );! ≅0/∗/#∋,4! #∃%! #03,&−/0∗3#∋/,! /−! #∃%! Ο/.+Π! 430∗%,#&! #/! 3>∃∋%:%! 3! ,%Φ!
.//ΗΚ! ϑ∃%! &(∋,3).%! +%&∋4,! #%4∋%&! /−! +%&∋4,! 3>#∋:∋&∗! 3,+! (≅>;>.∋,4! Φ%0%! >/∗)∋,%+! 3,+!
≅0/∗/#%+!3&!3!>/,+(∋#!#/!>∃3,,%.!34%,>;!3,+!%∗≅/Φ%0!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!#/!0%>.3∋∗!/Φ,%0&∃∋≅!
/−! 430∗%,#&! #∃3#! #∃%;! Φ/(.+! ∃3:%! ≅0%:∋/(&.;! +∋&>30+%+Κ! ϑ∃%! #∃%/0;! /−! %∗/#∋/,3..;! +(03).%! +%&∋4,!
η2∃3≅∗3,7! ΑΒΒαι! ∃3&! 3.&/! )%%,! 0%−%0%,>%+! 3,+! >/,&∋+%0%+! 3&! 3! +%&∋4,! 3≅≅0/3>∃! −/0! >/,&(∗%0&! #/!
&(∋,!3!+%%≅%0!%∗/#∋/,3.!>/,,%>#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!#∃%∋0!>./#∃∋,4Κ!=(3+Μ<(Η%!ηΑΒΒχι!+∋&>(&&%&!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!
#%4∋%&!#∃3#! %Γ#%,+! ≅0/+(>#! +(03)∋.∋#;! );! ∗3Η∋,4!≅0/+(>#&! ∋,! &(>∃! 3! Φ3;! #∃3#! #∃%;! 30%!
0%≅3∋03).%7!0%(&3).%!3,+!0%Μ∗3Η%3).%!3&!Φ%..!3&!Ο&/>∋3.∋&3#∋/,Π!);!&∃30∋,4!≅0/+(>#&Κ!Ε%!304(%&!#∃3#!#∃%!
Φ3;!>/,&(∗%0!,%%+&!30%!&3#∋&−∋%+!∗(&#!)%!0%+%&∋4,%+!#∃0/(4∃!3!>∃3,4%!∋,!&/>∋%#;!#/!0%Μ%:3.(3#%!#∃%!
+∋&#∋,>#!∃3)∋#&!/−!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%! 3∋∗! /−! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! Φ3&! #/! >∃3..%,4%! #∃%! +∋&≅/&3).%! ,3#(0%! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,Κ! 8∋#∃! #Φ/!
/)_%>#∋:%&7! #∃%! −∋0&#! Φ3&! #/! ∋+%,#∋−;! 3! >/..%>#∋/,! /−! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&! #/! &(≅≅/0#!
(≅>;>.∋,4Κ! ϑ∃%! &%>/,+! Φ3&! #/! +%:%./≅! 3,! /,.∋,%! ≅.3#−/0∗! #/! 03∋&%! 3Φ30%,%&&7! 3,+! ≅0/∗/#%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%! %Γ>∃3,4%! /−! &Η∋..&7! ∋+%3&! 3,+! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%&! #/! 0%Μ%:3.(3#%! #∃%∋0! >/,&(∗%0!
)%∃3:∋/0Κ!ϑ∃∋&!%Γ≅3,+&!(≅/,!#∃%!Φ/0Η!/−!Ξ3,ς∋,∋! ηΑΒΒβι!Φ∃/!+∋&>(&&%&!#∃%!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!/−!%,3).∋,4!
3,+!3>#∋:3#∋,4!>/,&(∗%0&!#/!)%>/∗%!≅30#!/−!#∃%!≅0/+(>#∋/,!>;>.%!);!%,3).∋,4!≅%/≅.%!Φ∋#∃!,%Φ!&Η∋..&!
#/!)(∋.+!3!0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!≅0/+(>#&!#∃%;!/Φ,Κ!6%&∋4,%0&!>3,!%,3).%!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0!Φ∋#∃!&Η∋..&µ!#∃∋&!
3../Φ&! #∃%∗! #/! )0%3Η! /(#! /−! )%∋,4! 3! ≅3&&∋:%!0%>∋≅∋%,#! /−!Φ∃3#! ∋&! /−−%0%+! ∋,! #∃%! &#/0%&! ηϕ/,! Λ(&>∃7!
ΑΒΒειΚ!6%&∋4,7!Φ∃∋>∃!−/&#%0&!&/>∋3.!3,+!%,:∋0/,∗%,#3.!)%,%−∋#&7!3.&/!∃3,+&!/:%0!#∃%!0%&≅/,&∋)∋.∋#;!#/!
53
#∃%!>/,&(∗%0!η=(3+Μ<(Η%7!ΑΒΒχιΚ!
!
ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&#!>3,!,/#!+∋&0(≅#!#∃%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!&;&#%∗7!3&!∋#!Φ/(.+!)%!∋∗≅/&&∋).%!#/!∋,−.(%,>%!#∃∋&!
4./)3.!&;&#%∗7!)(#!#∃%0%!30%!∗3,;!/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&!#/!+%:%./≅!,%Φ!430∗%,#!#03,&−/0∗3#∋/,!≅0/>%&&%&!
#/!%Γ≅./0%!∗/0%!∗%3,∋,4−(.!&/>∋3.!%,>/(,#%0&!Φ∋#∃!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!≅/&#!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!4/3.!/−!−3&∃∋/,!
3>#∋:∋&∗! ∋&! #/! >0∋#∋>∋&%! #∃%! >(00%,#!−3&#Μ−3&∃∋/,! &;&#%∗! 3,+! Φ/0Η! #/Φ30+&! ∋∗≅0/:∋,4!∋#! η:/,! Λ(&>∃7!
ΑΒΒειΚ!Ν#!∋&!3,!(∗)0%..3!#%0∗!−/0!:30∋/(&!≅/.∋#∋>3..;7!&/>∋3..;!/0!%,:∋0/,∗%,#3..;!+0∋:%,!3>#∋:∋#∋%&!0%.3#%+!
#/!#∃%!−3&∃∋/,!∋,+(�7!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!3,+!−3&∃∋/,!+%&∋4,!η=(3+Μ<(Η%7!ΑΒΒχιΚ!=3&∃∋/,!3>#∋:∋&∗!
∋&! 0%+%−∋,∋,4! 3! ≅0/−%&&∋/,!3,+! ∋#&! ≅/&&∋)∋.∋#∋%&! #/! &(≅≅/0#! 3! &(∋,3).%! &;&#%∗!3,+! +%∗/>03#∋&%!
Η,/Φ.%+4%!η:/,!Λ(&>∃7!ΑΒΒειΚ!ν=3&∃∋/,!3>#∋:∋&∗!∋+%/./4∋%&!%,:∋&∋/,!3!−3∋0!)3.3,>%!)%#Φ%%,!%>/,/∗∋>7!
&/>∋3.!3,+!%,:∋0/,∗%,#3.!0%&≅/,&∋)∋.∋#∋%&ο!ηΕ∋0&>∃%07!ΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!
!
ϑ∃%! >/,>%≅#! /−! (≅>;>.∋,4! 304(%&! 3! >3&%! −/0! %Γ≅./0∋,4! ≅03>#∋>%! .%+! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&! #∃3#! 3++! :3.(%! #/!
+∋&>30+%+! ∋#%∗&! #∃0/(4∃!+%&∋4,Κ!8∋#∃∋,! #∃%!≅3≅%0!9≅>;>.∋,4! ϑ%Γ#∋.%&δ! ∀++∋,4! :3.(%! #∃0/(4∃!+%&∋4,7!
Τ30.%;! ηΑΒΧΧι! %Γ≅./0%&δ! ν3%&#∃%#∋>&! 3,+! #∃%! +%&∋4,! /−! (≅>;>.%+! #%Γ#∋.%&! #∃3#! 30%! Ο)%##%0Π! #∃3,! #∃%!
/0∋4∋,3.µ! #∃%!4%,%03#∋/,!/−!3.#%0,3#∋:%!3,+!&(≅≅/0#∋,4!3>#∋/,&µ!∗3Η∋,4!%,.∋4∃#%,%+!∗3#%0∋3.!>∃/∋>%&µ!
(,+%0,+∋,4!#∃%!+∋−−%0%,#!∋∗≅.∋>3#∋/,&!/−!(&∋,4!≅0%!>/,&(∗%0!3,+!≅/&#!>/,&(∗%0!Φ3&#%µ!#∃%!+%&∋4,!
−/0!−(#(0%!0%>;>.3)∋.∋#;7!3,+!∋−!≅/&&∋).%7!−(#(0%!(≅>;>.∋,4οΚ!
!
ςΚΥ!+∀:∀∗%Π).−!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Λ!
!
ςΚΥΚΛ!ϑ.,Π);3()%.!!
!
ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!%∗%04%+!#∃0/(4∃!>/..3)/03#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!60!Ψ##/!ϕ/,!Λ(&>∃!ηΑΒΧΒΜ/,4/∋,4ι!−/../Φ∋,4!3!
:∋&∋#! #/! #∃%! Ξ3∋&/,! Ξ30#∋,! Ξ304%.∋3! ΤΓ∃∋)∋#∋/,! η</,+/,7! ΑΒΧΒιΚ! ϑ∃%! 430∗%,#&! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! %Γ∃∋)∋#!
≅0/:∋+%+!&#∋∗(.∋!#/!−3>∋.∋#3#%!>/,:%0&3#∋/,!3,+!≅0/:/Η%+!∋,#%0,3.!+%)3#%!)%#Φ%%,!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!∋,!
0%430+&!#/!430∗%,#!#03,&−/0∗3#∋/,!3,+!∗3#%0∋3.!0%Μ(&%Κ!ϑ∃∋&!)/+;!/−!Ξ304%.∋3Π&!Φ/0Η!η&%%!−∋4(0%!Α]!
)%./Φι! &∃/Φ>3&%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! %Γ∃∋)∋#∋/,! +%∗/,#%+! #∃%! Φ%3.#∃! /−! 3:3∋.3).%! ≅0/>%&&%&! 3,+!
#%>∃,∋1(%&! #/! #03,&−/0∗! +∋&>30+%+! >./#∃∋,4Κ! ϑ∃%&%! (≅>;>.%+! 430∗%,#&! %∗)/+∋%+! 3! ,%Φ! ∗/+%! /−!
−3&∃∋/,3)∋.∋#;! 3,+! 3&! 3! 0%&(.#7! ,%Φ! >/,&(∗%0! 0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅&! )%43,! #/! %∗%04%Κ! ϑ∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0&!
1(%&#∋/,%+!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.! −/0!%Γ≅%0∋∗%,#∋,4!Φ∋#∃!430∗%,#!#03,&−/0∗3#∋/,!#∃0/(4∃!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!
∗3Η∋,47!)(#!3+:3,>%+!#∃∋&!−(0#∃%0!);!>/,&∋+%0∋,4!∃/Φ!#/!≅0/∗/#%!3!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!3≅≅0/3>∃!#∃0/(4∃!
+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&∗Κ!∀&!3!>/,&%1(%,>%7!:∋&∋#∋,4!#∃∋&!%Γ∃∋)∋#∋/,!)%>3∗%!3!>3#3.;&#!#/!>/,>%≅#(3.∋&%!ΟΨ.+!∋&!
#∃%!Θ%Φ!Λ.3>ΗΠ!3&!3!+%&∋4,!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!
!
54
!
Ε)−<;∀!Θδ!Τ3),%.!Τ3;().!Τ3;−)∀∗3!Χ∋9)8)()%.!βΘΡΛΡχ!
!!
=/../Φ∋,4!#∃%!%Γ∃∋)∋#∋/,7!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!∋,∋#∋3#%+!3!>/..3)/03#∋/,!#/!%Γ≅3,+!(≅/,!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!≅03>#∋>%Μ
)3&%+!0%&%30>∃Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!0%−.%>#∋,4!(≅/,!#∃%∋0!∋,+%≅%,+%,#!0%&%30>∃!∋,#%0%&#&!#∃%;!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!3!&%0∋%&!
/−!&;,%04∋%&!0%−%0%,>∋,4!�%%#!−3&∃∋/,7!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&∗!3,+!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!+%&∋4,Κ!6%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&∗!3,+!
(≅>;>.∋,4! 30%! #Φ/! /−! #∃%! #%,! #%4∋%&! ∋,>.(+%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! ϑΤ6Π&! ϑΤΘ! ηΑΒΧΒι7! 3! #//.Η∋#! %).∋&∃%+! );!
Τ30.%;! 3,+! ?/.∋#/Φ∋>ς! ηΑΒΧΒι! #/! %+(>3#%! +%&∋4,%0&! );! −3>∋.∋#3#∋,4! &(∋,3).%! +%&∋4,! ∋,,/:3#∋/,! #/!
>∃3..%,4%!%Γ∋&#∋,4!−3&∃∋/,!)%∃3:∋/(0&7!∃3)∋#&!3,+!0∋#(3.&!Φ∃∋>∃!∃3:%!3!,%43#∋:%!∋∗≅3>#!/,!≅%/≅.%!3,+!
#∃%!%,:∋0/,∗%,#Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!3!0%:∋%Φ!/−!)/#∃!(≅>;>.∋,4!3,+!−3&∃∋/,!3>#∋:∋&∗7!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!
3! &%.%>#∋/,! /−! −3&∃∋/,! +%&∋4,%0&! /−−%0∋,4! &∗3..Μ&>3.%! #03,&−/0∗3#∋/,! &%0:∋>%&Κ! ϑ∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0&! Φ%0%!
∗∋,+−(.! #∃3#! #∃%! ≅0/>%&&! /−! (≅>;>.∋,4! %Γ∋&#∋,4! −3&∃∋/,! 430∗%,#&! /−#%,! 0%1(∋0%&! ∋,#0∋>3#%! ≅3##%0,!
>(##∋,4! 3,+! 3+:3,>%+! &%Φ∋,4! #%>∃,∋1(%&Κ! ϑ∃%! #03,&−/0∗3#∋/,! ≅0/>%&&! ∋&! 0%�∋>#%+! );! #∃%! +%&∋4,!
+%>∋&∋/,&!∗3+%!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!/0∋4∋,3.!+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!/−!#∃%!430∗%,#Κ!ϑ∃%!−∋0&#!>;>.%!/−!(≅>;>.∋,4!
%,3).%&!3!&%>/,+!.∋−%7!)(#!#∃∋&!Φ∋..!∋,−.(%,>%!#∃%!#∃∋0+!3,+!&/!/,Κ!!
55
!
Ε)−<;∀!Θ]!≅∗326!0326!βΧ3;∗∀Ν7!ΘΡΛΛχ!
!
!ϑ∃%0%! ∋&! −(0#∃%0! ≅/#%,#∋3.! #/! ∋,,/:3#%! #∃0/(4∃! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,!∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&! );! /:%0≅0∋,#∋,4! 3,+!
+;∋,4! %Γ∋&#∋,4! 430∗%,#&Κ! ϑ∃%0%! 30%! &∗3..! −3&∃∋/,! .3)%.&! 3≅≅.;∋,4! /:%0≅0∋,#∋,4! #%>∃,∋1(%&! )(#! #∃%∋0!
3>#∋:∋#;! ∋&! .∋∗∋#%+!3#!≅0%&%,#7!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#∋,4!3!≅/#%,#∋3.!,%Φ!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!&≅3>%! −/0! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!#/!
%∗%04%Κ! ϑ∃%! Λ.3>Η! Ε3>Η! );! Τ30.%;! ηΑΒΧΧι! Φ∋#∃∋,! Β()2,&! ΧΞς! 3≅≅.∋%+! +%&∋4,! 3>#∋:∋&∗! #∃0/(4∃! 3!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!Φ∃∋>∃!−3>∋.∋#3#%!(≅>;>.∋,4!#∃0/(4∃!/:%0≅0∋,#∋,4!%Γ∋&#∋,4!430∗%,#&7!(&(3..;!&∃∋0#&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!/−−%0&!
3!≅03>#∋>3.!+%∗/,#∋/,!/−!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&∗!3!#%4;!#∃3#!∋&!∋,>.(+%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!ϑΤ6Π&!ϑΤΘ!ηΤ30.%;!3,+!
?/.∋#/Φ∋>ς7!ΑΒΧΒΜΧιΚ!!
!
=(0#∃%0∗/0%7!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!0%:∋%Φ%+!�%%#!−3&∃∋/,!#/!%Γ≅./0%!∃/Φ!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!Φ3&!)%∋,4!3+/≅#%+!
#/! ∋,−.(%,>%! 3! ,%Φ! ∗/:%∗%,#! /−! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&! Φ∃/! +/>(∗%,#! #∃%∋0! ≅%0&/,3.! /Φ,! &#;.%! #∃3#! #∃%;!
≅0/∗/#%!3,+!&∃30%!/,.∋,%Κ!ϑ∃%&%! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!>3,!)%!>∃303>#%0∋&%+!3&!Ζ%,!Ρ! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&7!
Φ∃/! 30%! >/∗≅%#∋,4! #/! +%∗/,#%! #∃%∋0! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.∋#;7! #/! )%! 3>Η,/Φ.%+4%+! −0/∗! #∃%∋0! ≅%%0&7! 3,+!
3>>0%+∋#%+!);!3!,%#Φ/0Η!/−! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!Φ∃/!∃3:%!#∃%!3)∋.∋#;!#/!−/../Φ!3,+!03#%!#∃%∗Κ!ϑ∃%;!∃3:%!#∃%!
&Η∋..&! 3,+! 0%&/(0>%&! #/!/0>∃%#%! #∃%∋0!/Φ,!≅∃/#/! &∃//#&7! 3,+!>∃3..%,4%! #∃%∗&%.:%&! #/!3+3≅#!3,+!
&#;.%!>./#∃∋,4!+∋−−%0%,#.;!%3>∃!+3;Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∃3&!)%%,!∋,−.(%,>%+!);!#∃%!&(>>%&&!/−!∋,−.(%,#∋3.!)./44%0&!&(>∃!
3&!#∃%!∴30#/0∋.3∋&#!ηΑΒΧΑι!3,+!=3>%∃(,#%0!ηΑΒΧΑι!η&%%!=∋4(0%!Αε!)%./Φι!#∃3#!≅0/−∋.%!3,+!≅0/∗/#%!&#;.∋&∃!
56
∋,+∋:∋+(3.&! 3>0/&&! #∃%! 4./)%! +(0∋,4! =3&∃∋/,! 8%%Η! %:%,#&Κ! ∀&! 3! 0%&(.#7! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! 0%#3∋.%0&! 30%!
0%>0(∋#∋,4!/,.∋,%!−3&∃∋/,!)./44%0&!#/!≅0/:∋+%!∃%3+!(≅!/,.∋,%!∗30Η%#∋,4!>3∗≅3∋4,&!3,+!%,3).%!#∃%∗!#/!
∃3:%!3,!/,.∋,%!≅0%&%,>%Κ!!
!
!!
Ε)−<;∀!ΘΖ!Γ(;∀∀(!Γ(Ν∗∀!≅∗%−−∀;,!3(!Ε3,9)%.!Μ∀∀6!βΘΡΛ[χ!
!
ςΚΥΚΘ!∃%.2∀Π(<3∗),3()%.!
!ϑ/!)0/3+%,!#∃%!0%∗∋#!/−!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!#∃%!∗3#%0∋3.&7!#%>∃,∋1(%&!3,+!0%&/(0>%&!
Φ%0%! +%−∋,%+! #∃0/(4∃! ./Φ! >/&#! 3,+! ./ΦΜ#%>∃! &/.(#∋/,&! #/! &(≅≅/0#! #∃%! +%∗/>03#∋>! %#∃/&! /−! +%&∋4,!
3>#∋:∋&∗Κ!ϑ/!&(≅≅/0#!(≅>;>.∋,47!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&!Φ%0%!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!#/!%,3).%!>/,&(∗%0&!
#/! #03,&−/0∗! #∃%∋0! 430∗%,#! );! /:%0≅0∋,#∋,4! 3,+! +;∋,4Κ! ϕ/,! Λ(&>∃! ηΑΒΧΒι! >/∋,%+! Ος%0/Μ+%40%%Π!
%,434%∗%,#!3&!3!#%0∗!−/0!3+/≅#∋,4! ./Φ!>/&#!∗3#%0∋3.&!3,+!(&%0Μ−0∋%,+.;!#//.&!#∃3#!>/(.+!)%!3≅≅.∋%+!
Φ∋#∃! ς%0/! /0! ∗∋,∋∗3.! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%&%! #%>∃,∋1(%&! Φ%0%! ≅0%Μ&%.%>#%+7! 3&! #∃%;! 30%! (&%0Μ
−0∋%,+.;7! 0%1(∋0%!,/!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,7!30%! ./Φ!>/&#!3,+!%3&∋.;!3>>%&&∋).%Κ!ϑ∃%!+;%!>/(.+!)%!3≅≅.∋%+!(&∋,4!3!
&≅/,4%!/0!)0(&∃!3&!:∋&(3..;!+%≅∋>#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!Β()2,&!Χ∃!)%./ΦΚ!!
57
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΘΟ!∆∗4!),!(9∀!Φ∀1!≅∗326!∆:∀;!Η;).().−!Τ∀(9%4!
!
!
ϑ∃%!&(∋,3).%!+%&∋4,!#%4∋%&!3./,4&∋+%!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&!3,+!∋,#%403#%+!&/>∋3.!
∗%+∋3!#//.&!30%!:∋&(3..;!∗3≅≅%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!∗3#0∋Γ!∋,!Β()2,&!#Υ!)%./ΦΚ!!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀![Ρ!∃%.2∀Π(<3∗),).−!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Λ!
!
58
!ϑ∃%!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!0%1(∋0%+!3,!/,.∋,%!≅.3#−/0∗7!#/!03∋&%!3Φ30%,%&&7!&∃30%!&Η∋..&!3,+!3&&%∗).%!3!,%#Φ/0Η!
/−! >/,,%>#%+! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&! );! %,3).∋,4! #∃%∗! #/! &∃30%! #∃%∋0! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! Φ3&! 3>∃∋%:%+! );!
0%4∋&#%0∋,4! 3! #(∗).0! 3>>/(,#! η&%%! −∋4(0%! ∆Χ! )%./Φι! 3,+! 3! ≅%0&/,3.∋&%+! )./4! #/! +/>(∗%,#! #∃%!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 3,+! ≅0/:∋+%! /≅%,! 3>>%&&! #/! %,3).%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! #/! >/,#0∋)(#%! );! (≅./3+∋,4! #∃%∋0! /Φ,!
>/,#%,#Κ!ϑ∃%!)./4!&∃30%+!3!&%#!/−!&∋∗≅.%!Ο∃/ΦΜ#/Π!∋,�(>#∋/,&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ!!
!
!!
Ε)−<;∀![Λ!∆∗4!),!(9∀!Φ∀1!≅∗326!&<58∗;!≅∗%−!βΘΡΛΡ#Λ[χ!
!
!
ϑ∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0&! (#3.∋&%+! #∃∋&! &≅3>%! #/! +/>(∗%,#! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&7! >3#3./4(%!
(≅>;>.%+!430∗%,#&!3,+!&∃30%!#∃%!/:%03..!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%Κ!!ϑ∃∋&!3≅≅0/3>∃!3../Φ%+!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!#/!&∃30%!
#∃%! 0%&%30>∃! 3,+! %,434%! Φ∋#∃! 3,! %Γ#%,+%+! 3(+∋%,>%! );! >/∗)∋,∋,4! &/>∋3.! ∗%+∋3! #//.&! Φ∋#∃! #%Γ#∋.%!
+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ%)!≅.3#−/0∗!Φ3&!&%.%>#%+!3&!∋#!>/(.+!0%∗3∋,!/≅%,!#/!3../Φ!3,;/,%!#/!(≅./3+!
>/,#%,#!#/!&∃30%!#∃%∋0!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!/0!>/,#0∋)(#%!3!>/∗∗%,#Κ!
!
ςΚΥΚ[!Ι∀,∀3;29!Τ∀(9%4,!!
!ϑ∃%! +&/+(0&! %&∋()∗! (∗+&,−&∗+(.∗! ∗%#∃/+! Φ3&! +%:%./≅%+! 3,+! +%.∋:%0%+! #∃0/(4∃! 3,! ∀>#∋/,! Σ%&%30>∃!
∗%#∃/+/./4;7! #∃%! −/(0! ≅0%+%−∋,%+! "%&! ∋,! #∃%! >;>.%! Φ%0%δ! ≅.3,,∋,47! 3>#∋/,7! /)&%0:3#∋/,! 3,+!
0%−.%>#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! ∗3∋,! ∗%#∃/+&! 0%∗3∋,! #∃%! &3∗%! 3>0/&&! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! #/! ≅0/:∋+%! >/,&∋&#%,>;! ∋,! #∃%!
0%&%30>∃! ≅03>#∋>%! 3,+! +3#3! >3≅#(0%Κ! 8∋#∃∋,! %3>∃! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! >/..3)/03#∋:%!≅0/>%&&%&! ∃3:%! #/! )%!
−3>∋.∋#3#%+!#∃0/(4∃!,%Φ!+%&∋4,!∗%#∃/+&Κ!ϑ∃%0%−/0%7!#∃%!∗%#∃/+&!>/./(0!>/+%+!∋,!).3>Η!η&%%!=∋4(0%!∆Αι!
∃3:%!)%%,!&≅%>∋−∋>3..;!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∋∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,!/−!#∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!!
!
59
!
Ε)−<;∀![Θ!+∀,)−.!Ε32)∗)(3()%.!φ)(!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Λ!
!
!
ϑ∃%!∗%#∃/+!/−!%&∋()∗!∋9,(∗+(∗)! η=0/47!ΑΒΧΑι!%,3).%+!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&! #/!Φ/0Η!>/..3)/03#∋:%.;!/:%0!3!
>/∗≅0%&&%+! ≅%0∋/+! /−! #∋∗%Κ! ϑ∃%! ∗%#∃/+! /−! 9,.+.+Μ9(∗)! Φ3&! %Γ≅3,+%+! (≅/,! #/! &(≅≅/0#! +%&∋4,!
3>#∋:∋&∗! 3,+! 3&! 3! 0%&(.#7! #∃%! %Γ≅./03#/0;! ∗%#∃/+&! /−! 9,.−.Ρ+Μ9(∗)! ηΞ/4%,&%,7! ΧχχΑι! 3,+! %&∋()∗!
9,.9.∋(+(.∗∋!%∗%04%+Κ!Τ3>∃!%&∋()∗!9,.9.∋(+(.∗!Φ3&! −/../Φ%+!);! #∃%!9,.−.Ρ+Μ9(∗)!∗%#∃/+! #/!%,3).%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#/!∗3Η%!&%,&%!/−!3,+!0%&≅/,+!#/!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/:/>3#∋/,&!#∃0/(4∃!3!>;>.%!/−!3>#∋/,!#∃3#!
∋,:/.:%+! %,434∋,4! Φ∋#∃! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&Κ! ϑ∃%! 9,.−.Ρ+Μ9(∗)! ∗%#∃/+! Φ3&!
%,4∋,%%0%+! #/! &≅30Η! +%)3#%! 3,+! %,>/(034%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! #/! >/,&∋+%0! ,%Φ! ≅303+∋4∗&! #/! >/,�(>#!
−(#(0%! ∋=&∗8,(.∋∀! ϑ∃0/(4∃! 3! ≅0/>%&&! /−! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! ,%Φ! +%&∋4,! ≅0/≅/&∋#∋/,&! )%43,! #/! %∗%04%! 3&!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!)%43,!#/!∋∗34∋,%!,%Φ!>/,#%Γ#&!−/0!430∗%,#!>30%7!0%≅3∋0!3,+!(&%Κ!
!
ϑ∃%!−∋,3.!"%!/−!0%−.%>#∋/,!Φ3&!&(≅≅/0#%+!);!#∃%!∗%#∃/+!/−!82+.Ρ&+5∗.),895Μ7!Φ∃∋>∃!Ξ(,>%;!ηΑΒΧΒι!
∋+%,#∋−∋%&!3&!3!:3.(3).%!∗%#∃/+!#/!0%−.%>#!(≅/,!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!/Φ,!≅%0&/,3.!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!/−!3+/≅#∋,4!
3! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! 0/.%Κ! 8∃%,! 3≅≅.;∋,4! #∃%! 0/.%! /−! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/07! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! ∋,#%403#%+! 3!
+%&∋4,!3≅≅0/3>∃!);!∗3∋,#3∋,∋,4!3!&Η%#>∃)//Η!3,,/#3#%+!Φ∋#∃!,/#%&!3,+!∋..(#∋/,&!Φ∃%,!/)&%0:∋,47!
∋#%03#∋,4!3,+!0%−∋,∋,4!#∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!#∃0/(4∃!%3>∃!>;>.%!/−!3>#∋/,!0%&%30>∃Κ!ϑ∃%!82+.Ρ&+5∗.),895Μ!
∗%#∃/+!Φ3&! 3≅≅.∋%+! #/! 0%−.%>#! (≅/,!,%Φ! .%30,∋,4! #∃0/(4∃! 3>#∋/,! 3,+!+/>(∗%,#%+!,%Φ! ∋,&∋4∃#&! 3&!
#∃%;!%∗%04%+Κ!ϑ∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0!3.&/! 0%−.%>#%+!(≅/,! #∃%∋0!3>>/(,#!/−! #∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!3,+!
)(∋.#!∋,!#∃%!9.∋+=8,%!+&Λ908+&∋!3&!3!∗%#∃/+!#/!>3≅#(0%!#∃%∋0!−%%+)3>ΗΚ!ϑ∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!0%&≅/,&%&!∃3:%!
)%%,! >3≅#(0%+! 3,+! #∃%;! 30%! +/>(∗%,#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,! ∀≅≅%,+∋Γ! 2Κ! ϑ∃∋&! %,3).%+! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! #/!∗3Η%!
>/∗≅30∋&/,&! −0/∗! #∃%∋0! ≅%0>%≅#∋/,&! 3,+! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#Π&! ≅%0&≅%>#∋:%Κ! ϑ∃%! #(∗).0! )./4! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3!
≅.3#−/0∗!)%;/,+!%3>∃!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!#/!+/>(∗%,#7!&∃30%!3,+!0%−.%>#!/,!%3>∃!>;>.%!/−!3>#∋/,!0%&%30>∃!#/!
60
>3#3.;&%! −(0#∃%0!>/,:%0&3#∋/,!3,+!+/>(∗%,#!3,+!43#∃%0! #∃%!0%&%30>∃!+3#3Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃∋&!≅0/>%&&!
&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!≅.3;%+!3!:3.(3).%!0/.%!);!3∗≅.∋−;∋,4!/(0!%−−/0#&!3,+!)(∋.+∋,4!3!0%3.!#∋∗%!>/,,%>#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!
3,!%Γ#%,+%+!3(+∋%,>%!)%;/,+!/(0!%Γ∋&#∋,4!,%#Φ/0Η&Κ!!
!
ςΚς!+∀,)−.!_!ϑ5Π∗∀5∀.(3()%.!!
!ϑ∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 3∋∗%+! #/! 03∋&%! 3Φ30%,%&&! /−! #∃%! ∋∗≅3>#! /−! /:%0>/,&(∗≅#∋/,! );! %1(∋≅≅∋,4!
>/,&(∗%0&! Φ∋#∃! ,%Φ! &Η∋..&7! 0%&/(0>%&! 3,+! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%&! #/! >/,&∋+%0! 3,! 3.#%0,3#∋:%Κ! 2/,&(∗%0!
3Φ30%,%&&!Φ3&!≅0/∗/#%+!#∃0/(4∃!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&∗!3,+!#∃%!&./43,!Ο/.+!∋&!#∃%!,%Φ!).3>ΗΠ!Φ3&!3≅≅.∋%+!#/!
∋,∋#∋3#%!3!0%3>#∋/,30;!0%&≅/,&%!−0/∗!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&Κ!ϑ∃%!&./43,!3,+!#03,&−/0∗3#∋/,!≅0/>%&&!
Φ%0%! &#∋∗(.3#%+! 3,+! &∃30%+! /,.∋,%! #/! /0>∃%#%! /−−.∋,%! 3>#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ≅0/:%+! #/! )%! 3,! %−−%>#∋:%!
3≅≅0/3>∃! 3&! ∋,:∋#3#∋/,&! %∗%04%+! −0/∗! %Γ∃∋)∋#∋/,! >(03#/0&! #/! +%.∋:%0! Φ/0Η&∃/≅&7! #∃%&%! Φ/0Η&∃/≅!
%:%,#&! Φ%0%! +/>(∗%,#%+! /,.∋,%! #/! ≅0/∗/#%! +%&∋4,! 3>#∋:∋&∗! )%;/,+! #∃%&%! /0>∃%#∋/,&Κ! Τ3>∃!
∋#%03#∋/,!∋&!+/>(∗%,#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!ϑ3).%!η−∋4(0%!∆∆!)%./ΦιΚ!
61
!
&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!∆.∀!ϕ∆∗4!),!(9∀!Φ∀1!≅∗326γ!
Η<;Π%,∀/!ϑ/!≅0/∗/#%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!3Φ30%,%&&!3)/(#!#∃%!∗3#%0∋3.!/)&/.%&>%,>%!/−!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,7!
#∃0/(4∃!+%:∋&∋,4!3,!∋,>.(&∋:%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&!#/!−3>∋.∋#3#%!(≅>;>.∋,4Κ!ϑ/!∋+%,#∋−;!3!&%0∋%&!/−!
(&%0!−0∋%,+.;!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&!#∃3#!∃3:%!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.!#/!)%!3≅≅.∋%+!#/!#03,&−/0∗!
430∗%,#&!Φ∋#∃∋,!/(0!%Γ∋&#∋,4!Φ30+0/)%&Κ!
!
Γ<,(3).38∗∀!+∀,)−.!Γ(;3(∀−Ν/!6%&∋4,!∀>#∋:∋&∗7!(≅>;>.∋,4!
&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!Τ36).−!Η;%2∀,,! ∆.∗).∀!Τ∀4)3!
ϑ∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&!Φ3&!&(≅≅/0#%+!
);!/:%0≅0∋,#∋,47!#∃∋&!#%Γ#∋.%!#%>∃,∋1(%!≅0/:∋+%+!3!
&∋∗≅.%!&/.(#∋/,!#/!#03,&−/0∗!%Γ∋&#∋,4!430∗%,#&!(&∋,4!
).3>Η!∋,Η7!+;%!3,+!≅3∋,#7!Φ∃∋>∃!Φ3&!3≅≅.∋%+!(&∋,4!
≅3∋,#7!)0(&∃%&!3,+!&≅/,4%&Κ!
ϑ(∗).0!Λ./4!Μ!
∃##≅δλλ/.+∋&#∃%,%Φ).3>ΗΚ#(∗).0Κ>/∗λ
!
∃3∗∗!=%;!Η3;()2)Π3()%.! Μ%;6,9%Π!Ε32)∗)(3(∀,!
?30#∋>∋≅3,#&!Φ%0%!0%>0(∋#%+!#∃0/(4∃!>3..&!−/0!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!≅0/∗/#%+!/,.∋,%!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!#(∗).0!)./4Κ!
ϑ∃%!)./4!Φ3&!≅0/∗/#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!&(∋,3).%!+%&∋4,!
%:%,#&!3,+!Φ3&!&∃30%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!)/#∃!/−!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!
%Γ∋&#∋,4!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!,%#Φ/0Η&!η#Φ∋##%0!3,+!<∋,Η%+!Ν,ιΚ!
ϑ∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!0%∗3∋,%+!3,/,;∗/(&!+(0∋,4!#∃%!
/,.∋,%!≅0/∗/#∋/,!3,+!#∃%!>3..&!Φ%0%!&∃30%+!/,!)%∃3.−!
/−!#∃%!Λ.3>Η!=3&∃∋/,!Λ(0%3(Κ!!!
ϑ∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&!3,+!3&&/>∋3#%+!
∗3#%0∋3.&!0%1(∋0%+!3!&∗3..!−.3#!Φ/0Η!&(0−3>%!&(>∃!
3&!3!#3).%!/0!#∃%!−.//0Κ!
!
=/../Φ∋,4!≅0∋,#∋,47!3!&≅3>%!,%%+%+!#/!)%!>.%30%+!
#/!∃3,4!#∃%!430∗%,#!3,+!3../Φ!#∃%!≅3∋,#!#/!+0;Κ!!
!
!
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
Μ%;6,9%Π!
+∀(3)∗,!
Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀,2;)Π()%.! Η3;()2)Π3.(! Τ! Ε! Α−∀!
!
∆<(2%5∀!
Η)∗%(!
!+3(∀δ!ΧΑ#∃!Ω(.;!
ϑ∃%!≅0%∗∋&%!/−!#∃%!≅∋./#!Φ3&!#/!
∋+%,#∋−;!3!(&%0Μ−0∋%,+.;!#%Γ#∋.%!
+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&!
(&∋,4!#∃%!∗%+∋(∗!/−!).3>Η!
Χ!60!Ψ##/!:/,!
Λ(&>∃!η+%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#/0!λ!
0%&%30>∃%0ι!
Γ! ! Ζ%,!
κ!∴∃∋0#!Ω%3,&!
62
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
Μ%;6,9%Π!
+∀(3)∗,!
Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀,2;)Π()%.! Η3;()2)Π3.(! Τ! Ε! Α−∀!
!
∆<(2%5∀!
ΑΒΧΒ!&)5∀!_!+<;3()%./!
Α!∃/(0&!Ω∀.<∀!_!Β%23()%.δ!
2∃%.&%3!2/..%4%!/−!
∀0#&!5!6%&∋4,7!9∀<7!
</,+/,!
≅3∋,#&7!+;%&!3,+!∋,Η&Κ!
!
6(0∋,4!3!ΑΜ∃/(0!≅0∋,#!#∃%!
0%&%30>∃%0&!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!
+%&∋4,!∗3Η∋,4!∗%#∃/+&!3,+!&%#!
(≅!3!)./4Κ!ϑ∃∋&!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!Φ3&!
+/>(∗%,#%+!(&∋,4!≅∃/#/403≅∃;!
3,+!&∃30%+!/,.∋,%!#/!≅0/∗/#%!
−(0#∃%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ!
Α!Ω%,!Λ3..∋%!
η+%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#/0!λ!
0%&%30>∃%0ι!
! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! Λ./(&%!Ω%3,&!
Μ%;6,9%Π!Λ!
!
+3(∀/!ΑΧ&#!∀(4(&#!
ΑΒΧΒ!
&)5∀!_!+<;3()%./!
−(..!+3;!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!
η+0/≅!∋,!&%&&∋/,&ι!
Ω∀.<∀!_!Β%23()%./!
=3&∃∋/,!=//#≅0∋,#&!
ΤΓ∃∋)∋#∋/,!5!
=%&#∋:3.7!6%:/,!
8∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!#∃%!
0%&%30>∃%0&!+%∗/,#%+!#∃%!
#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!
≅0/>%&&%&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!−3&#!
−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!#/!#03,&−/0∗!
430∗%,#&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%∋0!%Γ∋&#∋,4!
Φ30+0/)%&Κ!!
!
Ε/∗%!+%>/03#∋,4!#3).%&!Φ%0%!
3&&%∗).%+!/(#+//0&!Φ∋#∃!≅3∋,#7!
)0(&∃%&!3,+!&≅/,4%&!3:3∋.3).%Κ!
∀!Φ3&∃∋,4!.∋,%!Φ3&!3.&/!
3&&%∗).%+!/(#+//0&!#/!≅0/:∋+%!
3!+0;∋,4!&≅3>%Κ!
Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!
κ!60%&&!
Α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!
κ!6%,∋∗!
Ω3>Η%#!
∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! Λ./(&%!
! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! 60%&&!
α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴∃∋0#!
]! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴>30−!
β! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! 60%&&!
ε! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ϑΜ&∃∋0#!
χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ϑΜ&∃∋0#!
ΧΒ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!
κ!ϑ0/(&%0&!
!
!
!
!
!
8/0Η&∃/≅!Α!
!
+3(∀/!ΧΒ#∃!
∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧΒ!
&)5∀!_!+<;3()%./!
−(..!+3;!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!
η+0/≅!∋,!&%&&∋/,&ι!
!
8∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!#∃%!
0%&%30>∃%0&!+%∗/,#%+!#∃%!
#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!
≅0/>%&&%&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!−3&#!
−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!#/!#03,&−/0∗!
430∗%,#&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%∋0!%Γ∋&#∋,4!
Φ30+0/)%&Κ!!
Χ! Γ! ! Ζ%,!Ρ! #Μ&∃∋0#!
Α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! #Μ&∃∋0#!
∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! #Μ&∃∋0#!
! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! #Μ&∃∋0#!
63
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
Μ%;6,9%Π!
+∀(3)∗,!
Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀,2;)Π()%.! Η3;()2)Π3.(! Τ! Ε! Α−∀!
!
∆<(2%5∀!
Ω∀.<∀!_!Β%23()%./!
ΨΓ/!ϑ/Φ%0!Ζ3..%0;7!
</,+/,Κ!6(0∋,4!#∃%!
</,+/,!6%&∋4,!
=%&#∋:3.!
!
!
!
!
!
!
8∃∋#%!&∃%%#&!Φ%0%!#3≅%+!#/!#∃%!
−.//0!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!43..%0;Κ!Λ.3>Η!
≅3∋,#7!+;%!3,+!)0(&∃%&!Φ%0%!
(&%+!#/!#03,&−/0∗!#Μ&∃∋0#&Κ!!Ε3∋0!
+0;%0&!Φ%0%!(&%+!#/!&≅%%+!(≅!
#∃%!+0;∋,4!≅0/>%&&Κ!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! #Μ&∃∋0#!
]! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! #Μ&∃∋0#!
β! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! #Μ&∃∋0#!
ε! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! #Μ&∃∋0#!
χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! #Μ&∃∋0#!
ΧΒ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! #Μ&∃∋0#!
!
Μ%;6,9%Π![!
!
+3(∀/!∆Β#∃!
Θ/:%∗)%0!ΑΒΧΒ!
&)5∀!_!+<;3()%./!
βΜΧΑ≅∗!ηα!∃/(0!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅ι!
Ω∀.<∀!_!Β%23()%./!
=3>#/0;!
830%∃/(&%7!
Ζ/#∃%,)(047!
∴Φ%+%,Κ!6(0∋,4!
#∃%!=%&#∋:3.!/−!
<∋4∃#Κ!
8∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!#∃%!
0%&%30>∃%0&!+%∗/,#%+!#∃%!
#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!
≅0/>%&&%&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!−3&#!
−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!#/!#03,&−/0∗!
430∗%,#&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%∋0!%Γ∋&#∋,4!
Φ30+0/)%&Κ!!
!
6∋−−%0%,#!Φ/0Η&≅3>%&!Φ%0%!&%#!
(≅!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!−3>#/0;Κ!6∋−−%0%,#!
≅3∋,#&!3,+!+;%&!Φ%0%!&/(0>%+!
3,+!∗3#%0∋3.&!Φ%0%!∗3+%!
3:3∋.3).%!#/!3≅≅.;!#∃%∗Κ!=(0#∃%0!
>03−#!#%>∃,∋1(%&!&(>∃!3&!
3≅≅.∋1(γ!3,+!%∗)0/∋+%0;!Φ%0%!
3.&/!3:3∋.3).%!#/!&3∗≅.%Κ!
Χ! Γ! ! Ζ%,!Ρ! &∃∋0#!
Α! Γ! ! Ζ%,!Ρ! &∃∋0#!
∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! #Μ&∃∋0#!
! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! #Μ&∃∋0#!
α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! +0%&&!
]! Γ! ! Ζ%,!Ρ! &∃∋0#!
β! Γ! ! Ζ%,!Ρ! &∃∋0#!
ε! Γ! ! Ζ%,!Ρ! &∃∋0#!
χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! >30+∋43,!
ΧΒ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! &Φ%3#%0!
ΧΧ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! &∃∋0#!
64
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
Μ%;6,9%Π!
+∀(3)∗,!
Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀,2;)Π()%.! Η3;()2)Π3.(! Τ! Ε! Α−∀!
!
∆<(2%5∀!
ΧΑ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! _%3,&!
Χ∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! &Η∋0#!
Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! +0%&&!
Χα! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! >30+∋43,!
Χ]! Γ! ! Ζ%,!Ρ! #Μ&∃∋0#!
Χβ! Γ! ! Ζ%,!Ρ! &Φ%3#%0!
Χε! Γ! ! Ζ%,!Ρ! &∃∋0#!
Χχ! Γ! ! Ζ%,!Ρ! _%3,&!
ΑΒ! Γ! ! Ζ%,!Ρ! &∃/0#&!
&∆&ΑΒ! ΥΘ!
!
ΛΘ! [Ρ! ! ΥΥ!
!
Ε)−<;∀![[!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Λ!&∀5Π∗3(∀
65
ςΚςΚΛ!Η)∗%().−!(9∀!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀![Υ!Η)∗%().−!(9∀!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!_!Τ36).−!Η;%2∀,,!
!
ϑ∃%!≅∋./#!Φ3&!/0>∃%#%+!#/!+%&∋4,!3,+!∋∗≅.%∗%,#!#∃%!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!+(0∋,4!3!ΑΜ∃/(0!≅%0∋/+!/−!#∋∗%7!
−/../Φ∋,4! #∃%! %&∋()∗! ∋9,(∗+! Λ&+5.%! η=0/47! ΑΒΧΑιΚ! ϑ∃%! /)_%>#∋:%! /−! #∃%! &≅0∋,#! >∃3..%,4%+! #∃%!
0%&%30>∃%0&!#/!+%:%./≅!3!≅03>#∋>3.!+%∗/,#∋/,!/−!3,!∋,>.(&∋:%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&!#/!
(≅>;>.%! −3&∃∋/,!430∗%,#&!3,+!3>>%&&/0∋%&Κ!∀!&3∗≅.%!>/..%>#∋/,!/−!430∗%,#&!Φ3&!&/(0>%+! ∋,!3+:3,>%!
−0/∗!#∃%!∴3.:3#∋/,!∀0∗;7!3./,4&∋+%!).3>Η! −3)0∋>!≅3∋,#!3,+!+;%Κ!ϑ∃%!).3>Η! −3)0∋>!≅3∋,#!3,+!+;%!Φ%0%!
3≅≅.∋%+! #/! 3! &3∗≅.%! >/..%>#∋/,! /−! 0%>.3∋∗%+! 430∗%,#&! #/! +%:%./≅! (&%0Μ−0∋%,+.;! #%>∃,∋1(%&Κ! ϑ∃%!
#03,&−/0∗3#∋/,! ≅0/>%&&! Φ3&! &∋∗≅.∋−∋%+! #/! 0%+(>%! #∃%! 0%1(∋0%∗%,#! −/0! ≅0/−%&&∋/,3.! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! 3,+!
%,>/(034%!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!#/!3≅≅.;!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!3≅≅0/3>∃Κ!
!
ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#!3!ΑΜ∃/(0!≅%0∋/+!/−!#∋∗%7!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!&(>>%&&−(..;!&/(0>%+!3,+!#03,&−/0∗%+!3!&∗3..!
>/..%>#∋/,! /−! 430∗%,#&7!Φ∃∋.%! +/>(∗%,#∋,4! %3>∃! "%! /−! #∃%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+!∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&! #/!
+%∗/,#%!Ο∃/ΦΜ#/ΠΚ!∀!�%%#!&#;.%!≅∃/#/!&∃//#!>3#3./4(%+!#∃%!−∋,3.!>/..%>#∋/,!3,+!∋&!+/>(∗%,#%+!∋,!
Β()2,&∋!#Ο!Ψ!#Ξ!)%./ΦΚ!ϑ∃%!−∋,∋&∃%+!0%&(.#&!>∃3..%,4%!#∃%!#(&!1(/!/−!≅0∋&#∋,%!430∗%,#&!#∃0/(4∃!)/.+!
3,+!+%.∋)%03#%!�/Η%&!/−!≅3∋,#!3,+!+;%Κ!ϑ∃∋&! −(0#∃%0%+!#∃%!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&#!3≅≅0/3>∃!);!≅0/∗/#∋,4!3!
,%Φ!3%&#∃%#∋>!:∋&∋/,!−/0!−(#(0%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&7!);!%,>/(034∋,4!#∃%∗!#/!>∃3,,%.!#∃%∋0!%,%04;!∋,#/!3!,%Φ!
+∋0%>#∋/,! );! 3+/≅#∋,4! 3! ,%Φ! .//Η! );! 3>#∋:%.;! ∋,#%03>#∋,4! 3,+! #03,&−/0∗∋,4! #∃%∋0! %Γ∋&#∋,4!Φ30+0/)%7!
%:%,!∗/∗%,#30∋.;Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%!>∃3..%,4∋,4!3&≅%>#!Φ3&!∋+%,#∋−;∋,4!3!&>3.3).%!&/.(#∋/,!Φ∃∋>∃!Φ/(.+!%,3).%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!
#/!#03,&−/0∗!430∗%,#&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!Φ30+0/)%&!%,!∗3&&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&!,%:%0!#∃%!∋,#%,#∋/,!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!
≅303∗%#%0&! /−! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃7! )(#! ∋#! Φ3&! >0(>∋3.! #∃3#! %3>∃! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#! >/(.+! −%%.! %∗≅/Φ%0%+! 3,+!
>/,,%>#%+! #/! 3! )∋44%0! :∋&∋/,Κ! Λ;! ∋,#%403#∋,4! &/>∋3.!∗%+∋3! #//.&7! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0&! >/,&∋+%0%+! ∃/Φ! #/!
≅0/∗/#%!34%,>;!)%;/,+!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!3>#∋/,!3,+!#∃%!ΟΨ.+!∋&!#∃%!Θ%Φ!Λ.3>ΗΠ!#(∗).0!)./4!∋..(#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!
Β()2,&!#Ε!)%./Φ!&%0:%+!#∃∋&!≅(0≅/&%Κ!!
!
66
!
Ε)−<;∀![ς!∆∗4!),!(9∀!Φ∀1!≅∗326!&<58∗;!≅∗%−!
!
!
67
!
Ε)−<;∀![δ!∆:∀;!Η;).(∀4!Γ9);(!=;%5!Η)∗%(!
!
68
!
!
Ε)−<;∀![]!∆:∀;!Η;).(∀4!≅∗%<,∀!=;%5!Η)∗%(!
!
ςΚςΚΘ!ϑ(∀;3()%.!Λ/!+∀,)−.!Α2():),5!Μ%;6,9%Π!!
!=/../Φ∋,4! #∃%! ≅∋./#! #∃%! −∋0&#! ∋#%03#∋/,! %∗%04%+! −0/∗! 3,! ∋,:∋#3#∋/,! #/! +%.∋:%0! 3! +%&∋4,! 3>#∋:∋&∗!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3,! %Γ∃∋)∋#∋/,! #∋#.%+! Ο=3&∃∋/,! =//#≅0∋,#&Π! ηΑΒΧΒιΚ! ϑ∃∋&! Φ3&! 3! 0%&(.#! /−! 3,! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.!
≅0%:∋%Φ∋,4!#∃%!ΟΨ.+!∋&!#∃%!Θ%Φ!Λ.3>ΗΠ!)./4Κ!ϑ∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!Φ3&!∃/&#%+!/(#+//0&!3,+!+%.∋:%0%+!(&∋,4!3!
+/∗%&#∋>! ∃/∗%! +%>/03#∋,4! ≅3&#∋,4! #3).%7! ∃/(&%∃/.+! ≅3∋,#7! )0(&∃%&! 3,+! &≅/,4%&! η∋&&! 1()2,&! #Π!
Γ&0.ΤιΚ!
!
ϑ∃%! /(#>/∗%&! /−! #∃%! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! Φ%0%! &∃/Φ>3&%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3! ≅/≅! (≅! %Γ∃∋)∋#∋/,! &≅3>%Κ! ϑ∃∋&! Φ3&!
3&&%∗).%+!(&∋,4!3!Φ3&∃∋,4!.∋,%!#∃3#!3.&/!≅0/:∋+%+!3!+(3.!≅(0≅/&%!);!≅0/:∋+∋,4!3!≅0/≅!−/0!+0;∋,4!/−−!
,%Φ.;!#03,&−/0∗%+!430∗%,#&!3,+!);!&∃/Φ>3&∋,4!#∃%!−∋,∋&∃%+!0%&(.#&Κ!ϑ∃%!Φ3&∃∋,4!.∋,%!&(≅≅/0#%+!#∃%!
%&∋()∗!9,.−.=8+(.∗!∗%#∃/+!3&!∋#!>3#3.;&%+!+%)3#%!);!>∃3..%,4∋,4!#∃%!#03+∋#∋/,3.!≅(0≅/&%!/−!3!Φ3&∃∋,4!
.∋,%!3,+! #∃%!≅%0>%≅#∋/,!/−! >.%3,!>./#∃∋,4!∃3,4∋,4!/,! #∃%! .∋,%Κ!ϑ∃%!+%.∋)%03#%.;!∗30Η%+!3,+!).3>Η%+!
/(#!430∗%,#&!≅0/:∋+%+!3!>/,:%0&3#∋/,!#%0!3)/(#!430∗%,#!(&%7!∗3∋,#%,3,>%!3,+!>30%Κ!8∃∋.%!#∃%!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!3∋∗%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!34%,>;7!!∋#!3.&/!∃/≅%+!#/!03∋&%!3Φ30%,%&&!3)/(#!430∗%,#!/)&/.%&>%,>%Κ!!
!
69
!
Ε)−<;∀![Ζ!Μ%;6,9%Π!Λ!#!Ε3,9)%.!Ε%%(Π;).(,!Ε∀,():3∗!ΘΡΛΡ!
!
ςΚςΚ[!ϑ(∀;3()%.!Θ/!+∀,)−.!Α2():),5!Μ%;6,9%Π!!
!ϑ∃%!&%>/,+!∋#%03#∋/,!3.&/!%∗%04%+!∋,!0%&≅/,&%!#/!3,!∋,+∋:∋+(3.!≅0%:∋%Φ∋,4!#∃%!ΟΨ.+!∋&!#∃%!Θ%Φ!Λ.3>ΗΠ!
)./4Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∋,:∋#%!≅0/:∋+%+!3,!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!#/!+%.∋:%0!3!Τ.,>∋5.9!Φ∃∋>∃!&∃/Φ>3&%+!3!&3∗≅.%!>/..%>#∋/,!
/−! 9,.−.Ρ+Μ9&%! 430∗%,#&! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3,! %Γ∃∋)∋#∋/,! #∋#.%+! ΟΤ>/! =3>#/0;Π7! ∃/&#%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! ΨΓ/! ϑ/Φ%07!
</,+/,!+(0∋,4!#∃%!</,+/,!6%&∋4,!=%&#∋:3.! ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!ϑ∃%!Τ.,>∋5.9!≅0/:∋+%+!3!&∃/0#!+%∗/,#∋/,!/−!
&/∗%!&∋∗≅.%!≅3∋,#∋,4!3,+!+;%!#%>∃,∋1(%&!(&∋,4!&≅/,4%&7!)0(&∃%&!3,+!≅3∋,#!0/..%0&Κ!ϑ∃%&%!#%>∃,∋1(%&!
Φ%0%!≅/#%,#∋3..;!∗%&&;!3,+!#∃(&!∃3+!#/!)%!∗/0%!>/,#0/..%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!43..%0;Κ!ϑ∃%!∗%#∃/+&!/−!9,.−.Ρ
+Μ9(∗)! 3,+! 9,.−.=8+(.∗&! Φ%0%! ∋,#%403#%+! ∋,#/! #∃∋&! Τ.,>∋5.9! #/! −3>∋.∋#3#%! >/,:%0&3#∋/,! Φ∋#∃! −3&#!
−3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! Φ∃∋.%! #∃%;! Φ%0%! %,434%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! ≅0/>%&&! /−! ∗3Η∋,4Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ≅0/∗≅#%+! −(0#∃%0!
+∋&>(&&∋/,!3)/(#!+%:%./≅∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&!#/!0%Φ/0Η!>/,&(∗%0!Φ3&#%Κ!ϑ∃%!&∗3..!>/..%>#∋/,!/−!ΟΨ.+!∋&!#∃%!
Θ%Φ!Λ.3>ΗΠ!430∗%,#&!Φ%0%!&∃/Φ>3&%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!43..%0;!>/,#%Γ#!3,+!∃%,>%!≅(0>∃3&%!1(%0∋%&!%∗%04%+7!
)(#! #∃%;!Φ%0%!,/#!3:3∋.3).%! −/0!&3.%Κ!ϑ∃%&%!430∗%,#&!30%!+/>(∗%,#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!1()2,&∋!#∃ς!∆Υ!8∗%!∆3!
ΦΓ&0.ΤΗΚ!
70
!
!
Ε)−<;∀![Ο!Η;%:%#(ΝΠ∀4!Γ6);(!#!Μ%;6,9%Π!Θ!
! !
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΥΡ!Η;%:%#(ΝΠ∀4!+;∀,,!#!Μ%;6,9%Π!Θ!
71
!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΥΛ!Η;%:%#(ΝΠ∀4!Γ9%∀,!#!Μ%;6,9%Π!Θ!
!
ςΚςΚ[!!ϑ(∀;3()%.![/!+∀,)−.!Α2():),5!Μ%;6,9%Π!
!ϑ∃%!#∃∋0+!∋#%03#∋/,!Φ3&!/0>∃%#%+!3,+!∋,∋#∋3#%+!);!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!#∃%∗&%.:%&!3&!#∃%;!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!3,!
/≅≅/0#(,∋#;! #/! Φ/0Η! #/4%#∃%0! 3,+! >/..3)/03#%! −(0#∃%0! /,! +%:%./≅∋,4! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ! ϕ/,! Λ(&>∃!
∋+%,#∋−∋%+!3,!3>#∋/,!&≅3>%!#/!∃/&#!3!Τ.,>∋5.9!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!+%0%.∋>#!)(∋.+∋,4!+(0∋,4!#∃%!∴Φ%+∋&∃!=%&#∋:3.!/−!
<∋4∃#7! Ζ/#∃%,)(047! ∴Φ%+%,! ηΑΒΧΒιΚ! ϑ/! ≅0/∗/#%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,7! 3,! 3+:%0#! Φ3&! ≅.3>%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3! ./>3.!
,%Φ&≅3≅%0Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!#03,&−/0∗%+! ∋,#/!3!)∋44%0!%:%,#! #∃0/(4∃!−(0#∃%0!>/..3)/03#∋/,!Φ∋#∃! ./>3.!
30#∋&#&!3,+!∗(&∋>∋3,&Κ!∀!&%0∋%&!/−!+∋−−%0%,#!Φ/0Η#∋/,&!Φ%0%!>(03#%+!#/!%,3).%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#/!%,434%!
∋,!3!&%0∋%&!/−!+30Η!>03−#&!#/! Ο).3>Η!/(#Π!#∃%∋0!>./#∃∋,4!(&∋,4!+∋−−%0%,#!∗3#%0∋3.&! η&%%!Β()2,&!∆Χ!)%./ΦιΚ!
ϑ∃∋&! ∋,>.(+%+!%∗)0/∋+%0;!3,+!3≅≅.∋1(γ!(&∋,4!).3>Η! .%3#∃%0!/−−>(#&Κ!ϑ/!≅0/:∋+%!3!Τ.,>∋5.9!/(#≅(#7!3!
Φ%++∋,4!+0%&&!Φ3&!>/..%>#∋:%.;! #03,&−/0∗%+!3,+!&∃/Φ>3&%+!+(0∋,4!3!>3#Φ3.Η! −∋,3.%Κ!ϑ∃∋&!≅0/:∋+%+!3!
+%%≅%0!∋,&∋4∃#!∋,#/!#∃%!:3.(%!/−!/0>∃%#∋,4!3,!3.#%0,3#∋:%!−3&∃∋/,!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!&/>∋3.!%:%,#Κ!
!
!
72
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΥΘ!Μ%;6,9%Π![!#!Ε∀,():3∗!%=!Β)−9(7!Γ1∀4∀.!βΘΡΛΡχ!
!
ςΚςΚς!Ι∀=∗∀2()%.!%.!Τ∀(9%4,!
!ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! ∋#&%.−! ∋&! 3! Φ/0Η∋,4! 9,.+.+Μ9&! #∃3#! ∃3&! )%%,! 0%−∋,%+! ∋#%03#∋:%.;Κ! 6(0∋,4! +%&∋4,7!
+%:%./≅∗%,#!3,+!∋∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&!)%>3∗%!#∃%!∗3∋,!−/>(&!#/!
&(≅≅/0#! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#! %3>∃! Τ.,>∋5.9ς! %∗≅∃3&∋&! Φ3&! ≅.3>%+!
/,!≅/&∋#∋:%! 40/(≅! +;,3∗∋>&! 3,+! 3! &(>>%&&−(.! >/..3)/03#∋/,!)%#Φ%%,! #∃%! +∋−−%0%,#! Η%∃/.+%0&!
03#∃%0!#∃3,!/,!#∃%!∋,+∋:∋+(3.!+%&∋4,%0Π&!&(>>%&&!η=.%#>∃%0!5!Ζ0/&%7!ΑΒΧΑιΚ!ϑ03+∋#∋/,3.!+%&∋4,!∗%#∃/+&7!
∋,>.(+∋,4!∋>&+=5(∗)7! 9,.+.+Μ9(∗)! 3,+! −(∋280(∋(∗)! Φ%0%! 3≅≅.∋%+! )(#! #∃%! −/>(&! &∃∋−#%+! #/Φ30+&!
&∃30%+!3>#∋:∋#∋%&!3,+!≅.3#−/0∗&!Φ∃∋>∃!∃3+!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.! #/! −/&#%0!3!>∃3,4%!∋,!>(00%,#!�(>#(0%&!3,+!
>/,&(∗%0!)%∃3:∋/(0!η=.%#>∃%0!5!Ζ0/&%7!ΑΒΧΑιΚ!!
!
ϑ∃%! ∗%#∃/+&! /−!%&∋()∗! 9,.−.=8+(.∗∋7!9,.−.Ρ+Μ9(∗)! 3,+!%&∋()∗! 9,.9.∋(+(.∗∋! Φ%0%! %Γ≅%0∋∗%,#3.! 3,+!
Φ∃∋.%!#∃%;!∃3:%!/,.;!)%%,!#0∋3.%+!3,+!#%&#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!/,%!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,7!#∃%;!&(>>%&&−(..;!&(≅≅/0#%+!#∃%!
&(∋,3).%! +%&∋4,! #%4∋%&! /−! +%&∋4,! 3>#∋:∋&∗! 3,+! (≅>;>.∋,4Κ! ϑ∃%! ∗%#∃/+! /−! +%&∋4,!9,.−.=8+(.∗∋!
>∃3..%,4%+!#03+∋#∋/,3.!)/(,+30∋%&!3,+!%,>/(034%+!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#/!>/,&∋+%0!,%Φ!>/,#%Γ#&7!#/!%Γ≅./0%!
ΟΦ∃3#! ∋−!Φ%! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#%+! #∃∋&ΙΠ! /0! ΟΦ∃3#! ∋−! >./#∃∋,4! >/(.+! )%! +%&∋4,%+! #/! %,3).%! #∃3#ΙΠ! ϑ∃%! +%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#/0&! λ! 0%&%30>∃%0&! ∗%+∋3#%+! 3,+! +/>(∗%,#%+! #∃%&%! >/,:%0&3#∋/,&! #/! &(≅≅/0#! #∃%! >/Μ
+%:%./≅∗%,#! /−! ,%Φ!%&∋()∗! 9,.9.∋(+(.∗∋! ∋,! ≅30#,%0&∃∋≅!Φ∋#∃! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&7! #/! >/Μ+%:%./≅! Β2+2,&!
∋=&∗8,(.∋Κ! ϑ∃%! ∗%#∃/+&! /−! +%&∋4,! ≅0/:/>3#∋/,! 3,+! 9,.−.Ρ+Μ9(∗)! Φ/0Η%+! Φ%..! #/4%#∃%0! ≅0/:∋+∋,4! 3!
#3,4∋).%! ∗%>∃3,∋&∗! #/! %,3).%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! #/! ∗3Η%! 3,+! #∃∋,Η! 3)/(#! #∃%∋0! >./#∃∋,4! +∋−−%0%,#.;Κ! ϑ∃%!
∗%#∃/+! /−! 9,.−.Ρ+Μ9(∗)! −/0>%+! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! #/! 1(%&#∋/,! ∗3#%0∋3.! /)&/.%&>%,>%! −0/∗! #∃%∋0! /Φ,!
73
≅%0&≅%>#∋:%&Κ! ϑ∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! %,434%∗%,#! >/,#∋,(%+! Φ%..! )%;/,+! #∃%∋0! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,7!
#∃0/(4∃!Φ%30∋,4!#∃%∋0!(≅>;>.%+!430∗%,#&!3,+!&∃30∋,4!#∃%∋0!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!/,.∋,%Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%!>/..3)/03#∋:%!+%&∋4,!3≅≅0/3>∃!%,3).%+!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!#/!>/,�(>#!3!+&/+(0&!%&∋()∗!(∗+&,−&∗+(.∗!
#∃3#! ≅0/∗/#%+! 3,+! &(≅≅/0#%+! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! 3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,! /−! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!
+%&∋4,! >∃3,4%+! ∋,! 0%&≅/,&%! #/! #∃%! ∋,#%03>#∋/,&! #∃3#! ∋#!Φ3&! 3≅≅.∋%+! #/! &(≅≅/0#Κ! =/0! %Γ3∗≅.%7!Φ∋#∃∋,!
∋,#%03>#∋/,&!)%#Φ%%,! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0&! #∃∋&!∗%#∃/+!Φ3&! 3.0%3+;! −3∗∋.∋30! 3,+!%∗)%++%+!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%∋0!
/Φ,! 0%&%30>∃! 3,+! ≅03>#∋>%Κ! ϑ∃∋&! 0%1(∋0%+! −(0#∃%0! >/,&∋+%03#∋/,!Φ∃%,! 3≅≅.;∋,4! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! +%&∋4,!
Φ∋#∃!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!Φ∃/!∃3+!,/#!≅0%:∋/(&.;!%,434%+!Φ∋#∃!3!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&Κ!8∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!−∋0&#!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!
&%:%03.! ∋#%03#∋/,&! %∗%04%+! Φ∃∋>∃! %,3).%+! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0&! #/! %Γ≅3,+! (≅/,! #∃%∋0! 3≅≅0/3>∃! #/!
/0>∃%#∋,4!3,+! −3>∋.∋#3#∋,4! ∋,#%03>#∋/,&!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!∗%#∃/+!/−!82+.Ρ&+5∗.),895Μ!
%∗%04%+! #∃0/(4∃! ≅03>#∋>%! 3,+! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3! ∗%3,&! −/0! #∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0! λ! 0%&%30>∃%0! #/! >3≅#(0%!
+3#3! 3,+! )(∋.+! (≅/,! ≅%0&/,3.! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%! 0/.%! /−! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0Κ! ϑ∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0&!
%Γ≅3,+%+! (≅/,! #∃%∋0! ≅%0&/,3.! &Η∋..&%#! #/! +/>(∗%,#! 3,+! )0∋,4! −(∋280(∋8+(.∗7! (002∋+,8+(.∗! 3,+!
95.+.),895Μ!∋,#/!#∃%!≅0/>%&&!/−!0%−.%>#∋/,Κ!!
!
ςΚςΚδ!∆<(2%5∀,!
!ϑ∃%!≅∃;&∋>3.!/(#>/∗%&!/−!#∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!∋,>.(+%!3!>/..%>#∋/,!/−!(≅>;>.%+!430∗%,#&!Φ∃∋>∃!>3,!3.&/!
)%!+%−∋,%+!3&!9,.−.Ρ+Μ9&%!−∋,∋&∃%+!430∗%,#&Κ!ϑ∃%&%!30%!+%&∋4,%+!#/!≅0/:/Η%!3,+!&≅30Η!+%)3#%!Φ∃∋>∃!
>/(.+!)%!3#!3!&(≅%0−∋>∋3.!.%:%.!3++0%&&∋,4!3%&#∃%#∋>&7!/0!)%;/,+!#/!1(%&#∋/,!3&&(∗≅#∋/,&7!≅%0>%≅#∋/,&!
3,+!0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅&!Φ∋#∃!/(0!/Φ,!>./#∃∋,4Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!∃3&!&(>>%&&−(..;!≅0/∗/#%+!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&∗!
#∃0/(4∃! 34%,>;! 3,+! ∋&! +/>(∗%,#%+! #∃0/(4∃! /−−.∋,%! 3,+! /,.∋,%! ∋,#%03>#∋/,Κ! Λ;! &∃30∋,4! %3>∃! /−! #∃%!
∋#%03#∋/,&!/−!0%&%30>∃!/,.∋,%7!,%Φ!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!&≅3>%&!)%43,!#/!%∗%04%!#∃0/(4∃!−(0#∃%0!∋,:∋#3#∋/,&!#/!
+%.∋:%0! 3! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! 3,+! +%∗/,#∋/,! /−! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3,! %Γ∃∋)∋#∋/,! /0! %:%,#Κ! ϑ∃%&%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!3>#∋/,&!∃3:%!0%&(.#%+!∋,!3!03,4%!/−!+∋−−%0%,#!/(#>/∗%&!#/!+%∗/,#%!∃/Φ!3!&%0∋%&!/−!
&∋∗≅.%!#%>∃,∋1(%&!>3,!>3#3.;&%!:30∋%+!/(#>/∗%&Κ!ϑ∃%!/:%03..!#3Η%!3Φ3;!−/0!%3>∃!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!Φ3&δ!
!
!
• Φ∀1! Γ6)∗∗,! Μ! 3>>%&&∋).%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&%&! #/! ≅0∋,#! 3,+! ≅3∋,#! /,#/! 430∗%,#&! 3,+!
3>>%&&/0∋%&7!≅0/:∋+∋,4!,%Φ!&Η∋..&!#/!0%≅3∋07!0%ΜΦ/0Η!3,+!3+3≅#!#∃%∋0!%Γ∋&#∋,4!Φ30+0/)%&!
• Α∗(∀;.3():∀! Ε3,9)%.! Χ∋Π∀;)∀.2∀! Μ! 3! ,%Φ! &/>∋3.! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! #/! %,434%! Φ∋#∃! #∃%∋0! %Γ∋&#∋,4!
Φ30+0/)%!Φ3&!3>∃∋%:%+!#∃0/(4∃!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃∋&!>/(.+!)%!&∃30%+!/,.∋,%!);!#∃%!∋,#%403#∋/,!
/−!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#/!+/>(∗%,#!3,+!&∃30%!Φ∋#∃∋,!,%Φ!3,+!%∗%04∋,4!&/>∋3.!,%#Φ/0Η&!
• Η;%:%#(ΝΠ∀4! κ! ΣΠ2Ν2∗∀4! ∴3;5∀.(! Μ! 3! Φ%303).%! #03,&−/0∗%+! ≅∋%>%! /−! >./#∃∋,4! Φ∃∋>∃! ∗∋4∃#!
≅0/:/Η%!Φ∋+%0!+%)3#%!3,+!+∋&>(&&∋/,!3)/(#!&(∋,3).%!−3&∃∋/,!
!
74
ϑ∃%!)./4!Φ3&! .3(,>∃%+! #/!≅0/∗/#%!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&∗!3,+! 03∋&%!>/,&(∗%0!3Φ30%,%&&!)(#!3#! #∃%!&3∗%!
#∋∗%!#/!>/,>%3.!#∃%!∋+%,#∋#∋%&!/−!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!#∃%∗&%.:%&!3,+!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&Κ!ϑ∃%!ΟΛ.3>Η!=3&∃∋/,!
Λ(0%3(Π! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3,! 3.∋3&! −/0! #∃%! Ο/.+! ∋&! #∃%! ,%Φ! ).3>ΗΠ! /043,∋&3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! 3,+!
+%.∋:%0∋,4!Τ.,>∋5.9!%:%,#&7!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!∋+%,#∋#∋%&!Φ%0%!0%:%3.%+7!)(#!#/!>/,>%3.!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!
∋+%,#∋#;!3,+!≅0/:∋+%!#∃%∗!Φ∋#∃!−0%%+/∗!#/!%,434%7!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!≅/&∋#∋/,%+!3!Φ∃∋#%!)3,+!3>0/&&!
#∃%∋0! −3>%! Φ∋#∃∋,! ≅∃/#/! +/>(∗%,#3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&! >/,>%3.%+! #∃%∋0! ∋+%,#∋#;! /−! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&! 3,+! #∃%∋0!
#03,&−/0∗%+!430∗%,#!)%>3∗%!#∃%!∗3∋,!−/>(&Κ!
!
ςΚδ!Χ:3∗<3()%.!!
ςΚδΚΛ!Ι∀=∗∀2()%.!%.!+∀,)−.!Ε32)∗)(3()%.!
!ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!%,3).%+!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!#/!1(%&#∋/,!∃/Φ!#∃%!0/.%!/−!#∃%!+%&∋4,%0!∋&!&∃∋−#∋,4!)%;/,+!
#∃%!+%&∋4,!/−!≅0/+(>#&!/0! −∋,∋&∃%+!/)_%>#&! #/Φ30+&! #∃%!+%&∋4,!/−!≅0/>%&&!3,+!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&Κ!∀#Η∋,&/,!
ηΑΒΧΧι! &(≅≅/0#&! #∃∋&! );! ∃∋4∃.∋4∃#∋,4! #∃3#! Ι+5&! ,.0&! .Β! +5&! %&∋()∗&,! (∋! Γ&=.Λ(∗)! Λ.,&! −8,(&%Ζ! 98,+!
=,&8+.,ς!98,+!,&∋&8,=5&,ς!98,+!Β8=(0(+8+.,!8∗%!98,+!9,.=&∋∋!Λ8∗8)&,Ν∀!ϑ∃∋&!0%1(∋0%&!3!,%Φ!03,4%!/−!&Η∋..&!
3,+!>/∗≅%#%,>∋%&7!Φ∃∋>∃!30%!,/#! −/0∗3..;!#3(4∃#!Φ∋#∃∋,! −/0∗3.!+%&∋4,!%+(>3#∋/,!η20/&&7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!ϑ∃%!
0%&%30>∃%0! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+! 3! −(0#∃%0! >∃3..%,4%7! ∋,! #∃3#! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! 0%1(∋0%&! ∗(.#∋≅.%! 0/.%&! #/! )%!
3+/≅#%+!&∋∗(.#3,%/(&.;Κ!8∃%,!>/,+(>#∋,4!0%&%30>∃!∋,!3!.∋:%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!&>%,30∋/!Φ∋#∃!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!Φ∃/!
3..!∃3:%!+∋−−%0%,#!&Η∋..&7!,%%+&!3,+!%Γ≅%>#3#∋/,&!#∃∋&!>3,!)%!>∃3..%,4∋,4!3,+!3+:3,>%!≅0%≅303#∋/,!Φ3&!
%&&%,#∋3.Κ! ϑ∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! #//.Η∋#! η&%%! −∋4(0%! ∆Αι! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3! :3.(3).%! 3∋+! #/! >/∗)∋,%! &≅%>∋−∋>!
∗%#∃/+&!Φ∋#∃!∗/0%!%Γ≅%0∋∗%,#3.! 3,+!%Γ≅./03#/0;!/,%&Κ! ϑ∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0!%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,! #∃%!+%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!#//.Η∋#!+(0∋,4!#∃%!≅.3,,∋,4!"%!#/!∋+%,#∋−;!3≅≅0/≅0∋3#%!∗%#∃/+&!−/0!#∃%!−/../Φ∋,4!"%&!
/−!3>#∋/,7!/)&%0:3#∋/,!3,+!0%−.%>#∋/,Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%! /≅≅/0#(,∋#;! #/! Φ/0Η! Φ∋#∃! 60! Ψ##/! :/,! Λ(&>∃! %,∃3,>%+! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0&! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! /−! +%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3! (,∋1(%! 3,+! ∃∋4∃.;! :3.(3).%! /≅≅/0#(,∋#;! #/! Φ/0Η! 3./,4&∋+%! ,/#! /,.;! 3,!
%Γ≅%0#! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/07! )(#! 3.&/! 3,! %Γ≅%0#! Φ∋#∃! 3+:3,>%+! Η,/Φ.%+4%! /−! +%&∋4,! 3>#∋:∋&∗! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3!
−3&∃∋/,!>/,#%Γ#Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#!#∃∋&!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!+%:%./≅%+!3!+%%≅%0!(,+%0,+∋,4!/−!#∃%!
∗%>∃3,∋&∗&! 0%1(∋0%+! #/!+%&∋4,! −/0!34%,>;!);!>/,,%>#∋,4!≅%/≅.%! #/!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!
∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&Κ! 8∋#∃∋,! 3! −3&∃∋/,! 3,+! #%Γ#∋.%! >/,#%Γ#7! >/,&(∗%0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! ∋&! 3! ,%Φ! 3≅≅0/3>∃!
Φ∋#∃∋,!Φ∃∋>∃! :/,!Λ(&>∃! ηΑΒΧΧι! =.%#>∃%0! ηΑΒΧΑι! 3,+!Σ∋&&3,%,! ηΑΒΒαι!∃3:%!≅().∋&∃%+! #%Γ#&! 3./,4&∋+%!!
≅03>#∋>3.! +%∗/,#∋/,&Κ!Ε/Φ%:%07! #∃%&%!≅().∋>3#∋/,&!+/!,/#! &∃30%! 3,! ∋,&∋4∃#! ∋,#/! #∃%! #%>∃,∋1(%&7!
#//.&! /0! ∗%#∃/+&! 0%1(∋0%+! #/! &(≅≅/0#! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! 3,+! #∃∋&! ∋&! Φ∃%0%! ΟΨ.+! ∋&! #∃%! Θ%Φ! Λ.3>ΗΠ!
%Γ#%,+&! #∃%! −∋%.+Κ!ϕ/,!Λ(&>∃! ηΑΒΧΒι!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#&! #∃3#! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!>3,,/#!)%!3>1(∋0%+!);! 0%3+∋,4!3./,%!
3,+! 0%1(∋0%&! 3,!3≅≅0/≅0∋3#%! 3>#∋/,! &≅3>%! #/! 3../Φ! #∃%!+%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0! #/! .%30,! #∃0/(4∃!+/∋,4Κ!Ε%!
>/,#∋,(%&! #/! ∃∋4∃.∋4∃#! #∃3#! 3+/≅#∋,4! 3! +(3.! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0! 3,+! 0%&%30>∃%0! 0/.%! >3,! ≅0%&%,#!
>∃3..%,4%&7!3&!+3#3!43#∃%0∋,4!>3,!∋,−.(%,>%!#∃%!≅3>%!3,+!−./Φ!/−!#∃%!3>#∋/,7!Φ∃∋>∃!>3,!/−#%,!+∋&0(≅#!
75
#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%Κ!ϑ∃(&!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!>3,!)%>/∗%!&/!∋,#%,&%.;!−/>(&%+!/,!+/>(∗%,#∋,4!#∃%!
3>#∋/,!#∃3#!#∃%;!−3∋.!#/!/)&%0:%!#∃%!,%%+&!/−!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!∋,:/.:%+Κ!
!
ϑ/! −3>∋.∋#3#%! 3>#∋/,! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,7! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0&! .%+! );! %Γ3∗≅.%! 3,+! >/∗∗∋##%+! #/! 3!
+%&∋4,! 3>#∋:∋&∗! 3≅≅0/3>∃! );! 3≅≅.;∋,4! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&! #/! #03,&−/0∗! 430∗%,#&!
Φ∋#∃∋,! /(0! %Γ∋&#∋,4!Φ30+0/)%&Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! #∃%! ≅0/>%&&! /−! #03,&−/0∗3#∋/,7! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%+!
#∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! −0/∗! 3! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0! ≅%0&≅%>#∋:%! #/! >/,&∋+%0! ∗;! /Φ,! ,%%+&7! Φ3,#&! 3,+!
3&≅∋03#∋/,&Κ! ∀&! 3! >/,&%1(%,>%! 3! +%%≅%0! ≅%0&/,3.! >/,,%>#∋/,!Φ3&! +%:%./≅%+!Φ∋#∃! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!
ϑ∃%!#03,&−/0∗%+!430∗%,#&!Φ%0%!+/>(∗%,#%+!3,+!&∃30%+!/,.∋,%7!#/!%Γ≅3,+!(≅/,!≅03>#∋>3.!%Γ3∗≅.%&!
);! +%∗/,#∋,4! #∃%! ≅0/>%&&! 3,+! −∋,3.! /(#>/∗%Κ! 8∃∋.%! &∃30∋,4! #∃%∋0! ≅%0&/,3.! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%7! #∃%!
0%&%30>∃%0&!∋,:∋#%+!−0∋%,+&!3,+!>/..%34(%&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%∋0!%Γ∋&#∋,4!&/>∋3.!,%#Φ/0Η&!#/!/−−%0!3!≅%%0!0%:∋%ΦΚ!
ϑ∃∋&! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3,/#∃%0! .%,&! #/! 0%−.%>#! (≅/,! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,7! 3,+! #∃0/(4∃! %3>∃! ∋#%03#∋/,! ,%Φ! (&%0!
4%,%03#%+!>/,#%,#!>/,#∋,(%+!#/!%:/.:%Κ!ϑ∃%!/,.∋,%!∋,#%03>#∋/,!Φ3&!,/#!−3>∋.∋#3#%+!Μ!)(#!);!∗3∋,#3∋,∋,4!
3!&#%3+;!−./Φ!/−!>/,#%,#!3,!%Γ#%,+%+!3(+∋%,>%!/−!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!)%43,!#/!%,434%!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!!
!
ςΚδΚΘ!Ι∀=∗∀2()%.!%.!Η3;()2)Π3()%.!!
!ϑ∃%!−3&#! −3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!Φ∃/!≅30#∋>∋≅3#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%+!3! −/0∗!/−! Ο+%&∋4,!
3>#∋:∋&∗Π!#∃3#!Φ3&!≅0/∗/#%+!3,+!&(≅≅/0#%+!);!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,Κ!Τ3>∃!/−!#∃%!Τ.,>∋5.9!%:%,#&!Φ%0%!
+%.∋:%0%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!≅().∋>!+/∗3∋,!#∃0/(4∃!−%&#∋:3.&!3,+!.304%0!%:%,#&7!#∃%0%−/0%!∋#!Φ3&!,/#!≅/&&∋).%!/0!
3≅≅0/≅0∋3#%!#/!.∋∗∋#!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!#/!−/>(&!/,.;!/,!Ζ%,!Ρ!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&Κ!Ε/Φ%:%07!3!)0/3+%0!
40/(≅!/−!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%+!#∃%!&(∋,3).%!+%&∋4,!#%4∋%&!/−!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&∗!3,+!
(≅>;>.∋,4Κ! ϑ∃%&%! >/,&(∗%0&! Φ%0%! %∗≅/Φ%0%+! #/! 0%Μ(&%! 3! 430∗%,#! −0/∗! #∃%∋0! %Γ∋&#∋,4! Φ30+0/)%!
#∃0/(4∃! 3! ≅0/>%&&! /−! #03,&−/0∗3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! /,.;! 0%:∋%Φ&! #∃%! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! /−! #∃/&%! +%−∋,%+!
Φ∋#∃∋,! 3!Ζ%,! Ρ! +%∗/403≅∃∋>! )(#! ∋#! ∋&!Φ/0#∃! ∃∋4∃.∋4∃#∋,4! #∃3#! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 3≅≅%3.%+! #/! 3!∗(>∃!
)0/3+%0!>/,&(∗%0!40/(≅Κ!
!
ϑ∃%! ∋,:%&#∗%,#! ∋,#/! 3+:%0#∋&∋,4! 3,+! #∃%! Φ%3.#∃! /−! ≅0/∗/#∋/,! &3−%4(30+&! #∃%! 0%#3∋.%0! ∋,−.(%,>%7!
+%%∗∋,4! #∃%! 3>#! /−! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! 3! ,%>%&&∋#;! ηΖ(%+%&7! Σ/,>∃37! 5! Ξ∋,∃/7! ΑΒΧΧιΚ! 6%&≅∋#%! #∃%&%!
0%&%0:3#∋/,&7! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 0%>%∋:%+! 3,! /:%03..! ≅/&∋#∋:%! 0%&≅/,&%Κ! ϑ∃%! >/,&(∗%0&! Φ%0%! #∃%!
>3#3.;&#&! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 3,+! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%! #%Γ#∋.%! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&! /−! (≅>;>.∋,47! %3>∃!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!0%>.3∋∗%+!/Φ,%0&∃∋≅!/−!3!430∗%,#!#∃3#!#∃%;!∃3+!≅%0>%∋:%+!#/!)%!,/!./,4%0!:3.(3).%!Φ∋#∃∋,!
#∃%∋0!%Γ∋&#∋,4!Φ30+0/)%Κ!ϑ∃%!0%&%30>∃!∗%#∃/+&!/−!%&∋()∗!9,.−.=8+(.∗∋!3,+!%&∋()∗!9,.9.∋(+(.∗∋!Φ%0%!
3≅≅.∋%+!#/!−3>∋.∋#3#%!>/,:%0&3#∋/,7!>/,&(∗%0&!Φ%0%!∋,:∋#%+!#/!>/,#0∋)(#%!#/!3!>/,:%0&3#∋/,!Φ∃∋.%!#∃%;!
%,434%+! Φ∋#∃! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4Κ! ϑ∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0! ≅0/∗≅#%+! +∋3./4(%! #∃3#! Φ3&!
+/>(∗%,#%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0&! /Φ,! 82+.Ρ&+5∗.),895(&∋Κ! ϑ∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! #∃%∗&%.:%&!
76
>/,#0∋)(#%+!);!3,,/#3#∋,4!3!9.∋+=8,%ς!#∃∋&!∗%#∃/+!%,3).%+!#∃%∗!#/!&∃30%!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!0%−.%>#∋/,&!/−!#∃%!
/:%03..!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!3,+!#∃%∋0!−∋,3.!#∃/(4∃#!0%430+∋,4!#∃%!#03,&−/0∗%+!430∗%,#Κ!
!
8∋#∃∋,!3! −3&∃∋/,!>/,#%Γ#7! #∃%!/(#>/∗%&!3>∃∋%:%+!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!≅0/>%&&!/−! #03,&−/0∗3#∋/,!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!∗∋4∃#!)%!0%430+%+!3&!)/.+7!%&≅%>∋3..;!−0/∗!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0&!≅%0&≅%>#∋:%Κ!ϑ∃%!/:%0!≅0∋,#∋,4!
#%>∃,∋1(%&! ≅0/+(>%! 3! +∋−−%0%,#! 3%&#∃%#∋>! #/! )0∋4∃#.;! >/./(0%+7! ≅0∋,#%+! 3,+! ≅3##%0,%+! ≅0∋&#∋,%!
430∗%,#&Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#!%3>∃!/−!#∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!,%Φ!+∋3./4(%&!%∗%04%+!+(0∋,4!#∃%!(≅>;>.∋,4!≅0/>%&&7!3!
0%>(00∋,4! ∋&&(%! %∗%04%+! +(0∋,4! %3>∃!Φ/0Η&∃/≅7! 3! &∗3..! &%.%>#∋/,! /−! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!Φ%0%! 3,Γ∋/(&! 3,+!
3≅≅0%∃%,&∋:%!3)/(#!#03,&−/0∗∋,4!#∃%∋0!430∗%,#Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!+%%≅%0!0%−.%>#∋/,!∋#!%∗%04%+!#∃3#!#∃∋&!Φ3&!
+(%! #/! #∃%! ≅%0∗3,%,#! ,3#(0%! /−! ).3>Η! ∋,Η! 3,+! +;%! 3,+! #∃∋&! ≅30#∋>(.30! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4!
≅0/>%&&%&! −/0>%+! #∃%∗! #/! >/∗∗∋#! #/! ≅%0∗3,%,#.;! #03,&−/0∗∋,4! #∃%∋0! /0∋4∋,3.! 430∗%,#Κ! ϑ∃%! +%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#/0λ! 0%&%30>∃%0! 1(%&#∋/,%+! ∋−! #∃∋&! Φ3&! +(%! #/! 3! .3>Η! /−! >0%3#∋:%! >/,−∋+%,>%! /0! ∋−! #∃%&%!
∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!Φ%0%! −3&∃∋/,∋,4! 3! ,%Φ! 0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅!Φ∋#∃! #∃%∋0! 430∗%,#Κ!8∃∋.%! #∃0%%! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&! >.3∋∗%+!
#∃∋&!#/!)%!3!.3>Η!/−!>0%3#∋:%!>/,−∋+%,>%!#∃%!/#∃%0&!>.3∋∗%+!#∃%;!∃3+!%).∋&∃%+!3!,%Φ!)/,+!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!
430∗%,#Κ!6(0∋,4!/,%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!#Φ/!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!∗3+%!#∃%!+%>∋&∋/,!,/#!#/!(≅>;>.%!#∃%∋0!430∗%,#7!#∃∋&!
+∋+! ,/#! 0%&(.#! ∋,! ≅∃;&∋>3.! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! /0! #03,&−/0∗3#∋/,Κ! 6%&≅∋#%! #∃∋&! #∃%! +%&∋4,! 3>#∋:∋&#! 3≅≅0/3>∃!
&(>>%&&−(..;!∋,−.(%,>%+!#∃%∋0!0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅!Φ∋#∃!3!≅∋%>%!/−!>./#∃∋,4!#∃3#!∃3+!)%%,!≅0%:∋/(&.;!+∋&/Φ,%+!
3,+!+∋&0%430+%+Κ!
!
ϑ∃%0%! ∋&! −(0#∃%0! −%%+)3>Η! >/..%>#%+! −0/∗! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!Φ∃∋>∃! ∋&! +/>(∗%,#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,! ∀≅≅%,+∋Γ! 27!
#∃3#! ∋+%,#∋−∋%&! #∃%! Ο&/>∋3.! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%Π! /−! %3>∃!Φ/0Η&∃/≅7! #/!)%! 3,! 3++∋#∋/,3.! ≅/&∋#∋:%!/(#>/∗%Κ! ϑ∃%!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!≅0/:∋+%+!3!,%Φ!≅.3#−/0∗!−/0!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#/!>/,,%>#!&/>∋3..;!Φ∋#∃!#∃%∋0!−0∋%,+&!/0!Φ∋#∃∋,!
&/∗%!∋,,>%&!%).∋&∃!,%Φ!0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅&!Φ∋#∃!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!#∃%;!∃3+!,/#!≅0%:∋/(&.;!∗%#Κ!ϑ∃%∋0!≅%%0&!
3../Φ%+! #∃%∗! #/!≅0/_%>#! 430∗%,#! (≅>;>.∋,4! &>%,30∋/&! ∋,#/! 3! −(#(0%! >/,#%Γ#! )%−/0%! >/∗∗∋##∋,4! #/! 3!
−∋,3.! #03,&−/0∗3#∋/,! +%&∋4,Κ! =/0! %Γ3∗≅.%7! ν;/(! >/(.+! #∃%,!Φ%30! ;/(0! 430∗%,#!Φ∋#∃! #∃∋&[ο! /0! ν;/(!
>/(.+!#∃%,!Φ%30!;/(0!430∗%,#!#/!#∃3#!)∋4!%:%,#[οΚ!ϑ∃%!≅%%0!0%:∋%Φ!3,+!−%%+)3>Η!≅0/:∋+%+!3!≅0/>%&&!
#/! %,3).%! %3>∃! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#! #/! 0%Μ>/,&∋+%0! ∃/Φ! #∃%∋0! 430∗%,#! ∗∋4∃#! )%! 0%Μ(&%+! #∃0/(4∃! &#;.∋,4! −/0!
/#∃%0!/>>3&∋/,&!≅0/:∋+∋,4!,%Φ!&/>∋3.! >/,#%Γ#&! −/0! 0%Μ(&%Κ!ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!%Γ#%,+&! #∃%!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!
&≅3>%!−/0!−(0#∃%0!∋,#%03>#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&7!#∃(&!%Γ#%,+∋,4!#∃%!≅/&&∋)∋.∋#∋%&!
−/0! 430∗%,#! #03,&−/0∗3#∋/,Κ! Λ;! ∋#&! :%0;! ,3#(0%! #∃%! ≅∃;&∋>3.! &∃/≅≅∋,4! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! ∋&! #3,4∋).%! 3,+!
%Γ≅0%&&∋:%! )(#! ∋#! −3∋.&! #/! >/,,%>#! #∃%! >/,&(∗%0! )%;/,+! #∃%! ≅/∋,#! /−! ≅(0>∃3&%Κ! ϑ∃%! >/..3)/03#∋:%!
%Γ>∃3,4%&! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! %,>/(034%+! 3! ≅%%0! 0%:∋%Φ! 3,+! &(≅≅/0#! ≅0/>%&&7! Φ∋#∃! &;,%04∋%&!
.∋,Η%+!#/!#∃%!Ο&∃/≅≅∋,4!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%ΠΚ!!
!
∀! 0%:∋%Φ! /−! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#! −%%+)3>Η! 0%−%0%,>%+! #∃%! ≅/&#>30+&! +/>(∗%,#%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! ∀≅≅%,+∋Γ! 27! #∃%&%!
∋+%,#∋−∋%+! #∃3#! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! %Γ≅0%&&%+! 3,Γ∋%#∋%&! >/,>%0,∋,4! #∃%! &≅%%+! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%;!
∃∋4∃.∋4∃#%+! #∃3#! #∃%;! −%.#!3!≅0%&&(0%! #/!>∃3,4%!#∃%∋0!Φ30+0/)%&! −0%1(%,#.;!3,+!/−! −%%.∋,4!3&! #∃/(4∃!
#∃%;!Φ%0%!(,3).%!#/!3+3≅#!1(∋>Η.;!%,/(4∃!3,+!/−!)%∋,4! Ο.%−#!)%∃∋,+ΠΚ!∀!,(∗)%0!/−!#∃%&%! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!
77
∃∋4∃.∋4∃#%+!#∃3#!#∃%;!−/(,+!#∃%∋0!1(%&#!−/0!∋,+∋:∋+(3.∋#;!Φ3&!)%>/∗∋,4!∗/0%!>∃3..%,4∋,47!3&!∋+%,#∋Η∋#!
)03,+&!>/,#∋,(%+!#/!∃/∗/4%,∋&%!#∃%!4./)3.!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!∗30Η%#≅.3>%Κ!
!
!
ϑ∃%! ≅/&#>30+! −%%+)3>Η! ∃∋4∃.∋4∃#%+! #∃3#! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! 3>Η,/Φ.%+4%+! #∃3#! #∃%;! %,_/;%+! #∃%∋0!
∋,#%03>#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&!3,+!∃3:∋,4!#∃%!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!#/!≅∃;&∋>3..;! #03,&−/0∗!
#∃%∋0!/Φ,!>./#∃∋,4Κ!6(0∋,4! #∃%! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&7!%Γ≅%0∋∗%,#3#∋/,!Φ3&!%,>/(034%+!
3,+! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! >.3∋∗%+! #/! ∃3:%! %,_/;%+! ∃3:∋,4! #∃%! −0%%+/∗! #/! %Γ≅0%&&! #∃%∗&%.:%&Κ! ϑ∃%!
3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,!/−!).3>Η!−3)0∋>!≅3∋,#!(&∋,4!3!&≅/,4%!/0!)0(&∃!Φ3&!3+/≅#%+!);!#∃%!∗3_/0∋#;!/−!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!
3,+!3>∃∋%:%+!3!&∋∗∋.30!3%&#∃%#∋>!/(#>/∗%Κ!Λ(#!(≅/,!>./&%0! ∋,&≅%>#∋/,!#∃%!)0(&∃!�/Η%&!3,+!&≅/,4%!
∗30Η&! 30%! +∋:%0&%! 3,+! 0%≅0%&%,#! #∃%! &∋4,3#(0%! /−! %3>∃! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.! #/! &;∗)/.∋&%! #∃%! ∗%&&34%! /−!
0%,%Φ%+! ∋,#%0%&#! ∋,! 0%Μ(&%! 3,+! 0%≅3∋0Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! 34%,>;! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! ≅.3;%+! 3! ≅∋:/#3.! 0/.%! ∋,!
%Γ≅3,+∋,4! #∃%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! #%>∃,∋1(%&! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&! 3,+! %3>∃! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%+! 3!
≅%0&/,3.!_/(0,%;!3&!#∃%;!#03,&−/0∗%+!#∃%∋0!430∗%,#Κ!!
!
Ι[,&8+!&/9&,(&∗=&∀!45&!∋8Λ&!)8,Λ&∗+!=.20%!Γ&!+,8∗∋Β.,Λ&%!8)8(∗!8∗%!8)8(∗∀!78ΜΓ&!∋+&∗=(0∋!=.20%!Γ&!
8−8(08Γ0&!+.!Γ2Μ∴Ν!
!
Ι45(∋!Τ8∋!∋.!Λ2=5!Β2∗∀!]&800Μ!⊥2(=>!8∗%!5()5!&∗&,)Μ∀!Ω!Λ8>&!&/=2∋&∋!8Γ.2+!+(Λ&ς!Λ.∗&Μ!8∗%!∗.+!Γ&(∗)!
=,&8+(−&∀!45(∋!(∗∋9(,&%!Λ&!+.!Γ&=.Λ&!Λ.,&!9,.Ρ8=+(−&∀!Ω!Τ.20%!Γ,(∗)!80.∗)!Β,(&∗%∋!+.!Β2+2,&!&−&∗+∋∀Ν!
!
ΙΩ!&∗_.Μ&%!+5(∋!Τ.,>∋5.9∀!Ω!).+!8!0(++0&!∗&,−.2∋!8∗%!=.20%∗Α+!=.ΛΛ(+!+.!+,8∗∋Β.,Λ(∗)!ΛΜ!%,&∋∋∀!;2+!Ω!%(%!
%&−&0.9!8!∗&Τ!=.∗∗&=+(.∗∀!Ω!Τ.20%!+5(∗>!8Γ.2+!+5&∋&!+&=5∗(⊥2&∋!+.!29%8+&!ΛΜ!Τ8,%,.Γ&ς!7Μ!Β,(&∗%∋!
8∗%!Ω!58%!8!),&8+!+(Λ&∀Ν!
!
ΙΩ! Β.2∗%! +5(∋! −&,Μ! &Λ9.Τ&,(∗)! Ω! ).+! (∗+.! +5&! Β0.Τ! .Β! Γ08=>(∗)! .2+! α! +5&!Λ8+&,(80∋!Τ&,&! ⊥2(=>! 8∗%!
(∗∋+8∗+∀!78ΜΓ&!Τ.,>(∗)!(∗!98(,∋!Τ.20%!Γ&!∋299.,+(−&∀!6.20%!Γ&!8990(&%!+.!0.+∋!.Β!(+&Λ∋!%(ΒΒ&,&∗+0Μ∀!Ι!
!
ΙΩ! 58%∗Α+! 5&8,%! .Β! %&∋()∗! 8=+(−(∋Λ∀! Ω! Β&&0! −&,Μ! ,8%(=80∀! 45(∋! Λ8%&! Λ&! +5(∗>! 8Γ.2+! =.∗∋2Λ9+(.∗!
%(ΒΒ&,&∗+0Μ∀!<&Β(∗(+&0Μ!∋.Λ&+5(∗)!Ω!Τ.20%!%.!8)8(∗∀Ν!
!
Λ%;/,+! #∃%! Φ/0Η&∃/≅&! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! %Γ≅0%&&%+! 3,! ∋,#%0%&#! #/Φ30+&! %).∋&∃∋,4! #∃%∋0! /Φ,!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&Κ!∀,/#∃%0!&∗3..!40/(≅!≅.3,,%+!#/!&∃30%!#∃%∋0!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!Φ∋#∃!#∃%∋0!−0∋%,+&!);!−3>∋.∋#3#∋,4!
#∃%∋0!/Φ,!%:%,#!#/!).3>Η!/(#!(,Φ3,#%+!430∗%,#&Κ!ϑ∃%;!3∋∗%+!#/!&∃30%!#∃∋&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!/,.∋,%!&≅3>%!
3,+! ∃/≅%−(..;! ,%#Φ/0Η! Φ∋#∃! /#∃%0! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&Κ! ϑ∃%&%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! >/,#∋,(%+! #/! &∃30%! #∃%∋0! +%&∋4,!
3>#∋:∋&#!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!Φ∋#∃!#∃%∋0!−0∋%,+&!≅∃;&∋>3..;!η/−−.∋,%ι!3,+!+∋4∋#3..;!η/,.∋,%ιΚ!ϑ∃%!/,.∋,%!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!
≅0/40%&&%+!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!Φ%..!)%;/,+!/0>∃%#%+!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!3,+!%:%,#&Κ!!
!
78
ϑ∃%!)./4!ΦΦΦΚ/.+∋&#∃%,%Φ).3>ΗΚ#(∗).0Κ>/∗ι!Φ3&!+%&∋4,%+!#/!03∋&%!3Φ30%,%&&!3,+!%,3).%!3!)0/3+%0!
/,.∋,%! 3(+∋%,>%! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! #/! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ! ∀&! #∃%! Φ/0Η&∃/≅!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!)%43,!#/!%,434%!/,.∋,%7!3!&%0∋%&!/−!&%0%,+∋≅∋#/(&!/(#>/∗%&!%∗%04%+!3&!3!Φ∋+%0!3(+∋%,>%!
)%43,!#/!3≅≅.;!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&!Φ∋#∃/(#!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃∋&!/,.∋,%!&≅3>%!≅0/:∋+%&!3!
&∃30%! 0%≅/&∋#/0;! #/! +/>(∗%,#! 3,+! &∃30%! %3>∃! #03,&−/0∗%+! 430∗%,#! );! %,>/(034∋,4! �%%#! &#;.%!
≅∃/#/403≅∃;Κ! 8∃∋.%! ∋#! Φ/(.+! ∃3:%! )%%,! %3&∋%0! #/! +/>(∗%,#! #∃%! /(#>/∗%&! 3#! #∃%! %,+! /−! %3>∃!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅!/0!%:%,#7! #∃%!).3>Η!≅3∋,#!/0!+;%!0%1(∋0%+!#∋∗%!#/!+0;Κ!ϑ∃%0%−/0%!3!&∗3..!≅∃/#/Μ&∃//#!Φ3&!
∋,∋#∋3#%+!#/!Φ%.>/∗%!)3>Η!3!&3∗≅.%!40/(≅!/−!&∋Γ!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&Κ!6(0∋,4!#∃%!�%%#!&#;.%!≅∃/#/Μ&∃//#!%3>∃!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#! Φ3&! 3&Η%+! #/! >/,&∋+%0! ∃/Φ! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! >∃3,4%+! ∃∋∗! /0! ∃%0Κ! ϑ∃%;! 3..! >.3∋∗%+! #∃%!
%Γ≅%0∋%,>%! ∃3&! &≅30Η%+! 3! >∃3,4%! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%∗! 3,+! ∃3+! %,>/(034%+! #∃%∗! #/! 0%Μ#∃∋,Η! Φ∃;! #∃%;!
+∋&>30+%+!>./#∃∋,4Κ!ϑ∃%;!%Γ≅0%&&%+!3,!%,_/;∗%,#!/−!#∃%!/:%03..!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!3,+!∋#!∃3+!∋,&≅∋0%+!#∃%∗!
#/! >/∗∗∋#! #/! >∃3,4∋,4! #∃%∋0! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! )(#! #∃%;! >/(.+! ,/#! −/0%&%%! #∃%∗&%.:%&! >/,#∋,(/(&.;!
3+/≅#∋,4!3!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! 0/.%Κ! Ν#!Φ3&!>.%30!(≅!(,#∋.!,/Φ7!3,+!Φ/(.+!>/,#∋,(%! #/! 0%�∋>#! #∃%∗! ∋,! #∃%!
−(#(0%Κ!!
!
ςΚδΚ[!Ι∀=∗∀2()%.!%.!(9∀!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!_!+∀,)−.!Α2():),5!
ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!3∋∗%+!#/!>∃3..%,4%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!);!3≅≅.;∋,4!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∗3Η∋,4!
≅0/>%&&%&!#/!/−−%0!3!,%Φ!Ο1(∋>Η!−∋ΓΠΚ!ϑ∃%!&(∋,3).%!+%&∋4,!#%4∋%&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!∗3Η%!3!
>.3∋∗! −/0! >∃3,4%! 3,+! 3+:/>3#%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! 3&! 3!∗%3,&! /−! ≅0/#%&#Κ! ϑ3.Η∋,4! )3>Η! #/! #∃%! )∋44%0! −3&#!
−3&∃∋/,! &;&#%∗Κ! ϑ∃%! (≅>;>.∋,4! ≅0/>%&&! >/(.+! )%! 3≅≅.∋%+! #/! %Γ#%,+! 3! 430∗%,#! .∋−%! #∃0/(4∃! /,%!
∋,#%03>#∋/,7!)(#!#∃%0%!∋&!≅/#%,#∋3.!−/0!∗(.#∋≅.%!.∋−%>;>.%&!#/!)%!&(∋,%+!);!3+3≅#∋,4!#∃%!430∗%,#!);!
0%Μ≅3∋,#∋,4!3,+!+;%∋,4!/:%0!3!≅0/./,4%+!≅%0∋/+!/−!#∋∗%Κ!
!
ϑ∃%! Φ/0Η&∃/≅&! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3! ,%Φ! &/>∋3.! >/,�(>#! −/0! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! #/! 0%Μ%,434%! Φ∋#∃!
430∗%,#&! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%∋0! %Γ∋&#∋,4! Φ30+0/)%&! 3,+! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! 3! ,%Φ! ∗/+%! /−! >/,&(∗%0! ∋,#%03>#∋/,!
)%;/,+!+∋0%>#! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! 0%#3∋.%0&! ∃3:%! 3.0%3+;! 0%∗/:%+! #∃%∗&%.:%&! −0/∗! #∃∋&! "%! /−! #∃%!
430∗%,#! .∋−%>;>.%! 3&! (≅>;>.∋,47! 0%≅3∋0∋,4! /0! 0%Μ&#;.∋,4! &%0:∋>%&! ∃3:%! ;%#! #/! )%! ≅0/:%,! >/∗∗%0>∋3..;7!
%>/,/∗∋>3..;7! ./4∋&#∋>3..;7! :∋3).%Κ! 8∃∋.%! 3! &%.%>#∋/,! /−! 0%#3∋.%0&! ∃3:%! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#%+! (≅>;>.∋,4!
+%∗/,#∋/,&7!ηϑ/≅&∃/≅!ΑΒΒχ7!90)3,!Ψ(#−∋##%0&!ΑΒΧΒ7!Ξ30Η&!3,+!∴≅%,>%0!ΑΒΧΑι!#∃%;!∃3:%!,/#!;%#!
%:/.:%+!)%;/,+!/,%Μ/−−!%:%,#&Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!Φ%0%!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/0&!)(#!#∃%;!3.&/!)%>3∗%!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&#&7!+%∗/,#∋,4!>0%3#∋:%!
∗%3,&! /−! >∃3..%,4∋,4!∗3&&! >/,&(∗%0∋&∗Κ! ϑ∃%! >∃303>#%0∋&#∋>&! /−! Ζ%,! Ρ! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&!Φ3&!
%Γ≅3,+%+! (≅/,7! )(∋.+∋,4! (≅/,! #∃%∋0! ∗/#∋:3#∋/,! #/! &∃30%! 3,+! ∋,#%03>#! Φ∋#∃! ,%Φ! &/>∋3.! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%&!
/,.∋,%! 3,+! /−−.∋,%! ηΖ3../Φ3;7! ΑΒΧΒιΚ! ϑ∃%! 34%,>;! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! Φ3&! &(∋,%+! );! #∃%!
∋,#%0>/,,%>#∋/,!/−!/,.∋,%!3,+!/−−.∋,%!%,434%∗%,#Κ!8∃∋.%!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!/0>∃%#%+!3>#∋/,!/−−.∋,%!
#∃0/(4∃! Φ/0Η&∃/≅&7! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! &∃30%+! #∃%∋0! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%&! /,.∋,%Κ! ϑ∃%! )./4! ≅0/:∋+%&! /,%!
∗%>∃3,∋&∗7!)(#!−(0#∃%0!0%&%30>∃!>/(.+!>/,&∋+%0!3!4(%0∋..3!&#;.%!>3∗≅3∋4,!#/!+%:%./≅!3!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!
79
#%4;!Φ∃∋>∃!Φ/(.+!∗30Η%#!3,+!≅0/∗/#%!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&∗!/,!3!.304%0!&>3.%Κ!!
!
!
8∋#∃!#∃%!%Γ∋&#∋,4!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!≅303+∋4∗7!>∃3,4%!∋&!3!>/,#∋,(/(&!#%!−(%..%+!/,!3!>/∗∗%0>∋3.!.%:%.!#/!
&(∋,!%>/,/∗∋>!40/Φ#∃Κ!Ν,!/0+%0!#/!>3#3.;&%!>∃3,4%!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%&%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!3!+%%≅%0!∗%3,∋,4!Φ3&!
0%1(∋0%+Κ!Ε/Φ%:%07!>∃3,4%!∋&!3.&/!3!∃%3.#∃;!#∃∋,4!−/0!≅%/≅.%!#/!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!3&!∋#!3../Φ&!(&!#/!40/Φ!3&!
∋,+∋:∋+(3.&Κ! 2∃3≅∗3,! ηΑΒΒαι! 304(%&! #∃3#! >(00%,#! 0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅&!Φ∋#∃!≅0/+(>#&! −3∋.7! )%>3(&%!Φ∃∋.%!Φ%!
>∃3,4%! 3&! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&7! /(0! ≅0/+(>#&! 0%∗3∋,! ",3,#Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! #∃%! ,/#∋/,! /−! %∗/#∋/,3..;! +(03).%!
+%&∋4,7! 2∃3≅∗3,! ηΑΒΒαι! ≅0/≅/&%&! 3! 03,4%! /−! +∋−−%0%,#! 3≅≅0/3>∃%&! &(>∃! 3&! +%&∋4,∋,4! −/0!
(,≅0%+∋>#3)∋.∋#;!/0!%,>/(034∋,4!−0%%!Φ∋..!Φ∋#∃∋,!≅0/+(>#&!+%&∋4,Κ!Ε%!>/,#∋,(%&!);!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#∋,4!#∃3#! ∋−!
≅0/+(>#! +%:%./≅∗%,#! >3,! Φ/0Η! #/Φ30+&! &./Φ∋,4! +/Φ,! ∋#! ∗∋4∃#! ∃%.≅! >/,&(∗%0&! 0%43∋,! #%∗≅/03.!
)∋.∋#;!≅30#.;!);!%,3).∋,4!#∃%∗!#/!&∃∋−#!#∃%∋0!:3.(%!−0/∗!∗3#%0∋3.!/)_%>#&!#/!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!>/(.+!
≅/&&∋).;!3&&∋&#! ∋,!3##(,∋,4!/(0!>/,&>∋/(&,%&&!η=(3+Μ<(Η%7!∴#03(&&7!ΑΒΒειΚ!ϑ∃∋&! −/0∗!/−!%,:∋0/,∗%,#3.!
3>#∋:∋&∗! ∋&! 0//#%+! #/! %∗/#∋/,3..;! +(03).%! +%&∋4,! ≅0∋,>∋≅.%&! η2∃3≅∗3,7! ΑΒΒαι7!Φ∃∋>∃! 30%! >/,>%0,%+!
Φ∋#∃!≅0/∗/#∋,4!./,4%:∋#;!/−!/Φ,%0&∃∋≅!3,+!(&%7!);!∋,−.(%,>∋,4!3,!%∗/#∋/,3.!)/,+!)%#Φ%%,!#∃%!%,+!
(&%0!3,+!#∃%!−∋,∋&∃%+!/)_%>#Κ!Ν#! ∋&!>.%30!#∃3#!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!,%%+&!#/!4/!)%;/,+!,/#!/,.;!&%..∋,4!∋#&%.−! ∋,!
#∃%!Φ∋+%0!Φ/0.+!/−!#∃∋,4&7!)(#!/−!∗/:∋,4!#/Φ30+&!+%:%./≅∋,4!0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅&!Φ∋#∃!>/,&(∗%0&!ηΛ/#&∗3,!
5!Σ/4%0&7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!
!!
∴(∋,3).%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,7!>3,!#∃%0%−/0%!)%!%,∃3,>%+!);! −/>(&∋,4!/,!)%##%0!:3.(%! ∋,! #∃%! Ο(&%!≅∃3&%Π!
3,+!3!∗%3,∋,4−(.!≅%0&/,Μ≅0/+(>#!)/,+∋,4! ηΖ/Φ/0%Η7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!6(%! #/!3! ./&&!/−!%∗/#∋/,3.!/0!≅%0&/,3.!
∗%3,∋,47!≅0/+(>#&! 4%#!+∋&>30+%+!%3&∋.;Κ!6%&∋4,7!Φ∃∋>∃! �%,4#∃%,&!#∃∋&!≅%0&/,Μ≅0/+(>#! 0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅7!
∃3&! #/! >/,&∋+%0!3,+! 3&≅∋0%! #/! %∗/#∋/,3.! ∗%3,∋,4! 3,+! :3.(%7! ∋,!/0+%0! #/! >0%3#%! ≅0/+(>#&! #∃3#!
&(∋,Κ!2∃3≅∗3,!5!Ζ3,#!ηΑΒΒβι!304(%!#∃3#7!>(00%,#.;7!#∃%!∗3_/0∋#;!/−!/)_%>#&!30%!,/#!3).%!#/!>0%3#%!3!
&(∋,∋,4!%∗/#∋/,3.! )/,+! Φ∋#∃! #∃%∋0! /Φ,%0&Κ! =/0! 3!&(∋,3).%! ≅0/+(>#! +%&∋4,7! /)_%>#&! ∃3:%! #/!
&#∋∗(.3#%!3,! %∗/#∋/,3.! 3Φ3Η%,∋,4! #∃0/(4∃! ≅/&∋#∋:%!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%Κ! ! 2∃3≅∗3,! ηΑΒΒαι!#%&! ν/)_%>#&!
,%%+!#/!)%!3).%!#/!>0%3#%!3!&#/0;!#/4%#∃%0!Φ∋#∃!#∃%∋0!/Φ,%0&!/:%0!#∋∗%Κ!ϑ∃%!∗/0%!#∃%!(&%0!>3,!%,434%!
Φ∋#∃!#∃%!≅0/+(>#7!#∃%!#∋4∃#%0!#∃%!%∗/#∋/,3.!)/,+∋,4!#∃0/(4∃!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!>3,!)%>/∗%Κ!∀!)3&%!/−!#0(&#!
3,+!∋,#∋∗3>;!)%#Φ%%,!/)_%>#!3,+!/Φ,%0!>3,!)%!+%:%./≅%+Κο!η2∃3≅∗3,7!ΑΒΒα7!≅≅Κ!ε∆ΜΧΒχιΚ!!
!
ϕ/,! Λ(&>∃! ηΑΒΒει! ≅0/∗/#%&! #∃%! >/,>%≅#! /−! Ο0%3+∋,%&&! #/! ∗3Η%Π! :%0&(&!Ο0%3+;Μ#/ΜΦ%30ΠΚ! ΟΣ%3+;Μ#/Μ
∗3Η%Π!430∗%,#&!3../Φ!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0!#/!)%>/∗%!3,!3>#∋:%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!∋,!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!∋,!>/,#03&#!
#/! Ο0%3+;Μ#/ΜΦ%30Π!430∗%,#&! #∃3#! ./Φ%0! #∃%!,%>%&&∋#;! #/! 4%#!∋,:/.:%+Κ! =/0! >∃3,4∋,4! 3,+! 0%+%&∋4,∋,4!
Ο0%3+;Μ#/ΜΦ%30Π!>./#∃∋,4! #∃%! (&%0! 3.0%3+;! 0%1(∋0%&! 3! >%0#3∋,!+%40%%! /−! Η,/Φ.%+4%! 3,+! ∗/#∋:3#∋/,7!
/#∃%0Φ∋&%!#∃%;! ! ≅3&&∋:%! 0%>∋≅∋%,#&! /−! #∃%! 4∋:%,! /)_%>#Κ!ϑ/! %,>/(034%! 3! )0/3+%0! 3(+∋%,>%7!
+%&∋4,%0&!,%%+!#/! −∋,+!Η%;!#%0&! #/!3>#∋:3#%! #∃%! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.!>/,&(∗%0Κ!∀!>/∗)∋,3#∋/,!/−! Ο0%3+;Μ#/Μ
∗3Η%Π!3,+!∗/0%!&(∋,3).%!Ο0%3+;Μ#/ΜΦ%30Π!3≅≅0/3>∃%&!3../Φ!&∗3..!&#%≅&!/−!∋,#%03>#∋/,!3,+!>3,!/−−%0!
80
#∃%!>/,&(∗%0&!∋,#%0%&#∋,4!,%Φ!Φ3;&!#/!%,_/;!#∃%∋0!430∗%,#&Κ!ϑ∋∗%7!&Η∋..&7!>0%3#∋:∋#;!3,+!%−−/0#!∃3:%!#/!
)%!∋,:%&#%+!#/!3>1(∋0%!#∃%&%!,%Φ!)(#!(,∋1(%!Φ3;&!/−!Φ%30∋,47!(&∋,47!∗3Η∋,4!3,+!%,_/;∋,4!>./#∃%&Κ!!
!
!
Θ∋∋,∋∗ρΗ∋! 5! Ε3&&∋! ηΑΒΧΧι! ≅/∋,#! /(#! #∃3#!+%&∋4,! −/0! ∋∗≅0/:%+! ≅%0&/,Μ≅0/+(>#! 3##3>∃∗%,#! 0%1(∋0%&!
3!+%%≅%0! (,+%0,+∋,4! /−! #∃%! +∋:%0&%! 3,+! ≅%0&/,3.!0%3&/,&! −/0! >/,&(∗%0&Π! ≅(0>∃3&%&7! (&%! 3,+!
≅0/+(>#!&3#∋&−3>#∋/,!3&!Φ%..!3&!#∃%∋0!+∋&≅/&3.!)%∃3:∋/(0Κ!=/0!≅0/+(>#&!#/!)%!./:%+!/:%0!#∋∗%7!#∃%;!,%%+!
#/!∃3:%!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!>∃303>#%07!Φ∃∋>∃!>3,!)%!3!0%≅0%&%,#∋/,!#∃%!/Φ,%0Π&!≅%0&/,3.∋#;!3,+!&%.−Μ∋∗34%Κ!!
!
!
νΝ−! #∃%! +%&∋4,%0!>3,! .∋,Η! #∃%! ,%Φ! ≅0/+(>#! +%%≅.;! Φ∋#∃! 3! >/,&(∗%0Π&!%∗/#∋/,&7! ∋+%,#∋#;7! 3%&#∃%#∋>!
,%%+&! η#∃3#! ∋&7! :3.(%&!3,+! .∋−%&#;.%ι! 3,+! ≅%0&/,3.!∗%∗/0∋%&7! #∃%! +%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&! >3,! 3>∃∋%:%! 3! +%%≅!
≅0/+(>#!&3#∋&−3>#∋/,!3,+!≅0/+(>#!3##3>∃∗%,#ο!η!Θ∋∋,∋∗ρΗ∋7!ΑΒΧΒ7!ΧεΒιΚ!
!
ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!%,3).%+!3!−/0∗!/−!3>#∋:∋&∗!#/!%∗%04%!/,!3!&∗3..!&>3.%!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!3∋∗!)%∋,4!#/!>∃3,4%!
>/,&(∗%0&!3##∋#(+%&!3,+!+%∗/,#%!≅/#%,#∋3.Κ! ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&!,/#!3)/(#! >∃3..%,4∋,4! >/,:%,#∋/,&!/,!3,!
∋,+(�∋3.! &>3.%Κ! ϑ∃%! ,/:%.#;! /−! #3Η∋,4! )3>Η! >/,#0/.! 3,+! %∗≅/Φ%0∋,4! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&! >3,! /,.;! %Γ∋&#!
#%∗≅/030∋.;7!3&!>/,&(∗%0&!30%!%3&∋.;! .(0%+!)3>Η! ∋,#/!#∃%!−3&#! −3&∃∋/,!&;&#%∗Κ!8∃∋.%!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!
≅0/(+.;!Φ/0%! #∃%∋0! #03,&−/0∗%+! >./#∃∋,4! #∃∋&!Φ3&! ,/#! 3! ≅0/>%&&! #∃%;! −%.#! >/(.+! )%! 3≅≅.∋%+! #/! #∃%∋0!
%,#∋0%! Φ30+0/)%Κ! 8%! >3,! &%%! #∃3#! #∃0/(4∃! %,434∋,4! >/,&(∗%0&! #∃0/(4∃! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,7! #∃%∋0!
≅%0>%≅#∋/,&! 3,+! :3.(%&! ∃3:%! #∃%! ≅/#%,#∋3.! #/! &∃∋−#Κ! ϑ∃%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! #%>∃,∋1(%&!Φ%0%! &∋∗≅.%7! 3,+!
#∃(&! ∗/&#! %∗≅∃3&∋&! Φ3&! ≅.3>%+! /,! #∃%! ≅0/>%&&! 3,+! #∃%! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.! %Γ≅0%&&∋/,! 3,+! ∋,,/:3#∋/,! ∋#!
%,3).%+Κ!Ε/Φ%:%07! 3!∗%,(!/−! −(0#∃%0!/≅#∋/,&! >/(.+!)%! >/,&∋+%0%+Κ!ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! ∋+%,#∋−∋%&! #∃3#!
#∃%0%! ∋&! 3,! /≅≅/0#(,∋#;! −/0! #%Γ#∋.%! 3,+! −3&∃∋/,! +%&∋4,%0&! #/! %,434%! #∃%! ≅().∋>! ∋,! 3! ∗(.#∋#(+%! /−!
+∋−−%0%,#!Φ3;&Κ!ϑ∃%!>∃3,4%&!∋∗≅.%∗%,#%+!∗3;!)%!&∗3..7!)(#!#∃%;!≅.3,#!3!&%%+!−/0!−(#(0%!+%&∋4,!3,+!
+%:%./≅∗%,#!/−!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&Κ!!
!
ςΚ]!∃%.2∗<,)%.!!
ϑ∃∋&! −∋0&#! +&/+(0&!%&∋()∗! (∗+&,−&∗+(.∗!Φ3&! #∋#.%+! ΟΨ.+!3&! #∃%!Θ%Φ!Λ.3>ΗΠ! 3,+!+%:%./≅%+! ! #/!%,>/(034%!
%Γ#%,+%+!(&%!/−!&∃/0#!.∋−%!430∗%,#&!);!/0>∃%#∋,4!/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&!−/0!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!#/!%,434%!Φ∋#∃!3,!
3.#%0,3#∋:%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%Κ! ϑ∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! /(#.∋,%+! #∃3#! 3! .304%! ∗3_/0∋#;! /−!
>./#∃∋,4!∋&!)%∋,4!+∋&>30+%+!)%>3(&%!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0!∋&!−3∋.∋,4!#/!&(∋,!3!.3&#∋,4!%∗/#∋/,3.!>/,,%>#∋/,!
)%;/,+!#∃%!≅/∋,#!/−!≅(0>∃3&%!η=.%#>∃%0!5!Ζ0/&%7!ΑΒΧΑι!3#!#∃%!)%4∋,,∋,4!/−!#∃∋&!>∃3≅#%0Κ!ϑ∃%!≅03>#∋>%!
Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!Φ3&!≅0∋∗%+!#/!3++0%&&!#∃∋&!>/∗≅.%Γ!≅0/).%∗!);!∋,#%0>%≅#∋,4!#∃%!.∋−%>;>.%!/−!
&∃/0#! .∋−%!430∗%,#&!≅/&#! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,7!Φ∋#∃! #∃%!3∋∗! #/!%Γ#%,+! #∃%! .∋−%>;>.%! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%! &(∋,3).%!
+%&∋4,!#%4∋%&!/−!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&∗!3,+!(≅>;>.∋,4Κ!!
!
81
ϑ∃%!+%:%./≅∗%,#!/−!#∃∋&! −∋0&#!+&/+(0&!%&∋()∗! (∗+&,−&∗+(.∗!Φ3&! ∋,∋#∋3#%+!−∋0&#.;!#∃0/(4∃!3!%&∋()∗!∋9,(∗+ς!
8∗! (∗+&∗∋(−&! %&∋()∗! ∋&∋∋(.∗! +5,.2)5! Τ5(=5! 3! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&! Φ3&! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+! #/!
(≅>;>.%! >./#∃∋,4Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ≅0/>%&&! /−! #03,&−/0∗3#∋/,! Φ3&! +%&∋4,%+! #/! )%! ∋,>.(&∋:%! #/! %,&(0%! #∃3#!
>/,&(∗%0&! #∃%∗&%.:%&! >/(.+! ! 3+/≅#! ∋#Κ! ϑ∃%! ∗%#∃/+&! /−! 0.ΡΒ(! 9,.+.+Μ9(∗)! 3,+! 9,.−.Ρ+Μ9(∗)! Φ%0%!
%−−%>#∋:%!∋,!−3>∋.∋#3#∋,4!>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!3,+!#∃%;!&(≅≅/0#%+!3!+%∗/>03#∋>!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&Κ!ϑ∃%!
34%,>;!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!Φ3&!&∃30%+!/,.∋,%!:∋3!3!)./4!3,+!#∃∋&!Φ3&!+/,%!#/!03∋&%!3Φ30%,%&&!3,+!
≅0/∗/#%! −(0#∃%0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ! =(0#∃%0! ∋,:∋#3#∋/,&! %∗%04%+! 3&! 3! 0%&(.#! /−! &∃30∋,4! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!
/,.∋,%!3,+!#∃∋&!0%&(.#%+!∋,!#∃%!+%.∋:%0;!/−!3++∋#∋/,3.!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!Φ∋#∃∋,!%Γ#%0,3.!%:%,#&Κ!Τ3>∃!/−!#∃%&%!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅&! &%#! #∃%! &>%,%! −/0! ≅%/≅.%! #/! +%:∋&%! #∃%∋0! /Φ,! 3>#∋/,! 3,+! 0%3.∋&%! #∃%∋0! /Φ,! ≅0∋,>∋≅.%&!
#∃0/(4∃! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,7! #∃%;! +∋+! ,/#! ≅0%3>∃! /0! +%∗3,+! &/>∋3.! 0%&≅/,&∋)∋.∋#;Κ! ∀&! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!
≅0/40%&&%+!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!)%43,!#/!Ο0%>.3∋∗!/Φ,%0&∃∋≅Π!/−!#∃%∋0!>./#∃∋,4!3,+!#∃%!.∋−%>;>.%!/−!#∃%!>∃/&%,!
430∗%,#!Φ3&!%Γ#%,+%+Κ!ϑ∃%!./,4Μ#%0∗!∋∗≅3>#!>3,,/#!)%!1(3,#∋−∋%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!≅303∗%#%0&!/−!#∃∋&!?∃6!
0%&%30>∃!#∃3#!Φ/(.+!0%1(∋0%!3!./,4∋#(+∋,3.!&#(+;!#∃3#!/)&%0:%&!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!∋,#%03>#∋/,!/:%0!3!./,4%0!
≅%0∋/+!/−!#∋∗%Κ!Ε/Φ%:%07!#∃%!&∋4,3.%+!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.!−/0!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&!Φ∋#∃∋,!
#∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!#/!)%!%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,!#∃0/(4∃!−(#(0%!0%&%30>∃Κ!
!
ϑ∃%!∋,#%403#∋/,!/−!&/>∋3.!3,+!/,.∋,%!∗%+∋3!%−−%>#∋:%.;!≅0/∗/#%+!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&!
#/!≅0/∗/#%!3,!∋,>.(&∋:%!3≅≅0/3>∃!3,+!+%∗;&#∋−;!#∃%!≅03>#∋>%!−/0!/#∃%0&!#/!3>>%&&!3,+!)(∋.+!(≅/,Κ!ϑ∃∋&!
0%&%30>∃!−/>(&%&!&≅%>∋−∋>3..;!/,!Ζ%,!Ρ!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&7!Φ∃/!30%!3≅≅.;∋,4!#∃%∋0!/,.∋,%!%Γ≅%0#∋&%!
#/! +0∋:%! ,%Φ! ∗/+%.&7! ≅0/>%&&%&! 3,+! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%&Κ! ϑ∃%&%! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&! );! Φ3;! /−! #∃%∋0! +∋4∋#3.! 3>#∋:∋#;!
∋,:%&#!3!∃(4%!3∗/(,#!/−! #∋∗%!∗3∋,#3∋,∋,4! #∃%∋0!/,.∋,%!&≅3>%&! #/!&∃30%! #∃%∋0!≅%0&/,3.!%Γ≅%0#∋&%!3,+!
%Γ≅%0∋%,>%Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!#∃%∋0!&/>∋3.!,%#Φ/0Η&!#∃%;!3.&/!%,+/0&%!Φ∃3#!#∃%;!.∋Η%!/0!:/∋>%!Φ∃3#!#∃%;!+/,Π#!
.∋Η%! #∃0/(4∃! 03#∋,47! 0%:∋%Φ∋,4!3,+!/−−%0∋,4! #∃%∋0! −%%+)3>Η! ηΖ3../Φ3;7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!∀#Η∋,&/,! ηΑΒΧΧι!304(%&!
#∃3#!+%&∋4,%0&!3,+!∗3Η%0&!∃3:%!3!0%&≅/,&∋)∋.∋#;!#/!.%3+!>/∗∗(,∋#∋%&!/−!∋,#%0%&#!#∃0/(4∃!>/,�(>#∋,4!
/,.∋,%! #//.&! 3,+! &;&#%∗&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&! %Γ≅3,+&! (≅/,! ∀#Η∋,&/,Π&! 304(∗%,#! );! +%:%./≅∋,4! 3!
&∃30%+! 0%&/(0>%! Φ∃∋>∃! %,3).%! /#∃%0&! #/! 0%3.∋&%! #∃%∋0! >0%3#∋:∋#;Κ! 8∃∋.%! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! ∋&! 3,! /≅%,!
%Γ≅%0∋∗%,#7! #∃%! ≅03>#∋>%! Φ∋#∃∋,! ∋#! /−−%0&! 3,! ∋,&∋4∃#! ∋,#/! ∃/Φ! /,.∋,%! ∗%+∋3! >3,! &(≅≅/0#! #%Γ#∋.%! /0!
−3&∃∋/,!+%&∋4,%0&!Φ/0Η∋,4!Φ∋#∃!Ζ%,!Ρ!∋,!#∃%!−(#(0%Κ!!!
!
ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!0%∗3∋,&!3&!3! .∋:%!%Γ≅%0∋∗%,#!/,.∋,%!3,+!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!Φ∋..!>/,#∋,(%!#/!∗3∋,#3∋,7!
(≅+3#%!3,+!+/>(∗%,#!∋#&!≅0/40%&&Κ!=(#(0%!0%&%30>∃!Φ∋..! ∋,>.(+%&!>/..3)/03#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!−3&∃∋/,!+%&∋4,%0!
3,+! 0%&%30>∃%0! Τ30.%;! ηΑΒΧ∆ι! 3#! #∃%! Τ(0/≅%3,! ∀>3+%∗;! /−! 6%&∋4,! 2/,−%0%,>%! ηΤ∀6ι7! 203−#∋,4! #∃%!
=(#(0%Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!Φ/0Η∋,4!#/4%#∃%0!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!3∋∗!#/!%Γ≅./0%!∃/Φ!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!>3,!)%!3≅≅.∋%+!3&!
3! #//.! #/!&(≅≅/0#!>/,&(∗%0!%,434%∗%,#! −/0!)/#∃!#∃%! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.!>0%3#∋,4! −/0! #∃%∗&%.:%&! η:/,!Λ(&>∃!
3,+!Λ3..∋%7!ΑΒΧ∆ι!3,+!#∃%!0%#3∋.%0!Φ∃/!Φ∋&∃%&!#/!>0%3#∋:%.;!%,434%!Φ∋#∃!#∃%∋0!≅0/+(>#&!/:%0!3!./,4%0!
#∋∗%!−03∗%!ηΤ30.%;7!ΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!!
!
82
∃0ΑΗ&ΧΙ!ΓϑΨ/!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Θ!Ξ!∃%∗∗38%;3():∀!+∀,)−.!
δΚΛ!ϑ.(;%4<2()%.!(%!ϕΓ93;∀4!Γ23;:∀,γ!
!!
ϑ∃∋&!>∃3≅#%0!3≅≅.∋%+!Ο2/..3)/03#∋:%!6%&∋4,Π!∋,!3,!3##%∗≅#!#/!∋,−.(%,>%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!3,+!0%∋,:%,#!,/#!
/,.;!ΟΦ∃3#Π!)(#!3.&/!Ο∃/ΦΠ!≅%/≅.%!>/,&(∗%Κ!ϑ∃%!&%>/,+!+&/+(0&!%&∋()∗!(∗+&,−&∗+(.∗!Φ3&!#∋#.%+!Ο∴∃30%+!
∴>30:%&Π! 3,+!%Γ≅./0%+!∃/Φ! #∃%! 3>#! /−! Ο&∃30∋,4Π! ∋&! )%∋,4! 0%:∋:%+! 3,+! 0%+%−∋,%+! #/!+%∗/,#%!,%Φ!
−/0∗&! /−! >/..3)/03#∋/,! 3,+! >/∗∗(,∋#;! #∃0/(4∃! /,.∋,%! >//≅%03#∋:%&7! >/..%>#∋:%&! 3,+! >/∗∗(,∋#∋%&!
>/∗∋,4!#/4%#∃%0!ηΛ/#&∗3,!3,+!Σ/4%0&7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!ϑ03+∋#∋/,3.!−3>%!#/!−3>%!>/..3)/03#∋/,!∋&!)%∋,4!3∗≅.∋−∋%+!
);! #∃%! Ν,#%0,%#! 3&! ./>3.! ≅%/≅.%! 30%! >/,,%>#∋,4! 4./)3..;! #/! &%.−! 3&&%∗).%! #∃%∋0! /Φ,! ,%#Φ/0Η&! 3,+!
∋,∋#∋3#%! ,%Φ! −/0∗&! /−! ≅%%0! #/! ≅%%0! ∋,#%03>#∋/,Κ! ∀&! 3! 0%&(.#7! ,%Φ! ≅0/+(>#! &%0:∋>%! &;&#%∗&! η?∴∴ι7!
0%+∋�∋)(#%+!∗30Η%#&! 3,+! >/..3)/03#∋:%! .∋−%&#;.%&! ∃3:%! %∗%04%+! #/! ∋,−.(%,>%! ,%Φ!∗/:%∗%,#! #∋#.%+!
Ο2/..3)/03#∋:%!2/,&(∗≅#∋/,Π!ηΛ/#&∗3,!3,+!Σ/4%0&7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!
!
ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! Φ3&! ∋,∋#∋3#%+! (&∋,4! #∃%! Ν,#%0,%#! #/! ≅0/∗/#%! 3,! /,.∋,%! >3..! −/0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! 3,+!
0%>0(∋#!Ζ%,!Ρ!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!#/!≅30#∋>∋≅3#%!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!&%0∋%&!/−!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&Κ!ϑ∃%!≅(0≅/&%!/−!#∃%&%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!
Φ3&!#/!+%.∋:%0!3!+%∗/>03#∋>!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!≅0/>%&&!#/!%∗≅/Φ%0!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!
#/!>/Μ+%&∋4,!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!−3&∃∋/,!3>>%&&/0;7!3!&>30−Κ!∀!∗/)∋.%!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!&#(+∋/!Φ3&!3&&%∗).%+!
(&∋,4!3!&(∋#%!/−!%Γ∋&#∋,4!#//.&!η.3≅#/≅7!+%&Η#/≅!≅0∋,#%0!3,+!&>3,,%07! ∋?∃/,%!3≅≅Π&!3,+!≅∃;&∋>3.!≅3≅%0!
>03−#!∗3#%0∋3.&ιΚ!∀&!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!≅0/40%&&%+!∋#!Φ3&!&∃30%+!(&∋,4!/,.∋,%!∗%+∋3!#/!%,3).%!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!
>/Μ+%&∋4,! 3,+! ≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! ∗/)∋.%! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3! ≅.3#−/0∗! #/! #03∋.! 3,+! #%&#! &∗3..! &>3.%7! ./>3.! 3,+!
>/,,%>#%+!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!∋,!>/..3)/03#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&Κ!!
!
ϑ∃∋&!+%&∋4,Μ.%+!0%&%30>∃!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!>∃3≅#%0!Φ3&!3.&/!∋,−.(%,>%+!);!#∃%!:/,!Ε∋≅≅%.Π&!ηΑΒΒαι!0%&%30>∃!
∋,#/! Ο6%∗/>03#∋&∋,4! Ν,,/:3#∋/,Π! #∃3#! 304(%&! #∃%! :3.(%! /−! ∋,:/.:∋,4! #∃%! %,+! (&%0! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! +%&∋4,!
≅0/>%&&Κ!Ψ,.∋,%!3,+!+∋4∋#3.!#%>∃,/./4∋%&!30%!≅0/:∋+∋,4!≅.3#−/0∗&!−/0!>/,,%>#%+!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!#/!∋,−.(%,>%!
,%Φ! &;&#%∗&! 3,+! ∗30Η%#&! &∋∗∋.30.;! #/! Ο2/..3)/03#∋:%! 2/,&(∗≅#∋/,ΠΚ! ϑ∃%! ∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! −/>(&%+!
≅0%+/∗∋,3,#.;!/,!&>30:%&7!3!(,∋:%0&3.!−3&∃∋/,!3>>%&&/0;!Φ∃∋>∃!∃3&!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.!#/!)%!&#;.%+7!&∃30%+!
3,+!0%Μ(&%+!∋,!3!∗(.#∋#(+%!/−!+∋−−%0%,#!Φ3;&Κ!ϑ∃%!=.Ρ%&∋()∗!≅0/>%&&%&!3≅≅.∋%+!#∃0/(4∃/(#!#∃∋&!>∃3≅#%0!
%,>/(034%+! >/,&(∗%0&! #/! #∃∋,Η! 3,+! 3>#! &(∋,3).;! −0/∗! #∃%! %30.;! "%&! /−! #∃%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&! #/!
>/,&∋+%0! #∃%! >/∗≅.%#%! .∋−%>;>.%! /−! #∃%! &>30:%&Κ! 8∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 3+/≅#%+! 3! &∃30%+!
0%&≅/,&∋)∋.∋#;!3,+!3&!3!0%&(.#!≅.3;%+!3,!3>#∋:%!0/.%!∋,!0%Μ∋∗34∋,∋,4!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!−(#(0%&Κ!
!
!
!
!
83
δΚΘ!Η;%8∗∀5!
!ϑ∃%!≅0%+/∗∋,3,>%!/−! φ−3&#! −3&∃∋/,φ! ∋&! >∃303>#%0∋&%+!);!∃/∗/4%,∋&%+!∃∋4∃!:/.(∗%&!/−!≅0/+(>#&7! ./Φ!
≅0∋>%&!3,+!40%3#%0!.%:%.&!/−!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%&%!≅0/+(>#&7!30%!.%&&!3).%!#/!&3#∋&−;!3!>/,&(∗%0Π&!,%%+!
−/0!+∋−−%0%,#∋3#∋/,!Φ∃∋>∃!∃3&!)%%,!304(%+7!ν.%3+&!#/!3!0%+(>#∋/,!∋,!%∗/#∋/,3.!3,+!&;∗)/.∋>!:3.(%!/−!3!
−3&∃∋/,! ≅0/+(>#7! 3,+! 3,! ∋,>0%3&%! /−! #(0,/:%0! /−! 4//+&! 3,+! ∋,! #∃%! 0%&(.#3,#! :/.(∗%&! /−! Φ3&#%ο!
η=.%#>∃%07!ΑΒΒειΚ!2(00%,#.;!#∃%!−3&∃∋/,!∋,+(�!.%3+&!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0&!∋,#/!#∃%!0/.%!/−!)%>/∗∋,4!≅3&&∋:%!
0%>∋≅∋%,#&!/−!Φ∃3#!∋&!+%&∋4,%+7!∗3,(−3>#(0%+!3,+!+%.∋:%0%+!#/!#∃%!&#/0%&Κ!ϑ∃%!≅0/+(>#&!3,+!&%0:∋>%&!
Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! &;&#%∗! 30%! +%&∋4,%+! #/!Η%%≅! >/,&(∗%0&! ∋,! 3! ≅3&&∋:%! 3,+! ∋4,/03,#!
≅/&∋#∋/,!ηϕ%ςς/.∋!5!Ξ3,ς∋,∋7!ΑΒΒειΚ!2/,&(∗%0&!∃3:%!3.&/!)%>/∗%!&/!−30!0%∗/:%+!−0/∗!#∃%!+%&∋4,!3,+!
≅0/+(>#∋/,&!≅0/>%&&!#∃3#!#∃%;!∃3:%!.∋##.%!>/,>%≅#!/−!#∃%!#∋∗%7!&Η∋..&!3,+!∗3#%0∋3.&!0%1(∋0%+!#/!≅0/+(>%!
#∃/&%!%3&∋.;!3>>%&&∋).%!∋#%∗&Κ!8∋..∋3∗&!ηΧχχΧι!#%&!#∃3#!#∃%&%!≅0/+(>#&!,/!./,4%0!/,.;!−(.−∋..!3!,%%+!
#∃%;! 30%!∗3#%0∋3.! 0%≅0%&%,#3#∋/,&!/−! #∃%! +0%3∗!/−! &/>∋3.! 3>>%≅#3,>%! 3,+!≅.%3&(0%Κ! Ν#! ∋&! ,/Φ!Φ∋+%.;!
3>Η,/Φ.%+4%+!#∃3#!−3&∃∋/,!∋&!030%.;7!∋−!%:%07!&∋∗≅.;!3!∗/∗%,#7!/0!3!≅/∋,#!/−!≅(0>∃3&%7!/0!3!0%−.%>#∋/,!
/−! &(≅≅.;! 3,+! +%∗3,+! ηΤ,#Φ∋&#.%7! ΑΒΒΒµ! ΑΒΧΒµ! Τ,#Φ∋&#.%!3,+! Σ/>3∗/037! ΑΒΒ]µ! Σ3,#∋&∋7! ΑΒΒ]µ! ΑΒΒχµ!
ΑΒΧΧµ! ∴>/##7! Χχχ]µ! ϑ/Η3#.∋7! ΑΒΧΧµ!ΑΒΧΑιΚ! =.%#>∃%0!5!Ζ0/&%! ηΑΒΧΑι!+∋&>(&&! #∃%! ∋+%3! #∃3#!>./#∃∋,47! 3,+!
%&≅%>∋3..;! −3&∃∋/,! ∋#%∗&7! 30%! 3! ∗%3,&!/−! 0%≅0%&%,#∋,4! /(0&%.:%&! #/! &/>∋%#;Κ! ϑ∃%! Φ3;! Φ%!+0%&&! >3,!
%Γ≅0%&&!≅%0&/,3.!3,+!≅/.∋#∋>3.!#%∗%,#&7!&∃/Φ!3!&%,&%!/−!)%./,4∋,47!3,+!4∋:%!(&!&%.−Μ>/,−∋+%,>%!∋,!
/(0!+3∋.;!0/(#∋,%&Κ!!
!
δΚ[!Γ<,(3).38∗∀!+∀,)−.!Γ(;3(∀−)∀,!
!Ξ3,ς∋,∋! ηΑΒΒβι!≅/∋,#&!/(#!#∃3#!ν#03,&∋#∋/,!#/Φ30+&!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!0%1(∋0%&!03+∋>3.!>∃3,4%&! ∋,!#∃%!Φ3;!
Φ%!≅0/+(>%!3,+!>/,&(∗%!3,+7!∋,!4%,%03.7!∋,!#∃%!Φ3;!Φ%!.∋:%οΚ!8∃∋.%!2∃3≅∗3,!3,+!Ζ3,#!ηΑΒΒβ7!βι!>3..!
−/0!,%Φ!Φ3;&!/−!+%&∋4,∋,4!3,+!#∃%!>0%3#∋/,!/−!ν>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!∗/+%.&!/−!./,4Μ#%0∗!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;οΚ!Λ/#∃!
>.3∋∗! (&%0Μ∋,:/.:%∗%,#!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&! >/(.+! −3>∋.∋#3#%! 3! +%%≅%0! (,+%0,+∋,4!
/−!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!3,+!0%+(>%!#∃%!∋∗≅3>#&!/−!∗3&&Μ>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!Ν−!#∃%0%!∋&!#/!)%!3!&∃∋−#!#/Φ30+&!3!∗/0%!
%#∃∋>3.! 3,+! &(∋,3).%! −3&∃∋/,!∋,+(�7! #∃%! >(00%,#! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! &;&#%∗! )3&%+! /,! ∋,+(�∋3.!∗3&&Μ
≅0/+(>#∋/,7! ./Φ! 1(3.∋#;7! ./Φ! ≅0∋>%&! 3,+! −3&#!+∋&≅/&3.! /−! ≅0/+(>#&! ,%%+&! #/! &./Φ! +/Φ,! 3,+!
&#∋∗(.3#%!>∃3,4%! ηΘ∋∋,∋∗ρΗ∋7! ΑΒΧΒιΚ! ϑ∃%! +∋−−%0%,#! Η%∃/.+%0&! ∋,:/.:%+! ∗(&#! +0∋:%! #∃∋&! >∃3,4%µ!
3∗/,4! #∃%∗!30%!+%&∋4,%0&!3,+!>/,&(∗%0&Κ!2/,&(∗%0!)%∃3:∋/(0!>3,!)%!3!Η%;! −3>#/0! ∋,! #∃%!π∋∗≅3>#!
#∃3#!&/>∋%#;!∃3&!/,!#∃%!%,:∋0/,∗%,#π!ηΩ3>Η&/,7!ΑΒΒαιΚ!6%&∋4,%0&!3.&/!∃3:%!3!&≅%>∋3.!0/.%7!3&!#∃%;!30%!
./>3#%+! )%#Φ%%,! ≅0/+(>#∋/,7! ≅0/+(>%0! 3,+! >/,&(∗%0Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ≅03>#∋>%! )3&%+! 0%&%30>∃! %Γ≅./0%&! ∃/Φ!
+%&∋4,!>3,!)%!3≅≅.∋%+!#%4∋>3..;!3!#//.!#/!0%+(>%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!!
!
8∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! >∃3≅#%0! #∃%! &(∋,3).%! +%&∋4,! #%4;! /−! +%&∋4,! 3>#∋:∋&∗! ∃3&! )%%,! 3≅≅.∋%+! #∃0/(4∃! 3!
+%∗/>03#∋>!3≅≅0/3>∃!#/!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∋,,/:3#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&!&(≅≅/0#%+!);!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!+%&∋4,!#∃0/(4∃!
=.Ρ%&∋()∗!∗%#∃/+&7!>/,,%>#∋,4!#∃%!+%&∋4,%0!#/!>/,&(∗%0&!>/..3)/03#∋:%.;Κ!ΤΓ≅3,+∋,4!(≅/,!=.%#>∃%0Π&!
84
ηΑΒΒει!:∋%Φ7!!∗/0%!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!∗/+%.&!/−!−3&∃∋/,!+%&∋4,7!π(&%0!∗3Η%0π!&;&#%∗&!∋,!Φ∃∋>∃!>/,&(∗%0&!
)%>/∗%! >/Μ≅30#,%0&! ∋,! #∃%! ≅0/>%&&7! ∗3;! %,>/(034%! ∗/0%! &(∋,3).%! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ! Ε/Φ%:%07! #∃%!
3+/≅#∋/,!/−!=.Ρ%&∋()∗! −/0! &(∋,3).%! −3&∃∋/,! ∋&! ∋,! ∋#&!%30.;! "%&µ! #∃%!%:/.(#∋/,! ∋,!+%&∋4,! 0%&%30>∃!
−0/∗! 3! (&%0! >%,#%0%+! 3≅≅0/3>∃! #/! =.Ρ%&∋()∗! ∋&! >∃3,4∋,4! #∃%! 0/.%! /−! #∃%! +%&∋4,%0Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ∃3&! −(0#∃%0!
∋∗≅.∋>3#∋/,&!−/0!#∃%!%+(>3#∋/,!/−!+%&∋4,%0&!3,+!0%&%30>∃%0&!η∴3,+%0&!5!∴#3≅≅%0&7!ΑΒΒειΚ!!
!
6%&∋4,%0&!>3,!≅0/∗/#%!3!>∃3,4%!∋,!≅0/+(>#∋/,!&;&#%∗&!);!#∃%!Φ3;!#∃∋,4&!30%!+%&∋4,%+!ηΛ03(,430#!5!
Ξ>6/,/(4∃7!ΑΒΒχιΚ!!
!
8∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!&%>/,+!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!3!&∗3..Μ&>3.%!./>3.!≅0/+(>#∋/,!≅0/>%&&!Φ3&!#0∋3.%+!3,+!#%&#%+!#∃0/(4∃!
#∃%! 3&&%∗).;! /−! 3! ∗/)∋.%! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! &#(+∋/Κ! ϑ∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! Φ3&! ∗∋,+−(.! #∃3#! &./Φ%0!
≅0/+(>#∋/,!3,+! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! >;>.%&7! ∗/0%! ./>3.! ≅0/+(>#∋/,!3,+! 3! ∗/0%! :3.(%+! ≅0/+(>#Μ≅%0&/,!
0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅!,%%+%+!#/!)%!%,>/(034%+!ηΘ∋∋,∋∗ρΗ∋!5!Ε3&&∋7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&!≅0/∗/#%+!#∃0/(4∃!3≅≅.;∋,4!
+%&∋4,! 3>#∋:∋&∗! #/! &(∋,! #∃%! .∋−%>;>.%! /−! #∃%! /(#≅(#&! ηΦ∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! >3&%ι! #∃%! =.Ρ%&∋()∗&%! &>30:%&7!
#∃0/(4∃!>/..3)/03#∋:%!+%&∋4,Κ!=(0#∃%0!>/,&∋+%03#∋/,!Φ3&!3≅≅.∋%+!#/!#∃%!.∋−%>;>.%!/−!#∃%!&>30:%&!≅/&#!=.Ρ
%&∋()∗!#∃0/(4∃!≅0/∗/#∋,4!Ο>/..3)/03#∋:%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Π!#/!>/,&∋+%0!∃/Φ!#∃%;!>/(.+!)%!∋,!3!>/,#∋,(/(&!
>;>.%!/−!0%Μ(&%!#∃0/(4∃!&#;.∋,4!3,+!&∃30∋,4Κ!!
!
δΚΥ!+∀:∀∗%Π).−!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Θ!
δΚΥΚΛ!ϑ.,Π);3()%.!!
!
Ν,! 0%>%,#! ;%30&7!#∃%! ,3#(0%! /−! #∃%! >/,&(∗%0! ∃3&! >∃3,4%+! 3,+! #∃%;! 30%! ,/! ./,4%0! &3#∋&−∋%+! Φ∋#∃! 3!
≅3&&∋:%! 0/.%! ∋,! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,7! )(#! Φ∋&∃! #/! )%! >/Μ>0%3#/0&Κ! ∴3,+%0&! ηΑΒΒ]ι! /(#.∋,%&! −/(0! .%:%.&! /−!
>0%3#∋:∋#;!#∃3#!30%!&/(4∃#!);!>/,&(∗%0&!∋,!%:%0;+3;!.∋−%!Φ∃∋>∃!:30;!∋,!#∃%!+%40%%!/−!%,434%∗%,#!3,+!
∗/#∋:3#∋/,&! +%≅%,+∋,4! /,! #∃%∋0! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.! %Γ≅%0#∋&%7! ≅3&&∋/,! 3,+! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.! >0%3#∋:∋#;Κ!ϑ∃∋&! ∋&!
∋..(#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!Β()2,&!#∆!!η)%./Φι7!3#!#∃%!)3&∋>!.%:%.7!Ο+/∋,4Π!0%1(∋0%&!3!:%0;!./Φ!.%:%.!/−!%,434%∗%,#!
3,+!Η,/Φ.%+4%µ! Ο+/∋,4Π! ∋&!≅0/+(>#∋:%!3>#∋:∋#;!(,+%0#3Η%,!3&!3!∗%3,&!#/!3,!%,+Κ!ϑ∃%!&%>/,+!.%:%.!/−!
>0%3#∋:∋#;! Η,/Φ,! 3&! Ο3+3≅#∋,4Π! ∋&! ∗/#∋:3#%+! );! #∃%! +%&∋0%! #/! >∃3,4%! 3! ≅0/+(>#µ! ∋#! ∋,:/.:%&! &/∗%!
∋,#%0%&#! ∋,! 3! ≅0/+(>#! 3,+! 0%1(∋0%&! 3! &∗3..! +%40%%! /−! &Η∋..7! Η,/Φ.%+4%! 3,+! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%Κ! Λ%;/,+!
3+3≅#3#∋/,7! #∃%! #∃∋0+! .%:%.!/−! >0%3#∋:∋#;7! Ο∗3Η∋,4Π7! 0%1(∋0%&!3!4%,(∋,%! ∋,#%0%&#!3,+!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%! ∋,! #∃%!
∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&µ! #∃%!+%&∋0%! #/!>0%3#%!3!,%Φ!≅0/+(>#! ∋&!3!:%0∋−∋>3#∋/,!/−!&Η∋..&!≅/&&%&&%+Κ!ϑ∃%!∃∋4∃%&#!
.%:%.!/−!>0%3#∋:∋#;!∋&!#%0∗%+!);!∴3,+%0&!3&!Ο>0%3#∋,4Πµ!3,!%Γ≅0%&&∋/,!/−!∋,+∋:∋+(3.!>0%3#∋:∋#;!3,+!4(∋+%+!
);!3!∃∋4∃!.%:%.!/−!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%Κ!Ν#!+∋−−%0&!−0/∗!∗3Η∋,4!∋,!#∃3#!#∃%0%!∋&!#∃%!3)&%,>%!/−!3!≅0%+%#%0∗∋,%+!
/(#>/∗%Κ!!
!
85
!!
Ε)−<;∀!Υ[!Ε%<;!Β∀:∀∗,!%=!∀:∀;Ν43Ν!2;∀3():)(Ν!βΓ3.4∀;,7!ΘΡΡδχ!
!
∴3,+%0&!η∋)∋+ι!>.3∋∗&!3..! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!30%!>3≅3).%!/−!0%3>∃∋,4!#∃%!Ο>0%3#∋,4Π!≅∃3&%7!≅0/:∋+%+!#∃%;!∃3:%!
#∃%!+%&∋0%!#/!3>∃∋%:%!∋#Κ!Ε/Φ%:%07!#03+∋#∋/,3.!3≅≅0/3>∃%&!#/!>03−#!3,+!+%&∋4,!∋,!Φ∃∋>∃!#∃%!∗3Η%0!∃3&!
>/,#0/.!/−!#∃%!≅0/>%&&!+/!,/#!≅0/:∋+%!&(≅≅/0#!−/0!#∃%!>0%3#∋:%!>/,&(∗%0Κ!∴∃%!≅0/≅/&%&!3!03,4%!/−!,%Φ!
Ο+%&∋4,!&≅3>%&Π7!Φ∃∋>∃!%,3).%!%3>∃!#;≅%!/−!>0%3#∋:∋#;7!Φ∃%0%!+%&∋4,%0&!≅0/:∋+%!#//.&7!Φ∃∋>∃!∗3#>∃!#∃%!
+%40%%!/−!%,434%∗%,#! #∃%! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.!+%&∋0%&! ∋,! #∃%!≅0/>%&&Κ!∀#! #∃%!∃∋4∃%&#! .%:%.7! ∴3,+%0&!≅0/≅/&%&!
#∃3#! >/..3)/03#∋:%! +%&∋4,! &≅3>%&! 3../Φ! ∗3Η%0&! 3,+! (&%0&! #/! Φ/0Η! >/..3)/03#∋:%.;! 3,+! %Γ≅./0%! #∃%∋0!
>0%3#∋:∋#;!#/4%#∃%0Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%! Ο∴∃30%+!∴>30:%&Π! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!0%−%0%,>%+!#∃%!Φ/0Η!/−!∴3,+%0&! ηΑΒΒ]7!ΑΒΒει!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!≅0%∗∋&%!/−!
∋+%,#∋−;∋,4! ,%Φ! Ο+%&∋4,! &≅3>%&Π! −/0! >/,&(∗%0&! #/! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! %3>∃! .%:%.! /−! %,434%∗%,#µ! +/∋,47!
3+3≅#∋,47!∗3Η∋,4!3,+!>0%3#∋,4Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&!3>∃∋%:%+!);!%Γ≅3,+∋,4!(≅/,!%Γ∋&#∋,4!#//.&!3,+!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,&!
#/! >/,�(>#! /,.∋,%! 3,+! /−−.∋,%! 3>#∋/,! &≅3>%&! 3,+! #/! +%:%./≅! 3! +%∗/>03#∋>! +%&∋4,! &;&#%∗! Φ∋#∃! #∃%!
≅0%∗∋&%! /−! )0/3+%,∋,4! #∃%! 0%∗∋#! /−! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ≅03>#∋>%! #∃0/(4∃! >/..3)/03#∋/,Κ! Τ0∋>! ϕ/,!Ε∋≅≅%.Π&!
ηΑΒΒει!Φ/0Η!∋,#/!6%∗/>03#∋>!Ν,,/:3#∋/,!≅0/:∋+%+!−(0#∃%0!∋,&≅∋03#∋/,!3&!∃%!∗3Η%&!3!>3&%!−/0!>/,&(∗%0!
∋,:/.:%∗%,#!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!≅0/>%&&Κ!Ε%!>.3∋∗&!#∃3#!νΦ∃%,!#∃%!∃∋4∃Μ>/&#!/−!+%&∋4,!
≅0/#/#;≅∋,4! )%>/∗%&! :%0;! ./Φ7! #∃%! 0%&/(0>%&! >3,! )%! +∋−−(&%+!∗/0%!Φ∋+%.;! 3,+! #∃%! /≅≅/0#(,∋#;! #/!
>0%3#%!)%>/∗%&!+%∗/>03#∋ς%+ο!η:/,!Ε∋≅≅%.7!ΑΒΒειΚ!∀++∋#∋/,3.! ∋,&≅∋03#∋/,!Φ3&!&/(4∃#!);!&>/≅∋,4!#∃%!
3:3∋.3)∋.∋#;! /−! −0%%! (&%0Μ−0∋%,+.;! +∋4∋#3.! +%&∋4,! #//.&! 3,+! 3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,&Κ! 8∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&!Φ%0%!>03−#%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!
)%;/,+!3!−3>∋.∋#3#%+!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!3,+!>/(.+!)%!>/,#∋,(%+!3#!3!./Φ!>/&#!3,+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!∃/∗%Κ!!
!
∴(∋,3).%! +%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&! >3,! )%4∋,! );! ∋+%,#∋−;∋,4! %Γ∋&#∋,4! 0%&/(0>%&7! >/∗∗(,∋#∋%&! 3,+!
≅03>#∋>%&! 3,+! %Γ≅3,+∋,4! (≅/,! #∃%∗7! #∃%0%! ∋&! ,/! ,%%+! #/! 0%∋,:%,#! #∃%! Φ∃%%.! ηϑ∃3>Η3037! ΑΒΒ]Κ7!
Ξ3,ς∋,∋7! ΑΒΒειΚ! Θ%Φ! ∗%#∃/+&! /−! &Η∋..! &∃30∋,4! Φ%0%! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+! #∃0/(4∃! 0%:∋%Φ∋,4! #∃%! ≅03>#∋>%! /−!
>/..3)/03#∋:%! +%&∋4,! Φ∋#∃∋,! )/#∃! /,.∋,%! 3,+! /−−.∋,%! >/∗∗(,∋#∋%&Κ! Σ%>%,#! ≅.3#−/0∗&! ∋,>.(+%! #∃%!
∀∗3ς∋,4Π&! ηΑΒΧ∆Μ≅0%&%,#ι! Φ∋#∃∋,! Β()2,&! ∆3ς! Φ∃%0%! ≅%/≅.%! 3+:%0#∋&%! #∃%∋0! &≅%>∋3.∋&#! &Η∋..&! /,.∋,%Κ!
∴Η∋..&∃30%!∋&!3,/#∃%0!&∋∗∋.30!≅.3#−/0∗!ηΑΒΧΑΜ≅0%&%,#ι!Φ∋#∃∋,!Β()2,&!∆Χ!3,+!#∃%;!/−−%0!/≅%,!3>>%&&!#/!3!
%Γ#%,&∋:%!03,4%!/−!#(#/0∋3.&Κ!8∋#∃∋,!&Η∋..!&∃30∋,4!≅.3#−/0∗&!&%.−Μ3&&%∗).%+!>/∗∗(,∋#∋%&!/−!≅03>#∋>%!30%!
)%4∋,,∋,4! #/! %∗%04%! η2∃%&)0/(4∃!5!∀≅≅.%;30+7! ΑΒΒβι! /,.∋,%! #/! +∋�∋)(#%! ≅%%0Μ#/Μ≅%%0! Η,/Φ.%+4%!
86
3,+! %Γ>∃3,4%! ∋#! ∋,! 3,! /≅%,! &/(0>%! &;&#%∗Κ! ϑ∃%! 3>#∋:∋#;!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%&%! ≅.3#−/0∗&! ∋&! ∋,>%,#∋:∋&%+! );! 3!
Φ∋..∋,4,%&&! #/! &∃30%! 3,+! 3! >/..%>#∋:%! %,#∃(&∋3&∗! −/0! #∃%! &()_%>#! /0! #/≅∋>! ∋,:/.:%+Κ! 8∃∋>∃! ∋,+∋>3#%+!
#∃3#!∋,,/:3#∋/,!∋&!)%>/∗∋,4!∗/0%!/≅%,!3,+!+%∗/>03#∋>!3,+!3&!3!0%&(.#!#∃%!)/(,+30∋%&!)%#Φ%%,!#∃%!
≅0/−%&&∋/,3.! 3,+! 3∗3#%(0! +%&∋4,%0! 30%! ).(00∋,4! ηϕ/,! Ε∋≅≅%.7! ΑΒΒε7! <%3+)%3#%07! ΑΒΒχι7! #∃0/(4∃! 3,!
/,.∋,%!%>/&;&#%∗!/−!&%.−Μ3&&%∗).%+!,%#Φ/0Η&!≅0/:∋+∋,4!,%Φ!&/>∋3..;!∋,#%03>#∋:%!&≅3>%&Κ!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!!ΥΥ!&9∀!Α53ι).−,!Γ6)∗∗!Γ93;∀!Π∗3(=%;5!βΘΡΛ[χ!
87
!
Ε)−<;∀!Υς!Γ6)∗∗,93;∀!∃%55<.)(Ν!∃∗3,,∀,!βΘΡΛ[χ!
!ϑ∃%&%! /,.∋,%! &Η∋..Μ&∃30∋,4! ≅.3#−/0∗&! +%∗/,#%! #∃3#! >0%3#∋:∋#;! ∋&! ,/! ./,4%0! 3! &3>0%+! 3>#! 0%&%0:%+!
≅(0%.;! −/0! ≅0/−%&&∋/,3.&Κ! ∀./,4&∋+%! /,.∋,%! &Η∋..! &∃30∋,47! ,%Φ! +∋4∋#3.! #//.&! ∃3:%! %∗%04%+! #/! &(≅≅/0#!
>0%3#∋:∋#;Κ!8∋#∃∋,! #∃%! >/,#%Γ#! /−! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,7! #∃%!/,.∋,%!≅.3#−/0∗&!/−! ∴≅//,! =./Φ%0! ηΑΒΧ∆ι!
3,+!2/./(0! </:%0&! ηΑΒΧ∆ι! 30%! %Γ3∗≅.%&! ∋,>.(+%+!Φ∋#∃∋,! Β()2,&! ∆#! #∃3#! &(≅≅/0#! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,!
3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ!
!
!
88
!
Ε)−<;∀!Υδ!+)−)(3∗!&∀∋()∗∀!Η;).().−!
!
89
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΥΖ!+ϑε!∃%<(<;∀!3.4!&9∀!Η∀%Π∗∀η,!Η;).(!∃%∗∗38%;3()%.!βΘΡΛ[χ!
!
ϑ∃%0%!30%!&∋4,&!#∃3#!#∃%!)/(,+30∋%&!)%#Φ%%,!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!3,+!(,#03∋,%+!∋&!).(00∋,47!Φ∃∋>∃!∋&! ∋,!#(0,!
03∋&∋,4!1(%&#∋/,&!3)/(#!,%Φ!0/.%&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!&;&#%∗Κ!=(0#∃%0!3>#∋:∋#;!∋&!%∗%04∋,4!/−−.∋,%!
#∃0/(4∃!3!>/..3)/03#∋/,!)%#Φ%%,!ϑ∃%!?%/≅.%&!?0∋,#!3,+!6ΝΡ!2/(#(0%!ηΑΒΧ∆ι!#/!+%:%./≅!3!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!
+%&∋4,!#(#/0∋3.!3,+!>/∗≅%#∋#∋/,!#/!&(≅≅/0#!3,!/≅%,!>3..! −/0!≅().∋>!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!#/!≅0/+(>%!3!+∋4∋#3.!
≅0∋,#! −/0!3!6ΝΡ!430∗%,#! η∋&&! Β()2,&!∆Ε!8Γ.−&ιΚ!Ε∋4∃!%,+! −3&∃∋/,!+%&∋4,%0&!Λ3&&/!3,+!Λ0//Η%! ηΑΒΧΑι!
η&%%! Β()2,&! ∆Ο! Γ&0.Τι! ∃3:%! 3.&/! +%.∋:%0%+! −3>∋.∋#3#%+!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&! #/! %,3).%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! #/! =.Ρ%&∋()∗!
+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,&!&∋∗∋.30!#/!#∃%∋0!∋>/,!+∋4∋#3.!≅0∋,#&Κ!ϑ∃%&%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!30%!3≅≅0/Γ∋∗3#%.;!∆7ΒΒΒ!9Υ!
≅/(,+&!3,+!#∃%0%−/0%!#∃%0%!∋&!/,.;!3!.∋∗∋#%+!,(∗)%0!/−!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!3+/≅#∋,4!#∃∋&!%Γ>.(&∋:%!≅3>Η34%Κ!!
90
Ε)−<;∀!ς!≅3,,%!3.4!≅;%6∀!+)−)(3∗!&∀∋()∗∀!Μ%;6,9%Π!βΘΡΛΘχ!
!ϑ∃%&%!/,.∋,%!≅.3#−/0∗&!3,+!,%#Φ/0Η&!30%!≅0/:∋+∋,4!,%Φ!>/∗∗(,∋>3#∋/,!>∃3,,%.&Κ!8∋#∃∋,!#∃%!3)/:%!
%Γ3∗≅.%&7! >/,&(∗%0! ∋,#%03>#∋/,! ∃3&! )%%,! ∋,−.(%,>%+! 3,+! &(≅≅/0#%+! );! #∃%! Ν,#%0,%#7! Φ∃∋>∃! ∋&!
)%>/∗∋,4!−30!∗/0%!#∃3,!_(&#!3!#%>∃,/./4;!3,+!∋&!#03,&−/0∗∋,4!#∃%!Φ3;!Φ%!>/,,%>#!#/!3,+!(,+%0,+!
#∃%! Φ/0.+Κ! Λ./44%0&! ∃3:%! ν3.#%0%+! #∃%! .3,4(34%7! +%.∋:%0;! ∗%#∃/+&! 3,+!∃∋%030>∃∋>3..;! /0+%0%+!
+%&∋4,3#∋/,&!/−!#∃/&%!Φ∃/!>/(.+!)%!#0(#∃−(..;!>/,&∋+%0%+!3&!≅0/+(>%0&!:%0&(&!#∃/&%!>/,&∋+%0%+!∗%0%!
>/,&(∗%0&ο!η20%Φ%7!ΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!!
!
νΤ:%0;+3;! #∃%0%! 30%! ∗/0%! #∃3,! ∆! ∗∋..∋/,! =.∋>Η0! ∋∗34%&! (≅./3+%+µ! βΒΒ7ΒΒΒ! ,%Φ! ∗%∗)%0&! _/∋,∋,4!
=3>%)//Η! 3,+µ! αΒ! ∗∋..∋/,! ΟϑΦ%%#&Πµ! 3,+! χΒΒ7ΒΒΒ! )./4! ≅/&#%+Κ! ϑ∃%0%! 30%! #Φ%,#;! #∃0%%! ∃/(0&! /−!
Ρ/(Ρ()%! :∋+%/&! (≅./3+%+! %:%0;!∗∋,(#%7! #∃%! %1(∋:3.%,#! /−!Ε/..;Φ//+! 0%.%3&∋,4!∗/0%! #∃3,! χΒΒ7ΒΒΒ!
,%Φ!−(..!.%,4#∃!−∋.∗&!∋,#/!#∃%3#%0&!%3>∃!Φ%%ΗΚο!ηΛ/#&∗3,!3,+!Σ/4%0&7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!
!
ϑ/4%#∃%07! #∃%! >/..∋&∋/,! )%#Φ%%,! +∋4∋#3.! 3,+! ∗3#%0∋3.! −3&∃∋/,! &≅3>%&! 0%1(∋0%&! 3!−(,+3∗%,#3.! 0%Μ
#∃%/0∋&3#∋/,! 3)/(#! #∃%! >/,&(∗%0&! ∗/#∋:3#∋/,! 3,+! >3≅3>∋#;! #/! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#%Κ! ϑ∃∋&! 3.&/! 0%1(∋0%&! 3!
0%+%−∋,∋#∋/,! /−! #∃%! 0/.%! /−! #∃%! ≅0/−%&&∋/,3.! +%&∋4,%0! 3,+! #∃%∋0! 3)∋.∋#∋%&! #/!∋,#%0∗%+∋3#%! %Γ∋&#∋,4!
∋,+(�!∃∋%030>∃∋%&7!∃%.≅∋,4! #/!>0%3#%!3,+!0%≅0/+(>%! −3&∃∋/,!Η,/Φ.%+4%!3,+!∗30Η%#&Κ!ϑ∃%! Ν,#%0,%#!
∃3&! %∗≅/Φ%0%+! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! 3,+!#03,&−/0∗%+! #∃%∗! −0/∗! )%∋,4! 0%>∋≅∋%,#&! /0! ∋,#%0≅0%#%0&! /−!
91
)03,+!∗%&&34%&!∋,#/!3>#∋:%!≅.3;%0&7!)03,+!&#/0;#%..%0&7!/0!ν3(#∃/0&!/−!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!.∋:%&ο!ηΕ/.#7!ΑΒΒΑδεβιΚ!
ϑ∃%&%! >/,&(∗%0&! ∃3:%! 3! ∗(>∃! 40%3#%0!03,4%! 3,+! ∋,−.(%,>%! /,! −3&∃∋/,! ∗30Η%#&! #∃3,! #∃%;! η/0! Φ%ι!
>/(.+! ≅0%:∋/(&.;! ∃3:%! −/0%&%%,7!3,+! ≅(..∋,4! #∃%∗! ∋,#/! #∃%! ≅0/>%&&! /−! :3.(%! >0%3#∋/,! ∋#&%.−Κ! !ϑ∃∋&!
0%1(∋0%&!3!>0∋#∋>3.!0%Μ#∃∋,Η!/−!#∃%!−3&∃∋/,!&;&#%∗!#/!0%:∋%Φ!∃/Φ!∋#!/≅%03#%&!3,+!3!+∋&%,#3,4.∋,4!/−!#∃%!
3&&(∗%+!>/,,%>#∋/,&!)%#Φ%%,!>0%3#∋/,7!&3.%7!3,+!(&%δ!3!+%>/(≅.∋,4!/−!≅0/+(>#∋/,!−0/∗!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!
∋,!#∃%!>0%3#∋/,!/−!:3.(%!ηϑ/Η3#.∋7!ΑΒΧΑιΚ!
!
ϑ∃%&%! ,%Φ! /,.∋,%! >/..3)/03#∋:%! ≅.3#−/0∗&! %,3).%! >/,&(∗%0&! #/! )%! 3>#∋:%! ≅0/+(>%0&! ,/#! &∋∗≅.;! ∋,!
#∃%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,! /−! #∃∋,4&! )(#! ∋,! #∃%! >0%3#∋/,! /−! Φ/0.+&7! .∋∗∋#%+! /,.;! );! #∃%∋0! ∋∗34∋,3#∋/,Κ!
203−#!>/,&(∗%0&7!≅0/+(>%0&!ηΛ0(,&7!ΑΒΧΑι!3,+!≅0/&(∗%0&!η≅0/+(>%0ϖ>/,&(∗%0&ι!!ηΣ∋#ς%0!5!Ω(04%,&/,7!
ΑΒΧΒι!%,434%!Φ∋#∃! #∃%!∗30Η%#!3&!3!∗%3,&!/−! >0%3#∋:%! &%.−Μ%Γ≅0%&&∋/,!3,+!≅.3;!3,!3>#∋:%! 0/.%! ∋,! #∃%!
≅0/+(>#∋/,! /−! >/,#%∗≅/030;! −3&∃∋/,! 3&! ≅30#! /−! 3! )0/3+%0! 3,+! ∗/0%! &∋4,∋−∋>3,#! &∃∋−#! #/Φ30+&!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! Φ%)! >(.#(0%&! −/(,+%+!(≅/,! (&%0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! 3,+! (&%0Μ4%,%03#%+! >/,#%,#! ηΕ∋%,%0#∃7!
:/,!Ε∋≅≅%.7!5!Ω%,&%,7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!Θ(&&)3(∗!ηΑΒΧ∆ι!0%−%0&!#/!#∃∋&!3&!3!Ο0&8,∗ς!∋58,&!8∗%!Λ8>&Α!=20+2,&∀!∀&!3!
0%&(.#!,%Φ!∗/+%.&!30%!%∗%04∋,4!Φ∃∋>∃!&(≅≅/0#!&∃30∋,4!#∃0/(4∃!0%,#∋,4!3,+! .%3&∋,4!∗3#%0∋3.!4//+&Κ!
∀..!%∗%04∋,4!#/!≅0/∗/#%!>/..3)/03#∋:%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!ηΛ/#&∗3,!3,+!Σ/4%0&7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!8∋#∃∋,!>/..3)/03#∋:%!
>/,&(∗≅#∋/,7! /,.∋,%!∗%+∋3! −3>∋.∋#3#%&! ,%Φ! ∋,#%03>#∋/,&! #∃0/(4∃! .%3&∋,47! 0%,#∋,47! &∃30∋,47! )30#%0∋,4Κ!!
∀&!3!0%&(.#7!,%Φ!&%0:∋>%&!3,+!&;&#%∗&!30%!%∗%04∋,4Κ!!
!
δΚΥΚΘ!∃%.2∀Π(<3∗),3()%.!
!ϑ∃%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! &%>/,+! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! Φ%0%! &(≅≅/0#%+! );! #∃%!
3&&%∗).;!/−!3!∗/)∋.%!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!&#(+∋/Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&!3&&%∗).%+!(&∋,4!3,+!0%Μ3+3≅#3#∋/,!%Γ∋&#∋,4!
#//.&! 3,+! 0%&/(0>%&Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃%! +%:%./≅∗%,#! ≅0/>%&&! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+! #∃3#! ∋#! Φ3&!
≅/&&∋).%!#/! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#!3!&∗3..Μ&>3.%!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!&#(+∋/7!Φ∋#∃/(#!#∃%!)(+4%#!
3:3∋.3).%! #/! 3>>%&&! 3+:3,>%+! #%>∃,∋>3.! &(≅≅/0#Κ! ϑ∃%! >/,�(>#! /−! #∃%! ∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! %,3).%+! 3! 0.ΡΒ(!
9,.+.+Μ9(∗)!(,∋#!#/!%∗%04%!)(#!#∃∋&!+/%&!,/#!>/∗≅%#%!Φ∋#∃!≅0/−%&&∋/,!≅0/+(>#∋/,!3,+!∗3,(−3>#(0%!
/,!3!>/∗∗%0>∋3.!&>3.%Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&!∃/Φ%:%07!%−−%>#∋:%!%,/(4∃!#/!≅∋./#!3,+!#0;!/(#!#∃%!Ο∴∃30%+!∴>30:%&Π!
>/,>%≅#!Φ∃∋>∃!Φ3&!∗3,(−3>#(0%+!(&∋,4!3!.3≅#/≅!>/,,%>#%+!#/!3,!∋?∃/,%!3,+!+%&Η#/≅!≅0∋,#%0Κ!ϑ∃%&%!
%Γ∋&#∋,4!+∋4∋#3.!+%:∋>%&!Φ%0%!0%Μ>/,−∋4(0%+!#/!+%:%./≅!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!>/,>%≅#&!Φ∃∋>∃!>/(.+!#∃%,!
)%!≅0∋,#%+!);!3+_(&#∋,4!#∃%!+%&Η#/≅!≅0∋,#%0!&%##∋,4&Κ!Τ,3).∋,4!(&!#/!≅0∋,#!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,&!+∋0%>#.;!
/,#/!≅0%Μ>/3#%+!3,+!)3>Η%+!−3)0∋>Κ!!
92
!
Ε)−<;∀!ςΡ!∃%.2∀Π(<3∗),).−!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Θ!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ςΛ!Τ%8)∗∀!+)−)(3∗!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!Γ(<4)%!
!ϑ∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/!Φ∋#∃∋,!Β()2,&!Ε3!Φ3&!>/,�(>#%+!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!≅0%∗∋&%!/−!+%∗;&#∋−;∋,4!#∃%!+%&∋4,!3,+!
≅0/+(>#∋/,!/−!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!#∃0/(4∃!∋,>.(&∋:%!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&Κ!ϑ/!+%∗/,#%!∃/Φ!#%Γ#∋.%&!
>3,! )%! +%&∋4,%+! #∃0/(4∃! >/..3)/03#∋/,! 3,+! ≅0/+(>%+! ./>3..;Κ! ϑ∃%! ∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! ∃3&! )%%,!
+%∗/,#%+!3,+!≅0/∗/#%+!#/!≅0/:∋+%!/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&!−/0!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!#/!>/..3)/03#%!3,+!
>/,#0∋)(#%!#/Φ30+&!#∃%!+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!/−!3!>/..%>#∋:%!>/..%>#∋/,!/−!&>30:%&Κ!ϑ∃%!&∃30%+!&>30:%&!
)./4! Φ∋#∃∋,! Β()2,&! ΕΧ! Φ3&! %).∋&∃%+! 3&! 3! &∃30%+! 0%&/(0>%! #/! +/>(∗%,#! ∋,&≅∋03#∋/,3.! >/,#%,#! 3,+!
&∃30%!#∃%!≅0/40%&&!/−!#∃%!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!3&!∋#!%:/.:%+Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&!∋,∋#∋3#%+!);!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!)(#!>/,#%,#!
Φ3&!3.&/!&/(0>%+!3,+!>/,#0∋)(#%+!#/!);!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#∃%∗&%.:%&Κ!
!
93
!
Ε)−<;∀!ςΘ!Γ93;∀4!Γ23;:∀,!≅∗%−!!
δΚΥΚ[!Ι∀,∀3;29!Τ∀(9%4,!!
!
ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 3,! ∀>#∋/,! Σ%&%30>∃! ∗%#∃/+/./4;! Φ3&! 3≅≅.∋%+! 3,+! 3.&/! 3./,4&∋+%! #∃%!
∗3∋,! 0%&%30>∃!∗%#∃/+&7! 3++∋#∋/,3.!∗%#∃/+&!Φ%0%! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+! #/! %Γ≅3,+!(≅/,! #∃%!+%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!
#//.Η∋#! ηΒ()2,&! Ε#ιΚ! ϑ∃%&%! 0%&%30>∃!∗%#∃/+&!Φ%0%! &%.%>#%+! −/0! #∃%∋0! >3≅3>∋#;! #/! &(≅≅/0#! +%∗/>03#∋>!
∋,,/:3#∋/,!#∃0/(4∃!3,!∋,>.(&∋:%!3≅≅0/3>∃Κ!!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ς[!+∀,)−.!Ε32)∗)(3()%.!φ)(!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Θ!!
94
ϑ∃%!∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/!Φ3&! ∋,∋#∋3..;! #%&#%+! #∃0/(4∃!9(0.+! #/! #0∋3.! #∃%! >/..3)/03#∋:%! +%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!)%−/0%!
+%.∋:%0∋,4!3!&%0∋%&!/−!−/(0!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&Κ!ϑ∃%!>/..3)/03#∋:%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!Φ3&!&(≅≅/0#%+!);!#∃%!∗%#∃/+!
/−! =.Ρ%&∋()∗! 3,+! #∃%! 3++∋#∋/,3.! 0%&%30>∃! ∗%#∃/+&! /−! 9,.+.+Μ9(∗)7! −(∋280(∋8+(.∗! 3,+! ∋+.,ΜΓ.8,%(∗)!
Φ%0%! 3≅≅.∋%+! #/! +%∗/,#%! #∃%! ∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! ∋,! 3>#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%&%! ∗%#∃/+&! &(≅≅/0#%+! =.Ρ%&∋()∗!
#∃0/(4∃! #∃%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&Κ! ϑ∃%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! #%>∃,∋1(%&! Φ%0%! 3!
>/∗)∋,3#∋/,! /−! +∋4∋#3.! 3,+! ≅∃;&∋>3.! ≅0/>%&&%&Κ! ϑ∃%! 3>#! /−! &∃30∋,4! Φ3&! %,>/(034%+! #∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃%!
+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!≅0/>%&&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!%Γ>∃3,4%!/−!Η,/Φ.%+4%7!&Η∋..&!3,+!0%&/(0>%&Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!
#∃%!≅0/>%&&!/−!3>#∋/,!0%&%30>∃7!+∋−−%0%,#!3≅≅0/3>∃%&!Φ%0%!3≅≅.∋%+!#/!+%∗/,#%!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/!
∋,! 3>#∋/,! 3,+! #/! ≅0/:∋+%! 3,! 3.#%0,3#∋:%! Ο1(∋>ΗΜ−∋ΓΠ! &>%,30∋/! #/! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! #∃0/(4∃! >/,&(∗%0!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ! ∀&! 3! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/07! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! #0∋3.%+! :30∋%+! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4!
#%>∃,∋1(%&!#/!+%:%./≅!3!&%0∋%&!/−!&%0:∋>%!/≅#∋/,&!#/!%,3).%!Ο>/..%>#∋:%!>/..%>#∋/,&Π!/−!+∋4∋#3..;!≅0∋,#%+!
&>30:%&! #/! %∗%04%Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃∋&! ≅0/>%&&7! &/>∋3.! ∗%+∋3! #//.&! Φ%0%! >/∗)∋,%+! #/! &∃30%! #∃%!
%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!3,+!%,>/(034%!−(0#∃%0!>/,&(∗%0!∋,#%03>#∋/,Κ!
!
ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!0%&%30>∃%0!3+/≅#%+!3!−3>∋.∋#3#/0!0/.%!3,+!&(≅≅/0#%+!%3>∃!/−!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#/!>/,#0∋)(#%!
#/Φ30+&! %3>∃! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! >/,>%≅#7! #/! %Γ≅./0%! ∋−! #∃%∋0! ∋,≅(#! Φ/(.+! ∋,−.(%,>%! 3! +%%≅%0!
3##3>∃∗%,#! #/! #∃%! >/∗≅.%#%! >/..%>#∋/,! /−! &>30:%&Κ! ϑ∃%! ∗%#∃/+&! /−! 82+.Ρ&+5∗.),895Μ! 3,+! 82+.!
%.=2Λ&∗+8+(.∗!Φ%0%!3≅≅.∋%+!3./,4&∋+%!3!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!−%%+)3>Η!∗3#0∋Γ!#/!/)&%0:%!3,+!>3≅#(0%!+3#3!#/!
%:3.(3#%!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!3,+!#/!%:3.(3#%!#∃%!∋∗≅3>#!/−!#∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!
!
δΚς!+∀,)−.!_!ϑ5Π∗∀5∀.(3()%.!!
!ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!+%&∋4,%+!3,+! #%&#%+!3!∗/)∋.%!+∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,! &#(+∋/! #/!≅0/:∋+%!3! &∗3..Μ&>3.%!
./>3.!+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!#//.Η∋#Κ! Ν#! ∋&!Φ/0#∃!3>Η,/Φ.%+4∋,4!#∃3#!#∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!≅0/40%&&%+!Φ∋#∃/(#!
3,;! −(,+∋,4Κ! ϑ∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! ≅(0>∃3&%+! 3! &%>/,+! ∃3,+! +%&Η#/≅! ≅0∋,#%0! 3,+! (&%+! #∃%∋0! /Φ,! .3≅#/≅7!
∋?∃/,%!3,+!&>3,,%0Κ!ϑ∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!Φ%0%!3.&/! ∋,:∋#%+!#/!)0∋,4!3./,4!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!+∋4∋#3.!+%:∋>%&Κ!ϑ∃%!
≅∃;&∋>3.! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! ∗3#%0∋3.&! /−! ≅3≅%07! >30+7! ∋,Η&! 3,+! −3)0∋>! Φ%0%! ./Φ! >/&#! ∗3#%0∋3.&! &/(0>%+! ∋,!
3+:3,>%! /−! #∃%! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! &%0∋%&Κ! ϑ∃%! )∋44%&#! >∃3..%,4%! #/! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! +%.∋:%0;! Φ3&! &/(0>∋,4! 3! −0%%!
:%,(%!Φ∋#∃∋,!>%,#03.!</,+/,Κ!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!Τ,:∋0/,∗%,#!6%&∋4,!ηϑΤ6ι!Σ%&%30>∃!Ε()!≅0/:∋+%+!3>>%&&!#/!#∃%∋0!
/−−∋>%! #/! ∃/&#! #∃%! ≅∋./#! 3,+! #∃0%%! Φ/0Η&∃/≅&! Φ∋#∃∋,! 2∃%.&%3! 2/..%4%! /−! ∀0#! 3,+! 6%&∋4,7! </,+/,Κ!
?30#∋>∋≅3,#&! Φ%0%! 0%>0(∋#%+! #/! 3##%,+! #∃%! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! &%0∋%&! #∃0/(4∃! 3,! /,.∋,%! >3..! −/0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!
>∋0>(.3#%+!#∃0/(4∃!ϑΤ6Π&!%Γ∋&#∋,4!,%#Φ/0ΗΚ!ϑ∃%!−∋,3.!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!Φ3&!∃/&#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,! Ο=(#(0%!Τ:%0;#∃∋,4!
6ΝΡ!6∋4∋#3.Π!3,+!ΟΕ3,+∗3+%!=%&#∋:3.Π!ηΑΒΧΧι7!Ξ3,>∃%&#%0!3,+!−3>∋.∋#3#%+!−(0#∃%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!#∃0/(4∃!
3,!∋,#%03>#∋:%!∗30Η%#!..Κ!
!
6(0∋,4! #∃%!≅∋./#! "%!/−! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃!≅0/>%&&7! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0!3.&/! >/,&(.#%+!Φ∋#∃!%Γ≅%0#&! ηΛ/Φ.%&7!
ΑΒΧΒ7!Ε3∗∋.#/,7!ΑΒΧΒιΚ!Ξ%.3∋,%!Λ/Φ.%&!∋&!3!&%,∋/0!?0∋,#!<%>#(0%07!2∃%.&%3!2/..%4%!/−!∀0#!3,+!6%&∋4,7!
</,+/,Κ! ∴∃%! ∋&! >/Μ−/(,+%0!/−! ϑ∃%!?%/≅.%&! ?0∋,#! ≅0/_%>#! ηΑΒΧΧΜ≅0%&%,#ι! 3,+! >/Μ3(#∃/0! /−! 3! )//Η!/,!
95
6∋4∋#3.!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,Κ!Σ/0;!Ε3∗∋.#/,!∋&!3,!∋,#%03>#∋/,!+%&∋4,%0!3,+!∋,+(�!%Γ≅%0#!Φ∋#∃!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!3#!
<∋:%ω8/0Η7!Ψ03,4%!3,+!Ξ3+%!);!Ξ3,;Κ!8∋#∃∋,!#∃%&%!>/,:%0&3#∋/,&!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!&∃30%+!≅0/#/#;≅%&!
−0/∗!#∃%!≅∋./#!3,+!>3≅#(0%+!#∃%∋0!−%%+)3>Η!/,!#∃%!>/,�(>#!/−!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/Κ!!
!
!
&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!&1%!#!!ϕΓ93;∀4!Γ23;:∀,γ!
Η<;Π%,∀/!ϑ/!+%:%./≅!+%∗/>03#∋>!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&%&!−/0!#∃%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%07!#∃0/(4∃!+%:∋&∋,4!3!∗/)∋.%!
#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!&#(+∋/!#/!&(≅≅/0#!&∗3..!&>3.%!./>3#∋/,!≅0/+(>#∋/,!∗%#∃/+&!−/0!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#∋,4Κ!ϑ∃%!!
∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/!+%∗/,#%+!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!3,+!#/!−3>∋.∋#3#%!#∃%!>/Μ+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!/−!
+∋4∋#3.!≅0∋,#!+%&∋4,!>/,>%≅#&!−/0!&>30:%&Κ!
!
Γ<,(3).38∗∀!+∀,)−.!Γ(;3(∀−Ν/!6%&∋4,!∀>#∋:∋&∗7!2/Μ6%&∋4,7!6%∗/>03#∋>!Ν,,/:3#∋/,!
&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!Τ36).−!Η;%2∀,,! ∆.∗).∀!Τ∀4)3!
ϑ∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/!Φ3&!3&&%∗).%+!(&∋,4!3!.3≅#/≅!
>/,,%>#%+!#/!3!+%&Η#/≅!≅0∋,#%0!λ!&>3,,%0Κ!∋?∃/,%!
3≅≅Π&!Φ%0%!(&%+!#/!+%&∋4,!3,+!+%:%./≅!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#&Κ!ϑ∃%!3≅≅Π&!(&%+!Φ%0%µ!
!
2/./(0!</:%0&!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ>/./(0./:%0&Κ>/∗λ&%3∗.%&&!
!
?3##%0,!ϑ//.!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ#/≅3≅≅0%:∋%Φ&ΧΒΧΚ>/∗λ≅3##%0,Μ#//.Μ∃+Μ
∋≅3+Μ3≅≅Μ∆∆Χ]Κ∃#∗.!
!
Υ3.%∋+/&>/≅%!∀≅≅!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚΗ3.%∋+/&>/≅%3≅≅Κ>/∗!!
!
=3)0∋>!0%1(∋0%+!3+:3,>%+!#0%3#∗%,#!#/!%,3).%!∋#!#/!)%!
−%+!+∋0%>#.;!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!≅0∋,#%0Κ!∀!&/.(#∋/,!#∋#.%+!
Λ()).%!Ω%#!∴%#!Φ3&!&/(0>%+!#/!#0%3#!#∃%!−3)0∋>7!#∃%!
&3∗%!)03,+!0%#3∋.&!)3>Η∋,4!≅3≅%0!−/0!#∃%!−3)0∋>Κ!ϑ∃∋&!
,%%+&!#/!)%!−∋Γ%+!(&∋,4!3,!∋0/,Κ!?30>∃∗%,#!≅3≅%0!
(&%+!−/0!∃/∗%!)3Η∋,4!≅0/:∋+%&!3!>∃%3≅%0!3.#%0,3#∋:%!
)(#!#∃%!Φ∋+#∃!,%%+&!#/!)%!>(#!#/!#∃%!&∋ς%!/−!ΑΒ>∗Κ!
!
ΦΦΦΚ#(∗).0Κ&∃30%+&>30:%&Κ>/∗!
!
ϑΦ∋##%0!ξ&∃30%+&>30:%&!!
!
Ν,ോ∗!ξ&∃30%+&>30:%&!!
!
!
!
∃3∗∗!=%;!Η3;()2)Π3()%.! Μ%;6,9%Π!Ε32)∗)(3(∀,!
?30#∋>∋≅3,#&!Φ%0%!0%>0(∋#%+!#∃0/(4∃!>3..&!−/0!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!≅0/∗/#%+!/,.∋,%!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!#(∗).0!)./47!
#∃%&%!Φ%0%!&∃30%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0&!%Γ∋&#∋,4!
&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!,%#Φ/0ΗΚ!ϑ%Γ#∋.%&!Τ,:∋0/,∗%,#!6%&∋4,!
ηϑΤ6ι!3.&/!≅0/∗/#%+!3,+!>∋0>(.3#%+!#∃%&%!>3..&!Φ∋#∃∋,!
#∃%∋0!%Γ∋&#∋,4!,%#Φ/0Η&Κ!∀!−.;%0!Φ3&!+%&∋4,%+!∋,!
3+:3,>%!/−!%3>∃!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!3,+!∋&!+/>(∗%,#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!
ϑ∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/!Φ3&!3&&%∗).%+!(&∋,4!∗/)∋.%!
+∋4∋#3.!+%:∋>%&Κ!ϑ∃%;!0%1(∋0%!3!&∗3..!+%&Η!/0!Φ/0Η!
&≅3>%Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!0%1(∋0%+!3!.304%0!#3).%!−/0!Μ]!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#/!Φ/0Η!30/(,+Κ!∀!Φ3..!&≅3>%!Φ3&!
0%1(∋0%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!>/,>%≅#!Φ3..!∗%#∃/+Κ!
96
&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!&1%!#!!ϕΓ93;∀4!Γ23;:∀,γ!
Η<;Π%,∀/!ϑ/!+%:%./≅!+%∗/>03#∋>!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&%&!−/0!#∃%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%07!#∃0/(4∃!+%:∋&∋,4!3!∗/)∋.%!
#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!&#(+∋/!#/!&(≅≅/0#!&∗3..!&>3.%!./>3#∋/,!≅0/+(>#∋/,!∗%#∃/+&!−/0!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#∋,4Κ!ϑ∃%!!
∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/!+%∗/,#%+!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!3,+!#/!−3>∋.∋#3#%!#∃%!>/Μ+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!/−!
+∋4∋#3.!≅0∋,#!+%&∋4,!>/,>%≅#&!−/0!&>30:%&Κ!
!
Γ<,(3).38∗∀!+∀,)−.!Γ(;3(∀−Ν/!6%&∋4,!∀>#∋:∋&∗7!2/Μ6%&∋4,7!6%∗/>03#∋>!Ν,,/:3#∋/,!
&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!Τ36).−!Η;%2∀,,! ∆.∗).∀!Τ∀4)3!
∀≅≅%,+∋Γ!6Κ!
!
!
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀(3)∗,! Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀,2;)Π()%.! Η3;()2)Π3
.(!
Τ! Ε! ∴∀.!
!
∆<(2%5∀!
?∋./#!
+3(∀/!∆Βλ!ΒΧλΑΒΧΧ!
&)5∀!_!+<;3()%./!ΑΜ
!ηΑ!∃/(0&ι!
Ω∀.<∀!_!Β%23()%./!
ϑΤ6!Ψ−−∋>%7!2∃%.&%3!
2/..%4%!/−!∀0#!3,+!
6%&∋4,7!9∀<7!</,+/,!
ϑ∃%!≅(0≅/&%!/−!#∃%!
≅∋./#!Φ3&!#/!#03∋.!3,+!
#%&#!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/Κ!!
!
∀!+∋4∋#3.!∗//+!)/30+!
Φ3&!≅0%≅30%+!∋,!
3+:3,>%µ!#∃%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#//Η!
≅∃/#/403≅∃&!/−!
+%#3∋.%+!&%>#∋/,&!3,+!
(&%+!#∃%!3≅≅&!#/!
≅0/+(>%!≅3##%0,&Κ!ϑ∃%!
−∋,3.!&%.%>#∋/,!Φ3&!
0%Φ/0Η%+!3,+!3!&3∗≅.%!
Φ3&!+∋4∋#3..;!≅0∋,#%+!
(&∋,4!#∃%!+%&Η#/≅!
≅0∋,#%0Κ!
!
Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ΓΧ!./ΦΜ−∋!+∋4∋#3..;!
≅0∋,#%+!&>30−!!
!
Α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ!
∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ!
! ! ! ! ! ! !
8/0Η&∃/≅!Χ!ΟΞ3Η%!
Ρ/(0!Ξ30ΗΠ!
+3(∀/!ΧελΒΑλΑΒΧΧ!
&)5∀!_!+<;3()%./!!ΑΜ
!ηΑ!∃/(0&ι!
Ω∀.<∀!_!Β%23()%./!
8∋#∃∋,!#∃%!ΟΞ3Η%!;/(0!
Ξ30ΗΠ!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!#∃%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!Φ/0Η%+!
#/4%#∃%0!#/!+%:%./≅!
3,3./4(%!#%Γ#∋.%!
≅3##%0,&Κ!!
Χ! ! Γ! ! ΓΧ!./ΦΜ−∋!+∋4∋#3..;!
+%&Η#/≅!≅0∋,#%+!
&>30−!Φ∋#∃!3!
)%&≅/Η%!≅0∋,#!#/!
&∃30%!
Α! ! Γ! !
∆! ! Γ! ! &3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
97
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀(3)∗,! Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀,2;)Π()%.! Η3;()2)Π3
.(!
Τ! Ε! ∴∀.!
!
∆<(2%5∀!
ϑ∃%!230+!Σ//∗7!
2∃%.&%3!2/..%4%!/−!
∀0#!3,+!6%&∋4,7!9∀<7!
</,+/,!
!
∀./,4&∋+%!#∃%!.3≅#/≅7!
≅0∋,#%+!3,+!∋?∃/,%7!
3,3./4(%!∗3#%0∋3.&!
Φ%0%!≅0/:∋+%+!&(>∃!3&!
≅3∋,#7!≅%,&!3,+!≅%,>∋.&Κ!
ϑ∃%!30#Φ/0Η!Φ3&!
≅∃/#/403≅∃%+!3,+!
+∋4∋#3..;!0%Φ/0Η%+!
(&∋,4!#∃%!Γ∆!3≅≅&!.∋&#%+!
3)/:%Κ!
! ! Γ! !
α! ! Γ! ! &3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
]! ! Γ! !
β! ! Γ! ! &3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
ε! ! Γ! !
!
!
8/0Η&∃/≅!Α!ΟΛ%!
Λ%&≅/Η%Π!
+3(∀/!ΑαλΒΑλΑΒΧΧ!
&)5∀!_!+<;3()%./!ΑΜ
!ηΑ!∃/(0&ι!
Ω∀.<∀!_!Β%23()%./!
ϑ∃%!230+!Σ//∗7!
2∃%.&%3!2/..%4%!/−!
∀0#!3,+!6%&∋4,7!9∀<7!
</,+/,!
8∋#∃∋,!#∃%!ΟΛ%!
Λ%&≅/Η%Π!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!#∃%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!Φ/0Η%+!
#/4%#∃%0!#/!&(≅≅/0#!
/,%!3,/#∃%0!#/!+%&∋4,!
3!≅%0&/,3.∋ς%+!+∋4∋#3.!
#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%!−∋0&#!"%!∋,:/.:%+!
(&∋,4!≅∃;&∋>3.!>/..34%!
∗3#%0∋3.&!#/!≅0/+(>%!3!
∗//+!)/30+Κ!ϑ∃%!
&%>/,+!≅30#!(&%+!#∃∋&!
>/,#%,#!#/!+%:%./≅!
+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,&Κ!
ϑ∃%!&>30:%&!Φ%0%!
≅0∋,#%+!≅/&#!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!
+(%!#/!#∋∗%!
>/,∋,#&Κ!
Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ΓΧ!./Μ−∋!+∋4∋#3..;!
+%&Η#/≅!≅0∋,#%+!
&>30−!Φ∋#∃!3!
)%&≅/Η%!≅0∋,#!
Α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! 3&!3)/:%!
∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! 3&!3)/:%!
! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! 3&!3)/:%!
α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! 3&!3)/:%!
]! Γ! ! Ζ%,!κ! 3&!3)/:%!
!
8/0Η&∃/≅!∆!ΟΞ∋Γ!
3,+!Ξ3#>∃Π!
+3(∀/!ΑελΒΑλΑΒΧΧ!
&)5∀!_!+<;3()%./!ΑΜ
!ηΑ!∃/(0&ι!
Ω∀.<∀!_!Β%23()%./!
ϑ∃%!230+!Σ//∗7!
2∃%.&%3!2/..%4%!/−!
∀0#!3,+!6%&∋4,7!9∀<7!
</,+/,!
8∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!3!
.304%0!≅∋%>%!/−!>./#∃!
Φ3&!(&%+!#/!>/,&∋+%0!
&>3.∋,4!(≅!#∃%!&>30−!#/!
&(≅≅/0#!−(0#∃%0!−3&∃∋/,!
3,+!&#;.∋,4!/≅#∋/,&Κ!
!
κΑ!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!Φ/0Η%+!
#/4%#∃%0!#/!+03Φ!3,+!
#∃%,!+∋4∋#3..;!0%ΜΦ/0Η!
#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,&Κ!ϑ∃%&%!
Φ%0%!−∋,3.∋ς%+Κ!
Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! κα!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!+%&∋4,&!
%,4∋,%%0%+!3,+!
≅.3>%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!
/,%!&>30−!!
Α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ!
98
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀(3)∗,! Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀,2;)Π()%.! Η3;()2)Π3
.(!
Τ! Ε! ∴∀.!
!
∆<(2%5∀!
!
∀!&#;.∋,4!&%&&∋/,!Φ3&!
3.&/!∋,>/0≅/03#%+!(&∋,4!
3!>/##/,!_%0&%;Κ!
8/0Η&∃/≅!!
ΟΝ,#%03>#∋:%!Ξ30Η%#!
..Π!
+3(∀/!Χ∆λΒλΑΒΧΧ!
&)5∀!_!+<;3()%./!
ΧΒΚΒΒΜΧβΚΒΒ!
Ω∀.<∀!_!Β%23()%./!
6ΝΡ!3,+!Ε3,+∗3+%7!
=(#(0%!Τ:%0;#∃∋,4!
=%&#∋:3.7!Ξ3,>∃%&#%0!
=/../Φ∋,4!3,!
/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!#/!+%.∋:%0!
#∃%!>/,>%≅#!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!
.304%0!%:%,#7!#∃%!
≅0/#/#;≅%!+%&∋4,&!Φ%0%!
#3Η%,!#/!=(#(0%!
Τ:%0;#∃∋,4!=%&#∋:3.!#/!
&∃/Φ>3&%!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!
&%>#∋/,!#∋#.%+!Ο6ΝΡ!3,+!
Ε3,+∗3+%ΠΚ!
!
Ν#!Φ3&!,/#!≅/&&∋).;!#/!
#03,&≅/0#!#∃%!≅0∋,#%0!
./4∋&#∋>3..;7!#∃(&!3!
&∗3..%0!:%0&∋/,!Φ3&!
3&&%∗).%+!(&∋,4!3!
&∗3..!?/ΖΨ!≅0∋,#%0!
Φ∃∋>∃!>/(.+!)%!
>/,,%>#%+!#/!#∃%!
.3≅#/≅!λ!∗/)∋.%!(&∋,4!
Φ∋−∋Κ!?30#∋>∋≅3,#&!(&%+!
≅0%∋,..%+!3≅≅Π&!#/!
4%,%03#%!≅3##%0,&!3,+!
≅0∋,#&Κ!ϑ∃%∋0!−∋,3.!
+%&∋4,!Φ3&!≅0∋,#%+!
(&∋,4!#∃%!?/Ζ/Κ!
!
∀!#Φ∋##%0!∃3&∃!#34!Φ3&!
3.&/!(&%+!#/!≅0/∗/#%!
&#;.∋,4!3,+!#∃%!0%Μ(&%!
/−!&>30:%&Κ!
Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴∗3..!+∋4∋#3.!
#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#!
(&∋,4!3!?/ΖΨ!
≅0∋,#%0!
Α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
]! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
β! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
ε! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
ΧΒ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
ΧΧ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
ΧΑ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
Χ∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
Χα! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
Χ]! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
Χβ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
Χε! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
Χχ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
ΑΒ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
ΑΧ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
ΑΑ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
99
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀(3)∗,! Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀,2;)Π()%.! Η3;()2)Π3
.(!
Τ! Ε! ∴∀.!
!
∆<(2%5∀!
Α∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
Α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
Αα! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
Α]! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
Αβ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
Αε! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
Αχ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
∆Β! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ∴3∗%!3&!3)/:%!
&∆&ΑΒ! β! Χ! ]! ! κΧ!>/..%>#∋:%!
>/..%>#∋/,!/−!Γ!
&>30:%&!
!
κ]!)%&≅/Η%!
&>30:%&!
!
κΧ!+∋4∋#3.!
%,4∋,%%0%+!≅0∋,#!
>/..%>#∋/,!−/0!
&>30:%&!Φ∋#∃!Γα!
+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#&!
!
κ∆Β!+∋4∋#3.!
#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#!
>/,>%≅#&!−/0!
&>30:%&!
!
!!
Ε)−<;∀!ς[!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!&38∗∀!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
100
δΚςΚΛ!Η)∗%().−!(9∀!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ςΥ!Η)∗%(!Μ%;6,9%Π!Τ3(∀;)3∗,!
101
!
Ε)−<;∀!ςς!Η)∗%(!Μ%;6,9%Π!Π;%(%(ΝΠ∀!4)−)(3∗!(∀∋()∗∀!4∀,)−.,!
!ϑ∃%!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!Φ3&!#0∋3.%+!#∃0/(4∃!3!≅∋./#!Φ/0Η&∃/≅7!#∃%!∗3#%0∋3.&!(&%+!30%!∋..(#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!Β()2,&!
Ε∆!Φ∃∋>∃!&(≅≅/0#%+!#∃%!+%&∋4,!/−!≅0/#/#;≅%!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,&!η&%%!−∋4(0%!αα!3)/:%ιΚ!ϑ∃%&%!Φ%0%!
+%&∋4,%+!);! 3! &3∗≅.%! 40/(≅!/−! #∃0%%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&!Φ∃/! >/(.+! ! )%!+%−∋,%+!3&!Ζ%,!ΡΚ! ϑ∃%!
0%&%30>∃%0!#0∋3.%+!3,+!#%&#%+!3!03,4%!/−!+∋4∋#3.! #//.&!3,+!0%:∋%Φ%+!%Γ∋&#∋,4!3≅≅Π&! ∋,!3+:3,>%Κ!6∋4∋#3.!
#%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,&! 30%! #03+∋#∋/,3..;! +%:%./≅%+! (&∋,4!∀+/)%! &/−#Φ30%! ≅3>Η34%&! )(#! #∃%&%! 30%! %Γ≅%,&∋:%!
3,+! #∃%;!0%1(∋0%!%Γ≅%0#!&(≅≅/0#!3,+!3+:3,>%! #03∋,∋,4! ∋,!∗3Η∋,4Κ!ϑ/!&(≅≅/0#!+%∗/>03#∋>! ∋,,/:3#∋/,!
3,+! 3,! ∋,>.(&∋:%! 3≅≅0/3>∃7! 3! ∗/0%! 3−−/0+3).%! 3,+! 3>>%&&∋).%! &/.(#∋/,! Φ3&! 0%1(∋0%+Κ! ϑ∃%! 0%&%30>∃!
0%:∋%Φ%+! #∃%! ∗30Η%#≅.3>%! −/0! 3≅≅Π&! #∃3#! %,3).%+! #∃%! (&%0! #/! %+∋#! >/./(07! &>3.%7! >/∗≅/&∋#∋/,! 3,+!
(.#∋∗3#%.;!4%,%03#%!≅3##%0,!3,+!≅0∋,#Κ!ϑ∃/&%!&%.%>#%+!Φ%0%!#0∋3.%+!3,+!0%:∋%Φ%+Κ!8∃∋.%!3!.304%!03,4%!
/−!3≅≅Π&!+%:%./≅%+!−/0!+∋4∋#3.!≅∃/#/403≅∃;!&(≅≅/0#%+!>/./(07!&>3.%!3,+!>/∗≅/&∋#∋/,3.!%+∋#∋,47!#∃%0%!
Φ3&!3!.∋∗∋#%+!&%.%>#∋/,!3:3∋.3).%!#/!&(≅≅/0#!≅3##%0,!3,+!≅0∋,#!+%:%./≅∗%,#Κ!!
!
∀! +∋4∋#3.! ∗//+! )/30+! Φ3&! ≅0%≅30%+! ∋,! 3+:3,>%! /−! #∃%! ≅∋./#! #/! ≅0/:∋+%! ∋,&≅∋03#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! ≅∋./#! Φ3&!
+%.∋:%0%+!#∃0/(4∃!3!∆Β!∗∋,(#%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!+%∗/,#∋/,7!+∋:∋+%+! ∋,#/!#∃0%%!ΧΒ!∗∋,(#%!&%>#∋/,&µ!>/Μ
+%&∋4,∋,47!>/Μ≅0/+(>#∋/,!3,+!−%%+)3>ΗΚ!
!
102
δΚςΚΛ!β3χ!Η3;(!Λ/!∃%#+∀,)−.).−!+)−)(3∗!&∀∋()∗∀,!Μ!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#//Η!3!+∋4∋#3.!≅∃/#/403≅∃!/−!#∃%!∗//+!
)/30+!(&∋,4! #∃%! ∋?∃/,%!≅0/:∋+%+Κ!ϑ∃%;! #∃%,!%+∋#%+! #∃%∋0!+∋4∋#3.! ∋∗34%&!(&∋,4!∆!≅0%Μ∋,..%+!3≅≅Π&! Μ!
Υ3.%∋+/&>/≅%7!2/./(0<ΨϕΤΣ∴!3,+!?3##%0,!ϑ//.!η.∋&#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!/,.∋,%!∗3#%0∋3.&!&%>#∋/,!/−!−∋4(0%!α∆!
3)/:%ιΚ!∀,;!+∋4∋#3.! ∋∗34%!>/(.+!)%!∗3,∋≅(.3#%+!#/!4%,%03#%!≅3##%0,&!3,+!−(0#∃%0!3+3≅#%+!#/!3+_(&#!
>/./(07!&>3.%!3,+!>/∗≅/&∋#∋/,Κ!
!
δΚςΚΛ! β8χ! Η3;(! Θ/! Η;).().−!+)−)(3∗! &∀∋()∗∀,! ϖ! −0/∗! #∃%! ≅//.! /−! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! ≅3##%0,&! 3,+! ≅0∋,#&7! #∃%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!>/..%>#∋:%.;!&%.%>#%+!3!−∋,3.!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,Κ!ϑ∃%&%!Φ%0%!#∃%,!0%Μ&>3.%+!);!#∃%!+%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#/0!#/!+%∗/,#%!#∃%!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#∋,4!≅0/>%&&Κ!ϑ∃%0%!Φ%0%!.∋∗∋#3#∋/,&7!3&!#%>∃,∋>3..;!#∃%!
Φ∋+#∃!>/(.+!,/#!%Γ>%%+!ΑΒ>∗!)(#!#∃%!.%,4#∃!>/(.+!:30;Κ!ϑ∃%!&∋.Η!−3)0∋>!Φ3&!#0%3#%+!3,+!3##3>∃%+!#/!3!
)3>Η∋,4!≅3≅%0!∋,!3+:3,>%!/−!#∃%!≅∋./#Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&!−%+!+∋0%>#.;!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!≅0∋,#%0!#/!≅0/+(>%!3!+∋4∋#3..;!
≅0∋,#%+!.%,4#∃!−/0!#∃%!&>30−Κ!
!
Η3;(! [/! Ε∀∀48326! %.! Τ%8)∗∀! Γ(<4)%! Μ! (&∋,4! 3! −%%+)3>Η! ∗3#0∋Γ7! #∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0! >3≅#(0%+!
−%%+)3>ΗΚ! ϑ∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! &∃30%+! #∃%∋0! 0%−.%>#∋/,&! (≅/,! #∃%∋0! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! /−! #∃%! Ο∴∃30%+! ∴>30:%&Π!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!
!
δΚςΚΘ!ϑ(∀;3()%.!Λ/!∃%#+∀,)−.!Μ%;6,9%Π!()(∗∀4!ϕΤ36∀!ε%<;!Τ3;6γ!
!
ϑ∃%!−∋0&#!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!Φ3&!−3>∋.∋#3#%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!3!40/(≅!/−!%∋4∃#!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&Κ!ϑ∃%;!>/(.+!)%!+%−∋,%+!3&!
−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&7!)(#!#∃%;!Φ%0%!3.&/!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!&#(+%,#&!3,+!0%>%,#!403+(3#%&!−0/∗!2∃%.&%3!
2/..%4%!/−!∀0#!3,+!6%&∋4,7!</,+/,Κ!ϑ∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!Φ3&!"%+!/:%0!#Φ/!∃/(0&!3,+!3≅≅.∋%+!#∃%!∗%#∃/+!
/−!=.Ρ%&∋()∗! #/!≅0/+(>%!3!>/..%>#∋:%!>/..%>#∋/,!/−!+∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#&Κ!8∃∋.%! #∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!3,+!
#%>∃,∋1(%&! Φ%0%! %).∋&∃%+! ∋,! 3+:3,>%7! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! +%−∋,%+! #∃%∋0! /Φ,! #∃%∗%! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅! −/0! #∃%! >/..%>#∋/,! #∋#.%+! ΟΞ∋Γ! 3,+! Ξ3#>∃ΚΠ! ϑ∃%! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! )%43,! Φ∋#∃! 3! #%,Μ∗∋,(#%!
+%∗/,#∋/,!/−!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/!∋,!3>#∋/,Κ!
!
103
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ςδ!Μ%;6,9%Π!Λ!<,).−!(9∀!5%8)∗∀!,(<4)%!
!
δΚςΚΘ!β3χ!Η3;(!Λ/!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!Τ36).−!Μ!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!Φ%0%!+∋:∋+%+!∋,#/!#Φ/!40/(≅&Κ!ϑ∃%!−∋0&#!#3&Η!
−/0!#∃%!40/(≅&!−/>(&%+!/,!+%:%./≅∋,4!∋,&≅∋03#∋/,Κ!!?30#∋>∋≅3,#&!&/(0>%+!+∋4∋#3.!∋∗34%0;!3,+!≅0/+(>%+!
3!∗//+! )/30+! #∋#.%+! ΟΞ∋Γ! 3,+!Ξ3#>∃ΠΚ! ϑ∃%! >/,#%,#!Φ3&! %Γ≅3,+%+! (≅/,! #∃0/(4∃! 3! ≅∃;&∋>3.!∗3Η∋,4!
≅0/>%&&!3≅≅.;∋,4!#∃%!#%>∃,∋1(%!/−!∗30Η!∗3Η∋,4!(&∋,4!./ΦΜ−∋+%.∋#;!∗3#%0∋3.&!&(>∃!3&!≅3∋,#7!≅3&#%.&7!∋,Η!
3,+! 3! &%.%>#∋/,! /−! ≅3≅%0! η#∃%! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! ∋&! ∋..(#%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! Β()2,&! ΕΟΗΚ! ϑ/! &(≅≅/0#! #∃%! =.Ρ%&∋()∗!
≅0/>%&&!%3>∃!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!0/#3#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%∋0!Φ/0Η#∋/,&!#/!+%:%./≅!3!&%0∋%&!/−!&∃30%+!∋,#%03>#∋/,&!
Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&!∋,#%,#∋/,3..;!+∋&0(≅#%+!3&!#∃%!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/0!
∋,�(>#%+!#∃%!40/(≅&!#/!0/#3#%!Φ/0Η#∋/,&Κ!ϑ∃%!−∋,3.!≅3##%0,&!3,+!≅0∋,#&!Φ%0%!3##3>∃%+!#/!#∃%!Φ3..!
Φ∃∋>∃! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3,! ∋,#%03>#∋:%! Φ/0Η&≅3>%! #/! >(03#%! 3,+! 0%−∋,%! +%&∋4,! >/,>%≅#&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%03>#∋:%!
Φ/0Η&≅3>%! Φ3&! .3#%0! +%−∋,%+! 3&! #∃%! Ο=.∗=&9+! Τ800Ας! 3,! %Γ≅./03#/0;! ∗%#∃/+! #/! &(≅≅/0#! 0%&%30>∃!
+/>(∗%,#3#∋/,!3,+!&(≅≅/0#!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!);!≅0/:∋+∋,4!3!≅.3#−/0∗!#/!+/>(∗%,#7!%+∋#!3,+!0%−∋,%!Φ/0Η!
>/..3)/03#∋:%.;Κ!ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!Φ/0Η!4%,%03#%+!Φ3&!≅∃/#/403≅∃%+!#/!≅0/:∋+%!∗3#%0∋3.! −/0! #∃%! −/../Φ∋,4!
"%!/−!#∃%!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&Κ!!
!
δΚςΚΘ!β8χ!Η3;(!Θ/!+)−)(3∗!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!Μ!#∃%!&%>/,+!≅30#!/−!#∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!(#3.∋&%+!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/Κ!
ϑ∃%!3≅≅Π&!Φ%0%!≅0%∋,..%+!/,!3,!∋?∃/,%!3,+!∋?3+!#/!%,3).%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#/!>/..%>#∋:%.;!+∋4∋#∋&%!#∃%∋0!
#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!>/,>%≅#&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!≅0/>%&&!Φ3&!>/..3)/03#∋:%!3,+!#∃%!∗%#∃/+!/−!>/Μ+%&∋4,!Φ3&!3≅≅.∋%+!#/!
+%:%./≅! 3! &∗3..! >/..%>#∋:%! >/..%>#∋/,! /−! &∋Γ! &>30:%&Κ! 6(%! #/! #∋∗%! >/,∋,#&! ∋#! Φ3&! ,/#! ≅/&&∋).%! #/!
≅∃;&∋>3..;! ≅0∋,#! #∃%! >/∗≅.%#%! >/..%>#∋/,!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!)(#!/,%! &>30−!Φ3&!≅0/+(>%+! −0/∗! #∃%!
−∋,3.!>/..%>#∋/,!(&∋,4!#∃%!+%&Η#/≅!≅0∋,#%0Κ!ϑ∃%!0%∗3∋,∋,4!&>30:%&!Φ%0%!≅0∋,#%+!)%;/,+!#∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅7!
3,+!#∃3#!Φ3&!−/../Φ%+!);!3,!∋,−/0∗3.!43#∃%0∋,4!#/!&∃/Φ>3&%7!&∃30%!3,+!>%.%)03#%!#∃%!Ο>/..3)/03#∋:%!
+%&∋4,!>/..%>#∋/,ΠΚ!!
104
δΚςΚ[!ϑ(∀;3()%.!Θ/!∃%#+∀,)−.!Μ%;6,9%Π!()(∗∀4!ϕ≅∀,Π%6∀!&∀∋()∗∀!Η;).(,γ!!
!ϑ∃∋&!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!3≅≅0/3>∃!+∋−−%0%+!−0/∗!#∃%!≅0%:∋/(&Κ!ϑ/!%Γ≅./0%!∋−!#∃%!∗%#∃/+!/−!=.Ρ%&∋()∗!>/(.+!)%!
3≅≅.∋%+7! #/! %,3).%! &∋Γ! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&! #/! >0%3#%! #∃%∋0! /Φ,! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! ≅0∋,#! #∃0/(4∃! 3! ≅0/>%&&! /−!
>/..3)/03#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&!Φ/0Η&∃/≅! 3.&/! %Γ≅./0%+! −(0#∃%0! /≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&! −/0! #∃%! ≅/#%,#∋3.! /−! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#∋,4!
#∃%!∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! #/! /0>∃%#%! /≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&! −/0! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! #/! %,434%!Φ∋#∃! )%&≅/Η%!
&%0:∋>%&!Φ∋#∃!#∃%∋0!≅%%0&Κ!ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/0!>(03#%+!3!+∋4∋#3.!3,+!∗3#%0∋3.!Φ/0Η#∋/,!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅!&≅3>%!#/!&(≅≅/0#!%3>∃!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#Π&!≅%0&/,3.!#03,&∋#∋/,!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&Κ!
ϑ∃∋&! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&! Φ3&! −3>∋.∋#3#%+! #/! +%.∋:%0! 3! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ≅0∋,#! 3,+!
−∋,∋&∃%+!&>30−!−/0!%3>∃!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#Κ!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ς]!Μ%;6,9%Π!Θ!<,).−!(9∀!5%8)∗∀!,(<4)%!
!
!
105
δΚςΚ[!β3χ!Η3;(!Λ/!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!Τ36).−!Μ!#∃%!−∋0&#!Φ/0Η#∋/,!≅0/:∋+%+!3!&≅3>%!#/!∋+%3#%!,%Φ!+%&∋4,!
>/,>%≅#&! 3,+! 0%−.%>#! (≅/,! #∃%∋0! %Γ∋&#∋,4! Φ30+0/)%Κ! 8∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! &≅3>%7! −3&∃∋/,! ∗343ς∋,%&! 3,+!
≅∃/#/403≅∃&!Φ%0%!≅0/:∋+%+! #/!3../Φ!%3>∃!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#! #/!≅∃;&∋>3..;!≅0/+(>%! #∃%∋0!/Φ,!∗//+!)/30+Κ!
ϑ∃0/(4∃! 3! ≅∃;&∋>3.! ≅0/>%&&! /−! ∗3Η∋,4! η∋..(#%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! Β()2,&! ΕΞ! 8Γ.−&ι! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! Φ%0%!
%,>/(034%+! #/! )%>/∗%! %∗≅/Φ%0%+! #/! %+∋#7! +%−∋,%! 3,+! 0%−∋,%! #∃%∋0! /Φ,! ≅%0&/,3.! 3%&#∃%#∋>Κ! 8∃∋.%!
%+∋#∋,4!3,+!0%−∋,∋,4!#∃%∋0!∗//+!)/30+!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!Φ%0%!%,434%+!∋,!3!>/,:%0&3#∋/,!#/!/−−%0!≅%%0!
−%%+)3>Η!3,+!&(≅≅/0#Κ!ϑ∃∋&!#3&Η!>/,>.(+%+!Φ∋#∃!3!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!&∃/Φ>3&%!/−!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!≅%0&/,3.!∗//+!
)/30+Κ!=(0#∃%0!∗3#%0∋3.&!Φ%0%!≅0/:∋+%+!#/!∗3Η%!≅3##%0,!3,+!≅0∋,#!∋,&≅∋0%+!);!#∃%!∗//+!)/30+Κ!∴/∗%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!3+/≅#%+!#∃∋&!3≅≅0/3>∃!3,+!>/,#∋,(%+!#/!0/#3#%!)%#Φ%%,!#∃%!≅∃;&∋>3.!∗3Η∋,4!3,+!+∋4∋#3.!
Φ/0Η&≅3>%Κ!ϑ∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!>/(.+!(&%!#∃%!∗3#%0∋3.!ς/,%!#/!+03Φµ!>/..34%!3,+!≅3∋,#7!3,+!#∃%;!∃3+!#∃%!
/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!#/!∋,#%03>#!Φ∋#∃!)/#∃7!#/!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!+%:%./≅∗%,#!Φ∋#∃!+∋4∋#3.!3,+!≅∃;&∋>3.!
∗3#%0∋3.&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!#∃%!:3.(%!/−!≅0/:∋+∋,4!3,!∋,#%03>#∋/,!)%#Φ%%,!≅∃;&∋>3.!3,+!+∋4∋#3.!
∗3#%0∋3.&Κ! ∀! >/..%>#∋/,! /−! /#∃%0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&7! #//Η! +∋4∋#3.! ∋∗34%0;! 3,+! >/∗≅.%#%+! #∃%! +%&∋4,! "%!
Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!+∋4∋#3.!Φ/0Η&≅3>%Κ!
!
δΚςΚ[! β8χ! Η3;(! Θ/! +)−)(3∗! &∀∋()∗∀! +∀,)−.! #! ϑ∃%! &%>/,+! Φ/0Η#∋/,! ≅0/:∋+%+! #∃%! ∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! 3,+!
+∋4∋#3.! #//.&! #/! ∗3Η%! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! Φ/0Η#∋/,! Φ3&! 3&&%∗).%+! #/! &(≅≅/0#! +∋−−%0%,#!
#%>∃,∋1(%&Κ! ϑ∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! ∃3+! (,.∋∗∋#%+! 3>>%&&! #/! #∃%! +∋4∋#3.! &≅3>%! #/! &>3,! /0! ≅∃/#/403≅∃! #∃%∋0!
∗//+! )/30+! 3,+! 4%,%03#%! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,&! (&∋,4! #∃%! ∋?∃/,%! 3,+! 3≅≅Π&! ≅0/:∋+%+Κ! =∋,3..;! #∃%!
40/(≅!Φ3&! ∋,:∋#%+! #/! Ο∗3Η%Π!3!+∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!(&∋,4! #∃%!∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/Κ!8∋#∃∋,! #∃%!40/(≅!3!Χ∆Μ
;%30Μ/.+! )/;! +%−∋,%+! 3&!Ζ%,%03#∋/,! κ7! +%∗/,#%+! ∃∋4∃.;! 3+:3,>%+! +%&∋4,! &Η∋..&! (&∋,4! #∃%! +∋4∋#3.!
3+/)%! ≅3>Η34%! ?∃/#/&∃/≅! η∋..(#%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! Β()2,&! ΕΠ! )%./ΦιΚ! ϑ∃%&%! &Η∋..&! Φ%0%! &%.−! #3(4∃#! 3,+!
&(0≅3&&%+!#∃%!+%&∋4,!>3≅3>∋#;!/−!&/∗%!/−!#∃%!+%&∋4,!&#(+%,#&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!40/(≅Κ!
!
!
106
!
Ε)−<;∀!ςΖ!∴∀.!Ψ!Π3;()2)Π3.(!<,).−!(9∀!5%8)∗∀!,(<4)%!
!
δΚςΚΥ!ϑ(∀;3()%.![/!∃%#+∀,)−.!Μ%;6,9%Π!()(∗∀4!ϕΤ)∋!3.4!Τ3(29γ!
!ϑ∃%!#∃∋0+!3,+!−∋,3.!Τ.,>∋5.9!3≅≅.∋%+!>/Μ+%&∋4,!#/!>0%3#%!3!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!Ο>/..3)/03#∋:%!+%&∋4,!
>/..%>#∋/,ΠΚ! Ν,! #∃∋&! >3&%! 3≅≅.;∋,4! #∃%! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,&! /,#/! 3,! %,4∋,%%0%+! &>30−! #%∗≅.3#%!
≅0/+(>%+!#∃%!>/..%>#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃∋&!.304%0!≅∋%>%!/−!>./#∃!Φ3&!+%&∋4,%+!Φ∋#∃!0%−%0%,>∋,4!#/!3!>/,>%≅#!);!Ν&&%;!
Ξ∋;3Η%!ηΑΒΒΑι!#∋#.%+!Ο3!≅∋%>%!/−!>./#∃Π!η∀?Ψ2ι!Φ∃∋>∃!%Γ≅./0%+!∃/Φ!430∗%,#&!>/(.+!)%!%,4∋,%%0%+!∋,#/!
107
#∃%!+%&∋4,!/−!3,!∋,+∋:∋+(3.!≅∋%>%!/−!>./#∃!#/!∋,&≅∋0%!,%Γ#!>/,#%Γ#&!/−!(&%!η&%%!−∋4(0%!αχ!)%./ΦιΚ!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ςΟ!ϑ,,∀Ν!Τ)Ν36∀!ΑΗ∆∃!2%.2∀Π(!βΘΡΡΘχ!
!
!ϑ∃%! #%∗≅.3#%! ∋,>.(+%+! 3! &%0∋%&! /−! &∗3..%0! &∃3≅%&! &()#.;! ∗30Η%+! /,#/! #∃%! .304%0! ≅∋%>%! /−! >./#∃!
≅0/:∋+∋,4!−(0#∃%0!/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&!−/0!0%(&%!);!>(##∋,4!∋,#/!#∃%!−3)0∋>Κ!ϑ∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!>/(.+!>(#!∋,#/!#∃%!
>./#∃!#/!%Γ#03>#!&∗3..%0!&>30:%&!#/!)%!&#;.%+!>/..%>#∋:%.;!/−−%0∋,4!∗(.#∋≅.%!&#;.∋,4!/≅#∋/,&Κ!ϑ∃%!∗/)∋.%!
&#(+∋/!>/(.+!/,.;!&(≅≅/0#!+∋4∋#3.!≅0∋,#∋,4!#/!&3∗≅.%!#∃%!>/..%>#∋/,Κ!ϑ/!≅0/+(>%!#∃%!.304%0!&>30−!+%&∋4,!
0%1(∋0%&!3!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#∋,4!&%0:∋>%Κ!
!
108
!
ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!%Γ≅./0%+!∃/Φ! #∃%! >/..3)/03#∋:%! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&! >/(.+! ∋,∋#∋3#%!
−(0#∃%0! ∋,#%03>#∋/,&! #∃0/(4∃! &∃30∋,47! )%;/,+! #∃%! >/∗≅.%#%! "%&! /−! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&!
≅0/:∋+%+! #∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0! Φ∋#∃! #∃%! /≅≅/0#(,∋#;! #/! %Γ≅./0%! >/..3)/03#∋:%! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! #∃0/(4∃!
&∃30%+!/Φ,%0&∃∋≅!/−!3!−∋,∋&∃%+!/(#>/∗%Κ!ϑ∃∋&!%Γ≅3,+&!(≅/,!#∃%!%Γ≅./03#/0;!∗%#∃/+!/−!>/Μ>(03#∋/,!#/!
%,>/(034%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!#/!0%&#;.%!3,+!3&&%∗).%!%Γ∋&#∋,4!430∗%,#&!3,+!3>>%&&/0∋%&Κ!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!δΡ!Μ%;6,9%Π![!<,).−!(9∀!5%8)∗∀!,(<4)%!
!
!δΚςΚΥ!β3χ!Η3;(!Λ/!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!Τ36).−!Ξ!ϑ∃%!−∋0&#!≅30#!/−!#∃∋&!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!3≅≅.∋%+!=.Ρ%&∋()∗!∗%#∃/+&!#/!
>/Μ>0%3#%! 30#Φ/0ΗΚ! Ψ,%! /−! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! Φ3&! 3! ≅0/−%&&∋/,3.! ∋..(#/0! 3,+!
−3&∃∋/,! )./44%0! Φ∃/! &(44%&#%+! %3>∃! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#! (&%+! #03>∋,4! ≅3≅%0Κ! ϑ∃%! &%>/,+! "%! (&%+! #∃%!
#03>∋,4!≅3≅%0!3&!3,!3,3./4!∗%#∃/+!/−!.3;%0∋,4!3,+!>/∗)∋,∋,4!%3>∃!∋,+∋:∋+(3.Π&!30#Φ/0Η!#/!4%,%03#%!3!
>/..3)/03#∋:%!>/..%>#∋/,Κ!!
!
δΚςΚΥ! β8χ! Η3;(! Θ/! +)−)(3∗! &∀∋()∗∀! +∀,)−.! #! ϑ∃%&%! :30∋3#∋/,&! Φ%0%! &>3,,%+! #/! ≅0/+(>%! 3! >/..%>#∋/,! /−!
109
+∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%&7! Φ∃∋>∃! Φ%0%! #∃%,! 3≅≅.∋%+! #/! #∃%! %,4∋,%%0%+! ≅0∋,#! #%∗≅.3#%! #∃0/(4∃! 3! &%0∋%&! /−!
:30∋3#∋/,&Κ!ϑ∃%!.304%0!≅∋%>%!/−!>./#∃!0%1(∋0%+!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!≅0∋,#∋,4!&%0:∋>%&7!3,+!#∃%0%−/0%!∋#!Φ3&!,/#!
≅/&&∋).%! #/! ≅0/+(>%! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! Φ/0Η&∃/≅Κ! Ε/Φ%:%0! #∃∋&! ∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3! #//.! #/! &3∗≅.%!
+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,&!);!≅0∋,#∋,4!/,#/!−3)0∋>Κ!
!
δΚςΚΥ!β2χ!Η3;(![/!Γ(Ν∗).−!#!ϑ∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!>/,>.(+%+!);!(&∋,4!≅0%Μ>(#!>/##/,! _%0&%;!#/∋.%Π&! η&∗3..!&>3.%!
:%0&∋/,&! /−! #∃%! ≅3##%0,ι! #/! %Γ≅./0%! &#;.∋,4! (&∋,4! 3! ≅0/#/#;≅%! #/! 0%≅0%&%,#! %3>∃! &∃3≅%! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%!
%,4∋,%%0%+!#%∗≅.3#%Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!#∃%!&#;.∋,4!&%&&∋/,!#∃%!40/(≅!>/..%>#∋:%.;!4%,%03#%+!αΒ!&#;.%!:30∋3#∋/,&Κ!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!δΛ!Η3;()2)Π3.(!≅∗%−!Η%,(!
!
δΚςΚς!ϑ(∀;3()%.!Υ/!∃%#+∀,)−.!Μ%;6,9%Π!()(∗∀4!ϕΓ93;∀4!Γ23;:∀,γ!
!ϑ∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!&%0∋%&!≅∋./#%+!#∃0%%!+∋−−%0%,#!3≅≅0/3>∃%&!−/0!>/Μ+%&∋4,∋,4!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#&!(&∋,4!#∃%!
∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/Κ!ϑ∃∋&!≅0/+(>%+!≅∃;&∋>3.!≅0/#/#;≅%&!3,+!&3∗≅.%&!#/!+%∗/,#%!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!
∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/Κ!ϑ∃%!Φ/0Η!Φ3&!+%∗/,#%+!3,+!&∃/Φ>3&%+!#∃0/(4∃!3,!
(∗+&,8=+(−&!Λ8,>&+!∋+800!Φ∋#∃∋,!Ο=(#(0%!Τ:%0;#∃∋,4Π7!3!+∋4∋#3.!−%&#∋:3.!ηΑΒΧΧι7!Ξ3,>∃%&#%0!η∋&&!Β()2,&∋!ΟΧ!
Ψ! Ο#ιΚ! ϑ∃%! ∗30Η%#! ..! Φ3&! 3,/#∃%0! %Γ≅./03#/0;! ∗%#∃/+! /0>∃%#%+! #/! +%∗/,#%! #∃%!
110
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!#∃0/(4∃!3>#∋/,Κ!∀./,4&∋+%!&∃/Φ>3&∋,4!#∃%!≅0/>%&&!3,+!/(#>/∗%&!−0/∗!%3>∃!3≅≅0/3>∃7!3,!
∋,#%03>#∋:%! +%∗/,#∋/,! Φ3&! +%:%./≅%+! #/! %,3).%! 3,! %Γ#%,+%+! 3(+∋%,>%! #/! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#%! Φ∋#∃! #∃%!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!!
!
δΚςΚς! β3χ!Η3;(!Λ/!+)−)(3∗! &∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.! #!ϑ∃%!∗/)∋.%!+∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,! &#(+∋/!Φ3&! &%#!(≅Κ!6(%! #/!
./4∋&#∋>&! ∋#! Φ3&! ,/#! ≅/&&∋).%! #/! #03,&≅/0#! #∃%! #%Γ#∋.%! ≅0∋,#%0Κ! Ν,&#%3+! 3! &∗3..! ?/4/! ≅0∋,#%0! Φ3&!
>/,,%>#%+!#/!%,3).%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#/!≅0∋,#!3!&#∋>Η%0!3&!3!≅∃;&∋>3.!/(#>/∗%!#∃3#!#∃%;!>/(.+!#3Η%!3Φ3;Κ!
!
δΚςΚς!β8χ!Η3;(!Θ/!Γ(Ν∗).−!Ξ!∀!&∗3..!&3∗≅.%!>/..%>#∋/,!/−!&>30:%&!Φ3&!3.&/!&∃/Φ>3&%+!3,+!#∃%!≅().∋>!Φ3&!
∋,:∋#%+!#/!%Γ≅%0∋∗%,#!);!&#;.∋,4! #∃%∗Κ!ϑ∃%!%Γ≅./03#/0;!∗%#∃/+!/−!+Τ&&+! +8)∋!Φ3&!3##3>∃%+!#/!%3>∃!
&>30−Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ∋,:/.:%+! 3! ≅∃;&∋>3.! .3)%.! Φ∋#∃! 3! ξ&∃30%+&>30:%&! ∃3&∃! #34! 3,+! &>30−! ,3∗%7! #∃%! +%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#/0!%,>/(034%+!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#/!&#;.%!3,+!&∃30%!#∃%∋0!&>30:%&!/,.∋,%!#/!&∃30%!#∃%∋0!&#;.∋,4!∋+%3&!
3,+!>3≅#(0%!%3>∃!∋,#%03>#∋/,!3,+!)(∋.+!3!+∋4∋#3.!30>∃∋:%Κ!!
!
111
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!δΘ!ϑ.(∀;32():∀!Τ3;6∀(!Γ(3∗∗!3(!Ε<(<;∀!Χ:∀;Ν(9).−!ΘΡΛΛ!
!
112
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!δ[!ϑ.(∀;32():∀!Τ3;6∀(!,(3∗∗!Η;%(%(ΝΠ∀!Γ23;:∀,!
δΚςΚδ!Ι∀=∗∀2()%.!%.!Τ∀(9%4,!!
!8∋#∃∋,! %3>∃!Φ/0Η&∃/≅7! >/..3)/03#∋/,!Φ3&! &(≅≅/0#%+! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%!∗%#∃/+! /−! >/Μ+%&∋4,! 3,+! 3≅≅.∋%+!
#∃0/(4∃! #∃0%%!+∋−−%0%,#!3≅≅0/3>∃%&Κ!ϑ/!%,3).%! #∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! #/!Φ/0Η! #/4%#∃%0! #∃(&!+%:%./≅∋,4!3!
>/..%>#∋:%!>/..%>#∋/,7!#/!+%:%./≅!3!)%&≅/Η%!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#!−/0!#∃%∗&%.:%&!3,+!−∋,3..;!#/!+%:%./≅!3!
>/..%>#∋:%! >/..%>#∋/,! Φ∃∋>∃! >/(.+! )%! Φ/0,! #/4%#∃%0! /0! >/..%>#∋:%.;Κ! Τ3>∃! /−! #∃%&%! 3≅≅0/3>∃%&!
%−−%>#∋:%.;!&(≅≅/0#%+!>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&Κ!!
!
ϑ03+∋#∋/,3..;7! Φ∋#∃∋,! −3&∃∋/,! /0! #%Γ#∋.%&! +∋&>∋≅.∋,%&7! =.Ρ%&∋()∗! ∋&! +%−∋,%+! 3&! 3! >/..3)/03#∋:%! ≅0/>%&&!
)%#Φ%%,!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!+%&∋4,!≅03>#∋#∋/,%0&Κ!∴/∗%!304(%7!#∃3#!=.Ρ%&∋()∗!∋&!3!∗%#∃/+7!Φ∃∋>∃!∋,:/.:%&!3#!
113
.%3&#!/,%!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!+%&∋4,%0!Φ/0Η∋,4!∋,!>/..3)/03#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!.3;≅%0&/,&!η∴3,+%0&7!ΑΒΒειΚ!ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#/0!)%>3∗%!3!>3#3.;&#!#∃0/(4∃!+%∗/,#∋,4!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/!3,+!#//.Η∋#7!3,+!&(∋,%+!#∃%!
−./Φ!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&µ!)(#!+∋+!,/#!≅.3;!3!+∋0%>#!0/.%!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!>/Μ+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!
≅0/:∋+%&!3!−(0#∃%0!≅/&∋#∋/,!);!304(∋,4!#∃3#!);!>(.#∋:3#∋,4!3!∗∋,+&%#!#/Φ30+&!&∃30∋,47!∋#!≅0/:∋+%&!3!,%Φ!
3≅≅0/3>∃!#/!%Γ>∃3,4%!∗3#%0∋3.!Η,/Φ.%+4%7!&Η∋..&!3,+!#%>∃,∋1(%&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!
3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&Κ!∀&!#∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!&%0∋%&!%:/.:%+!3,+!#∃%!#//.&!)%>/∗%!∗/0%!%−−%>#∋:%7!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!
)%>3∗%!.%&&!+∋0%>#Κ!
!
ϑ∃%! +%&∋4,! ∗%#∃/+&! /−! 0.ΡΒ(%&0(+Μ! 9,.+.+Μ9(∗)ς! ∋+.,ΜΓ.8,%(∗)! 3,+! −(∋280(∋8+(.∗! %−−%>#∋:%.;!
>/∗∗(,∋>3#%+!3,+!+/>(∗%,#%+! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!34%,>;!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!/−−%0&!3!,%Φ!
/(#.//Η7! #/! ≅0/≅/&%! %Γ≅3,+∋,4! #∃%! +%−∋,∋#∋/,! /−! =.Ρ%&∋()∗! ∋,#/! #∃%! ≅03>#∋>%! /−! >/,&(∗%0&! Φ/0Η∋,4!
#/4%#∃%0Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∗%#∃/+!&(≅≅/0#%+!)0/3+%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!)%;/,+!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&7!
#/! %,>/(034%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! #/! 1(%&#∋/,! #∃%∋0! /Φ,! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! −%%+)3>Η! ∗3#0∋Γ!
+/>(∗%,#%+! %3>∃! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#Π&! %,434%∗%,#! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! Φ/0Η&∃/≅&! 3,+! ∃/Φ! #∃%;! %.∋>∋#%+! −(0#∃%0!
1(%&#∋/,&! 3)/(#! /Φ,%0&∃∋≅! 3,+! 430∗%,#! (&%Κ! ! ϑ∃%!∗%#∃/+! /−!82+.Ρ%.=2Λ&∗+8+(.∗! Φ3&! 3≅≅.∋%+! );!
≅/&∋#∋/,∋,4! +∋&≅/&3).%! >3∗%03&! /,! Φ/0Η#∋/,&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! Φ3&! %Γ≅3,+%+! (≅/,! #∃0/(4∃! &/>∋3.! ∗%+∋3!
∋,#%03>#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃! &∃30∋,4! #∃%∋0!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!/,.∋,%7! #∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! &∃30%+! −(0#∃%0! 0%−.%>#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!
∋,#%03>#∋:%! ∗30Η%#! ..! &(>>%&&−(..;! +%∗/,#%+! #∃%! ∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! 3,+! >3#3.;&%+! −(0#∃%0!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!);!%,3).∋,4!3!≅().∋>!3(+∋%,>%! #/!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%! #∃%!∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/Κ!ϑ∃%!%Γ≅./03#/0;! +Τ&&+!
+8)!∗%#∃/+!Φ3&!,/#!&(>>%&&−(..;!3+/≅#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!(∗+&,8=+(−&!Λ8,>&+!∋+800Κ!Λ(#!#∃∋&!∃3&!≅/#%,#∋3.!#/!
)%! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#%+! #/! ∗/,∋#/0! >/..3)/03#∋:%! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! )%#Φ%%,! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&7! ≅/&#! +%&∋4,! 3,+!
≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/0!>0∋#∋>3..;!0%−∋,%+!3,+!0%−.%>#%+!(≅/,!%3>∃!∋#%03#∋/,!/−!#∃%!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!#∃0/(4∃!
#∃%!∗%#∃/+!/−!82+.Ρ&+5∗.),895Μ∀!ϑ∃%!∗%3,&!/−!+/>(∗%,#3#∋/,!3,+!+3#3!43#∃%0∋,4!>/(.+!∃3:%!)%%,!
∋∗≅0/:%+!);!3≅≅.;∋,4!−/0!−(,+∋,4!/0!)30#%0∋,4!0%&/(0>%&!#/!0%>0(∋#!3!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!≅∃/#/403≅∃%0Κ!ϑ∃%!
+∋4∋#3.!∋∗34%0;!)%>3∗%!:3.(3).%!3∋+&!#/!&#/0;)/30+!%3>∃!"%!/−!#∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!3,+!Φ%0%!0%−%0%,>%+!
Φ∃%,! 0%−.%>#∋,4Κ! ϑ∃∋&! :∋&(3.! +3#3! ∋&! /,%! /−! #∃%! ∗/&#! :3.(3).%! /(#≅(#&! 3,+! #∃%! 1(3.∋#;! /−! #∃%!
+/>(∗%,#%+! +3#3! ∋,−.(%,>%&! #∃%! /)&%0:%0Π&! ≅%0>%≅#∋/,Κ! Ν−! #∃%! +3#3! ∋&! /−! 3! ≅//0! 1(3.∋#;! ∋#! −3∋.&! #/!
+%∗/,#%! #∃%! ∃∋4∃.∋4∃#&! /0! &(>>%&&! /−! #∃%! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! #/! 3! )0/3+%0! 3(+∋%,>%Κ! ϑ∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!
%∗)/+;! #∃%!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%7!Φ∃∋>∃! ∋&! >/∗≅.%Γ7! #/!30#∋>(.3#%Κ!ϑ∃%!/:%03..! ∋∗≅3>#!Φ∋#∃∋,! &#∋..! ∋∗34%&7!3,+!
≅/&&∋).%! −∋.∗%+! &/(,+! )∋#%&! >/(.+! ≅0%&%,#! 3,! 3,∋∗3#%+! 3>>/(,#! /−! 34%,>;! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! −(#(0%!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅&Κ!
!
114
δΚςΚ]!∆<(2%5∀,!!
!ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!+%:%./≅%+!3,!∋,>.(&∋:%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!=.Ρ%&∋()∗!
3,+! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! /−! #%Γ#∋.%&! (&∋,4! 3! Λ.Γ(0&! %()(+80! +&/+(0&! %&∋()∗! ∋+2%(.Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!
>/,&(∗%0&! >/(.+! %Γ≅./0%! 3,! 3.#%0,3#∋:%! ∗%3,&! /−! /)#3∋,∋,4! ∗3#%0∋3.! 4//+&Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃∋&!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!3!)./4!Φ3&!(&%+!#/!≅0/:∋+%!3!&∃30%+!&≅3>%!−/0!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#/!∋,#%03>#!Φ∋#∃!/,%!3,/#∃%0!
)%;/,+!−3>∋.∋#3#%+!=.Ρ%&∋()∗!Τ.,>∋5.9∋Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%!≅∃;&∋>3.!/(#>/∗%&!/−!#∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!∋,>.(+%+!#∃%!#∃0%%!>/..%>#∋:%!>/..%>#∋/,&!/−!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%&Κ!!
!
ΧΚ 2/..%>#∋:%!2/..%>#∋/,!Χδ!Ξ3Η%!Ρ/(0!Ξ30Η!Μ!≅0/+(>%+!−/(0!&>30:%&7!Φ∃∋>∃!Φ%0%!>/Μ/Φ,%+!);!#∃%!
/0∋4∋,3.!40/(≅Κ!!
!
ΑΚ 2/..%>#∋:%!2/..%>#∋/,!Αδ!Λ%!Λ%&≅/Η%!ϖ!≅0/+(>%+!&∋Γ!&>30:%&7!Φ∃∋>∃!≅0/:∋+%+!3!−∋,∋&∃%+!&>30−!−/0!
%3>∃!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#Κ!!
!
∆Κ 2/..%>#∋:%! 2/..%>#∋/,! ∆δ! Ξ∋Γ! 3,+! Ξ3#>∃! Μ! ≅0/+(>%+! −∋:%! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%&! %,4∋,%%0%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3!
.304%0!≅∋%>%!/−!>./#∃Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&!≅0∋,#%+!#/!&∃/Φ>3&%!3,+!+%∗/,#%!#∃%!>/,>%≅#!)(#!+∋+!,/#!
≅0/:∋+%!3!−∋,3.!/(#>/∗%!−/0!#∃%!/0∋4∋,3.!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&Κ!!
!
Κ 2/..%>#∋:%! 2/..%>#∋/,! δ! ∴∃30%+! ∴>30:%&! ∴∃/Φ>3&%! Μ! %Γ∃∋)∋#%+! 3#! Ο=(#(0%! Τ:%0;#∃∋,4Π! 6∋4∋#3.!
=%&#∋:3.! ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!3,! ∋,#%03>#∋:%!∗30Η%#! ..!3!≅().∋>!3(+∋%,>%!>/(.+!>/Μ>0%3#%! #∃%∋0!
/Φ,!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,7!3,+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!%Γ∃∋)∋#∋/,!]Β!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#&!Φ%0%!≅0/+(>%+Κ!
!
ϑ∃%!#3Η%!3Φ3;!−/0!%3>∃!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!Φ3&µ!
ΧΚ Φ∀1!Γ6)∗∗,! ϖ! #∃0/(4∃!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋,4!Φ∋#∃∋,! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+!∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&! #∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! 3>1(∋0%+! &Η∋..&! #/! +%:%./≅! 3,+! >0%3#%! ∗//+! )/30+&7! 3,+! Η,/Φ.%+4%! /−! #%Γ#∋.%!
+%&∋4,!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&!#/!%,3).%!#∃%∗!#/!+%&∋4,!≅0∋,#&!−/0!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!+%&∋4,!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%&Κ!
ϑ∃%;!3.&/!43∋,%+! #∃%!,%>%&&30;! &Η∋..Μ&%#! #/!3&&%∗).%! #∃%∋0!/Φ,!∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/!3,+!>/,#∋,(%!
#∃%!∗3Η∋,4!)%;/,+!3!−3>∋.∋#3#%+!Φ/0Η&∃/≅Κ!
!
ΑΚ Α.! Α∗(∀;.3():∀! Ε3,9)%.! Χ∋Π∀;)∀.2∀! ϖ! Ο∴∃30%+! ∴>30:%&Π! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3,! 3.#%0,3#∋:%! −3&∃∋/,!
%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!#∃3#!≅0/∗/#%+!&∃30∋,4!3,+!%,3).%+!>/..3)/03#∋/,!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!%Γ>∃3,4%!/−!&Η∋..&Κ!
ϑ∃%! ∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3! ,%Φ! +%&∋4,! &≅3>%! 3,+! &/>∋3.! &%##∋,4! −/0! Ζ%,! Ρ! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!
>/,&(∗%0&! #/! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! −3&∃∋/,! +∋−−%0%,#.;! #∃0/(4∃! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! 3&! /≅≅/&%+! #/! ≅3&&∋:%!
>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!
!
115
∆Κ +)−)(3∗!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.,!3.4!Γ23;:∀,! Μ! #∃%!∗/)∋.%!+∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!&#(+∋/!≅0/:∋+%+!3!&∗3..!
&>3.%!./>3.!≅0/+(>#∋/,!(,∋#Κ!8∃∋.%!#∃∋&!∋&!∋,!)%#3!−/0∗!3,+!0%1(∋0%+!#%>∃,∋>3.!&(≅≅/0#!η∋#!+/%&!
,/#! ≅0/:∋+%! ≅0/−%&&∋/,3.! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! 1(3.∋#;ι! #∃%! −∋,∋&∃%+! &>30:%&! #∃3#! Φ%0%! ≅0/+(>%+!
≅0/:∋+%+! &(0≅0∋&∋,4.;! 4//+! 0%&(.#&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! >/(.+! #03,&∋#∋/,! ∋,#/! #∃%! (&%! ≅∃3&%! /−! #∃%! ≅0/+(>#!
.∋−%>;>.%Κ!
!
ϑ∃%!%30.;!"%!−∋,+∋,4&!/−!#∃∋&!&%>/,+!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!Φ%0%!Φ0∋##%,!∋,#/!3!≅3≅%0!#∋#.%+!ΟΤΜ
2/Μϑ%Γ#∋.%! 6%&∋4,δ! 2/,�(>#∋,4! 3! 2/∗∗(,∋#;! /−! ?03>#∋>%! −/0! 6%&∋4,! Τ+(>3#∋/,Π! +/>(∗%,#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!
:99&∗%(/!1!≅2Γ0(∋5&%!≅89&,∋Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&!≅0%&%,#%+!3#!#∃%!Τ(0/≅%3,!∀>3+%∗;!/−!6%&∋4,!ηΤ∀6ι!ΑΒΧΧ!3,+!
3Φ30+%+!#∃%!Λ03,>/!∀Φ30+!−/0!#∃%!)%&#!≅3≅%0!3,+!≅0%&%,#3#∋/,Κ!∀&!3!0%&(.#7!3,!%Γ#%,+%+!:%0&∋/,!/−!
#∃∋&!≅3≅%0!Φ3&!≅().∋&∃%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!6%&∋4,!Ω/(0,3.!ηΑΒΧΑιΚ!
δΚδ!Χ:3∗<3()%.!!
δΚδΚΛ!Ι∀=∗∀2()%.!%.!Ε32)∗)(3()%.!!
!ϑ∃0/(4∃! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0&! >/,#∋,(%+! 0/.%! /−! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/07! #∃%! &%>/,+! +&/+(0&! %&∋()∗! (∗+&,−&∗+(.∗!
%∗%04%+Κ! ϑ∃∋&! >∃3≅#%0! −(0#∃%0! %Γ≅3,+&! (≅/,! #∃%! &(∋,3).%! +%&∋4,! #%4;! /−! +%&∋4,! 3>#∋:∋&∗!
>/∗)∋,%+!Φ∋#∃!Ο+%∗/>03#∋>!∋,,/:3#∋/,Π!η:/,!Ε∋≅≅%.7!ΑΒΒει!3,+!Ο>/..3)/03#∋:%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Π!ηΛ/#&∗3,!
3,+! Σ/4%0&7! ΑΒΧΧι! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%! ∗%#∃/+! /−! =.Ρ%&∋()∗Κ! ϑ∃%! /(#>/∗%&! Φ%0%! 3! &%0∋%&! /−! Ο>/..%>#∋:%!
>/..%>#∋/,&Π!/−!&>30:%&!≅0/+(>%+!#∃0/(4∃!3,!∋,>.(&∋:%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&7!!&(≅≅/0#%+!);!
#∃%!>/,�(>#!/−!3!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0! −/(,+! #∃3#! 3! ∃∋4∃! .%:%.! /−! %,%04;! Φ3&! 0%1(∋0%+! #/! ≅0/∗/#%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!
%,434%∗%,#Κ!ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!Φ3&!>/,>%≅#(3.∋&%+!);!%Γ≅3,+∋,4!(≅/,!#∃%!3>#!/−!&∃30∋,4!#/!&(≅≅/0#!
>/..3)/03#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! +%&∋4,7! +%.∋:%0;! 3,+! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! /−! %3>∃! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! 0%1(∋0%+! #0(&#! )%#Φ%%,! #∃%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!3,+!#∃%!−3>∋.∋#3#/0Κ!ϑ∃∋&!≅0%&%,#%+!3!>∃3..%,4%7!3&!#∃%!∗3_/0∋#;!/−!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!+∋+!,/#!
Η,/Φ! /,%! 3,/#∃%0Κ! ϑ∃%! #%>∃,∋1(%! /−! (&∋,4! 3! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! Ο∋>%Μ)0%3Η%0Π! #3&Η! Φ3&! ∋,#0/+(>%+! 3#! #∃%!
)%4∋,,∋,4!/−!%3>∃!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!3,+!∋,:/.:%+!40/(≅∋,4!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!∋,#/!≅3∋0&!3,+!>∃3..%,4∋,4!#∃%∗!#/!
∋+%,#∋−;! 3&! ∗3,;! &#;.%! &>%,30∋/&! 3&! ≅/&&∋).%Κ! ϑ∃%;! Φ%0%! ≅0/:∋+%+! Φ∋#∃! 3! Φ∃∋#%! &∋.Η! &>30−7! 3! +∋4∋#3.!
>3∗%037! ≅/&#Μ∋#! ,/#%&! 3,+! 3! &∃30≅∋%Κ! ϑ∃∋&! 3>#∋:∋#;! .3&#%+! Χα! ∗∋,(#%&! 3,+! #∃%;! Φ%0%! %,>/(034%+! #/!
&∃30%! #∃%! 0/.%! /−! )/#∃! ∗/+%.! 3,+! &#;.∋&#Κ! =/0! %Γ3∗≅.%7! /,%! ∗/+%.%+! Φ∃∋.%! #∃%! /#∃%0! &#;.%+! 3,+!
>3≅#(0%+!3,!∋∗34%!#/!+/>(∗%,#Κ!ϑ∃∋&!≅0/:∋+%+!3!.∋4∃#!3,+!≅.3;−(.!∗%#∃/+!/−!∋,#0/+(>∋,4!#∃%!40/(≅!#/!
%3>∃!/#∃%0Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!0%1(∋0%+!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!#/!&(∋,!&Η∋..!&∃30∋,4!3,+!)(∋.+!#∃%!>3≅3>∋#;!
/−! #∃%!∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! #/! #0∋44%0!ν#∃%!+%&∋4,7!+%:%./≅∗%,#!3,+!>(.#∋:3#∋/,!/−! &Η∋..&! #∃(&!/≅%,∋,4!,%Φ!
:∋&!−/0!3>#∋/,&ο!ηϕ/,!Λ(&>∃7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!
!
116
ϑ∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!3,+!+%∗/,#∋/,&!Φ%0%!%−−%>#∋:%!);! ∋..(#∋,4!3,!3.#%0,3#∋:%!1(∋>Η! −3&∃∋/,! −∋Γ!);!
%,3).∋,4!>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&Κ!Θ%Φ!+%&∋4,!&≅3>%&!)%43,!#/!%∗%04%!3,+!
#∃%0%! ∋&! −(0#∃%0! ≅/#%,#∋3.! #/! (&%! #∃%!∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! 3&! 3! +%∗/,#∋/,! #//.! #/! 1(%&#∋/,! #∃%!∗/+(&!
/≅%03,+∋!/−!#∃%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!&;&#%∗!3,+!∋,+(�Κ!=0/∗!#∃%!+%&∋4,%0Μ∗3Η%0!∗/+%.!#∃3#!>∃303>#%0∋&%&!
≅0%Μ∋,+(�∋3.! ∗3&&! ≅0/+(>#∋/,7! #∃%! +%&∋4,%0! ∃3&! )%>/∗%! ∋,>0%3&∋,4.;! +∋&%,434%+! −0/∗! #∃%!
≅0/+(>#∋/,!≅0/>%&&!3,+!∋#&!3##%,+3,#!∋∗≅3>#&Κ!Ν,+%%+7!∋,!#∃%!∗/&#!%Γ#0%∗%!>3&%&7!3!−3&∃∋/,!/0!#%Γ#∋.%!
+%&∋4,%0!∗3;!,%:%0!∃3,+∋.;! #∃%!∗3#%0∋3.! #∃3#! #∃%∋0!>30%−(..;!>/,>%∋:%+!≅0/+(>#! ∋&! #/!∗3+%!(≅! ∋,7!/0!
Η,/Φ!∋#&!≅0/:%,3,>%!η83#&/,7!ΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!!
δΚδΚΘ!Ι∀=∗∀2()%.!%.!Η3;()2)Π3()%.!
!
!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!δΥ!Η3;()2)Π3.(!≅∗%−!Η%,(!
!
117
!Ε)−<;∀!δς!Η3;()2)Π3.(!≅∗%−!Η%,(!
!
ϑ∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!Φ%0%! ∋,:∋#%+! #/! &∃30%! #∃%! /)&%0:3#∋/,&7! −%%+)3>Η! 3,+! 0%−.%>#∋/,&! 3&! #∃%;! %,434%+!
Φ∋#∃! #∃%! ∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! 3,+! ,3#(03..;! ∗3+%! >/∗≅30∋&/,&! )%#Φ%%,! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 3,+! #03+∋#∋/,3.!
>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!Φ%0%!0%>0(∋#%+!−0/∗!+∋−−%0%,#!)3>Η40/(,+&!3,+!#∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!Φ3&!
+%&∋4,%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!:30;∋,4!+%40%%&!/−!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!3,+!+∋−−%0%,#!&Η∋..! &%#&Κ!ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!&#(+%,#&!/0!
0%>%,#!403+(3#%&!)0/(4∃#!#∃%∋0!>0%3#∋:%!∗∋,+&%#7!)(#!#∃%∋0!+%&∋4,!#03∋,∋,4!3,+!%Γ≅%0#∋&%!∗3+%!#∃%∗!
∗/0%!0%.(>#3,#!#/!3+/≅#!./Μ−∋+%.∋#;!≅0/#/#;≅∋,4!#//.&!#∃0/(4∃/(#!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&Κ!ϑ∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!
−0/∗!3!,/,Μ+%&∋4,!)3>Η40/(,+!∃3+!#/!)%!&(≅≅/0#%+!#/!)(∋.+!#∃%∋0!>0%3#∋:%!>/,−∋+%,>%Κ!Ε/Φ%:%07!#∃%;!
Φ%0%! ∗/0%! 0%&≅/,&∋:%! #/! #∃%! ∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! #∃3,! #∃/&%! Φ∋#∃! +%&∋4,! %Γ≅%0#∋&%Κ! ϑ∃%∋0! −%%+)3>Η!
∃∋4∃.∋4∃#%+! #∃3#! #∃%! 3)∋.∋#;! #/! Φ/0Η! >/..3)/03#∋:%.;! #/Φ30+&! 3! &∃30%+! >/..%>#∋/,! 4/3.! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3! &∃/0#!
≅%0∋/+! /−! #∋∗%! %Γ≅3,+%+! #∃%∋0! %Γ≅%>#3#∋/,&Κ! 8∃∋.%! #∃%! +∋4∋#3.! ∗3#%0∋3.&! ≅0/:∋+%+! 1(∋>Η! 3,+!
∋,,#3,%/(&! 0%&(.#&7! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! %∗≅∃3&∋&%+! ∃/Φ! ∗(>∃! #∃%;! %,_/;%+! ∋,#%03>#∋,4! Φ∋#∃! #∃%!
≅∃;&∋>3.!∗3#%0∋3.&Κ!∴(0≅0∋&∋,4.;7!3,3./4!∗3#%0∋3.&!Φ%0%!#∃%!,/:%.#;!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃∋&!>/(.+!
)%! 3.∋4,%+! #/! =.%#>∃%0! 3,+! Ζ0/&%&! ηΑΒΧΑι! 304(∗%,#! #∃3#! /)_%>#&! ∃3:%! )%>/∗%! >./&%+! /−−7! Φ∋#∃!
>/,&(∗%0&! ./>Η%+! /(#! /−! #∃%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 3++0%&&%&! #∃∋&7! #∃0/(4∃! 3,! ∋,>.(&∋:%!
3≅≅0/3>∃! #/! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!+%:%./≅∗%,#Κ!=(0#∃%0!>/,:%0&3#∋/,&!Φ%0%!>3≅#(0%+!:∋3!≅/&#Μ∋#!,/#%&!
3,+!+/>(∗%,#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!−%%+)3>Η!∗3#0∋Γ!#/!∋+%,#∋−;!#∃%!−/../Φ∋,4!#∃%∗%&µ!!
!
Γ%2)3∗/!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#%+!#∃3#!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/!∗%+∋3#%+!3,!3.#%0,3#∋:%!−3&∃∋/,!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!
Φ∃∋>∃!3../Φ%+! #∃%∗!#/!>/∗%!#/4%#∃%0! &/>∋3..;!Φ∋#∃! #∃%∋0! −0∋%,+&Κ!ϑ∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!3.&/! −/0∗%+!,%Φ!
3..∋3,>%&!)%;/,+!#∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&Κ!ϑ∃%!&/>∋3.!%.%∗%,#&!/−!#∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!Φ%0%!3!�/,4!%.%∗%,#7!Φ∃∋>∃!
118
&∃/(.+!,/#!)%!(,+%0:3.(%+Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!>/∗)∋,∋,4!/,.∋,%!∗%+∋37!3!,%Φ!&/>∋3.!%.%∗%,#!>3,!%∗%04%!Φ∃∋>∃!
∃3&! #∃%! ≅/#%,#∋3.! #/! %Γ≅./0%! ,%Φ! −/0∗&! /−! &/>∋3.! ∋,#%03>#∋/,! #∃0/(4∃! &∃30∋,4! Φ∋#∃∋,! #%Γ#∋.%&! −/0!
−3&∃∋/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ≅0/:∋+%+!%3>∃!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!Φ∋#∃! 3! &∃30%+! &%,&%!/−! /Φ,%0&∃∋≅! 3,+! 0%&≅/,&∋)∋.∋#;7!Φ∃∋>∃!
%,3).%+!#∃%∗!#/!)%>/∗%!>∃3∗≅∋/,&!−/0!#∃%!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!=/0!>/..3)/03#∋:%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!#/!%∗%04%7!3!
,%Φ! ∋,−03�(>#(0%! ∋&! 0%1(∋0%+Κ! ϑ∃∋&! >3,! )%! &(≅≅/0#%+! );! &/>∋3.! ∗%+∋3! Φ∃∋>∃! >3,! )%! 3+/≅#%+! #/!
&(≅≅/0#! #∃%! %Γ>∃3,4%! /−! &>30:%&! 3,+! /0>∃%#%! ,%Φ! /≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&! −/0! ≅%/≅.%! #/! >/,,%>#! #/! =.Ρ
%&∋()∗!3,+!>/Μ≅0/+(>#∋/,!#∃0/(4∃!/−−%0∋,4!3>>%&&!#/!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/&!Φ∋#∃∋,!,%Φ!3>#∋/,!&≅3>%&Κ!Λ%;/,+!
#∃∋&! ∋,−03�(>#(0%7! #∃%0%! ∋&! ∃(4%! ≅/#%,#∋3.! −/0! ∴∃30%+! ∴>30:%&! #/! )%! +%&∋4,%+7! ∗3,34%+! 3,+!
∗3∋,#3∋,%+!);!>/,&(∗%0&!#∃%∗&%.:%&Κ!!
!
Χ5%()%.3∗! +<;38)∗)(Ν/! ∀! &%.%>#∋/,! /−! #∃%&%! #%4∋%&! 3.&/! 3∋∗%+! #/! ≅(#! #∃%!>/,&(∗%0! ∋,! 3! >./&%0!
≅/&∋#∋/,!#/!#∃%∋0!≅0/+(>#Κ!Λ;!>0%3#∋,4!3!)3&%!/−!≅0/+(>#!(,+%0,+∋,47!&Η∋..%+!(&%0&!30%!3).%!#/!)%##%0!
∗3∋,#3∋,! #∃%∋0! /)_%>#&! 3,+!#∃(&! %,&(0%! #∃%∗! 3! ./,4%0! .∋−%&≅3,Κ! ∀! &(∋,3).%!∋+%3.! ∋&! #∃%! >/,,#!
%:/.:%∗%,#! 3,+! ≅%0&/,3.∋ς3#∋/,!/−! #∃%! ≅0/+(>#! #∃0/(4∃! 0%≅3∋07! 0%+%&∋4,! 3,+!0%>;>.∋,4Κ! ∀&! #%+! ∋,!
#∃%! ≅0%:∋/(&! >∃3≅#%0&7! #∃∋&!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! ∋,! #∃%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&! >3,! −/&#%0! :3.(%+!≅%0&/,Μ≅0/+(>#!
3##3>∃∗%,#7! #∃0/(4∃! ≅%0&/,3.!3,+! %∗/#∋/,3.! :3.(%! >0%3#∋/,Κ!⊥(∋#%! Φ∃%#∃%0! #∃∋&! 0%≅0%&%,#&! 3!
−.3##%,∋,4! /−! −3&∃∋/,Π&! ./,4Μ%).∋&∃%+!3(#∃/0∋3.! ∃∋%030>∃∋%&! 3,+! #∃%! %∗%04%,>%! /−! 3! ,%Φ! &%#! /−!
0%.3#∋/,&! )%#Φ%%,! )03,+&!3,+! >/,&(∗%0&7! /0! ∋&! &∋∗≅.;! 3,/#∃%0! ∗%3,&! #∃0/(4∃! Φ∃∋>∃! >3≅∋#3.! >3,!
%Γ≅./∋#!>/,&(∗%0!.3)/(0Μ≅/Φ%0!∋,!/0+%0!#/!%Γ#03>#!3++∋#∋/,3.!:3.(%!0%∗3∋,&!#/!)%!&%%,Κ!!
!
2/,,%>#∋,4! #∃%! −./Φ! 3,+! ∃3≅≅∋,%&&! +%≅%,+&! /,! Φ∃%#∃%0! #∃%! −./ΦΜ≅0/+(>∋,4! 3>#∋:∋#;! ∋&! >/∗≅.%Γ7!
Φ∃%#∃%0! ∋#! .%3+&! #/! ,%Φ! >∃3..%,4%&! 3,+!∃%,>%! #/! ≅%0&/,3.! 3,+! >(.#(03.! 40/Φ#∃! η2&∋Η&ς%,#∗∋∃3.;∋!5!
Ε(,#%07!ΑΒΒ∆ιΚ!πΕ3≅≅∋,%&&!>/∗%&!−0/∗!>0%3#∋,4!,%Φ!#∃∋,4&!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!+∋&>/:%0∋%&Κ!Τ,∃3,>∋,4!/,%&!
>0%3#∋:∋#;!∗3;!#∃%0%−/0%!3.&/!%,∃3,>%!Φ%..Μ)%∋,4π!η2&∋Η&ς%,#∗∋∃3.;∋!5!Ε(,#%07!ΑΒΒ∆ιΚ!
!
ϑ4∀.()(Ν/!ϑ∃0/(4∃!3!≅0/>%&&!/−!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!>/(.+!+%:%./≅!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!3%&#∃%#∋>Κ!ϑ∃%!
+%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0! 3∋∗%+! #/! ≅0/:∋+%! 3! #∋,4! ≅/∋,#!Φ∋#∃/(#! ∋,−.(%,>∋,4! −∋,3.! /(#>/∗%&Κ! Ν,! /0+%0! #/!
∋,#%0≅0%#!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!)%∃3:∋/(07! ∋#! ∋&!,%>%&&30;!#/!&#(+;!#∃%!∗3∋,!+0∋:%0&!3,+!∗/#∋:3#∋/,!)%∃∋,+!∋#Κ!
ϑ∃%0%!30%! &%:%03.! #∃%/0∋%&!/,! >/,&(∗%0!)%∃3:∋/(07! 3##∋#(+%!3,+!+%&∋0%!3,+!/,! &≅%,+∋,4!3,+!&3:∋,4!
∃3)∋#&Κ!Ε/Φ%:%0! ∋#! ∋&!)%;/,+!#∃%!&>/≅%!/−!#∃∋&! #∃%&∋&! #/!0%:∋%Φ!#∃/&%! ∋,!+%≅#∃Κ!=/0!%Γ3∗≅.%!Ω3>Η&/,!
ηΑΒΒαι! &(∗∗30∋&%&! &%:%03.! #∃%/0∋%&! 3,+!∗/+%.&! ∋,! ∃∋&! ≅().∋>3#∋/,δ! ΟΞ/#∋:3#∋,4!
∴(∋,3).%!2/,&(∗≅#∋/,ΠΚ! ∀∗/,4! #∃%∗! ∋&! Οϑ∃%! ϑ∃%/0;!/−! Σ%3&/,%+! ∀>#∋/,Π! );! ∀_ς%,! 3,+! =∋&∃)%∋,!
3,+!#∃%!%Γ#%,+%+!ϑ∃%/0;!/−!?.3,,%+!Λ%∃3:∋/(0Π!);!∀_ς%,Κ!!
119
δΚδΚ[!Ι∀=∗∀2()%.!%.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!_!+∀5%2;3()2!ϑ..%:3()%.!
!ϑ∃%!∗3#%0∋3.&! 3,+! 0%&/(0>%&! 0%1(∋0%+! #/! =.Ρ%&∋()∗! 3,+! =.Ρ9,.%2=&! &>30:%&! (&∋,4! #∃%!∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/!
Φ%0%!./ΦΜ>/&#!3,+!%3&∋.;!3>>%&&∋).%!#/!0%+(>%!3,;!)300∋%0&!#/!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ!ΤΓ≅3,+∋,4!(≅/,!#∃%!Φ/0Η!
/−!:/,!Ε∋≅≅%.!ηΑΒΒει!Φ∃/!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#&!Φ∃%,!#∃%!∃∋4∃!>/&#!/−!≅0/#/#;≅∋,4!)%>/∗%&!+∋−−(&%+!:%0;!Φ∋+%.;Κ!
ϑ∃%!∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/!%∗%04%+! #∃0/(4∃!3,!3∗3.43∗3#∋/,!/−! %Γ∋&#∋,4! #//.&7! 3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,&! 3,+!≅.3#−/0∗&7!
+%:%./≅%+!);!#∃%!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/07!>/∗)∋,∋,4!%Γ∋&#∋,4!&/−#Φ30%!3,+!∃30+Φ30%!#/!+%∗/,#%!3! ./Μ
−∋+%.∋#;!≅0/+(>#∋/,!∗%#∃/+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,7!&3∗≅.∋,4!3,+!&∗3..Μ&>3.%!≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ!8∃∋.%!−3&#!
−3&∃∋/,!≅0/:∋+%&!3,!∋∗∗%+∋3#%!−∋Γ!−/0!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!#∃0/(4∃!3>>%&&∋).%!3,+!./Φ!>/&#!0%#3∋.7!
#∃%! ∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! ≅0/:∋+%&! 3,! 3>>%&&∋).%7! 3−−/0+3).%! &/.(#∋/,! #/! &(≅≅/0#! >/..3)/03#∋:%! +%&∋4,! 3,+!
>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃∋&!%Γ≅3,+&!(≅/,!#∃%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!1(%&#!−/0!3,!3(#∃%,#∋>!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!3&!#∃%;!
∃3:%!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.!#/!∋,−.(%,>%!Φ∃3#!∋&!+%&∋4,%+Κ!ϑ∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/!/−−%0&!3!,%Φ!)/##/∗!(≅!3≅≅0/3>∃!
−/0!>/..3)/03#∋:%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!#/!>/,&∋+%0!&∃30∋,4!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!)%;/,+!#∃%!−∋,3.!"%&!/−!
≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ!!
!
∀4%,>;!Φ3&!/0>∃%#%+! #∃0/(4∃!3! &%0∋%&!/−!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!(&∋,4! #∃%!∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/!3,+!+%∗/,#%&!
∃/Φ!#/!&%#!∋#!(≅!3,+!(&%!∋#Κ!ϑ/!≅0/:∋+%!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!,%>%&&30;!0%&/(0>%&!#/!>/,#∋,(%!#∃∋&!
Φ3;! /−! Φ/0Η∋,4! ∋−! #∃%;! Φ∋&∃%+Κ! Θ/Φ!∗/0%! #∃3,! %:%07! >/∗∗(,3.! >/,&(∗%0! >/,:%0&3#∋/,&! ∃3:%! #∃%!
>3≅3>∋#;!3,+!>0∋#∋>3.!∗3&&!#/!%−−%>#∋:%.;!>∃3..%,4%!#∃%!3&&(∗%+!≅/Φ%0!/−!#∃%!≅0/+(>%0!3,+!>/,&(∗%0&!
30%! 0%.;∋,4! .%&&! /,!#∃%! 3(#∃/0∋#;! /−! >/,:%,#∋/,3.! )03,+∋,4! 3,+! 3+:%0#∋&∋,4! >3∗≅3∋4,&! −/0! #∃%∋0!
>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!Η,/Φ.%+4%!η20%Φ%7!ΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!ϑ∃%!≅/Φ%0−(.!,%#Φ/0Η!%−−%>#&!∗3+%!≅/&&∋).%!);!#∃%!Ν,#%0,%#!
∃3:%!%,3).%+!>/,&(∗%0&!#/!0%3>∃!/(#!∋,#/!−3&∃∋/,!Φ/0.+&!−3&#%07!−(0#∃%07!3,+!+%%≅%0!#∃3,!%:%0!)%−/0%!
3,+! #/! 0%+%−∋,%! ∃/Φ! 3,+! Φ∃%0%! Η,/Φ.%+4%! ∋&! >0%3#%+! 3,+! +∋&&%∗∋,3#%+! #/!#∃%! ≅/∋,#! Φ∃%0%! ∋#! ∃3&!
)%%,! 304(%+! #∃3#! #∃%! #%>∃,/./4∋%&! /−! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! 30%! ,/Φ! ∋,>0%3&∋,4.;!∋,! #∃%! ∃3,+&7! 3,+!∗∋,+&7! /−!
>/,&(∗%0&!η:/,!Ε∋≅≅%.7!ΑΒΒαιΚ!
!
ϑ∃%!∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/!≅0/:∋+%&!3!+/∗%&#∋>! #//.!3,+!∃3&! #∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.! #/!)%! &%#!(≅!3,+!>(03#%+!);! −3&#!
−3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! #∃%∗&%.:%&! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%∋0! /Φ,! ∃/∗%&! /0! %,:∋0/,∗%,#&Κ! =(0#∃%0∗/0%7! 3! #%Γ#∋.%!
+%&∋4,%0!>/(.+!3+/≅#!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/!>/,>%≅#!#/!&3∗≅.%!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!
≅03>#∋>%Κ!ϑ∃%0%!30%! −(0#∃%0!/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&! −/0! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,%0&! #/!+%:%./≅!,%Φ!#%>∃,∋1(%&! #/!%Γ#%,+!
#∃%!(&%7!−(,>#∋/,!3,+!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,!/−!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!+%∗/,#%+!!%Γ∋&#∋,4!+∋4∋#3.!
3,+! /,.∋,%! #//.&! Φ∃∋>∃! >3,! )%! 3+3≅#%+! #/! &(≅≅/0#! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ≅03>#∋>%Κ! ϑ∃%0%! ∋&! 3! ≅.%#∃/03! /−!
%Γ>%..%,#!#//.&!−/0!+%:%./≅∋,4!>03−#!&Η∋..&!3,+!−3>∋.∋#3#∋,4!+∋�∋)(#%+!≅0/+(>#∋/,7!)(#!#∃%0%!30%!&#∋..!:%0;!
−%Φ! Φ∃∋>∃! %,>/(034%! #∃%&%! &Η∋..&! #/! )%! %∗≅./;%+! ∋,! #∃%! >/,#%Γ#! /−! 3! +%%≅%0! (,+%0,+∋,4! /−!
&(∋,3)∋.∋#;µ!−%Φ!1(%&#∋/,!#∃%!−(,+3∗%,#3.!+%&∋4,!>/,>%≅#&!3,+!3&&/>∋3#%+!∋&&(%&!ηΕ(0!5!Λ%:%0.%;7!
ΑΒΧΧιΚ!
!
120
ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 304(%&! #∃%! ≅/#%,#∋3.! −/0! −3&∃∋/,! 3,+! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,%0&! 3,+! >03−#! ≅03>#∋#∋/,%0&! #/!
−3>∋.∋#3#%!&(∋,3).%!−3&∃∋/,!&/.(#∋/,&!#∃0/(4∃!>/Μ+%&∋4,7!Φ∋#∃!%∗≅∃3&∋&!/,!∋,:/.:∋,4!#∃%!(&%0!3#!#∃%!
%30.∋%&#! "%&! /−! #∃%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&Κ! Ν,:/.:%∗%,#! ∋,! #∃%! %30.;! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&! 3../Φ&! (&%0&! Φ∋#∃!
&(−−∋>∋%,#! ∋,#%0%&#! 3,+! ≅3&&∋/,! #/! ≅0/40%&&! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%! −/(0! .%:%.&! /−! >0%3#∋:∋#;µ! +/∋,47! 3+3≅#∋,47!
∗3Η∋,4!3,+!>0%3#∋,4!η∴3,+%0&7!ΑΒΒ]ιΚ!
!
δΚ]!∃%.2∗<,)%.!!
ϑ∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&!Φ%0%!&(≅≅/0#%+!3,+!+%∗/,#%+!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!>/,�(>#!/−!
3!∗/)∋.%!+∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!&#(+∋/Κ!ϑ∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/!Φ3&!3&&%∗).%+!#/!+%∗/,#%!&∗3..!&>3.%7!
./>3.!3,+!>/..3)/03#∋:%!+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!);!≅0/:∋+∋,4!3!≅.3#−/0∗!#/!&(≅≅/0#!=.Ρ%&∋()∗!)%#Φ%%,!
+%&∋4,%0&!3,+!>/,&(∗%0&Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!.∋:%!+%∗/,#∋/,&!Φ∋#∃∋,!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!3,+!/#∃%0!%:%,#&!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!
+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!≅0/>%&&!Φ3&!+%∗;&#∋−∋%+!#/!&∃30%!#∃%!≅03>#∋>%!/−!+∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,Κ!8∃∋.%!
#∃%! ∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! >/(.+! ,/#! )%! .3)%.%+! 3&! 3! ≅0/−%&&∋/,3.! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! (,∋#7! ∋#! ≅0/:%+! #/! )%! 3! ∃∋4∃.;!
%−−%>#∋:%!&3∗≅.∋,4!#//.Κ!ϑ∃%0%!∋&!−(0#∃%0!≅/#%,#∋3.!−/0!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/!#/!)%!(#3.∋&%+!);!>/,&(∗%0&!
#∃%∗&%.:%&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃/&%!Φ∃/!Φ∋&∃!#/!+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>%!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!
∃/∗%Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!%3>∃!Φ/0Η&∃/≅7!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!Φ3&!∗∋,+−(.!3)/(#!∃/Φ!∋#!Φ3&!+%∗/,#%+!3,+!#∃%!
≅∋#>∃! ≅0/∗/#%+! ∋#! 3&! 3! +/∗%&#∋>! +∋4∋#3.! 0%&/(0>%! &∋∗∋.30.;! #/! 3! .3≅#/≅! /0! +%&Η#/≅! >/∗≅(#%0Κ! ϑ∃∋&!
%Γ≅3,+%+! (≅/,! #∃%! Φ/0Η! /−! ϕ/,! Ε∋≅≅%.! ηΑΒΒαι! Φ∋#∃! #∃%! ≅0%∗∋&%! /−! ≅0/:∋+∋,4! >/,&(∗%0&! Φ∋#∃! #∃%!
>3≅3>∋#;!#/!∋,,/:3#%!Φ∋#∃∋,!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!%,!∗3&&Κ!!
!
ϑ/!3+:3,>%!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/!#/!3!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!(,∋#!0%1(∋0%&!−(0#∃%0!0%&%30>∃!3,+!+%:%./≅∗%,#Κ!ϑ∃∋&!!
Φ/(.+!3.&/! 0%1(∋0%!3! &%0:∋>%! &;&#%∗! ∋,!/0+%0! #/! &(∋,! ∋,#%03>#∋/,!3,+!≅0/:∋+%!+%&∋4,! &(≅≅/0#!3,+!
#∃%0%!>/(.+!)%!≅/#%,#∋3.! ∋,!+%−∋,∋,4!3!≅30#,%0&∃∋≅!Φ∋#∃!3!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!)03,+!/0!0%#3∋.%0Κ!=/0!%Γ3∗≅.%7!
#∃%!∀≅≅.%!)03,+!∋&!/−#%,!3>>0%+∋#%+!3&!∃3:∋,4!/,%!/−!#∃%!∗/&#!&(>>%&&−(.!>/,&(∗%0!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&!−0/∗!
3!≅0/+(>#!3,+!&%0:∋>%!+%&∋4,!≅%0&≅%>#∋:%Κ!ϑ∃%∋0!∋,!&#/0%!Ζ%,∋(&!)30!&%0:∋>%!≅0/:∋+%&!#∃%∋0!>/,&(∗%0&!
Φ∋#∃!/≅%,!3>>%&&!#/!3!#%3∗!/−!%Γ≅%0#!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!Φ∃/!30%!3:3∋.3).%!#/!/−−%0!#%>∃,∋>3.!&(≅≅/0#!#∃0/(4∃!
>.3&&%&7! +%∗/,#∋/,&! 3,+! +0/≅! ∋,! &%&&∋/,&Κ! 8∋#∃∋,! −3&∃∋/,! 0%#3∋.! #∃%0%! ∋&! ,/! %1(∋:3.%,#7! Φ∃∋.%!
>/,&(∗%0&!30%!&/.+!430∗%,#&!,/!&%0:∋>%!≅0/:∋&∋/,!∋&!≅0/:∋+%+!#/!%∗≅/Φ%0!3,+!%+(>3#%!#∃%!(&%Μ≅∃3&%!
/−!3!430∗%,#!.∋−%>;>.%Κ!!=0/∗!3!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!≅%0&≅%>#∋:%7!#∃%!.3>Η!/−!&%0:∋>%!≅0/:∋&∋/,&!∋&!(,3>>%≅#3).%!
3,+! 0%1(∋0%&! −(0#∃%0! >/,&∋+%03#∋/,! ∋,! 0%430+&! #/! #∃%! &(∋,3)∋.∋#;! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! −(#(0%&Κ! ϑ∃∋&!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 03∋&%&!∗3,;!1(%&#∋/,&!3)/(#!∃/Φ! #∃%!∗/)∋.%! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,! &#(+∋/!∗∋4∃#!%:/.:%! ∋,! #∃%!
−(#(0%! #/! &(≅≅/0#! &(∋,3)∋.∋#;Κ! ϑ∃%0%! ∗∋4∃#! 3.&/! )%! −(0#∃%0! /≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&! #/! >/,,%>#! #∃%! ∗/)∋.%!
&#(+∋/!#∃0/(4∃!>/..3)/03#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!3!=3)!<3)!/0!&∋∗∋.30!+∋4∋#3.!+%&∋4,!&≅3>%Κ!=(0#∃%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!∗3;!
≅%0∃3≅&! )%! &(≅≅/0#%+! );! +/Φ,./3+3).%! +%∗/,#∋/,! 3,+! #(#/0∋3.&! −/0! Ζ%,! Ρ! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!
>/,&(∗%0&Κ! ϑ∃%&%! ≅3##%0,&! >/(.+! 3.&/! ≅0/:∋+%! ).(%≅0∋,#&! −/0! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&%&! 3,+!
∗3Η∋,4! &∋∗∋.30! #/! ∃/∗%! +0%&&∗3Η∋,4Κ! ϑ∃%! &%Φ∋,4! ∗3>∃∋,%! ≅0/:∋+%&! 3! 0%&/(0>%! −/0! 6ΝΡ7! 0%≅3∋0∋,47!
121
∗3∋,#3∋,∋,4! 3,+! 3.#%0∋,4Κ! ϑ∃%0%! ∋&! ∃(4%! ≅/#%,#∋3.! #/! ∋,#%403#%! /0! >/∗)∋,%! #∃%! ∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! 3&! 3,!
3++∋#∋/,3.!0%&/(0>%Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%0%!30%!∗3,;!/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&! −/0!3!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,%0!#/!+%&∋4,!3,+!+%:%./≅!&∃303).%!≅0/>%&&%&!(&∋,4!
#∃%! ∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3! −(#(0%! >/,#%Γ#Κ! Ε/Φ%:%07! ∗/:∋,4! #∃∋&! −/0Φ30+! 0%1(∋0%&! ∗∋,+−(.!
>/,&∋+%03#∋/,! ∋,! 0%430+&! #/! &(∋,3)∋.∋#;! #/! >/,&∋+%0! #∃%! %,:∋0/,∗%,#3.! ∋∗≅3>#Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!
∃∋4∃.∋4∃#&! #∃%!:3.(%!/−!+%:%./≅∋,4!,%Φ!&/>∋3.!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&! −/0! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&! #/!>/..3)/03#%!
3,+! %,434%! Φ∋#∃! #∃%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&! );! +%∗;&#∋−;∋,4! #∃%! 3>#! /−! ∗3Η∋,47! #/!
%,>/(034%!#∃%∗!#/!3++0%&&!#∃%!%,:∋0/,∗%,#3.!∋∗≅3>#!/−!>/,&(∗%0!Φ3&#%!#∃0/(4∃!/:%0>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!
Ε/Φ%:%07! −(0#∃%0! 0%&%30>∃! ∋&! 0%1(∋0%+! #/! >/,&∋+%0! ∃/Φ! >/..3)/03#∋:%! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! 3,+! +%∗/>03#∋>!
∋,,/:3#∋/,!>3,!)%!>/∗)∋,%+!3,+!&(∋,%+Κ!ϑ∃%!,%Γ#!"%&!/−!Ο∴∃30%+!∴>30:%&Π!Φ∋..!>/,&∋+%0!∃/Φ!#/!
≅0/./,4! #∃%! .∋−%>;>.%! /−! #∃%! &>30:%&! #/! +%:∋&%! −(0#∃%0! /≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&! #/! &∃30%7! &Φ3≅! 3,+! &#;.%Κ! ϑ∃%!
>/,&(∗%0! 3≅≅%#∋#%! −/0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋,4! ,%%+&! #/! )%! &(≅≅/0#%+! 3,+! 0%:∋%Φ%+! #∃0/(4∃! /)&%0:∋,4! #∃%∋0!
∋,#%03>#∋/,! ./,4! #%0∗Κ! =(0#∃%0! 0%&%30>∃! Φ∋..! 3≅≅.;! 3! ./,4∋#(+∋,3.! &#(+;! #/! >/,&∋+%0! ∋−! ≅%0&/,3.∋&%+!
≅0/+(>#&! ≅0/./,4! #∃%! .∋−%>;>.%! 3,+! ∗%3&(0%! ∃/Φ! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! :3.(%! #∃%∋0! &>30:%&! )%;/,+! #∃%!
Ο∴∃30%+!∴>30:%&Π!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%Κ!
!
122
∃0ΑΗ&ΧΙ!ΓΧΩΧΦ/!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.![!Ξ!∆Π∀.!+∀,)−.!!
]ΚΛ!ϑ.(;%4<2()%.!(%!ϕ+ΙΧΓΓ!ΣΗκ+∆ΜΦ∗%34γ
ϑ∃∋&!>∃3≅#%0!%Γ≅./0%&!#∃%!>/,>%≅#!/−!ΟΨ≅%,!6%&∋4,Π!Φ∋#∃!0%−%0%,>%!#/!/≅%,!∋,,/:3#∋/,7!3!#%0∗!>/∋,%+!
);! 2∃%&)/(04∃! ηΑΒΒ∆ιΚ! ϑ∃∋&! )/##/∗! (≅! 3≅≅0/3>∃! ∋&! ∗3∋,#3∋,%+! );! #∃%! Ο>0%3#∋:%! >/∗∗/,&Π! η22ι! #/!
3../Φ! #∃%! ≅0/>%&&! /−! +%&∋4,! #/! )%>/∗%! +%∗/>03#∋&%+! #∃0/(4∃! #03,&≅30%,#! ≅0/>%&&%&! 3,+! &∃30%+!
0%&/(0>%&7!Φ∃∋>∃!>3,!)%!+/Φ,./3+%+!−0/∗!#∃%!Ν,#%0,%#!#/!)0/3+%,!#∃%!0%∗∋#!/−!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ!<304%!
>/∗≅3,∋%&!/0! 0%#3∋.%0&! +/!,/#! .%3+!/≅%,! ∋,,/:3#∋/,!Φ∋#∃∋,! −3&∃∋/,! 3,+! #/!+3#%! #∃∋&!∗/:%∗%,#!∃3&!
)%%,! .%+! );! ∋,+%≅%,+%,#! +%&∋4,%0&Κ! ϑ∃%&%! +%&∋4,%0&! 3≅≅.;! /≅%,! ∋,,/:3#∋/,! #/! #∃%∋0! ≅03>#∋>%! );!
+∋�∋)(#∋,4! /≅%,! &/(0>%! #%∗≅.3#%&! 3,+! ≅3##%0,&! 3&! /≅≅/&%+! #/! 3! −∋,∋&∃%+! −3&∃∋/,! >/..%>#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%!
∋,+∋:∋+(3.!>/,&(∗%0!3.&/!∃3&!3!.%3+∋,4!0/.%!∋,!#∃%!/≅%,!∋,,/:3#∋/,!3,+!∋&!#03,&−/0∗∋,4!−0/∗!)%∋,4!#∃%!
≅3&&∋:%! >/,&(∗%0! ∋,#/! 3,! 3>#∋:%! ∗3Η%07! 3,+! #∃∋&! +%%≅%,&! #∃%! −%%.∋,4! /−! 3>∃∋%:%∗%,#! 3,+! ∋,! #(0,!
∋,>0%3&%&!≅0/+(>#!&3#∋&−3>#∋/,!ηΘ∋∋,∋∗ρΗ∋!5!Ε3&&∋7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!
!
ϑ∃∋&! #∃∋0+! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! #∋#.%+! Ο6ΣΤ∴∴!9?λ6Ψ8Θ./3+Π! >∃3..%,4%+! #∃%! >/,�(>#! /−! Ο−3&#!
−3&∃∋/,Π!);!3≅≅.;∋,4!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&∗!>/(≅.%+!Φ∋#∃!/≅%,!∋,,/:3#∋/,!#/!%Γ≅./0%!3!,%Φ!−/0∗!/−!∗3#%0∋3.!
∋,#%03>#∋/,! −/0! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3! −3&∃∋/,! >/,#%Γ#Κ! ϑ∃%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! &;&#%∗! ≅0/:∋+%&! ∋,,#!
>/,&(∗%0!403#∋−∋>3#∋/,!#∃0/(4∃!#%∗≅/030;!Ο1(∋>Η!−∋Γ%&Π7!)(#!#∃%&%!∋,#%03>#∋/,&!30%!∋,−.(%,>%+!#∃0/(4∃!
&∃/0#!∗/∗%,#&!∋,!#∋∗%!3,+!30%!1(∋>Η.;!)%>/∗%!−/04/##%,Κ!Ν,!>/,#03&#!#∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!3∋∗&!#/!%,434%!
>/,&(∗%0&! ∋,! #∃%! ./,4! #%0∗7! );! +%∗;&#∋−;∋,4! #∃%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3! ≅0/>%&&! /−! ∗3Η∋,4! −/0! /#∃%0&! #/!
3>>%&&7! 0%:∋%Φ!3,+!%Γ≅3,+!(≅/,Κ!8∃∋.%! ∋,!)%#3! −/0∗7! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!+%∗/,#%&!3,!3.#%0,3#∋:%!
3≅≅0/3>∃!#/!/≅%,!+%&∋4,7!≅0/+(>#∋/,!3,+!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!>/,&∋+%03#∋/,!#/!∃/Φ!Φ%!∗∋4∃#!3>∃∋%:%!3!
∗/0%! &(∋,3).%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! −(#(0%Κ! ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&! 3>∃∋%:%+!);!(&∋,4!/,%!)3&∋>! 430∗%,#7! 3! &∋∗≅.%! &∃∋−#!
+0%&&!3&!3!∗%>∃3,∋&∗!#/!≅0/∗/#%!34%,>;!3,+!>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!+0%&&!≅0/:∋+%+!3!&∃30%+!
>3,:3&!#/!≅0/_%>#!3!>/..%>#∋/,!/−!∗(.#∋≅.%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!>/,>%≅#&!3,+!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!Φ3&!−3>∋.∋#3#%+!#/!
&(≅≅/0#! #∃%! >/Μ+%:%./≅∗%,#! /−! 3! Ο>/..%>#∋:%! >/..%>#∋/,Π! /−! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! ≅0∋,#&Κ! ϑ∃%&%! ≅0∋,#&! Φ%0%!
+%&∋4,%+!(&∋,4!>/..34%!#%>∃,∋1(%&!3,+!./Μ−∋!∗3#%0∋3.&7!#∃%,!>/..%>#%+7!+∋4∋#∋&%+!3,+!(≅./3+%+!/,.∋,%!#/!
≅0/+(>%! 3! Ο>/..%>#∋:%! >/..%>#∋/,Π! /−! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%&! #∃3#! >/(.+! )%! +/Φ,./3+%+! 3./,4&∋+%! 3! )3&∋>!
+0%&&∗3Η∋,4!≅3##%0,!#/!≅0/:∋+%!#∃%!0%&/(0>%&!#/!≅∃;&∋>3..;!≅0/+(>%!#∃%!+0%&&Κ!
!
!
!
123
]Κ[!Η;%8∗∀5!
!ϑ∃%! 0%&%30>∃! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! >/,#∋,(%&! #/! 3>Η,/Φ.%+4%! #∃3#! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! 30%!
)%>/∗∋,4!/:%0Φ∃%.∗%+!);! #∃%! ∋,−.(Γ!/−! 3:3∋.3).%!/−−%0&7! #∃∋&!∃3&!)%%,!+%&>0∋)%+!3&! #∃%! Ο)(0+%,!/−!
>∃/∋>%Π! ηϑ3≅&>/##!5!8∋..∋3∗&7!ΑΒΧΒιΚ!ϑ∃%!∗30Η%#!≅.3>%!∃3&!)%>/∗%!−.//+%+!Φ∋#∃!>∃%3≅7! ./Φ!1(3.∋#;7!
+∋&≅/&3).%!430∗%,#&Κ!ϑ∃%!∗/&#!&(∋,3).%!&/.(#∋/,!Φ/(.+!)%! #/!+%∗3#%0∋3.∋&%! η=.%#>∃%0!3,+!Ζ0/&%7!
ΑΒΧΑι! 3,+!≅0%:%,#! −(0#∃%0! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!∗3&&!∗3,(−3>#(0%! 3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ!2/∗∗%0>∋3..;! #∃∋&! ∋&! ,/#!
%>/,/∗∋>3..;! :∋3).%! 3,+! (,.%&&! 4/:%0,∗%,#! ≅/.∋>;! 0%4(.3#∋/,&! >∃3,4%7! 0%#3∋.%0&! Φ∋..! >/,#∋,(%! #/!
&(≅≅.;! #/! 3! 40/Φ∋,4! >/,&(∗%0! +%∗3,+Κ! =(0#∃%0∗/0%7! >/,&(∗%0&! 30%! ,/#! 0%3+;! #/! >/∗∗∋#! #/!
0%4(.3#%+!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!/−!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!3>>/0+Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!%Γ≅./0%&!∃/Φ!+%&∋4,!∗∋4∃#!∋,#%0:%,%!);!
%Γ≅./0∋,4!/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&! #/!%,434%!Φ∋#∃!∗3#%0∋3.&!+∋−−%0%,#.;! #/! ∋+%,#∋−;!Φ∃3#!>3,!)%!3>∃∋%:%+!(&∋,4!
−%Φ%0!∗3#%0∋3.&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!3++0%&&%&!#∃∋&!≅0/).%∗!);!∋∗≅.%∗%,#∋,4!3!./Μ−∋+%.∋#;!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!
3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&! #/!%,3).%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! #/!%,434%!Φ∋#∃!3,!3.#%0,3#∋:%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!);!
(&∋,4!−%Φ%0!∗3#%0∋3.&Κ!
!
∀./,4&∋+%! ∗3#%0∋3.! 3−−.(%,>%7! +∋4∋#3.! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! ∋&! /,! #∃%! ∋,>0%3&%! +(%! #/! #∃%! ∋,>0%3&%! /−! (&%0!
4%,%03#%+! >/,#%,#Κ! 6∋4∋#3.! >/,&(∗%0&! 30%! 3.&/! 0%≅/0#∋,4! −%%.∋,4! /:%0Φ∃%.∗%+! +(%! #/! 3,! ∋,−.(Γ! /−!
&/>∋3..;!>/,,%>#%+!Φ%)!≅.3#−/0∗&!3,+!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,&Κ!Ψ,.∋,%!∗%+∋3!3,+!,%Φ!#%>∃,/./4;!∋,,/:3#%&!3#!3!
∗(>∃! ∃∋4∃%0! −0%1(%,>;! #∃3,! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! #∃0/(4∃! 3! ∃∋4∃.;! ≅3>%+! 3≅≅0/3>∃! #/! ∋,,/:3#∋/,Κ! Λ/#∃!
.3,+&>3≅%&!∃3:%!)%>/∗%!>0/Φ+%+7!,/∋&;!3,+!/:%0&#/>Η%+Κ!ϑ∃%!≅3>%!3,+!−./Φ!/−!>/,&(∗%0!∋,#%03>#∋/,!
>3,!)%! &(≅≅/0#%+!);!/,.∋,%! ∋,#%03>#∋/,!)(#! #∃%!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;! #/!%,434%!Φ∋#∃! #∃%!≅∃;&∋>3.! ≅0/>%&&!/−!
∗3Η∋,4!∗∋4∃#!∃3:%!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.!#/!≅0/∗/#%!3!&./Φ%0!≅3>%!/−!+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ!
!
]ΚΥ!Γ<,(3).38∗∀!+∀,)−.!Γ(;3(∀−)∀,!
!ϑ∃0/(4∃! >/,>%≅#(3.∋&∋,4! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,7! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! Φ3&! ∗∋,+−(.! #∃3#! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#∋,4! 3,/#∃%0!
Ο1(∋>Η! −3&∃∋/,! −∋ΓΠ! Φ/(.+! ,/#! 0%&/.:%! #∃%&%! ≅0/).%∗&7! /,.;! >/,#0∋)(#%! #/! −(0#∃%0! %,:∋0/,∗%,#3.!
∋∗≅3>#Κ! ϑ∃%0%−/0%7! #∃%! 0%&%3>∃%0! +%:%./≅%+! 3,! /≅%,! ∋,,/:3#∋/,! #//.Η∋#! #/! %,3).%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!
>/,&(∗%0&! #/! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! #∃%! 3>#! /−! ∗3Η∋,4! (&∋,4! &∗3..! &>3.%! ./Μ−∋+%.∋#;! 0%&/(0>%&Κ! ϑ∃%&%! >/,>%≅#&!
∃3:%! #∃%! ≅/#%,#∋3.! #/! )%>/∗%! ∗/0%! 0%−∋,%+! );! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#∋,4! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! #%>∃,∋1(%&! 3,+!
≅0/>%&&%&! #/! ≅0/+(>%! ∃∋4∃%0! −∋+%.∋#;! >/,>%≅#&! 3&! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! ≅0/40%&&%+! 3,+! #∃%;!
Φ%0%!4%,(∋,%.;!&3#∋&−∋%+!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!0%&(.#&Κ!8∃∋.%!#∃%!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&!Φ3&!3,3./4!3,+!0%1(∋0%+!≅∃;&∋>3.!
∗3#%0∋3.&7!#∃%!0%&/(0>%&!3,+!#%>∃,∋1(%&!Φ%0%!&∃30%+!/,.∋,%!#/!%,3).%!3!)0/3+%0!3(+∋%,>%!#/!%,434%!
Φ∋#∃!#∃%!≅0/>%&&!)%;/,+!/0>∃%#%+!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!/0!%:%,#&Κ!=/../Φ∋,4!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,7!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#!
>/,>%≅#&!Φ%0%!&>3,,%+!);!#∃%!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/0!3,+!&∃30%+!);!(≅./3+∋,4!3!+∋4∋#3.! .//Η!)//Η!−/0!#∃%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!3,+!3!)0/3+%0!40/(≅!/−! >/,&(∗%0&! >/(.+!3>>%&&!/,.∋,%!3,+!+/Φ,./3+Κ!∀&!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!
∋,>0%3&%+!#∃0/(4∃!34%,>;!3!Ο>/..%>#∋:%!>/..%>#∋/,Π!/−!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!)%43,!#/!%∗%04%Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&!
124
&∃30%+!/,.∋,%!(&∋,4!∋,#%403#∋,4!%Γ∋&#∋,4!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&Κ!
!
ϑ∃%!/≅%,!∋,,/:3#∋/,!3≅≅0/3>∃!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!>/,&∋+%0&!#∃%!>/∗≅.%#%! .∋−%>;>.%!/−!#∃%!+0%&&!
−0/∗!>/,>%≅#!+%:%./≅∗%,#!#∃0/(4∃!#/!+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃∋&!.∋−%>;>.%!∃3&!)%%,!≅0/#/#;≅%+!3,+!
+%∗/,#%+7!)(#! >/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! ∋&! .∋∗∋#%+! #/! 3! &∃/0#!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!≅3>Η34%! #/!≅0/+(>%!3! ./Μ
−∋+%.∋#;!/(#>/∗%Κ!!ϑ∃%!≅0%:∋/(&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!#∃3#!,/#!%:%0;/,%!∃3&!#∃%!3≅≅%#∋#%!/0!>0%3#∋:%!
∗∋,+&%#!#/!≅.3;!3,!3>#∋:%!0/.%!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!>/∗≅.%#%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&Κ!ϑ∃%0%−/0%7!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/0&!,%%+!
#/!+%&∋4,! −/0! :30;∋,4!+%40%%&!/−!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! >∃3..%,4%&! #∃%!%Γ∋&#∋,4! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!
≅303+∋4∗! #∃0/(4∃! 3,! 3.#%0,3#∋:%! 3−−/0+3).%! 3,+! 3>>%&&∋).%! &;&#%∗Κ! ϑ∃%! /≅%,! ∋,,/:3#∋/,! #//.Η∋#!
&(≅≅/0#&! 3! &∋∗≅.%7! &∃30%3).%! 3,+!3>>%&&∋).%!≅3>Η34%! #/!+%∗/,#%! 3,! ∋∗∗%+∋3#%! Ο1(∋>Η! −∋ΓΠ! −/0! 3!
)0/3+%0! 3(+∋%,>%Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ,%Γ#! "%! /−! #∃%! ∋,,/:3#∋/,! ≅0/>%&&! 0%1(∋0%&! ∗/0%! 3+:3,>%+! Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!
Φ∃∋>∃! >/,#∋,(%! #/! >/∗)∋,%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! Φ∋#∃! 3,! ∋,#%403#%+! &/>∋3.! ∗%+∋3! ≅.3#−/0∗! #/!
3∗≅.∋−;!3,!/≅%,!&/(0>%!3≅≅0/3>∃!#/!−(0#∃%0!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ!
!
]Κς!+∀:∀∗%Π).−!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.![!!
]ΚςΚΛ!ϑ.,Π);3()%.!
!ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! Φ3&! ∋,&≅∋0%+! );! #∃%! ≅03>#∋>%! /−! /≅%,! ∋,,/:3#∋/,Κ! 8∋#∃∋,! 3! −3&∃∋/,! >/,#%Γ#! ,%Φ!
3≅≅0/3>∃%&!30%!)%4∋,,∋,4!#/!%∗%04%!/,.∋,%!#/!≅0/:∋+%!3!+%∗/>03#∋>7!∋,>.(&∋:%!3,+!#03,&≅30%,#!+%&∋4,!
≅0/>%&&! −0/∗! >/,>%≅#! #∃0/(4∃! #/! #∃%! −∋,3.! "%&! /−! +%&∋4,! 3,+! +∋�∋)(#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! 3! ≅03>#∋>3.!
0%:∋%Φ!/−!%Γ∋&#∋,4!/≅%,!∋,,/:3#∋/,!≅0/>%&&%&7!#∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+!%Γ∋&#∋,4!/,.∋,%!&≅3>%&!#∃3#!
≅0/:∋+%! /≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&! −/0! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! &/>∋3.!∗%+∋3! ≅.3#−/0∗7! ?∋,#%0%&#!
ηΑΒΧ∆ι! ≅0/:∋+%&! 3! &≅3>%! #/! &/(0>%! 3,+! &#/0%! ∋,&≅∋03#∋/,! );! (≅./3+∋,4! ∋∗34%&! /0! :∋+%/&! /0! #/! %+∋#!
+∋4∋#3.!∗//+!)/30+&Κ!ϑ∃%∋0!+3#3)3&%!∃3&!40/Φ,!%Γ≅/,%,#∋3..;!);!ατ!−0/∗!ΑΒΧΑΜΧ∆!Φ∋#∃!3,!%&#∋∗3#%+!
βΒ!∗∋..∋/,!(&%0&!ηΞ3#∃%∋Η%,7!ΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!ϑ∃∋&!/,.∋,%!&≅3>%!∃3+!)%%,!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!Ο6/!Ν#!Ρ/(0&%.−Π!
>/,>%≅#&! Φ∋#∃∋,! −3&∃∋/,! 3,+! #∃%0%! 30%! >(00%,#.;! 3≅≅0/Γ∋∗3#%.;! Χ7Α]Α! +∋4∋#3.! ∗//+! )/30+&!
+%∗/,#∋,4! ∃/Φ! #/! ∗3Η%! 3,+! >(&#/∗∋ς%! ;/(0! /Φ,! −3&∃∋/,! (&∋,4! /,.∋,%! ≅3##%0,&! &(≅≅/0#%+! );!
+∋3403∗&! 3,+! ∋,�(>#∋/,&! η6/0&%;7! ΑΒΧ∆ιΚ! =(0#∃%0∗/0%7! 3! &%.%>#∋/,! /−! ∃∋4∃Μ%,+! −3&∃∋/,! +%&∋4,%0&!
∃3:%! ∋,#%403#%+!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&Κ!Ψ&>30!+%! .3!Σ%,#3! ηΑΒΧΑι!>0/Φ+&/(0>%+!#∃%! ∋,&≅∋03#∋/,!≅∃3&%!/−!
∃∋&! ∴≅0∋,4λ∴(∗∗%0! ΑΒΧ∆! >/..%>#∋/,! );! +%:%./≅∋,4! 3,! /≅%,! &/(0>%! ∗//+! )/30+! &≅3>%! #∋#.%+! Οϑ∃%!
Λ/30+Π!(,+%0!#∃%!#34!.∋,%!Ο+/,Π#!#%..!∗%7!&∃/Φ!∗%Π!η∴%%!−∋4(0%!]]!)%./ΦιΚ!ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%03>#∋:%!)/30+!Φ3&!
3>>%&&∋).%! /,.∋,%! 3,+! ≅0/_%>#%+! .∋:%! ∋,! 0%3.! #∋∗%! /,#/! 3! ≅0/_%>#! &≅3>%!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%∋0! +%&∋4,! &#(+∋/! #/!
∋,&≅∋0%!#∃%!>/,>%≅#!"%!/−!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&Κ!!
!
125
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!δδ!∆,23;!+∀!Β3!Ι∀.(3!&9∀!≅%3;4!βΘΡΛΘχ!
!
!
Ε/Φ%:%07! #∃%!∗/&#!∃∋4∃!≅0/−∋.%! /≅%,! &/(0>%!%Γ3∗≅.%! ∋&7! ∴ΕΨ8!∴#(+∋/Π&! Ο6%&∋4,!6/Φ,./3+Π! ≅0/_%>#!
ηΑΒΒχ!Μ!/,4/∋,4ιΚ!ϑ∃∋&!≅0/_%>#!+%∗/,#%&!∃/Φ!∃∋4∃Μ%,+!−3&∃∋/,!>/(.+!)%>/∗%!+%∗/>03#∋&%+!/,.∋,%!
#/! #∃%! ∗3&&%&! )(#! −/0! #∃∋&! #/! )%>/∗%! 0%3.∋#;7! ∋#! Φ/(.+! 0%1(∋0%! 3! −%3&∋).%! )(&∋,%&&! ∗/+%.! Φ∋#∃!
∋,>%,#∋:%&!/0!)%,%−∋#&!−/0!+%&∋4,%0&!#/!3≅≅.;!/≅%,!&/(0>%!+%&∋4,!3≅≅0/3>∃%&!#/!+∋�∋)(#%!#∃%∋0!Φ/0ΗΚ!
ϑ∃∋&! ≅0/_%>#! ≅0/:∋+%&! 3! &∗3..! &>3.%! +%∗/,#∋/,! /−! +/Φ,./3+3).%! −3&∃∋/,! 430∗%,#! ≅3##%0,&! −0/∗!
≅0%:∋/(&! >3#Φ3.Η! >/..%>#∋/,&! −0/∗! &%:%,! ∃∋4∃! ≅0/−∋.%! −3&∃∋/,! +%&∋4,%0&! ηΞ>⊥(%%,7! Ζ3..∋3,/7! ?(4∃7!
Ρ3∗3∗/#/7!83#3,3)%7!?0∋>%7!Ξ304∋%.37!ΑΒΒχιΚ!ϑ∃%∋0!Φ/0Η!>3,!)%!≅0%:∋%Φ%+!)%./Φ!Φ∋#∃∋,!1()2,&!ΟΟ7!
+%∗/,#∋,4! #∃%! /≅%,! &/(0>%! 430∗%,#! +%&∋4,! 3./,4&∋+%! #∃%! >3#Φ3.Η! :%0&∋/,! /−! #∃%! +0%&&! );!
83#3,3)%Κ!=/../Φ∋,4!3!≅0/>%&&!/−!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!#/!∗3Η%!#∃%∋0!/Φ,! ∋,#%0≅0%#3#∋/,!/−! #∃%!+0%&&!(&∋,4!
#∃%!/≅%,! &/(0>%!≅3##%0,7! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&! 30%!%,>/(034%+! #/! &∃30%! #∃%!/(#>/∗%!3,+!(≅./3+%+! ∋#!/,.∋,%Κ!
ϑ∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!∗/#∋:3#∋/,!#/!%,434%!Φ∋#∃!#∃%&%!+/Φ,./3+&!∋&!%,3).%+!);!3,!∋,>.(&∋:%!3≅≅0/3>∃!3,+!
−(0#∃%0! ∋,−.(%,>%+! );! #∃%∋0! +%&∋0%! #/! %,434%! Φ∋#∃! ∃∋4∃Μ%,+! −3&∃∋/,! Φ∃∋>∃! Φ/(.+! )%! /#∃%0Φ∋&%!
∋,3>>%&&∋).%Κ!
126
!
Ε)−<;∀!δ]!Γ0∆Μ,(<4)%!+∀,)−.!+%1.∗%34!βΘΡΡΟ#Λ[χ!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!δΖ!∃%.(.<<5!+)−)(3∗!Ε3,9)%.!Η∗3(=%;5!βΘΡΛ[χ!
!
!
!
!
127
ϑ∃%!≅03>#∋>%!0%:∋%Φ!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!−(0#∃%0!%Γ3∗≅.%&!#∃3#!3≅≅.;!3,!/≅%,!∋,,/:3#∋/,!≅0/>%&&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!
+%&∋4,7! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! 3,+! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! /−! 3! &∋∗≅.%! +0%&&Κ! ϑ∃%! 2ΨΘ∴ϑΣϕ2ϑ! .3)%.! +%:%./≅%+! );!
2/,#∋,((∗! ηΑΒΧ∆ι! ∃3&! +%:%./≅%+! /,.∋,%! +∋4∋#3.! &/−#Φ30%! #/! %,3).%! >/,&(∗%0&! #/! %Γ≅%0∋∗%,#! Φ∋#∃!
+∋4∋#3.!#//.&!#/!4%,%03#%!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#&!−/0!3!+0%&&!η&%%!=∋4(0%!]ε!3)/:%ιΚ!8∃∋.%! ∋,!#∃%!%30.;!"%&!/−!
+%:%./≅∗%,#7!#∃∋&!≅.3#−/0∗!+%∗/,#%&!,%Φ!+%:%./≅∗%,#&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!−∋%.+!/−!≅%0&/,3.∋&3#∋/,!3,+!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!+%&∋4,!−/0!−3&∃∋/,Κ!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!δΟ!&9∀!Σ.)=%;5!Η;%α∀2(!∀#∃%∃&%%∋!
!
!
ϑ∃%!9,∋−/0∗!?0/_%>#! ηΑΒΧΒΜΧΧι! 3≅≅.∋%+! 3,+! 3+/≅#%+! &/>∋3.!∗%+∋3! #//.&! #/! %Γ#%,+! #∃%! .∋−%>;>.%! /−! 3!
&∋∗≅.%!+0%&&!+%&∋4,Κ!∴∃%,,3!ηΑΒΧΧι!∋,∋#∋3#%+!#∃%!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!);!≅.%+4∋,4!#/!Φ%30!3!&%0∋%&!/−!∋+%,#∋>3.!
+0%&&%&!3&!∃%0!(,∋−/0∗!%3>∃!+3;7!−/0!/,%!;%30!η&%%!1()2,&!Ο∃!8Γ.−&ιΚ!ϑ∃∋&!%Γ≅./03#∋/,!%∗%04%+!3&!3,!
%Γ≅%0∋∗%,#! 3,+! ≅%0&/,3.! %Γ%0>∋&%! #/! >∃3..%,4%! #∃%! ≅%0>%≅#∋/,! /−! &(∋,3).%! −3&∃∋/,Κ! Λ;! >3≅#(0∋,4!
3,+! &∃30∋,4! &%.−! +/>(∗%,#%+! ≅∃/#/403≅∃&! +3∋.;7! #∃%! 9,∋−/0∗! ?0/_%>#! &∃∋−#%+! #∃%! )/(,+30∋%&! 3,+!
≅%0>%≅#∋/,&!/−!−3&∃∋/,!(&%7!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!≅03>#∋>%!/−!%:%0;+3;!&#;.∋,4Κ!ϑ∃%!/,.∋,%!≅.3#−/0∗!)%>3∗%!3,!
30>∃∋:%!#/!%,434%!3,!%Γ#%,+%+!/,.∋,%!3(+∋%,>%!Φ∃/!>/(.+!0%&≅/,+!#/!#∃%!≅%0&/,3.!,3003#∋:%!&∃30%+!
);!/,%!∋,+∋:∋+(3.7!∗/0%!#∃3,!#∃%;!>/(.+!0%.3#%!#/!3!)03,+Κ!!!
!
=(0#∃%0! %Γ3∗≅.%&! /−! /≅%,! &/(0>%! −3&∃∋/,! >3,! )%! 3>>%&&%+! #∃0/(4∃!Λ(0+3! ∴#;.%! ηΑΒΧ∆ι7!Ψ≅%,!8%30!
ηΑΒΧ∆ι!3,+!6ΝΡ!2/(#(0%!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!
!
]ΚςΚΘ!∃%.2∀Π(<3∗),3()%.!
!ϑ∃∋&!+∋−−%0&! −0/∗!−3&#! −3&∃∋/,!);!+%∗;&#∋−;∋,4!3!≅0/>%&&!/−!∗3Η∋,47! −/0!/#∃%0&! #/!3>>%&&7! 0%:∋%Φ!3,+!
%Γ≅3,+! (≅/,Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! >/,>%≅#(3.∋&∋,4! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,7! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! Φ3&! ∗∋,+−(.! #∃3#!
∋∗≅.%∗%,#∋,4!3,/#∃%0!Ο1(∋>Η!−∋ΓΠ!Φ/(.+!,/#!0%&/.:%7!/,.;!>/,#0∋)(#%!#/!−(0#∃%0!%,:∋0/,∗%,#3.!∋∗≅3>#Κ!
128
ϑ∃%! /≅%,! ∋,,/:3#∋/,! #//.Η∋#! %,3).%+! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! #/! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! #∃%! 3>#! /−!∗3Η∋,4! /,! 3!
&∗3..! &>3.%! (&∋,4! ./ΦΜ−∋+%.∋#;! 0%&/(0>%&Κ! ϑ∃%&%! >/,>%≅#&! )%>3∗%! ∗/0%! 0%−∋,%+! 3&! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!
%:/.:%+7! !);! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#∋,4!+∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!#%>∃,∋1(%&!3,+!≅0/>%&&%&!#/!≅0/+(>%!∃∋4∃%0! −∋+%.∋#;!
>/,>%≅#&Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! 34%,>;! 3! Ο>/..%>#∋:%! >/..%>#∋/,Π! /−! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,&! %∗%04%+! Φ∃∋>∃! Φ%0%!
&∃30%+!/,.∋,%!(&∋,4!∋,#%403#%+!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&Κ!8∃∋.%!#∃%!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&!Φ3&!3,3./4!3,+!0%1(∋0%+!
≅∃;&∋>3.!∗3#%0∋3.&7!#∃%!0%&/(0>%&!3,+!#%>∃,∋1(%&!Φ%0%!&∃30%+!/,.∋,%!#/!%,3).%!3!)0/3+%0!3(+∋%,>%!#/!
%,434%! Φ∋#∃! #∃%! ≅0/>%&&! )%;/,+! /0>∃%#%+! Φ/0Η&∃/≅&! /0! %:%,#&Κ! =/../Φ∋,4! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,7! #∃%!
#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#! >/,>%≅#&!Φ%0%! &>3,,%+!);! #∃%!+%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0!3,+!&∃30%+!);!(≅./3+∋,4!3!+∋4∋#3.! .//Η!
)//Η!−/0!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!3,+!3!)0/3+%0!40/(≅!/−!>/,&(∗%0&!Φ∃/!>/(.+!3>>%&&!/,.∋,%!3,+!+/Φ,./3+Κ!!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!]Ρ!∃%.2∀Π(<3∗),).−!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.![!
!ϑ∃0/(4∃!3!≅0/>%&&!/−!/≅%,!∋,,/:3#∋/,7!3,!∋,>.(&∋:%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&!Φ3&!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!
#/!+%:%./≅!3!#//.Η∋#!&≅%>∋−∋>3..;!−/0!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&!3!≅∃;&∋>3.!#//.Η∋#!>/∗≅0∋&∋,4!/−!
≅0%Μ>(#! 4%/∗%#0∋>! &∃3≅%&! (&∋,4! >/./(0%+! >30+7! ≅%,&7! 4.(%! 3,+! &>∋&&/0&! ∋,>.(+%+! ∋,! 3++∋#∋/,! #/! 3!
−3&∃∋/,! ∋..(#∋/,!3,+!+0%&&! #%∗≅.3#%Κ!ϑ∃%!>/..34%! #%>∃,∋1(%&!3≅≅.∋%+!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! #//.Η∋#!Φ%0%! ./ΦΜ
−∋+%.∋#;! 3,+! 0%1(∋0%+!≅∃;&∋>3.!∗3#%0∋3.! #/! >0%3#%! ≅3##%0,! 3,+!≅0∋,#! +%&∋4,&!Φ∋#∃∋,! 3≅≅0/Γ∋∗3#%.;! ΑΒ!
∗∋,(#%&Κ!ϑ/!&(≅≅/0#!/≅%,!∋,,/:3#∋/,7!%Γ∋&#∋,4!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&!Φ%0%!3+/≅#%+!ηΦ/0+≅0%&&7!+0/≅)/Γ!
3,+!−3>%)//Ηι!#/!&∃30%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!∋,#%03>#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!≅∃;&∋>3.!#//.Η∋#!);!≅/&#∋,4!#∃%!0%&(.#&!/,.∋,%Κ!!
!
=/../Φ∋,4!≅∃;&∋>3.!∋,#%03>#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!#//.Η∋#!#/!>0%3#%!3!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#!>/,>%≅#7!#∃%!−∋,3.!+%&∋4,&!Φ%0%!
&>3,,%+! 3,+! +∋4∋#3..;! 0%ΜΦ/0Η%+! (&∋,4! ∀+/)%! ≅3>Η34%&! #/! ≅0/+(>%! ∗/0%! 3+:3,>%+! ≅0/#/#;≅%&Κ!
ϑ∃0/(4∃!3+3≅#∋,4!#∃%!&>3.%!3,+!0%&/.(#∋/,!#∃%&%!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,&!>/(.+!)%!≅0/−%&&∋/,3..;!≅0∋,#%+!
/,#/!>./#∃Κ!∀,!/≅%,!&/(0>%!&∃∋−#!+0%&&!≅3##%0,!Φ3&!3.&/!∗/+∋−∋%+!∋,#/!3!&∋∗≅.%!≅3##%0,Κ!6∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#&!>/(.+!)%!≅.3>%+!+∋0%>#.;!/,#/!#∃%!+0%&&!#%∗≅.3#%!#/!≅0/+(>%!3!+∋4∋#3..;!%,4∋,%%0%+!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#!
Φ∋#∃!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!&(≅≅/0#Κ!=/../Φ∋,4!3!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#∋,4!≅0/>%&&7!#∃%!+0%&&!>/(.+!)%!
>(#!3,+!3&&%∗).%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!3≅≅0/Γ∋∗3#%.;!/,%!∃/(0Κ!!
129
!
!
8∃∋.%! #∃%! 3+:3,>%+!+%&∋4,! 3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!≅0/>%&&!/−! ≅0/+(>∋,4! 3! −∋,∋&∃%+!+0%&&!Φ3&!,/#! ∋,>.(+%+!
Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! #//.Η∋#7! 3! &3∗≅.%! >/..%>#∋/,! /−! ∃∋4∃! −∋+%.∋#;! ≅0/#/#;≅%! +0%&&%&! Φ%0%! +%&∋4,%+! 3,+!
+%∗/,#%+!#/!&∃/Φ>3&%!≅/#%,#∋3.!−∋,3.!/(#>/∗%&Κ!!
!
]ΚςΚ[!Ι∀,∀3;29!Τ∀(9%4,!
Ε)−<;∀!]Λ!+∀,)−.!Ε32)∗)(3()%.!&%%∗6)(!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.![!
!!
ϑ∃%!0%&%30>∃!∗%#∃/+&!3≅≅.∋%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!30%!∋..(#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!1()2,&!Ξ3ς!#∃∋&!)%43,!Φ∋#∃!
3!9(0.+!Τ.,>∋5.9! −/../Φ%+! );! #∃0%%! 3++∋#∋/,3.!Τ.,>∋5.9∋∀! ϑ∃%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+!∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&!
%Γ≅3,+∋,4!(≅/,!#∃%!3,3./4(%!>03−#!/−!>/..34%!3,+!3! 0.ΡΒ(! +&/+(0&!Λ8>(∗)!8∗%!9,.+.+Μ9(∗)! +..0>(+!Φ3&!
3&&%∗).%+Κ! ϑ∃%! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! /−! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! Φ3&! &(≅≅/0#%+! );! 3! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! Φ/0Η&∃%%#7!
Φ∃∋>∃! Φ3&! +%&∋4,%+! ∋,! >/..3)/03#∋/,! Φ∋#∃! =3,! κ∋3! ηΑΒΧΧιΚ! ϑ∃%! Β8=(0(+8+(.∗! ∋5&&+! ∗3≅≅%+! #∃%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&Π!_/(0,%;7!)%4∋,,∋,4!Φ∋#∃!3!1(∋>Η!∋>%)0%3Η%0!−/../Φ%+!);!3!∋+.,ΜΓ.8,%&%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!
∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&7! :∋&(3.∋&%+! #∃0/(4∃! −/(0! &∋∗≅.%! &#%≅&Κ! ϑ∃%! ≅0/>%&&! /−!∗3Η∋,4!Φ3&! ≅∋./#%+! #/! 0%−∋,%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!%,434%∗%,#!3,+!∋,#%03>#∋/,Κ!!
!
ϑ/!+3#%!#∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!∃3&!)%%,!&∃30%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃0%%!≅().∋>!%:%,#&7!%3>∃!/−−%0%+!3!+∋−−%0%,#!Ο3>#∋/,!
&≅3>%Π! ηϕ/,! Λ(&>∃7! ΑΒΒει! 3,+! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3! 0%3.! Φ/0.+! >/,#%Γ#! −/0! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! Τ.,>∋5.9∋!
>/,>.(+%+!Φ∋#∃!3!&∃/Φ>3&%!/−!−∋,3.!>/,>%≅#&7!%,>/(034∋,4!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#/!&∃30%!#∃%∋0!−∋,∋&∃%+!>/,>%≅#Κ!
ϑ∃%! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! &∃%%#! >/,>.(+%+! Φ∋#∃! 3! &∃/0#! %:3.(3#∋/,! >3≅#(0∋,4! −%%+)3>Η! /,! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,7!
∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&! 3,+! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#! ∋,#%0%&#! ∋,! 0%430+&! #/! −(0#∃%0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&! Φ3&! 3,! 3&&%#! 3&! ∋#!
130
43#∃%0%+!+3#3! −0/∗!%3>∃!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#7! +/>(∗%,#∋,4! #∃%∋0! /:%03..! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%7! 3,+! 3! ≅∃/#/403≅∃!Φ3&!
#3Η%,! /−! #∃%∋0! −∋,3.! #%Γ#∋.%! ≅0∋,#! −/0! #∃%! +0%&&! 3,+! 3##3>∃%+! #/! #∃%! Φ/0Η&∃%%#Κ! ϑ/! +/>(∗%,#! %3>∃!
∋#%03#∋/,!82+.Ρ%.=2Λ&∗+8+(.∗!8∗%!82+.Ρ&+5∗.),895Μ!Φ%0%!3≅≅.∋%+Κ!ϑ∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!>/,#∋,(%+!#/!3≅≅.;!
#∃%!∗%#∃/+!/−!82+.Ρ&+5∗.),895Μ!#/!0%−.%>#!(≅/,!#∃%!0/.%!/−!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!#∃0/(4∃!%3>∃!∋#%03#∋:%!
"%!/−!#∃%!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!!
]Κδ!+∀,)−.!_!ϑ5Π∗∀5∀.(3()%.!!
!ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!Φ3&!+%&∋4,%+!#/!∋,>.(+%!3!./Μ−∋+%.∋#;!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!#//.Η∋#&!)(#!#/!∗3Η%!∋#!
/≅%,!&/(0>%!3!ΥΝϑ!Φ3&!≅3>Η34%+!3,+! ∋,�(>#∋/,&!/−!∃/Φ!#/!∗3Η%!;/(0!/Φ,!ΥΝϑ!Φ3&!&∃30%+!/,.∋,%Κ!
∀./,4&∋+%! &∃30∋,4! #∃%! #%Γ#∋.%! #%>∃,∋1(%&! 3,+! ∗3#%0∋3.&7! #∃%! /(#>/∗%&! Φ%0%! 3.&/! &∃30%+! /,.∋,%Κ! ϑ/!
&(≅≅/0#!/,.∋,%!)%#3!#%&#∋,4!3!Φ/0+≅0%&&!)./4!Φ3&!>(&#/∗∋&%+!);! ∋,#%403#∋,4!#//.&!&(>∃!3&!?∋,#%0%!
=3>%)//Η7! 60/≅)/Γ! 3,+! Ν&&((Κ! ϑ∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#Π&! ./Μ−∋! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! >/,>%≅#&! Φ%0%! +/>(∗%,#%+! );!
≅0/+(>∋,4!3!+∋4∋#3.!.//Η!)//Η!#/!&∃30%!>/,>%≅#&!/,.∋,%Κ!
!
ϑ/! >/,�(>#! 3! >/∗∗(,∋#;! /−! ≅03>#∋>%! 30/(,+! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 3! #%4∋>! 3≅≅0/3>∃!Φ3&! 3≅≅.∋%+! #/!
+%:%./≅!,%Φ!3>#∋/,!&≅3>%&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&!3>∃∋%:%+!);!&∃30∋,4!≅0%:∋/(&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&!/,.∋,%!#∃0/(4∃!&/>∋3.!
∗%+∋3Κ!∀&!3!0%&(.#!∋,:∋#3#∋/,&!>3∗%!#/!+%.∋:%0!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!−/0!3!Ο=0∋+3;!Θ∋4∃#!<3#%Π!3#!#∃%!ϕ∋>#/0∋3!3,+!
∀.)%0#! Ξ(&%(∗! ηΑΒΧΧι7! 3#! 6Τ∴ΝΖΘΤΣ∴ωΛ<Ψ2Υ! +(0∋,4! #∃%! </,+/,! 6%&∋4,! =%&#∋:3.! ηΑΒΧΧι! 3,+! #∃%!
2%,#0%!−/0!∴(∋,3).%!=3&∃∋/,Π&!Οϑ03,&−/0∗3#∋/,3.!ϑ∃∋,Η∋,4!3,+!?03>#∋>%!=∋%.+!63;Π!ηΑΒΧΑιΚ!ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!
/−!#∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!)%4∋,&!3,+!>/,>.(+%&!Φ∋#∃!3!≅∋./#7!∋,#0/+(>∋,4!#∃%!−∋0&#!∋#%03#∋/,!/−!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!3,+!
%Γ≅./0∋,4!≅/&&∋).%!−(#(0%!+∋0%>#∋/,&Κ!!
!
!
&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!&9;∀∀!ϕ+ΙΧΓΓ!ΣΗλ+∆ΜΦ∗%34γ!
Η<;Π%,∀/!ϑ/!)0/3+%,!#∃%!0%∗∋#!/−!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!);!+%:%./≅∋,4!3!&3∗≅.%0!#//.Η∋#!#/!
%,3).%!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!#/!+%&∋4,!3,+!+%:%./≅!3!./ΦΜ−∋+%.∋#;!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!≅3##%0,!Φ∋#∃∋,!ΑΒΜ∆Β!∗∋,(#%&Κ!!Ξ/0%!
3+:3,>%+!≅0/#/#;≅%&!Φ%0%!≅0/+(>%+!#/!+%∗/,#%!#∃%!,%Γ#!"%&!/−!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!3,+!&∃/Φ>3&%!
≅/#%,#∋3.!−(#(0%!/(#>/∗%&Κ!
Γ<,(3).38∗∀!+∀,)−.!Γ(;3(∀−Ν/!Ψ≅%,!Ν,,/:3#∋/,!
&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!Τ36).−!Η;%2∀,,! ∆.∗).∀!Τ∀4)3!
</ΦΜ−∋+%.∋#;!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,47!(&∋,4!>/..34%!
#%>∃,∋1(%&Κ!ϑ∃%!>30+!#/!)%!>(#!∋,#/!4%/∗%#0∋>!&∃3≅%&!
∋,!3+:3,>%7!>(##%0&!(&%+!−/0!>30+!∗3Η∋,4!Φ3&!
&/(0>%+Κ!ϑ∃%!4%/∗%#0∋>!&∃3≅%&!Φ%0%!>/∗)∋,%+!Φ∋#∃!
4.(%7!&>∋&&/0&!3,+!≅%,&!3,+!≅3>Η%+!∋,#/!3!Η∋#Κ!∀!
−3&∃∋/,!∋..(#∋/,!3,+!&∃∋−#!+0%&&!#%∗≅.3#%!Φ%0%!
3.&/!∋,>.(+%+Κ!
ΦΦΦΚΦ/0+≅0%&&Κ+0%&&(≅+/Φ,./3+Κ>/∗!
!
Ν,ോ∗!ξ+0%&&(≅+/Φ,./3+!
!
=3>%)//Η!ϖ!αΑ!40/(≅!∗%∗)%0&!
60/≅)/Γ!
?∋,#%0%&#!
Ν&&((!
131
&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!&9;∀∀!ϕ+ΙΧΓΓ!ΣΗλ+∆ΜΦ∗%34γ!
Η<;Π%,∀/!ϑ/!)0/3+%,!#∃%!0%∗∋#!/−!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!);!+%:%./≅∋,4!3!&3∗≅.%0!#//.Η∋#!#/!
%,3).%!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!#/!+%&∋4,!3,+!+%:%./≅!3!./ΦΜ−∋+%.∋#;!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!≅3##%0,!Φ∋#∃∋,!ΑΒΜ∆Β!∗∋,(#%&Κ!!Ξ/0%!
3+:3,>%+!≅0/#/#;≅%&!Φ%0%!≅0/+(>%+!#/!+%∗/,#%!#∃%!,%Γ#!"%&!/−!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!3,+!&∃/Φ>3&%!
≅/#%,#∋3.!−(#(0%!/(#>/∗%&Κ!
Γ<,(3).38∗∀!+∀,)−.!Γ(;3(∀−Ν/!Ψ≅%,!Ν,,/:3#∋/,!
&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!Τ36).−!Η;%2∀,,! ∆.∗).∀!Τ∀4)3!
∃3∗∗!=%;!Η3;()2)Π3()%.! Μ%;6,9%Π!Ε32)∗)()∀,!
∀!−.;%0!Φ3&!+%&∋4,%+!3,+!≅0/∗/#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!∗%+∋3!
3,+!∗30Η%#%+!3#!Φ∋+%0!%:%,#&Κ!
ϑ∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&!3,+!3&&/>∋3#%+!
∗3#%0∋3.&!0%1(∋0%+!3!&∗3..!−.3#!Φ/0Η!&(0−3>%!&(>∃!
3&!3!#3).%Κ!!
∀!&>3,,%0!∋&!0%1(∋0%+!−/0!+∋4∋#3.!>/,:%0&∋/,!/−!#∃%!
3,3./4(%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,&Κ!
!
!
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
8/0Η&∃/≅!6%#3∋.&! 8/0Η&∃/≅!6%&>0∋≅#∋/,! ?30#∋>∋≅3,#! Ξ! =! 34%!
40/(≅!
Ψ(#>/∗%!
Η)∗%(!
+3(∀/!ΧΑλΒελΑΒΧΑ!&)5∀!_!+<;3()%.δΑΜ∆!
ηΧ!∃/(0ι!Ω∀.<∀!_!Β%23()%.δ!
6(,>3,!/−!
Ω/0+3,&#/,%!2/..%4%!
/−!∀0#!5!6%&∋4,!
η6Ω2∀6ι7!9,∋:%0&∋#;!/−!
6(,+%%!
ϑ∃%!≅0%∗∋&%!/−!#∃%!≅∋./#!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅!Φ3&!#/!#%&#!#∃%!
(&3)∋.∋#;!3,+!+%&∋4,!
>3≅3>∋#;!/−!#∃%!≅∃;&∋>3.!
∗3#%0∋3.&Κ!ϑ∃%&%!∗3#%0∋3.&!
Φ%0%!≅0%≅30%+!∋,!3+:3,>%!
#/!&(≅≅/0#!(&3)∋.∋#;Κ!!
!
Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
]! ! Γ! Ζ%,!κ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
! ! ! ! ! ! !
8/0Η&∃/≅!Χ!!
+3(∀/!Α]λΒελΑΒΧΑ!ϖ!
ΑβλΒελΑΒΧΑ!
ϑ∃∋&!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!Φ3&!
+%&∋4,%+!3,+!−3>∋.∋#3#%+!
Φ∋#∃∋,!ΑΒΜ∗∋,(#%!#3&#%0!
&%&&∋/,&Κ!!
Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
132
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
8/0Η&∃/≅!6%#3∋.&! 8/0Η&∃/≅!6%&>0∋≅#∋/,! ?30#∋>∋≅3,#! Ξ! =! 34%!
40/(≅!
Ψ(#>/∗%!
&)5∀!_!+<;3()%./!Ω∀.<∀!_!Β%23()%./!
ϕ∋>#/0∋3!3,+!∀.)%0#!
Ξ(&%(∗!ηϕ5∀ι7!
</,+/,!
!
ϑ/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!1(∋>Η!≅3>%!
3,+!+%.∋:%0!/−!#∃%&%!&∃/0#!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!3!+%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!&∃%%#!Φ3&!
>0%3#%+!ϖ!#∃∋&!∋,>.(+%+µ!3,!
∋>%)0%3Η%0!3>#∋:∋#;7!α!
&∋∗≅.%!∋,�(>#∋/,&7!Φ∃∋>∃!
Φ%0%!&#/0;)/30+%+!
:∋&(3..;7!3,+!3.&/!3!&%>#∋/,!
#/!>3≅#(0%!−%%+)3>ΗΚ!
!
∀!−3&∃∋/,!∋..(#∋/,!
#%∗≅.3#%7!3!&∗3..!+0%&&!
#%∗≅.3#%!3,+!3!&%.%>#∋/,!
/−!4%/∗%#0∋>!&∃3≅%&!Φ%0%!
3.&/!≅0%≅30%+!∋,!
3+:3,>%+Κ!!
≅0∋,#!
∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
]! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
β! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
ε! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
ΧΒ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
ΧΧ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
ΧΑ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Χ∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Χα! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Χ]! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Χβ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Χε! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
133
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
8/0Η&∃/≅!6%#3∋.&! 8/0Η&∃/≅!6%&>0∋≅#∋/,! ?30#∋>∋≅3,#! Ξ! =! 34%!
40/(≅!
Ψ(#>/∗%!
Χχ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
ΑΒ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
ΑΧ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
ΑΑ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Α∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
! ! Α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Αα! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Α]! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Αβ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Αε! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Αχ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
∆Β! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
∆Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
∆Α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
∆∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
134
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
8/0Η&∃/≅!6%#3∋.&! 8/0Η&∃/≅!6%&>0∋≅#∋/,! ?30#∋>∋≅3,#! Ξ! =! 34%!
40/(≅!
Ψ(#>/∗%!
∆α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
∆]! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
∆β! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
∆ε! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
∆χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Β! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
!
!
!
8/0Η&∃/≅!Α!+3(∀/!ΑΑλΒχλΑΒΧΧ!&)5∀!_!+<;3()%./!ΧΑΜ
!η!∃/(0&ι!Ω∀.<∀!_!Β%23()%./!
6%&∋4,%0&!Λ./>Η7!
</,+/,!6%&∋4,!
=%&#∋:3.7!2.%0Η%,Φ%..7!
</,+/,!
ϑ∃∋&!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!−3>∋.∋#3#%+!
#∃%!(&%!/−!#∃%!6ΣΤ∴∴!
9?λ6Ψ8Θ./3+!>/..34%!Η∋#Κ!
ϑ∃%!∗3#%0∋3.&!Φ%0%!∗3+%!
3:3∋.3).%!#/!3>>%&&!
#∃0/(4∃!3!&%0∋%&!/−!+0/≅!∋,!
&%&&∋/,&Κ!!
Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
135
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
8/0Η&∃/≅!6%#3∋.&! 8/0Η&∃/≅!6%&>0∋≅#∋/,! ?30#∋>∋≅3,#! Ξ! =! 34%!
40/(≅!
Ψ(#>/∗%!
α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
]! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
β! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
ε! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
ΧΒ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
ΧΧ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
ΧΑ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Χ∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Χα! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Χ]! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Χβ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Χε! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Χχ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
ΑΒ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
!
136
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
8/0Η&∃/≅!6%#3∋.&! 8/0Η&∃/≅!6%&>0∋≅#∋/,! ?30#∋>∋≅3,#! Ξ! =! 34%!
40/(≅!
Ψ(#>/∗%!
8/0Η&∃/≅!∆!
!+3(∀/!ΧαλΒαλΑΒΧΑ!&)5∀!_!+<;3()%./!ΑΜ∆!Ω∀.<∀!_!Β%23()%./!
</,+/,!2/..%4%!/−!
=3&∃∋/,!η<2=ι7!</,+/,!
ϑ∃∋&!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!−3>∋.∋#3#%+!
#∃%!(&%!/−!#∃%!6ΣΤ∴∴!
9?λ6Ψ8Θ./3+!>/..34%!Η∋#Κ!
ϑ∃%!∗3#%0∋3.&!Φ%0%!∗3+%!
3:3∋.3).%!#/!3>>%&&!
#∃0/(4∃!3!&%0∋%&!/−!+0/≅!∋,!
&%&&∋/,&Κ!
Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
]! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
β! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
ε! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
ΧΒ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
ΧΧ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
ΧΑ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Χ∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
Χα! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! </Μ−∋!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#!
137
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
8/0Η&∃/≅!6%#3∋.&! 8/0Η&∃/≅!6%&>0∋≅#∋/,! ?30#∋>∋≅3,#! Ξ! =! 34%!
40/(≅!
Ψ(#>/∗%!
&∆&ΑΒ! ε]! ! ε]! ! !
!
Ε)−<;∀!]Θ!&38∗∀!%=!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!
!
!
]ΚδΚΛ!Η)∗%().−!(9∀!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!
!ϑ∃%!≅∋./#!Φ3&!+%.∋:%0%+!#/!#%&#!#∃%!./Μ−∋!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&!3,+!&(≅≅/0#∋,4!#//.Η∋#Κ!∀.&/!
Φ∋#∃!3! −/>(&! #/!0%−∋,%!3!ΑΒΜ∗∋,(#%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!≅3>Η34%!3,+!+%:%./≅! ./Μ−∋+%.∋#;!≅0/#/#;≅∋,4!#//.&Κ!ϑ∃%!
#∃%∗%! /−! ΟΖ%/∗%#0∋>! ?3##%0,! 3,+! ?0∋,#Π! Φ3&! &%.%>#%+! 3,+! 3! ∗//+! )/30+! Φ3&! ≅0%≅30%+! #/! ≅0/:∋+%!
∋,&≅∋03#∋/,!(&∋,4!#∃%!/,.∋,%!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,!?∋,#%0%&#!η&%%!1()2,&!Ξ#!Γ&0.ΤιΚ!
!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!][!+ΙΧΓΓ!ΣΗκ+∆ΜΦ∗%34!Η).(∀;∀,(!≅%3;4!
!
!
!
138
ϑ∃%!#//.Η∋#!Φ3&!+%&∋4,%+!#/!≅0/:∋+%!/≅#∋∗(∗!0%&(.#&!3#!3! ./Φ!>/&#Κ!ϑ∃%!#%Γ#∋.%! #%>∃,∋1(%!/−!>/..34%!
)%>3∗%! #∃%! ∗3∋,! ∗%#∃/+! /−! ∗3Η∋,4! 3,+! Φ3&! &(≅≅/0#%+! );! ≅0%≅30∋,4! 3! Η∋#! #∃3#! ∋,>.(+%+! ≅0%Μ>(#!
4%/∗%#0∋>!&∃3≅%&!.∋∗∋#%+!#/!3!≅3..%#!/−!&∋Γ!Η%;!>/./(0&Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!%+∋#∋,4!#∃%!Η∋#!∋,!3+:3,>%7!∋#!%,3).%+!
#∃%!>/,#%,#!#/!)%!>(03#%+!3&!3!>/∃%&∋:%!>/..%>#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!#//.Η∋#!3.&/! ∋,>.(+%+!>30+7!4.(%7!&>∋&&/0&!3,+!
?0/Ξ30Η%0&Κ!ϑ∃%!+0%&&!≅0/:∋+%+!3!&∃30%+!>3,:3&!#/!≅0/_%>#!#%Γ#∋.%!≅3##%0,!3,+!≅0∋,#!>/,>%≅#&!3&!#∃%;!
Φ%0%!+%:%./≅%+Κ!∀!≅3≅%0!430∗%,#!3,+!−3&∃∋/,! ∋..(#∋/,!#%∗≅.3#%!Φ3&!+%&∋4,%+!);!Ε3.%!ηΑΒΧΧι!#/!
0%≅0%&%,#!#∃%!−∋,3.!/(#>/∗%!/,!3!&∗3..!&>3.%Κ!!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!]Υ!∗%#=)!(∀∋()∗∀!4∀,)−.!Π;%(%(ΝΠ).−!(%%∗6)(!
ϑ∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!&(>>%&&−(..;!%,434%+!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&!+(0∋,4!#∃%!≅∋./#!3,+!
#∃0/(4∃!/)&%0:∋,4!#∃%∋0!%Γ≅%0∋∗%,#3#∋/,!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!/)&%0:%+!3,+!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!#%>∃,∋>3.!>∃3,4%&!#/!
∋∗≅0/:%! #∃%! #%∗≅.3#%&! #/! 0%ΜΦ/0Η! #∃%∗!3,+! ∋∗≅0/:%!(&3)∋.∋#;Κ!Λ(#7! #∃%!≅∋./#! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+! #∃3#! #∃%! ./Μ
−∋+%.∋#;! ≅0/#/#;≅∋,4! 3≅≅0/3>∃! 0%1(∋0%+! 3! −(#(0%! >/,#%Γ#7! #/! %,3).%! (&%0&! #/! ∋∗34∋,%! ∃/Φ! #∃%∋0!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!∗∋4∃#! #03,&∋#∋/,!)%;/,+! 3! &∃/0#! +%∗/,#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! �(44.%+! #/! ∋∗34∋,%!
∃/Φ!#∃%∋0!+%&∋4,&!>/(.+!≅/&&∋).;!)%!#03,&.3#%+!∋,#/!3!.304%0!≅∋%>%!/−!>./#∃!−/0!3!−∋,∋&∃%+!430∗%,#Κ!!
!
!
139
!
Ε)−<;∀!]ς!Η)∗%(!Μ%;6,9%Π!
!
=/../Φ∋,4!#∃%!≅∋./#7!3!&∃∋−#!+0%&&!430∗%,#!∃/∗%!+0%&&∗3Η∋,4!≅3##%0,7!Φ3&!&/(0>%Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&!3+3≅#%+!#/!
≅0/:∋+%!3!≅0/#/#;≅%!−/0!3,!/≅%,!&/(0>%!430∗%,#Κ!ϑ∃%!−∋,3.!"%&!/−!+∋4∋#3..;!≅0∋,#∋,47!≅0/+(>∋,4!3,+!
∗3Η∋,4! #∃%! +0%&&! Φ%0%! ≅0/#/#;≅%+! #/! +%∗/,#%! #∃%! >/∗≅.%#%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&Κ! ϑ∃%! ≅0∋,#&!
+%:%./≅%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!≅∋./#!Φ%0%!%+∋#%+!#/!≅0/+(>%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,&!−/0!3!&∗3..!>/..%>#∋/,!/−!≅0/#/#;≅%!
430∗%,#&Κ! ϑ∃%&%! ≅0/#/#;≅%&! ≅0/:∋+%+! %Γ3∗≅.%&! #/! +%∗/,#%! #∃%! −(0#∃%0! "%&! /−! #∃%! +%&∋4,!
≅0/>%&&7!#/!%,3).%!(&%0&!#/!∋∗34∋,%!∃/Φ!#∃%∋0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!>/(.+!%:/.:%!/:%0!#∋∗%Κ!
!
]ΚδΚΘ!ϑ(∀;3()%.!Λ!
!ϑ∃%!−∋0&#!Ο3>#∋/,!&≅3>%Π!%∗%04%+!∋,!0%&≅/,&%!#/!3,!∋,:∋#3#∋/,!#/!+%&∋4,!3,+!+%.∋:%0!3!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!
Ο=ΣΝ6∀Ρ!<∀ϑΤΠ!%:%,#7! −/>(&∋,4!/,!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&!/043,∋ς%+!);!#∃%!ϕ∋>#/0∋3!3,+!∀.)%0#!
Ξ(&%(∗7!</,+/,!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!ϑ∃%!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!Φ3&!%Γ%>(#%+!∋,!#∃∋&!≅().∋>!&≅3>%!/:%0!3!#Φ/Μ+3;!≅%0∋/+7!
3,+!Φ3&!+%.∋:%0%+!#∃0/(4∃!3!&%0∋%&!/−!#Φ%,#;Μ∗∋,(#%!+%∗/,#∋/,!3,+!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!&%&&∋/,&Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!
#∃%! ∋#%03#∋:%! 3≅≅0/3>∃! /−! +%∗/,#∋,4! 3,+! +%.∋:%0∋,4! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,7! ,%Φ! ∋,&∋4∃#&! )%43,! #/!
%∗%04%!3,+!#∃%!≅0/>%&&!)%>3∗%!∗/0%!0%−∋,%+Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#!#∃∋&!%:%,#7!3≅≅0/Γ∋∗3#%.;!ΧΒΒ!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!
%,434%+!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!Ο6ΣΤ∴∴!9?λ6Ψ8Θ./3+Π!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!0%&(.#&!30%!−∋.#%0%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!#/!
&∃30%!#∃%!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!/−!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!+%−∋,%+!#∃0/(4∃!3!Ζ%,%03#∋/,!Ρ!+%∗/403≅∃∋>Κ!Λ(#!∋#!∋&!
Φ/0#∃!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#∋,4!#∃3#!3!)0/3+%0!03,4%!/−!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!34%+!∆Με∆!;%30&!/.+!≅30#∋>∋≅3#%+Κ!
!
140
!
Ε)−<;∀!]δ!+ΙΧΓΓ!ΣΗκ+∆ΜΦ∗%34!+;∀,,!
!
!
!
!
141
!
Ε)−<;∀!]]!+∀,)−.!Ε32)∗)(3()%.!Γ9∀∀(!
!
!
ϑ∃∋&! 3>#∋/,! ≅0/+(>%+! +%&∋4,! >/,#%,#! #/! &(≅≅/0#! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ! Λ(#! +%.∋:%0;! −0/∗! 3! 0%&%30>∃!
≅%0&≅%>#∋:%!≅0/:%+!#/!)%!∗/0%!>∃3..%,4∋,4!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!&≅%>∋−∋>!3>#∋/,!&≅3>%7!3&!∋#!Φ3&!,/#!≅/&&∋).%!#/!
#3Η%! ≅∃/#/403≅∃&! ∋,! /0+%0! #/! 43#∃%0! +3#3! −/0! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃Κ! ϑ∃∋&! Φ3&! 0%&/.:%+! #∃0/(4∃! 82+.Ρ
%.=2Λ&∗+8+(.∗7! Φ∃∋>∃! 3../Φ%+! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! #/! >3≅#(0%! #∃%∋0! /Φ,! ≅∃/#/403≅∃&! 3,+! 3++∋#∋/,3..;! #∃%!
∋∗34%&! Φ%0%! &∃30%+! );! #∃%! ∗(&%(∗Κ! ϑ∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! &∃%%#! Φ∋#∃∋,! Β()2,&! ΞΞ! η3)/:%ι! Φ3&!
+%:%./≅%+! ∋,! >/..3)/03#∋/,! Φ∋#∃! =3,! κ∋3! ηΑΒΧΧι! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3,! 3∋+! #/! ∗3,34%! #∃%! ≅3>%! 3,+! −./Φ! /−!
,3:∋43#∋,4!3! .304%!40/(≅! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∗%#∃/+!3.&/!≅0/:∋+%+!
:3.(3).%!0%&%30>∃!+3#3!);!>3≅#(0∋,4!−%%+)3>Η!−0/∗!%3>∃!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!#/!+/>(∗%,#!#∃%∋0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ!
∀≅≅0/Γ∋∗3#%.;!∆!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!+%−∋,%+!3&!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!%Γ≅0%&&%+!3,!∋,#%0%&#!#/!≅30#∋>∋≅3#%!
Φ∋#∃∋,!−(0#∃%07!∗/0%!3+:3,>%+!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&7!3,+!#∃%;!%,1(∋0%+!3)/(#!#∃%!>/&#!∋∗≅.∋>3#∋/,&!/−!+%&∋4,∋,4!
3,+!∗3Η∋,4! 3! −∋,∋&∃%+! 430∗%,#Κ! ϑ∃%! >/&#∋,4! 3,+! &%0:∋>∋,4! /−! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!Φ3&! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+! #/! )%!
>0(>∋3.!−3>#/0!#/Φ30+&!3>∃∋%:∋,4!∗/0%!%,434%∗%,#!−0/∗!#∃%!#304%#!+%∗/403≅∃∋>Κ!!
!
142
!
!
!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!]Ζ!Μ%;6,9%Π!Λ!3(!(9∀!Ω_Α!Ε;)43Ν!Φ)−9(!Β3(∀!βΘΡΛΛχ!
!
!
!
!
!
!
143
]ΚδΚ[!ϑ(∀;3()%.!Θ!!
!ϑ∃%!≅0%:∋/(&! ∋#%03#∋/,!/−!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!Φ%0%!&∃30%+!/,.∋,%!3,+!&()&%1(%,#.;!3,! ∋,:∋#3#∋/,!−0/∗!#%Γ#∋.%!
+%&∋4,!>/..%>#∋:%!?(−−!3,+!=./>Η! ηΑΒΧΧι!%∗%04%+! #/!&∃30%! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!&%0∋%&!
#∃%;!Φ%0%!/0>∃%#∋,4! −/0!6Τ∴ΝΖΘΤΣ∴ωΛ<Ψ2Υ!3#! #∃%! </,+/,!6%&∋4,!=%&#∋:3.7! ΑΒΧΧΚ! ϑ∃∋&!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!
Φ3&!,/#!0%�∋>#%+!#/!ΑΒ!∗∋,(#%&!3,+!Φ3&!3:3∋.3).%!#/!3>>%&&!#∃0/(4∃!3!&%0∋%&!/−!/≅%,!3>>%&&!+0/≅!∋,!
&%&&∋/,&Κ! ϑ∃%! )./4! 3,+! ≅0%:∋/(&.;! ≅0/+(>%+! ≅0/#/#;≅%&! :30;∋,4! −0/∗! ./Φ! #/! ∃∋4∃! −∋+%.∋#;! Φ%0%!
%Γ∃∋)∋#%+Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃%&%! &%&&∋/,&! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! ∃/≅%−(..;! %,434%+! ∋,! 3! #%! /−! −./Φ7! #∃%!
∗%+∋#3#∋:%!#%!/−!>0%3#∋:%!%,434%∗%,#!η2&∋Η&ς%,#∗∋∃3.;∋!5!Ε(,#%07!ΑΒΒ∆ιΚ!ϑ∃%;!Φ%0%!0%&≅/,&∋:%!#/!
#∃%!≅∃;&∋>3.!∗3#%0∋3.&Κ!ϑ∃/&%!−0/∗!3!,/,Μ+%&∋4,!)3>Η40/(,+!Φ%0%!#∃%!∗/&#!%Γ≅%0∋∗%,#3.!η&%%!1()2,&!
Ξ∃!Γ&0.ΤιΚ!!
!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!]Ο!∗%#=)!(∀∋()∗∀!4∀,)−.!3.4!536).−!(%%∗6)(!
144
]ΚδΚΥ!ϑ(∀;3()%.![!
!
ϑ∃%! #∃∋0+! ∋#%03#∋/,! Φ3&! +%.∋:%0%+! #∃0/(4∃! 3! +%∗/,#∋/,! 3#! 3! −∋%.+! +3;! ∃/&#%+! ∋,! </,+/,! );! #∃%!
2%,#0%! −/0! ∴(∋,3).%! =3&∃∋/,7! #∋#.%+! Οϑ03,&−/0∗3#∋/,3.! ϑ∃∋,Η∋,4! 3,+! ?03>#∋>%Π! ηΑΒΧΑιΚ! ϑ∃%! +%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#/07! ∋,#0/+(>%+!#∃%!)./4!3,+!3!≅0%:∋%Φ!/−!3! .//Η!)//Η7! −/../Φ%+!);!3!+%∗/,#∋/,!/−!∗/0%!
3+:3,>%+! ≅0/#/#;≅%&! /−! +∋4∋#3..;! ≅0∋,#%+! +0%&&%&Κ! ϑ∃%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&! Φ3&! #∃%,!
+%∗/,#%+!(&∋,4! #∃%! #//.Η∋#Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! 3! &%0∋%&! /−! +0/≅! ∋,! &%&&∋/,&! 3≅≅0/Γ∋∗3#%.;! Χα!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!
>0%3#%+!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#!−/0!#∃%!+0%&&Κ!ϑ∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!%,434%+!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!≅0/>%&&!/−!∗3Η∋,4!)(#!
#∃%!∃∋4∃%0! −∋+%.∋#;!≅0/#/#;≅%&!≅0/:%+!#/!)%!∗/0%!3≅≅%3.∋,4!3,+!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!)%>3∗%!%Γ>∋#%+!);!
−(#(0%!≅/&&∋)∋.∋#∋%&Κ!8∃∋.%!#∃∋&!&≅%>∋−∋>!40/(≅!+∋+!,/#!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!#∃%!&3∗%!#%!/−!Ο−./ΦΠ!3&!≅0%:∋/(&!
∋#%03#∋/,&7! #∃%! ≅0/>%&&! %,3).%+!∗/0%! ∋,Μ+%≅#∃! >/,:%0&3#∋/,&! #/! />>(0! >/,>%0,∋,4!∗/0%! &(∋,3).%!
≅03>#∋>%Κ! ϑ∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! ∃3+! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! /−! Φ/0Η∋,4! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! −3&∃∋/,! ∋,+(�7! %+(>3#∋/,! 3,+!
3>3+%∗∋>! 0%&%30>∃7! #∃%0%−/0%! #∃%∋0!≅%0&/,3.!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&!Φ%0%!+∋−−%0%,#! #/! #∃/&%! −0/∗!3!,/,Μ+%&∋4,!
)3>Η40/(,+Κ!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΖΡ!1%;6,9%Π![!
!
]ΚδΚς!Ι∀=∗∀2()%.!%.!Τ∀(9%4,!!
!ϑ∃%!Ο6ΣΤ∴∴!9?λ6Ψ8Θ./3+Π!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!3∋∗%+!#/!≅0/∗/#%!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!#∃0/(4∃!3,!/≅%,!∋,,/:3#∋/,!
3≅≅0/3>∃Κ!6%∗/,#∋,4!≅0/#/#;≅%&!3,+!+%:%./≅∋,4!3!#//.Η∋#!#/!&∃30%!#∃%!≅0/>%&&!/−!Ο#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!
3,+! ∗3Η∋,4Π7! &(≅≅/0#%+! #∃∋&! −(0#∃%0Κ! ϑ∃%! 9(0.+! 0%−∋,%+! #∃%! >/,>%≅#7! +%∗/,#∋/,! 3,+! #//.Η∋#! #/!
&(≅≅/0#! #∃%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,! /−! #∃%! Φ/0Η&∃/≅&! #∃3#! −/../Φ%+Κ! ϑ∃%! #//.Η∋#! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3!
∗%>∃3,∋&∗!#/!&(≅≅/0#!+%∗/>03#∋>!3,+!∋,>.(&∋:%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3#!3!./Φ!>/&#!(&∋,4!3>>%&&∋).%!3,+!(&%0Μ
−0∋%,+.;!#//.&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!)%>3∗%!3!.%30,∋,4!+%:∋>%!#/!&(≅≅/0#!Ο>/..%>#∋:%!∋∗34∋,∋,4Π!ηΥ∋∗)%..7!ΑΒΒχιΚ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!%3>∃!>/,&(∗%0!>/,#0∋)(#%+!#/!3!Ο>/..%>#∋:%!>/..%>#∋/,Π!/−!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#!>/,>%≅#&!−/0!
/,%!+0%&&! (&∋,4! 3! 1(∋>Η! 3,+! 3>>%&&∋).%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&7!Φ∃∋>∃! −/../Φ%+!3! "%+!
3≅≅0/3>∃Κ!ϑ∃%!+%>∋&∋/,! #/!>/,+%,&%! #∃%!≅0/>%&&!Φ3&!3≅≅.∋%+! #/!)0/3+%,! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃! 0%∗∋#! −0/∗!3!
145
&∗3..!40/(≅!/−!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#/!3! .304%0!40/(≅!#∃0/(4∃!+%:%./≅∋,4!#Φ%,#;Μ∗∋,(#%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!≅3>Η34%Κ!
ϑ∃∋&! %,3).%+! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! #/! &3∗≅.%! #∃%! ≅0/>%&&! 3,+! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! #∃%! 3>#! /−! ∗3Η∋,4! /,! 3! &∗3..!
&>3.%Κ!ϑ∃%!%&∋()∗!Β8=(0(+8+(.∗!∋5&&+!≅0/:∋+%+!:3.(3).%!&(≅≅/0#!Φ∃%,!+%.∋:%0∋,4!#∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!+(0∋,4!3!
>/∗≅0%&&%+!≅%0∋/+!/−!#∋∗%!−/0!3!.304%!3(+∋%,>%Κ!ϑ∃∋&!�(>#(0%+!#∃%!≅3>%!3,+!−./Φ!/−!≅0/#/#;≅∋,4!3,+!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&7!3,+!#∃%!∃∋4∃!−∋+%.∋#;!≅0/#/#;≅%&!+%∗/,#%+!∃/Φ!#∃%∋0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!∗∋4∃#!
)%!−(0#∃%0!%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,Κ!!
!
]ΚδΚδ!∆<(2%5∀,!!
!ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!%:/.:%+!−0/∗!#∃%!%30.;!"%&!/−! ∋+%,#∋−;∋,4!3,!∋,>.(&∋:%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!3,+!
#//.Η∋#!#/!≅0/∗/#%!∗3Η∋,4!Φ∋#∃!≅∃;&∋>3.!∗3#%0∋3.&!3,+!#%>∃,∋1(%&Κ!ϑ∃%!≅∋./#!&#(+;!&(≅≅/0#%+!(&3)∋.∋#;!
3,+!Φ3&!−/../Φ%+!);!−/(0!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!3,+!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%&%!∋#%03#∋/,&!3!>/∗)∋,%+!Ο>/..%>#∋:%!>/..%>#∋/,Π!
/−!ε]! ./ΦΜ−∋+%.∋#;!+%&∋4,! >/,>%≅#&! −/0! #∃%!+0%&&!Φ%0%!≅0/+(>%+Κ!8∋#∃∋,! #∃%&%!≅().∋>! Ο3>#∋/,! &≅3>%&Π!
34%,>;! %∗%04%+! −0/∗! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! −/0! 3! +%∗/403≅∃∋>! 03,4∋,4! −0/∗! ∆Με∆! ;%30&! /.+Κ! ϑ∃%∋0! 34%! 3,+!
+%&∋4,! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! Φ3&! +/>(∗%,#%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! &∃%%#7! 3,+! #∃∋&! /(#≅(#! 43#∃%0%+!
−(0#∃%0! +3#3! #/! &(≅≅/0#! #∃%! −∋,3.! %:3.(3#∋/,! /−! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ! 8∃∋.%! #∃%! %:3.(3#∋/,! ≅0/>%&&! /−!
0%−.%>#∋/,!/,.;!%:3.(3#%&! #∃%!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!3,+!>/,#0∋)(#∋/,!/−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!Ζ%,!Ρ!
−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!+%∗/403≅∃∋>7!#∃%!.//Η!)//Η!+/%&!,/#!%Γ>.(+%!#∃%∋0!>/,#0∋)(#∋/,Κ!
!
ϑ∃%!)./4!∋,>/0≅/03#%+!3++∋#∋/,3.!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&!&(>∃!3&!=3>%)//Η7!?∋,#%0%!Ν&&((!3,+!60/≅)/ΓΚ!
ϑ∃0/(4∃! #∃%&%! /,.∋,%! >∃3,,%.&7! −(0#∃%0! +∋4∋#3.! >/,#%,#! %∗%04%+! #/! )(∋.+! 3! ,%#Φ/0Η! /−! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&7!
%,3).∋,4!#∃%∗!#/!&∃30%!−(0#∃%0!∋,&≅∋03#∋/,!/,.∋,%7!3,+!≅0/:∋+%!#∃%∗!Φ∋#∃!/,4/∋,4!3>>%&&!#/!#∃%!+∋4∋#3.!
.//Η!)//ΗΚ!ϑ∃%!/≅%,!+0/≅)/Γ!−/.+%0!3../Φ&!#∃%∗!#/!&∃30%!,%Φ!≅∃;&∋>3.!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#!>/,>%≅#&!3&!#∃%;!
3≅≅%30Κ! ϑ∃%!)./4!≅0/:∋+%&! ∋,�(>#∋/,&! #/! 0%Μ≅0/+(>%! #∃%!3,3./4! #//.Η∋#!/0! #/!+%:%./≅!+∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#&!(&∋,4!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!∀≅≅&Κ!
!
∀./,4&∋+%!#∃%!+∋4∋#3.!>/,#%,#!3!≅∃;&∋>3.!)/+;!/−!Φ/0Η!Φ3&!+%:%./≅%+!#∃0/(4∃!≅0/#/#;≅∋,4!%3>∃!"%!
/−!#∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%&%!/(#>/∗%&!∋,>.(+%!&3∗≅.%&7!./Μ∃∋4∃!−∋+%.∋#;!≅0/#/#;≅%&!3,+!#∃%!≅∃;&∋>3.!3,+!
+∋4∋#3.!#//.Η∋#Κ!!
!
146
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΖΛ!+ΙΧΓΓ!ΣΗκ+∆ΜΦ∗%34!8∗%−!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΖΘ!+ΙΧΓΓ!ΣΗκ+∆ΜΦ∗%34!=32∀8%%6!Π3−∀!
!
]Κ]!Χ:3∗<3()%.!!
!
]Κ]ΚΛ!Ι∀=∗∀2()%.!%.!Ε32)∗)(3()%.!!
!ϑ∃%!Ο6ΣΤ∴∴!9?λ6Ψ8Θ./3+Π! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,!#∃%!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!#//.Η∋#!);! ∋+%,#∋−;∋,4!
,%Φ! ∗%#∃/+&! 3,+! #//.&Κ! ϑ∃%! %&∋()∗! Β8=(0(+8+(.∗! ∋5&&+! Φ3&! 3≅≅.∋%+! #/! &(≅≅/0#! 3>#∋/,! Φ∋#∃∋,! %3>∃!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅! 3,+! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3! ≅∃;&∋>3.! ≅0/≅! #/! ∗3,34%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#! ∋,#%03>#∋/,7! #∃(&! :3.(3).%! +3#3! Φ3&!
43#∃%0%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!/)&%0:3#∋/,!3,+!0%−.%>#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!+%.∋:%0;!/−!3!&∃/0#7!!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!Φ3&!∗/0%!>/∗≅.%Γ!
147
#/!+%&∋4,!3,+!+%.∋:%0Κ!ϑ∃%!#∋∗%!>/,∋,#&!0%1(∋0%+!3>>(03#%!+%.∋:%0;!−/../Φ∋,4!3!0%∃%30&%+!�(>#(0%!
#/! ∋,>.(+%! 3! +%∗/,#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&! Φ3&! 0%+(>%+! #/! −/(0! &∋∗≅.%! &#%≅&7! 3,+! 3..! ≅0/≅&!
Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!#//.Η∋#!Φ%0%!≅0%≅30%+! ∋,!3+:3,>%Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ/(.+!,/#!∃3:%!)%%,!≅/&&∋).%!#/!3>∃∋%:%!Φ∋#∃/(#!
0%−%0%,>∋,4!#∃%!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!#//.Η∋#!3,+!0%−.%>#∋,4!(≅/,!≅0%:∋/(&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&Κ!
!
ϑ∃%!/≅%,!∋,,/:3#∋/,!3≅≅0/3>∃!0%1(∋0%+!#∃%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∋∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,!/−!3!#03,&≅30%,#!3,+!∋,>.(&∋:%!
#%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&Κ! ϑ∃%! #//.Η∋#! +%:%./≅%+! &(≅≅/0#%+! )0/3+! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! −0/∗! −3&#!
−3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! Φ∋#∃! :30;∋,4! +%&∋4,! &Η∋..&! 03,4∋,4! −0/∗! ,/:∋>%! #/! %Γ≅%0#Κ! ϑ∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0!
∗3,34%+!#∃%!≅3>%!/−!%3>∃!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!)(#!/,.∋,%! ∋,#%03>#∋/,!Φ3&!,/#! −3>∋.∋#3#%+Κ!ϑ∃%!−./Φ!/−!>/,#%,#!
Φ∋#∃∋,! /−−.∋,%! 3,+! /,.∋,%! &≅3>%! Φ3&! +/>(∗%,#%+! #/! +%∗/,#%! #∃%! %30.;! "%&! /−! #%Γ#∋.%! ≅0∋,#!
>/,>%≅#(3.∋&3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! ./Μ−∋+%.∋#;! %Γ3∗≅.%&! Φ%0%! >/,#∋,(/(&.;! 3+:3,>%+! #∃0/(4∃! ∗/0%! ≅0/#/#;≅%&7!
+%∗/,#∋,4! #∃%! −/../Φ∋,4! "%&!/−! #∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&! #/Φ30+&!3! −∋,∋&∃%+!+0%&&Κ! ϑ∃∋&!∗%#∃/+!/−!
≅0/#/#;≅∋,4! &(≅≅/0#%+! #∃%! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!≅0/>%&&!3,+!+%∗/,#%+! #∃%!:3.(%!/−! >/∗)∋,4!)/#∃!+%&∋4,!
3,+!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!&Η∋..&Κ!
!
ϑ∃%! ∋,#%403#∋/,! /−! &/>∋3.!∗%+∋3! #//.&! &(≅≅/0#%+! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! )(#! −(0#∃%0! #%&#∋,4! ∋&! 0%1(∋0%+! #/!
%:3.(3#%!∃/Φ!#∃%;!>3,!)%&#!&(≅≅/0#!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,Κ!=(#(0%!0%&%30>∃!Φ/(.+!>/,&∋+%0!+%:%./≅∋,4!3!
>/∗≅.%#%!/,.∋,%!&;&#%∗!#/!&(≅≅/0#!(≅./3+∋,4!3,+!+/Φ,./3+∋,4!>/,#%,#!/0!%:%,!:∋0#(3.!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&Κ!!
!
]Κ]ΚΘ!Χ:3∗<3()%.!Ι∀=∗∀2()%.!%.!Η3;()2)Π3()%.!!
!ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!3##03>#%+!#∃%!.304%&#!40/(≅!/−!#∃%!#304%#!>/,&(∗%0!40/(≅7!Ζ%,!Ρ!Φ∃/!!)%>3∗%!3>#∋:%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! );! %,434∋,4! Φ∋#∃! 3! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&Κ! ϑ∃%! /≅%,! ∋,,/:3#∋/,! 3≅≅0/3>∃!
&(≅≅/0#%+! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! );! >/,&∋+%0∋,4! ∃/Φ! #∃%∋0! >/,#0∋)(#∋/,! >/(.+! )%! ∗3,34%+! #/! %,3).%! %3>∃!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#! #/! &∃30%! 3,+! ≅0%:∋%Φ! #∃%∋0! /Φ,! >/,#0∋)(#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&! )%43,! );! ∋,#0/+(>∋,4! #∃%!
6ΣΤ∴∴! 9?λ6Ψ8Θ./3+! >/,>%≅#! #∃0/(4∃! 3! ≅∃;&∋>3.! +%∗/,#∋/,! #/! &∃30%! #∃%! >/∗≅.%#%! +%&∋4,!
≅0/>%&&! −0/∗! #∃%!%30.;! "%&!/−! >/,>%≅#!+%:%./≅∗%,#! #∃0/(4∃! #/! #∃%! −∋,∋&∃%+! "%!/−!+%&∋4,!3,+!
≅0/+(>#∋/,!);! &∃/Φ>3&∋,4!≅0/#/#;≅%!430∗%,#&Κ! ϑ∃%!∃∋4∃Μ−∋+%.∋#;!≅0/#/#;≅%!+%∗/,#∋/,!≅0/:∋+%+!
−(0#∃%0!&(≅≅/0#!);!%,3).∋,4!(&%0&!#/!≅0/_%>#!#∃%∋0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!∋,#/!3!−(#(0%&!>/,#%Γ#Κ!
!
ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!3++0%&&%&!#∃%!>∃3..%,4%!/−!#∋∗%!>/,∋,#&!Φ∃%,!#0;∋,4!#/!>/∗≅%#%!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!3≅≅%3.!
/−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! #/! +%:∋&%! 3! ≅0/>%&&! 3,+! #//.Η∋#! #/! %,3).%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! #/! 0%Μ>/,,%>#! Φ∋#∃! ≅∃;&∋>3.!
∗3#%0∋3.&!3,+!3>∃∋%:%!3!−∋,∋&∃%+!/(#>/∗%!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!&∃/0#!≅%0∋/+!/−!#∋∗%Κ!ϑ∃%!−%%+)3>Η!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#&!#∃3#!
#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!≅∃;&∋>3.!∋,#%03>#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!∗3#%0∋3.&!Φ3&!∗/0%!/−!3!,/:%.#;!#∃3,!+∋4∋#3.!∋,#%03>#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+! #∃%∋0! ∋,#%03>#∋/,! Φ∋#∃! #∃%! ≅∃;&∋>3.! ∗3#%0∋3.&! 3,+! #∃%∋0! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! /−! ∗3Η∋,4!
Φ3&!3!≅/&∋#∋:%!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!∋,#%03>#∋,4!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!∗3#%0∋3.&!#∃%;!&(>>%&&−(..;!%Γ≅0%&&%+!Ο−./ΦΠ7!3!
∗%+∋#3#∋:%!#%!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!>0%3#∋:%!≅0/>%&&7!#∃∋&!&(≅≅/0#&! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.!Φ%..)%∋,4!);!/−−%0∋,4!3,!/(#.%#!
148
#/!3&&%0#!>0%3#∋:%!>/,#0/.!η2&∋Η&ς%,#∗∋∃3.;∋!5!Ε(,#%07!ΑΒΒ∆ιΚ!
!
ϑ∃%! &/>∋3.! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! Φ3&! 3,! ∋,>%,#∋:%! −/0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! #/! >/∗%! #/4%#∃%0! >/..%>#∋:%.;! Φ∋#∃! #∃%∋0!
−0∋%,+&Κ!8∃∋.%!#∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!∋&!:%0;!∗(>∃!∋,!)%#3!−/0∗7!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!−%%+)3>Η!%Γ≅0%&&%+!3!+%&∋0%!
−/0!3.#%0,3#∋:%!−3&∃∋/,!&%0:∋>%&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!3,+!3≅≅0/Γ∋∗3#%.;!]ατ!η3..!>∃303>#%0∋&%+!3&!
Ζ%,!Ρι!/−! #∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!&∋4,%+!(≅! #/! 0%>%∋:%! −(0#∃%0! ∋,−/0∗3#∋/,!3)/(#! −(#(0%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&! η≅.%3&%!
0%−%0!#/!∀≅≅%,+∋Γ!Τ!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,!Ν,#%0:%,#∋/,!∆ιΚ!!
]Κ]Κ[!Χ:3∗<3()%.!Ι∀=∗∀2()%.!%.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!3.4!∆Π∀.!ϑ..%:3()%.!
!ϑ∃%!/≅%,! ∋,,/:3#∋/,!3≅≅0/3>∃!3≅≅.∋%+! #∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!≅0/:∋+%+!3,!3.#%0,3#∋:%!Φ3;!/−!
Φ/0Η∋,4! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,#%Γ#Κ! ϑ∃%! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! ∋&! 1(∋>Η7! 3>>%&&∋).%! 3,+! ∋,>.(&∋:%! )(#! :30∋%&!
#∃0/(4∃! 3! ≅0/>%&&! /−! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&! +∋+! ,/#! &(≅≅/0#! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! )%;/,+! #∃%! %30.;! "%&! /−!
>/,>%≅#(3.∋&3#∋/,!)(#!#∃%!>/∗≅.%#%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!Φ3&!≅0/#/#;≅%+!3,+!+%∗/,#%+Κ!ϑ∃∋&!3≅≅0/3>∃!
3./,4&∋+%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&! Φ3&! ∗/0%! &(∋,3).%! #∃3,! ≅0%:∋/(&! 3##%∗≅#&! );!
3+/≅#∋,4! ./Μ−∋+%.∋#;! ∗3#%0∋3.&! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&! #/! 0%+(>%! %,:∋0/,∗%,#3.! ∋∗≅3>#Κ! ϑ∃%! "%+!
3≅≅0/3>∃!#/!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!>/(.+!)%!%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,!#∃0/(4∃!−(0#∃%0!0%&%30>∃!);!≅0/:∋+∋,4!3!&3∗≅.%0!
&%&&∋/,!#/!+%∗/,#%!3,+!&∃/Φ>3&%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%! /,.∋,%! &;&#%∗! Φ3&! ≅0/#/#;≅%+! );! 3&&%∗).∋,4! %Γ∋&#∋,4! &/>∋3.! ∗%+∋3! #//.&! 3,+! 3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,&Κ! ϑ/!
≅0/:∋+%!3!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!&%0:∋>%7!3,!/,.∋,%!&;&#%∗!Φ/(.+!)%!0%1(∋0%+!#/!+%:%./≅!3,! ∋,−03�(>#(0%! −/0!
(≅./3+∋,4!3,+!+/Φ,./3+∋,4!>/,>%≅#&Κ!ϑ∃%!∃∋4∃%0!−∋+%.∋#;!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!>/,>%≅#&!Φ/(.+!)%!/−!3!
∃∋4∃%0! 0%&/.(#∋/,! 3,+! 0%1(∋0%! 3! .304%0! &%0:%0Κ! =(0#∃%0! 0%&%30>∃! Φ/(.+! )%! 0%1(∋0%+! #/! −3>∋.∋#3#%! #∃%!
≅0/40%&&∋/,!−0/∗!./ΦΜ∃∋4∃!−∋+%.∋#;!≅0/#/#;≅∋,4Κ!ϑ∃∋&!>/(.+!%:/.:%!#∃0/(4∃!3!∗/0%!3+:3,>%+!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!
&%0∋%&!Φ∃%0%!3,!3++∋#∋/,3.!/,.∋,%!&;&#%∗!>/(.+!)%!%Γ≅./0%+Κ!ϑ∃%!/≅%,!∋,,/:3#∋/,!3≅≅0/3>∃!0%1(∋0%+!3!
0%Μ#∃∋,Η! /−! ∋,#%..%>#(3.! ≅0/≅%0#;! ηΝ?ι! 3,+! /Φ,%0&∃∋≅Κ! ϑ∃%! >0%3#∋:%! >/∗∗/,&! 3>#! /−−%0&! 3,! %Γ∋&#∋,4!
∗/+%.! −/0!∗3,34∋,4! &∃30%+! /Φ,%0&∃∋≅!Φ∋#∃∋,! /≅%,! &/(0>%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! +%:%./≅∗%,#Κ! Λ(#! 3&!
>/,>%≅#&! )%>/∗%! ∗/0%! 3+:3,>%+! 3,+! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! ∋,:%&#! ∗/0%! #∋∗%! #∃%;! >/(.+! )%>/∗%! ∗/0%!
≅0%>∋/(&!3)/(#!#∃%!0%&(.#&Κ!8∋#∃∋,!#∃%&%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&7!#∃∋&!Φ3&!,/#!≅%0>%∋:%+!#/!)%!3!≅0/).%∗!3,+!#∃%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!%Γ≅0%&&%+!#∃%;!Φ/(.+!)%!∗/0%!&3#∋&−∋%+!∋−!3,/#∃%0!∋,+∋:∋+(3.!+/Φ,./3+%+!3,+!≅0/+(>%+!
/0!0%ΜΦ/0Η%+!#∃%∋0!/0∋4∋,3.!+%&∋4,Κ!Λ(#!#∃%0%!Φ%0%!>/,>%0,&!3)/(#!∃∋4∃!�%%#!0%#3∋.%0&!0%≅.∋>3#∋,4!/0!
0%≅0/+(>∋,4! #∃%!+%&∋4,!Φ/0Η! −/0!∗/,%#30;!43∋,Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!3.&/! 0%1(∋0%&!3!≅0/>%&&! #/!+%−∋,%!
Φ∃3#! ∋&! +%&∋4,%+! 3,+! ≅0/+(>%+Κ! ϑ∃%! /≅%,! &/(0>%! &;&#%∗! >/(.+! %,3).%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! #/!
+/Φ,./3+!3,+!≅0/+(>%!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!+0%&&!/,!+%∗3,+!/0!Φ∋#∃!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!&(≅≅/0#Κ!Ψ0!3!>0/Φ+&/(0>∋,4!
>3∗≅3∋4,!>/(.+!)%!∋,∋#∋3#%+!#/!∋+%,#∋−;!#∃%!∃∋4∃%&#!03#%+!+%&∋4,!>/,>%≅#&!≅0∋/0!#/!≅0/+(>∋,4!3!&3∗≅.%!
>/..%>#∋/,Κ!!
!
!
149
]ΚΖ!∃%.2∗<,)%.!
ϑ∃%! 6ΣΤ∴∴! 9?λ6Ψ8Θ./3+! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 3≅≅.∋%+! /≅%,! ∋,,/:3#∋/,! );! +%&∋4,∋,4! 3,! ∋,>.(&∋:%! ≅3>Η34%!
3,+!&∃30∋,4!3!./Μ−∋!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&!Φ∃∋>∃!Φ3&!−(0#∃%0!3∗≅.∋−∋%+!(&∋,4!/,.∋,%!∗%+∋3Κ!
ϑ∃∋&!∋,>.(&∋:%!≅3>Η34%!∋,>.(+%+!3!./Μ−∋!3,3./4(%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!Η∋#!Φ∋#∃!#%∗≅.3#%&7!∗3Η∋,4!
∗3#%0∋3.&!3,+!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!&∃%%#Κ!ϑ∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!∗3Η∋,4!Η∋#!≅0/:∋+%+!3!0%&/(0>%!#/!&(≅≅/0#!./Μ−∋+%.∋#;!#%Γ#∋.%!
+%&∋4,!3,+!Φ∃∋.%! #∃%!/(#>/∗%&!0%1(∋0%! −(0#∃%0!+%&∋4,!3,+!+%:%./≅∗%,#! #/!&(≅≅/0#!∗/0%!3+:3,>%+!
+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,7!#∃%!&∋∗≅.∋−∋%+!≅0/>%&&!%,3).%+!3!.304%0!40/(≅!/−!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#/!3>∃∋%:%!1(∋>Η!
3,+!∋∗∗%+∋3#%!0%&(.#&Κ!
!
ϑ∃%!≅03>#∋>%!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!+∋−−%0%+! −0/∗!#03+∋#∋/,3.! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!≅03>#∋>%!);!&∃30∋,4!3,+!
+/>(∗%,#∋,4!#∃%!≅∃;&∋>3.!≅0/>%&&%&!/−!∗3Η∋,4!/,.∋,%Κ!ϑ∃%!≅0/>%&&!/−!&∃30∋,4!#∃%!./Μ−∋+%.∋#;!>/,>%≅#&!
≅0/:∋+%+! 3! −∋,3.%! );! ≅0/+(>∋,4! 3! +∋4∋#3.! .//Η! )//Η! #/! &∃/Φ>3&%! #∃%! >/∗≅.%#%! >/..%>#∋:%! >/..%>#∋/,!
/,.∋,%!3./,4&∋+%!3++∋#∋/,3.!+/Φ,./3+3).%!0%&/(0>%&Κ!
!
ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! −/>(&%+! /,! )0/3+%,∋,4! #∃%! 0%∗∋#! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! );!
&∋∗≅.∋−;∋,4! #∃%! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! +∋4∋#3..;! 0%ΜΦ/0Η∋,4! #∃%! ./Μ−∋! ≅0/#/#;≅%&7! #∃%! /(#>/∗%&!
)%>3∗%!∗/0%!0%−∋,%+!#/!+%∗/,#%!∃/Φ!+∋4∋#3.!#//.&!>/(.+!≅0/:∋+%!−(0#∃%0!3&&∋,>%!Φ∋#∃∋,!−(#(0%!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅&Κ! Ε/Φ%:%07! #∃%! ∃∋4∃! >/&#! /−! ≅0/−%&&∋/,3.! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! &%0:∋>%&! >∃3..%,4%! #∃%!
∋,>.(&∋:%!3,+!+%∗/>03#∋>!%#∃/&!/−!#∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!/−!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!
0%∗3∋,&!%Γ>.(&∋:%!Φ∋#∃!0%�∋>#%+!3>>%&&!#/!−3>∋.∋#∋%&Κ!ϑ∃%0%!30%!3!&%0∋%&!/−!./>3.!∃()&7!.3)&!3,+!)(0%3(&!
%∗%04∋,4!)(#!#∃%;!+/!,/#!≅0/:∋+%!/≅%,!3>>%&&!#/!#∃%∋0!−3>∋.∋#∋%&!#/!≅.3;7!≅0/#/#;≅%!/0!%Γ≅%0∋∗%,#!Φ∋#∃!
#∃%!#//.&!/0!#%>∃,/./4∋%&!#∃3#!=3)!<3)&!3,+!∆6!≅0∋,#∋,4!∃()&!≅0/:∋+%Κ!Λ/Φ.%&7!5!Ν&33>!ηΑΒΒχι!304(%&!
#∃3#! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! ,%30! −(#(0%7! ,%Φ! &>%,30∋/&! −/0! #∃∋&! Φ3;! /−! Φ/0Η∋,4! Φ∋..! )%4∋,! #/! %∗%04%! 3,+! );!
≅0%+∋>#∋,4! 3! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! −(#(0%7! #∃%&%! &%0:∋>%&! Φ∋..! %Γ∋&#! /,! #∃%! ∃∋4∃! �%%#! 3./,4&∋+%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!
0%#3∋.%0&Κ!=(0#∃%0! 0%&%30>∃!>3,!%Γ≅3,+!(≅/,!,%Φ!−(#(0%!&>%,30∋/&! #/!>/,&∋+%0!∃/Φ!/≅%,!+%&∋4,!∃3&!
#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.!#/!&(≅≅/0#!3!&(∋,3).%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!−(#(0%Κ!=(#(0%!0%&%30>∃!∗∋4∃#!%Γ≅./0%!#∃%!∋∗≅3>#!/−!
:∋0#(3.! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! #/! >/,&∋+%0! ∋−! ∋#! ∋&! %&&%,#∋3.! −/0! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#! #/! ≅∃;&∋>3..;! ≅0/+(>%! %3>∃!
>/,>%≅#Κ!
150
∃0ΑΗ&ΧΙ!Χϑ∴0&!#!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Υ/!∀#∃%#&∀∋()∗∀!
+∀,)−.!
ΖΚΛ!ϑ.(;%4<2()%.!(%!ϕ∃)()ι∀.!∃∗%(9γ!!
ϑ∃∋&! >∃3≅#%0! ∋,#0/+(>%&! 3,! %Γ≅./03#/0;! ∗/+%.! #∋#.%+! Ο%Μ2/Μϑ%Γ#∋.%! 6%&∋4,Π! Φ∃∋>∃! %∗%04%+! #∃0/(4∃!
0%−.%>#∋,4!/,!/−!?30#!ϑΦ/!/−!#∃∋&!#∃%&∋&Κ!ϑ∃%!0%&%30>∃!(,+%0#3Η%,!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!≅0%:∋/(&!&%>#∋/,!3≅≅.∋%+!
#∃0%%! +∋−−%0%,#! 3≅≅0/3>∃%&! #∃3#!Φ%0%! &(≅≅/0#%+! );! ,%Φ! 3,+! %Γ∋&#∋,4! +%&∋4,!∗%#∃/+&! 3,+! #//.&! #/!
&(≅≅/0#! >/,&(∗%0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! Φ∋#∃! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&Κ! ϑ∃%! 6%&∋4,! =3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!
ϑ//.Η∋#! Φ∋#∃∋,! ∀≅≅%,+∋Γ! Λ! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3! &∃30%+! 0%&/(0>%! −/0! /#∃%0! +%&∋4,%0&! Φ∋&∃∋,4! #/! >/,&∋+%0! #∃%!
+%&∋4,7! +%:%./≅∗%,#! 3,+! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,! /−! 3,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! Ο%Μ2/Μϑ%Γ#∋.%! 6%&∋4,Π! ∗/+%.!
&(≅≅/0#&! #∃%! 3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,! /−! #∃%! #//.Η∋#! );! ≅0/:∋+∋,4! 3! −03∗%Φ/0Η! #/! &(≅≅/0#! #∃%! +%:%./≅∗%,#! /−!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!−3&∃∋/,!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&!#∃0/(4∃!−3>∋.∋#3#∋,4!+%&∋4,!.%+!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!3,+!%:%,#&!>/∗)∋,%+!Φ∋#∃!
/,.∋,%! ∋,#%03>#∋/,&Κ! ϑ∃%! ∗/+%.! &(≅≅/0#&! #∃%! 3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,! /−! #∃%! 6%&∋4,! =3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! ϑ//.Η∋#! #∃0/(4∃!
&(≅≅/0#∋,4!>/∗)∋,3#∋/,!/−!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&!Φ∋#∃!>/..3)/03#∋:%!+%&∋4,!∗%#∃/+&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!>/,&(∗%0!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!Φ∋#∃∋,!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!>/∗)∋,3#∋/,!∋&!0%1(∋0%+!#/!+%&∋4,!3,+!
+%.∋:%0! 3,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! #∃3#! ∃3&! #∃%! >3≅3>∋#;! 3,+! ≅/#%,#∋3.! #/! %,>/(034%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! >/,&(∗%0!
3>#∋/,!/,!3! .304%0! &>3.%Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!+%:%./≅∋,4!3,+! #%&#∋,4! #∃∋&!∗/+%.7! #∃∋&! >∃3≅#%0!Φ∋..! >/,&∋+%0!∃/Φ!
>/,&(∗%0&! ∗∋4∃#! >/,#∋,(%! #/! %,434%! Φ∋#∃! #∃%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&! )%;/,+! 3!
−3>∋.∋#3#%+!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!/0!%:%,#Κ!
!
8∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!>∃3≅#%0!3!−∋,3.!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!#∋#.%+!Ο2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃Π!∃3&!)%%,!+%:%./≅%+!#∃0/(4∃!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,!
/−! #∃%! Ο%Μ2/Μϑ%Γ#∋.%! 6%&∋4,Π! ∗/+%.Κ! ϑ∃∋&! −∋,3.! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! +∋−−%0&! −0/∗! ≅0%:∋/(&! );! >/,+(>#∋,4! 3,!
%#∃,/403≅∃∋>! /)&%0:3#∋/,3.! &#(+;! +∋0%>#.;! /,! #∃%! ∃∋4∃! �%%#Κ! ϑ∃%&%! −∋,+∋,4&! Φ%0%! %Γ≅3,+∋,4! (≅/,!
#∃0/(4∃! 3! =.Ρ%&∋()∗! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! Φ∋#∃! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! 0%>0(∋#%+! −0/∗! 3! Ζ%,! Ρ! +%∗/403≅∃∋>Κ!
ϑ∃0/(4∃! >/..3)/03#∋:%! >/,>%≅#(3.∋ς3#∋/,! 3,! 3≅≅! >/,>%≅#! %∗%04%+!3&! 3! ./Μ−∋! ≅0/#/#;≅%Κ! ϑ∃∋&! >∃3≅#%0!
%Γ≅./0%&!∃/Φ!/,.∋,%!∗%+∋3!∗∋4∃#!)%!>/∗)∋,%+!Φ∋#∃!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!
>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!3,+!Φ/0Η!#/Φ30+&!&(≅≅/0#∋,4!3!∗/0%!&(∋,3).%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!−(#(0%Κ!
!
ΖΚΘ!Η;%8∗∀5!!
!?30#!#Φ/!/−!#∃∋&!#∃%&∋&!∋,#0/+(>%+!#∃%!%Γ≅./03#/0;!∗%#∃/+!/−!+&/+(0&!%&∋()∗!(∗+&,−&∗+(.∗∋!∋,!3,!3##%∗≅#!
#/! >∃3..%,4%! #∃%! #(&!1(/!/−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! #/!+∋&0(≅#! 3,+! ∋,#%0>%≅#! &≅%%+;! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! >;>.%&Κ! ϑ/!
&(∋,!3,+!&(≅≅/0#!3!./,4!#%0∗!∋∗≅3>#7!#∃%!34%,>;!Φ∋#∃∋,!3,!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!,%%+&!#/!>/,#∋,(%!#/!)%!3&!
≅0%&%,#!3&!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,7!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0&!+3∋.;!.∋:%&7!/#∃%0Φ∋&%!#∃%;!30%!.(0%+!)3>Η!∋,#/!#∃%!>;>.%!
/−!#∃%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!&;&#%∗Κ!ϑ∃%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!∗30Η%#≅.3>%!∃3&!)%>/∗%!/:%0!>0/Φ+%+!3,+!:∋&(3..;!,/∋&;7!
#∃∋&!/−#%,!+%≅.%#%&!#∃%!≅&;>∃∋>!3##%,#∋/,!/−!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0Κ!Τ.%∗%,#&!#∃3#!∗∋4∃#!3##03>#!3,!%∗/#∋/,3.!
3##3>∃∗%,#! #/! 3! ≅∋%>%! /−! >./#∃∋,4! 30%! /−#%,! +0/Φ,%+! /(#! η=.%#>∃%0! 3,+! Ζ0/&%7! ΑΒΧΑιΚ! 8∋#∃∋,! 3,!
151
3)(,+3,#!∗3#%0∋3.!Φ/0.+!∋#!∋&!3!−/0∗∋+3).%!>∃3..%,4%!#/!%:/Η%!%∗≅3#∃;!−0/∗!>/,&(∗%0&Κ!!=.%#>∃%0!3,+!
Ζ0/&%! ηΑΒΧΑι! 304(%! #∃3#! %Γ∋&#∋,4! ∗/+%.&! &(00/(,+∋,4! +%&∋4,7! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! 3,+! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! /−#%,!
0%�∋>#! ∋,,/:3#∋/,!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!≅303+∋4∗!/−!&(∋,3).%!−3&∃∋/,Κ!ϑ/!#0(.;!∋,−.(%,>%!&(∋,3).%!>∃3,4%!
0%1(∋0%&! /(#&∋+%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&! 3./,4&∋+%! ,%Φ! ∗/+%.&! #/! +%:%./≅! 3.#%0,3#∋:%! −3&∃∋/,! &;&#%∗&!
η=.%#>∃%07!ΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!
!
ϑ∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!3>Η,/Φ.%+4%+!−0/∗!#∃%!/(#&%#!/−!#∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!#∃3#!3!>/,&(∗%0!∋∗≅3>#!&#(+;!Φ/(.+!
,/#!)%!≅/&&∋).%!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! #∋∗%! −03∗%!/−! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃!3,+! #∃∋&!Φ/(.+! 0%1(∋0%!3! ./,4∋#(+∋,3.! &#(+;Κ!
Ε/Φ%:%07!∋#!∋&!Φ/0#∃!3++0%&&∋,4!#∃%!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!/−!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&!#∃%∗&%.:%&Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!Φ/0Η∋,4!Φ∋#∃!
>/,&(∗%0&! −0/∗! 3! Ζ%,! Ρ! +%∗/403≅∃∋>7! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! 3>#∋:%.;! +%∗/,#%&! 3! >3&%! −/0! &(≅≅/0#∋,4!
>/,&(∗%0!∋,:/.:%∗%,#!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&Κ!ϑ∃/&%!Φ∃/!∃3+!%,434%+!∃3+!#∃%!3≅≅%#∋#%!#/!
)%>/∗%!∗/0%! ∋,:/.:%+! 3,+! &3Φ! #∃3#! #∃%0%!Φ3&! :3.(%! ∋,! >/,#0∋)(#∋,4! #/Φ30+&! )/#∃! #∃%! +%&∋4,! 3,+!
≅0/+(>#∋/,!/−!#∃%∋0!>./#∃∋,4Κ!ϑ∃%!−∋,3.!≅30#!/−!#∃∋&!#∃%&∋&!%Γ≅3,+&!(≅/,!#∃%!6%&∋4,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!ϑ//.Η∋#!!
+/>(∗%,#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!∀≅≅%,+∋Γ!Λ! #/! %Γ≅./0%!∃/Φ!+%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&!∗∋4∃#! )%! &(≅≅/0#%+!)%;/,+!3!
−3>∋.∋#3#%+!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!#/!&(∋,!>/,&(∗%0!∋,#%03>#∋/,!−/0!3!./,4%0!≅%0∋/+!/−!#∋∗%Κ!!
!
ΖΚ[!Γ<,(3).38∗∀!+∀,)−.!Γ(;3(∀−)∀,!
!ϑ∃%! &(∋,3).%! +%&∋4,! #%4;! /−! +%&∋4,! 3>#∋:∋&∗! ∃3&! )%%,! >/∗)∋,%+! Φ∋#∃! /≅%,! ∋,,/:3#∋/,! 3,+!
>/..3)/03#∋:%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!%Γ≅./03#/0;!∗/+%.!/−!Ο%Μ2/Μϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,Π!Φ3&!3≅≅.∋%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!
3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,! /−! &(∋,3).%! +%&∋4,! #%4∋>3..;! 3,+! (.#∋∗3#%.;! #∃%! >/∗≅.%#%! .∋−%>;>.%! /−! 3! −3&∃∋/,!
3>>%&&/0;! Φ3&! >/,&∋+%0%+7! ∋,! /0+%0! #/! ∋+%,#∋−;! 3,! 3.#%0,3#∋:%! &;&#%∗! #/! &3#∋&−;! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!
>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!
!
ϑ∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!%Γ≅3,+&!(≅/,!#∃%!−∋%.+!/−!&%0:∋>%!3,+!∋,#%03>#∋/,!+%&∋4,!#/!>/,&∋+%0!&(∋,3).%!+%&∋4,!
#%4∋%&!)%;/,+!3!∗3#%0∋3.&!≅%0&≅%>#∋:%Κ!ϑ/!%Γ≅./0%!∃/Φ!#∃%!+%&∋4,%0!∗∋4∃#!≅.3;!3!∗/0%!#%4∋>!
0/.%!)%;/,+!#∃%!>/∗≅.%#%!"%&!/−!3!430∗%,#!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&Κ!ϑ/!>/,&∋+%0!#∃%!0%#3∋.!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!3,+!
>/,&(∗%0!∋,#%03>#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!#∃%∋0!430∗%,#!)%;/,+!#∃%!≅/∋,#!/−!≅(0>∃3&%!>/,&(∗%0&!∃3:%!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.!
#/!≅.3;!3!∗/0%!3>#∋:%!0/.%! ∋,!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!ηΕ(0!5!Λ%:%0.%;7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!ϑ∃%!0%#3∋.!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!∋&!,/#!
>/∗∗/,.;! #∃/(4∃#! /−! 3&! )%∋,4! 3! >/,&∋+%03#∋/,! /−! #∃%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&Κ! Ε/Φ%:%07! ∋,! +%&∋4,∋,4! −/0!
&(∋,3)∋.∋#;7! 0%#3∋.! ∋&!3,!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;! #/!%,434%!Φ∋#∃!>/,&(∗%0&! ∋,!,%Φ!Φ3;&7!Φ∃%#∃%0! #∃0/(4∃! =.Ρ
%&∋()∗!.,!#∃0/(4∃!∋∗≅.%∗%,#∋,4!≅0/+(>#!&%0:∋>%!&;&#%∗&!η?∴∴ι!ηΞ/0%..∋7!ΑΒΒΑιΚ!!
152
!
Ε)−<;∀!Ζ[!Ε3,9)%.!Γ∀;:)2∀!ΓΝ,(∀5!β:%.!≅<,297!ΘΡΡΟχ!
!
2(00%,#.;7! #∃%0%! 30%! .∋∗∋#%+! &%0:∋>%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/:∋&∋/,&! ≅0/:∋+%+!);! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! 0%#3∋.%0&! )%;/,+! #∃%!
≅/∋,#!/−!≅(0>∃3&%Κ!8∋#∃∋,! Β()2,&!Π#!Φ8Γ.−&Η!:/,!Λ(&>∃!ηΑΒΒχι!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#&!,%Φ!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!&≅3>%&!−/0!
&%0:∋>%!+%&∋4,Κ!ϑ∃%!3+:3,#34%!/−!?∴∴!−/0!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;! ∋&!#∃3#!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0Π&!,%%+!>3,!)%!∗%#!);!3!
&%0:∋>%!03#∃%0!#∃3,!3!≅0/+(>#7!#∃%0%);!.%&&%,∋,4!#∃%!:/.(∗%!/−!#∃%!≅0/+(>#!&/.+!ηΞ/0%..∋7!ΑΒΒΑιΚ!ϑ∃∋&!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!≅/&∋#∋/,&!#∃∋&!3&!)%∋,4!3!#%4;!−/0!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;Κ!!
!
6(%! #/! ∋,>0%3&%+! >/,&(∗%0! 3Φ30%,%&&! 3,+! ∗/0%! #03,&≅30%,#! &(≅≅.;! >∃3∋,&7! ∋,−/0∗%+! )(;%0&! 30%!
∋,>0%3&∋,4.;!0%1(%&#∋,4!∗/0%!≅%0&/,3.∋&%+!≅0/+(>#&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!,%Φ!+%∗3,+!+0∋:%&!#/Φ30+&!./Φ%0!,+30+!
≅0/+(>#∋/,! :/.(∗%&! 3,+! ∃∋4∃%0! ≅%0&/,3.∋&%+! ≅0/+(>#∋/,7! %,3).%+! );! #∃%! Ν,#%0,%#Κ! Θ∋%&&%,! ηΑΒΒαι!
304(%&!#∃∋&!∃3&!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.!#/!0%+03Φ!#∃%!4./)3.!∗3,(−3>#(0∋,4!∗3≅!3&!≅0/+(>#∋/,!)%>/∗%&!∗/0%!
./>3.∋&%+7! >./&%0! #/! #∃%! >/,&(∗%0! 3,+! ∋,−.(%,>%&! ,%Φ! Φ3;&! /−! Φ/0Η∋,4Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! Φ%)! ΑΚΒ! 3! +∋4∋#3.!
∋,−03�(>#(0%!∃3&!%∗%04%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!,%Φ!∗/+%.&Κ!ϑ∃%&%!30%!)%4∋,,∋,4!#/!%∗%04%!#/!&(≅≅/0#!∗∋>0/!
/0!∗3>0/!)(&∋,%&&!+%:%./≅∗%,#!/,!3!&∗3..!&>3.%!3,+!>3,!)%!>/,,%>#%+!#/!3!.304%0!∗30Η%#≅.3>%Κ!ϑ∃%!
./,4! #3∋.! /0! ≅%%0Μ#/Μ≅%%0! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! ∋&! ,%Φ! %>/,/∗∋>! ∗/+%.&! 3≅≅.∋%+! #/! %Γ>∃3,4∋,4! 4//+&! /,.∋,%!
η23&#%..&! ΑΒΒΒµ! ϑ3≅&>/##! 5! 8∋..∋3∗&! ΑΒΒ]µ! ∀,+%0&/,! ΑΒΒ]ιΚ! ϑ∃%;! >3,! )%! >/,#03&#%+! Φ∋#∃! #∃%!
∗3#%0∋3.∋!∋,−.%Γ∋).%!/0!%:%,!+%�(>#∋:%!,3#(0%!/−!∗3#%0∋3.!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!
153
!
ΖΚΥ!+∀:∀∗%Π).−!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Υ!
ΖΚΥΚΛ!ϑ.,Π);3()%.!
!Θ%Φ!≅.3#−/0∗&!30%!%∗%04∋,4!/,.∋,%!#∃0/(4∃!#%>∃,/./4∋>3.!∋,,/:3#∋/,7!∋,!#%0∗&!/−!)/#∃!∃30+Φ30%!3,+!
&/−#Φ30%! #/! −3>∋.∋#3#%! >/,#%,#! >0%3#∋/,! 3,+! >/,&(∗%0! ∋,#%03>#∋/,Κ! Θ%Φ! >0%3#∋:%! >/,&(∗%0&! 30%!
)%4∋,,∋,4!#/!−./(0∋&∃!);!≅.3;∋,4!3!>%,#03.!0/.%!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&7!#∃0/(4∃!>/..3)/03#∋:%!/,.∋,%!
,%#Φ/0Η&Κ!ϑ∃%&%!,%#Φ/0Η&!30%!∃∋4∃.;!3>>%&&∋).%! η%3&;! #/!4%#! #/ι!3,+! &>3.3).%! η>3,!)%!(&%+! #/! 0%3>∃!
.304%! ,(∗)%0&ι! ηΛ0/43,7! ΑΒΧΒ!3,+!θ30%..37! ΑΒΧΒιΚ! ϑ∃%;! 3.&/! &(≅≅/0#! #∃%! +%∗/>03#∋&3#∋/,! /−!
∋,−/0∗3#∋/,!3,+!#03,&−/0∗!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!−0/∗!∗%0%!>/,#%,#!>/,&(∗%0&!∋,#/!>/,#%,#!≅0/+(>%0&Κ!Υ3≅.3,!
3,+!Ε3%,.%∋,!ηΑΒΧΒδ!]Χι!+%&>0∋)%!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!3&!ν3!40/(≅!/−!Ν,#%0,%#Μ)3&%+!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,&!#∃3#!)(∋.+!/,!
#∃%!∋+%/./4∋>3.!3,+!#%>∃,/./4∋>3.!−/(,+3#∋/,&!/−!8%)!ΑΚΒ7!3,+!#∃3#!3../Φ!#∃%!>0%3#∋/,!3,+!%Γ>∃3,4%!
/−!(&%0Μ4%,%03#%+! >/,#%,#Κο!∀&!Ε3,,37!Σ/∃∗7!3,+!20∋##%,+%,! ηΑΒΧΧι! 304(%+7! #∃%! 0%3.!≅/Φ%0!/−! #∃%!
&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!%>/&;&#%∗!∋&!#∃3#!νΦ%!30%!3..!>/,,%>#%+Κο!
!
Λ%0#∃/,7! ?∋##7! ?.3,44%07! 5! ∴∃3≅∋0/! ηΑΒΧΑι! ∃∋4∃.∋4∃#! #∃3#! #∃%! #%0∗&! 3&&/>∋3#%+! Φ∋#∃! 8%)! ΑΚΒ7! &/>∋3.!
∗%+∋37!3,+!>0%3#∋:%!>/,&(∗%0&!30%!/−#%,!(&%+! ∋,3>>(03#%.;!3,+! ∋,#%0>∃3,4%3).;!+(%!#/!∃/Φ!>./&%.;!
0%.3#%+! 3,+! #∃%;! 30%Κ! Ε/Φ%:%07! Φ%! ,%%+! #/! (,+%0,+! #∃%! ,(3,>%&! /−! %3>∃! #/! )%##%0! &%0:%! #∃%!
Φ/0.+Φ∋+%!∗30Η%#≅.3>%Κ!1()2,&!Π#!η)%./Φι!8%)!ΑΚΒ!>3,!)%!#∃/(4∃#!/−!3&!#∃%!#%>∃,∋>3.!∋,−03�(>#(0%!
#∃3#!%,3).%&!#∃%!&/>∋3.!≅∃%,/∗%,/,!/−!>/..%>#∋:%!∗%+∋37!3,+!−3>∋.∋#3#%&!>/,&(∗%0Μ4%,%03#%+!>/,#%,#Κ!!
!
ν8%)!ΑΚΒ!#%>∃,/./4∋%&!∃3:%!>3(&%+!#∃0%%!%−−%>#&δ! ηΧι!3!&∃∋−#! ∋,! ./>(&!/−!3>#∋:∋#;!−0/∗!#∃%!+%&Η#/≅!#/!
#∃%!8%)7!ηΑι!3!&∃∋−#!∋,!./>(&!/−!:3.(%!≅0/+(>#∋/,!−0/∗!#∃%!−∋0∗!#/!#∃%!>/,&(∗%07!3,+!η∆ι!3!&∃∋−#!∋,!#∃%!
./>(&!/−!≅/Φ%0!3Φ3;!−0/∗!#∃%!−∋0∗!#/!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0ο!ηΛ%0#∃/,!%#!3.Κ7!ΑΒΧΑι!
!
!
154
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΖΥ!Μ∀8!ΘΚΡ7!Γ%2)3∗!Τ∀4)3!3.4!∃;∀3():∀!∃%.,<5∀;,!β≅∀;(9%.7!ΘΡΛΘχ!
!
ϑ∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!%Γ≅3,+&!(≅/,!#∃%!∋,+∋:∋+(3.Π&!%:/.(#∋/,!−0/∗!>/,#%,#!>/,&(∗%0!#/!>/,#%,#!>0%3#/07!);!
−/>(&∋,4!/,! #∃%!%:/.(#∋/,!/−! #∃%!∀≅≅&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! −%3#(0%! ∋&! 3! &/>∋3.!∗%+∋3! #//.! #∃3#!∃3&! &#%3+∋.;! %:/.:%+!
#∃0/(4∃/(#!#∃%!+(03#∋/,!/−!#∃∋&!?∃6!0%&%30>∃Κ!ϑ∃%!&(>>%&&!/−!&∗30#!≅∃/,%!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,&!>/(.+!,/#!∃3:%!
)%%,!3,#∋>∋≅3#%+!+%∗/,#∋,4!,%Φ!Φ3;&!/−!Φ/0Η∋,4!Φ∃∋>∃!∃3:%!%:/.:%+!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!≅0/40%&&∋/,!/−!
,%Φ!+∋4∋#3.!3,+!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,&Κ!ϑ/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∋∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,!/−!3!−∋,3.!+%&∋4,!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,7!3!0%:∋%Φ!/−!%Γ∋&#∋,4!∀≅≅&!Φ3&!(,+%0#3Η%,!#/!∋+%,#∋−;!∃/Φ!#∃%;!∗∋4∃#!)%!%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,!
#/!&(≅≅/0#! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&Κ!ϑ∃%!#3).%! ∋,! Β()2,&!Π∆! η)%./Φι!+/>(∗%,#&!#∃%!∀≅≅&!
Φ∃∋>∃! Φ%0%! +/Φ,./3+%+! 3,+! 0%:∋%Φ%+! ϖ! #∃%;! 30%! >3#%4/0∋ς%+! ∋,#/! #Φ/! &%>#∋/,&Κ! 6%&∋4,! 3,+!
830+0/)%! ∗3,34%∗%,#Κ! ϑ∃%! −%3#(0%&! Φ∋#∃∋,! &/∗%! %Γ∋&#∋,4! ∀≅≅&! ∋,! #∃%! +%&∋4,! &%>#∋/,! ∃3:%! #∃%!
≅/#%,#∋3.! #/! &(≅≅/0#! +%:%./≅∗%,#! /−! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&%&7! Φ∃∋>∃! ∗3;! −/0! %Γ3∗≅.%! )%!
≅∃;&∋>3..;!0%3.∋&%+!(&∋,4!+∋4∋#3.!≅0∋,#∋,4Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%!≅0%:∋/(&!"%!/−!#∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!3≅≅.∋%+!#∃%!(&%!/−!%Γ∋&#∋,4!∀≅≅Π&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!∋,!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&Κ!=(0#∃%0!∋,:%&#∋43#∋/,!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!3!≅.%#∃/03!/−!,%Φ!∀≅≅&7!3:3∋.3).%!
#/! &(≅≅/0#! 3∗3#%(0! ≅0/40%&&∋/,! Φ∋#∃∋,! +∋4∋#3.! ≅∃/#/403≅∃;Κ! ∴∗30#! ≅∃/,%! +%:∋>%&! ∋,>.(+%! >3∗%03&!
Φ∋#∃! &/≅∃∋&#∋>3#%+! 3,+! 3+:3,>%+! −%3#(0%&Κ! ϑ∃%! &(∋#%! /−! 3:3∋.3).%! ∀≅≅&! 3:3∋.3).%! ≅0/:∋+%&! −∋.#%0&7!
&>3.∋,47! >/∗≅/&∋#∋/,! 3,+!/#∃%0! ∋∗34%!%+∋#∋,4! #//.&Κ! ϑ∃%!∗/&#! &(>>%&&−(.! ∋&! Ν,ോ∗! ηΑΒΧ∆ι7!Φ∃∋>∃!
∃3&!+∋4∋#3..;!0%∋,#%+!?/.30/∋+!≅∃/#/403≅∃;!%−−%>#&!:∋3!3!+∋4∋#3.!∋,#%0−3>%Κ!!Ο2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃Π!0%−%0%,>%&!
Ν,ോ∗! 3&! 3! #%∗≅.3#%! −/0! 3! ≅0/#/#;≅%! &/>∋3.! ∗%+∋3! #//.! #∃3#! >/(.+! &(≅≅/0#! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,Κ! ϑ∃%!
−%3#(0%&!3,+!−(,>#∋/,&!∃3:%!)%%,!>/,−∋4(0%+!#/!≅0/:∋+%!3!∗%,(!/−!%+∋#∋,4!#//.&7!−∋.#%0&!3,+!−(,>#∋/,&Κ!
ϑ∃%! >3≅3>∋#;! #/! &∃30%! Φ3&! 3.&/! >/,&∋+%0%+! #/! /0>∃%#%! +∋4∋#3.! ∋,#%03>#∋/,! η/,.∋,%ι! 3,+! 3,3./4(%!
155
∋,#%03>#∋/,!η/−−.∋,%ιΚ!
!
ϑ∃∋&!0%:∋%Φ!+∋+!,/#! ∋+%,#∋−;!3,;!&∗30#!≅∃/,%!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,&!#∃3#!&≅%>∋−∋>3..;!&(≅≅/0#!#%Γ#∋.%!/0!−3&∃∋/,!
+%&∋4,Κ! Λ(#! #∃∋&! 0%:∋%Φ! +∋+! ∋+%,#∋−;! 3! −(0#∃%0! 40/(≅! /−! ∀≅≅&! #∃3#! ∃3:%! #∃%! ≅/#%,#∋3.! #/! &(≅≅/0#!
>/..3)/03#∋:%! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! #∃0/(4∃! Φ30+0/)%! ∗3,34%∗%,#Κ! ϑ∃%&%! 0%1(∋0%! +3#3! ∋,≅(#! −0/∗! #∃%!
>/,&(∗%0Κ! ϑ∃%;!∃3:%! #∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.! #/! &(≅≅/0#! #∃%!≅%%0Μ#/Μ≅%%0!%Γ>∃3,4%!/−! &#;.∋,4! 3+:∋>%! #∃0/(4∃!
�%%#!−3&∃∋/,!≅∃/#/403≅∃;!3,+!/(#−∋#!>/,−∋4(03#∋/,!#//.&7!3./,4&∋+%!≅∃;&∋>3.!&Φ3≅≅∋,4!3,+!)30#%0∋,4!
/−!∗3#%0∋3.!4//+&!(&∋,4!%>/∗∗%0>%Κ!!
!
!
ΑΠΠ! +∀,2;)Π()%.! Μ∀8,)(∀! Γ93;∀!
Ε<.2()%.,!
∃%,(!
+∀,)−.!
+;∀35ΑΠΠ!
!
∴∃/%!>(&#/∗∋&3#∋/,!(&∋,4!3!
&(∋#%!/−!#//.&!%,3).∋,4!#∃%!(&%0!
#/!≅%0&/,3.∋ς%!>/./(07!&%.%>#!
∗3#%0∋3.&Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%!3:3∋.3)∋.∋#;!#/!)(;!#∃%!&∃/%&!
+%&∋4,%+Κ!
∴(≅≅/0#∋,4!Φ%)&∋#%!
ΦΦΦΚ+0%3∗3≅≅Κ∋#!
=3>%)//Η!
ϑΦ∋##%0!
Τ∗3∋.!
=0%%!
Τ36∀!ε%<;!
∆1.!∃∗%(9∀,!
∀,!30>∃∋:%!/−!αΒ!:∋+%/!
#(#/0∋3.&!−/0!∃/∗%!&%Φ∋,4!3,+!
+0%&&∗3Η∋,4!
,λ3! ,λ3! ψ]Κχχ!
Η3((∀;.!&%%∗! ϑ∃∋&!3../Φ&!#∃%!(&%0!#/!>0%3#%!
≅3##%0,&!−0/∗!3,;!∋∗34%Κ!Ω(&#!
&%.%>#!3,!%Γ∋&#∋,4!/0!>3≅#(0%!3!
,%Φ!≅∃/#/403≅∃!3,+!&≅%>∋−;!3!
&%>#∋/,Κ!
,λ3! ϑΦ∋##%0!
∋,#%403#∋/,!!
ψΧΚχχ!
Γ∀35∗∀,,!Β)(∀! ∀!≅3##%0,!#//.!Φ∋#∃!−%3#(0%&!#/!
>0%3#%!+∋−−%0%,#!>/./(0&7!
≅3.%##%&!3,+!≅3##%0,&!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ>/./(0./
:%0&Κ>/∗λ&%3∗.%&&!
Ν,#%403#%+!
/,.∋,%!
>/∗∗(,∋#;!
Φ∋#∃!∋,#%0,3.!
−/0(∗!3,+!
)./4!
−(,>#∋/,&!
=0%%!
φ3∗∀)4%53()2! ϑ∃∋&!#03,&−/0∗&!#∃%!&∋∗≅.%!∋,#/!
&/∗%#∃∋,4!(,∋1(%!3,+!
∗%&∗%0∋ς∋,4Κ!8∋#∃!#∃∋&!%3&;Μ#/Μ
(&%!3≅≅7!;/(0!∋?∃/,%7!∋?3+!/0!
∋?/+!#/(>∃!)%>/∗%&!3,!
∋,#%03>#∋:%!Η3.%∋+/&>/≅%7!
3../Φ∋,4!;/(!#/!>0%3#%!∃∋4∃Μ
1(3.∋#;!∋∗34%&!(&∋,4!ΧΑ!
+∋−−%0%,#!Η3.%∋+/&>/≅%!≅3##%0,&!
3,+!/:%0!ΑΒ!∋∗34%!&#;.%&Κ!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ&#(−−∗3#
∋>Κ>/∗λΗ3.%∋+/∗3#∋>λ!
ϑΦ∋##%0!
=3>%)//Η!
Ν,ോ∗!
ϑ(∗).0!
=.∋>Η0!
?∃/#/!
)(>Η%#!
?∋>3&3!
−0%%!
ϑ.,(3−;35! ϑ∃∋&!3../Φ&!#∃%!(&%0!#/!%+∋#!
&∗30#!≅∃/,%!≅∃/#/403≅∃;!
#∃0/(4∃!≅/.30/∋+!−∋.#%0&Κ!
∃##≅δλλ∋,ോ∗Κ>/∗! ϑΦ∋##%0!
=3>%)//Η!
!
−0%%!
∃35∀;3!Η∗<,!
Η;%!
∀+:3,>%+!+∋4∋#3.!−%3#(0%&!−/0!
≅∃/#/!%+∋#∋,4!
! Ν,ോ∗!
ϑΦ∋##%0!
=3>%)//Η!
ψΧΚχ!
156
Τ∗3∋.!
∃Ν2∗%;35)2! ϑ∃∋&!3../Φ&!#∃%!(&%0!#/!#3Η%!
≅3,/03∗∋>!≅∃/#/403≅∃&Κ!!ϑ∃∋&!
3.&/!&(≅≅/0#&!#∃%!Ο&%.−∋%Π!
>/,>%≅#!/−!#3Η∋,4!;/(0!/Φ,!
≅∃/#/403≅∃7!3!Ο40/(≅!&%.−∋%Π!
≅∃/#/403≅∃!#/!)%!#3Η%,!∃3,+&!
−0%%!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ>;>./03∗
∋>Κ>/∗!
Ν,ോ∗!
ϑΦ∋##%0!
=3>%)//Η!
Τ∗3∋.!
ψΑΚχχ!
Γ6∀(298%%6!Η;%!
!
!
!
ϑ∃∋&!3≅≅!∃3&!3+:3,>%+!+03Φ∋,4!
−%3#(0%&!);!≅0/:∋,4!3!≅3.%##%!/−!
+∋4∋#3.!#//.&!
,λ3! Ν,ോ∗!
ϑΦ∋##%0!
=3>%)//Η!
Τ∗3∋.!
ψΑΚχχ!
!
Μ3;4;%8∀!Τ3.3−∀5∀.(!
Η)26.γ&∀∗∗! ϑ∃%!>/,&(∗%0!>3,!>/,,%>#!#/!
#∃%!∗∋00/0φ&!#3).%#!);!∋,≅(##∋,4!
3!(,∋1(%!>/,,%>#∋/,!>/+%µ!#∃3#!
>/+%!#(0,&!/,!#∃%!>3∗%03!∋,&∋+%!
#∃%!∗∋00/0Κ!9&∋,4!#∃%!
&∗30#≅∃/,%7!#∃%!&∃/≅≅%0!>3,!
#∃%,!+∋0%>#!#∃%!∗∋00/0!#/!%∋#∃%0!
0%>/0+!3!:∋+%/!−/0!−∋:%!&%>/,+&!
/0!#3Η%!3!&,3≅&∃/#Κ!ϑ∃3#!
−//#34%!#∃%,!3≅≅%30&!/,!#∃%!
&∃/≅≅%0φ&!&∗30#≅∃/,%7!Φ∃∋>∃!
∃%!/0!&∃%!>3,!#∃%,!≅/&#!#/!
=3>%)//Η!/0!ϑΦ∋##%07!−/0!−0∋%,+&!
#/!>/∗∗%,#!/,Κ!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ≅∋>Η,#%..
Κ>/∗λΦ%)λ0%#3∋.%0λ!
Ν,ോ∗!
ϑΦ∋##%0!
=3>%)//Η!
Τ∗3∋.!
−0%%!
∴%!&;Ν!ϑ(!∆.! ϑ∃%!3≅≅!3../Φ&!;/(!#/!(≅./3+!
&/∗%#∃∋,4!;/(0!>/,&∋+%0∋,4!
≅(0>∃3&∋,4!3,+!4%#!/≅∋,∋/,&!
3,+!−%%+)3>Η!−0/∗!/#∃%0!(&%0&!
Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!4./)3.!&/>∋3.!
,%#Φ/0ΗΚ!!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ4/#0;∋#/
,Κ>/∗!
8∋#∃∋,!3≅≅! −0%%!
&;∀.438∗∀! ∀!−3&∃∋/,!&≅%>∋−∋>!&/>∋3.!
,%#Φ/0Η7!);!(≅./3+∋,4!
≅∃/#/403≅∃&!3,+!#344∋,4!#∃%∗!
Φ∋#∃!#∃%!.3)%.7!≅0∋>%!≅/∋,#!3,+!
3:3∋.3)∋.∋#;Κ!ϑ∃%0%!∋&!3.&/!3!
−%3#(0%!#/!)0/Φ&%!/#∃%0&!
/(#−∋#&Κ!
2/∗∗(,∋#;!,%#Φ/0Η!
∋,#%403#∋,4!∋,#/!#∃%!
3≅≅!
8∋#∃∋,!3≅≅! −0%%!
Ι∀.(!(9∀!
Ι<.13Ν!
ϑ3Η%!3!≅∃/#/403≅∃!/−!3,;!+0%&&7!
−3)0∋>!/0!≅3##%0,!3,+!#∃%!3≅≅!
Φ∋..!&/(0>%!3!&∋∗∋.30!&#;.%!#/!
0%,#Κ!
∃##≅&δλλΦΦΦΚ0%,##∃%
0(,Φ3;Κ>/∗λ∗/)∋.%!
=3>%)//Η!
ϑΦ∋##%0!
Τ∗3∋.!
Ν,ോ∗!
−0%%!
Γ1):∀∗! ∀!:∋0#(3.!#0;Μ/,!&;&#%∗!#∃3#!
3../Φ&!;/(!#/!&%%!;/(0&%.−!
πΦ%30∋,4π!>./#∃∋,47!3>>%&&/0∋%&!
3,+!%:%,!∗3Η%(≅!/,!3!&>0%%,Κ!
,λ3! =3>%)//Η!
ϑΦ∋##%0!
Τ∗3∋.!
−0%%!
Μ93(!+)4!ϑ!
1∀3;!
830+0/)%!∗3,34%∗%,#7!
+/>(∗%,#!430∗%,#&!(&∋,4!3!
&∗30#!≅∃/,%!/0!>/∗≅(#%0!
Φ%)>3∗Κ!
!
ϑ∃∋&!+/%&,Π#!∗3Η%!/(#−∋#!
0%>/∗∗%,+3#∋/,&7!∋#!
∴(≅≅/0#∋,4!Φ%)&∋#%!
ΦΦΦΚΦ∃3#+∋+∋Φ%30Κ>
/∗!
=3>%)//Η!
ϑΦ∋##%0!
Τ∗3∋.!
ψΑΚχχ!
157
%,>/(034%&!#∃%!(&%0!#/!
+/>(∗%,#&!/(#−∋#&!+3∋.;Κ!ϑ∃%!
>3#3./4(%!>3,!#∃%,!)%!3>>%&&%+!
#/!≅0/:∋+%!3!Φ%%Η.;7!∗/,#∃.;!
3,+!;%30.;!/:%0:∋%ΦΚ!!
!
Ε)−<;∀!Ζς!Ι∀:)∀1!%=!ΑΠΠ,!,<ΠΠ%;().−!∃%∗∗38%;3():∀!∃%.,<5Π()%.!3.4!∃%#+∀,)−.!
!
!
!
ΖΚΥΚΘ!∃%.2∀Π(<3∗),3()%.!
!
Ε)−<;∀!Ζδ!∀#∃%!&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!Τ%4∀∗!
ϑ∃%! Ο%Μ2/! ϑ%Γ#∋.%! 6%&∋4,Π! ∗/+%.! ∋..(#%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! Β()2,&! ΠΟ! η3)/:%ι! ∋&! 3,! %Γ≅./03#/0;! ∗/+%.! #∃3#!
%∗%04%+! −/../Φ∋,4! 0%−.%>#∋/,! (≅/,! ≅30#! #Φ/! /−! #∃∋&! #∃%&∋&Κ! ϑ∃%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! +%:%./≅∗%,#! /−! %3>∃!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! Φ3&! ∋,#%,+%+! #/! ≅0/:/Η%! &(∋,3).%! )%∃3:∋/0! >∃3,4%! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! ≅303+∋4∗! /−! −3&#!
−3&∃∋/,7! #∃(&! Ο%>/Π!)%∋,4! #∃%!∗3∋,! −/>(&!/−!%3>∃!+%&∋4,%+! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!>/∗)∋,3#∋/,!/−! Ο%Π! 3,+!
Ο2/Π! 0%−%0&! #/! #∃%! ∋,#%403#∋/,! /−! +∋4∋#3.! 3,+! &/>∋3.! ∗%+∋3! #/! &(≅≅/0#! >/..3)/03#∋:%! +%&∋4,! )%#Φ%%,!
+%&∋4,%0&! 3,+! ,/,! +%&∋4,%0&7! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! ,/,! +%&∋4,%0&! Φ%0%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&!
0%>0(∋#%+!−0/∗!3!Ζ%,!Ρ!+%∗/403≅∃∋>Κ!ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,%0!Φ3&!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!Φ∃/!3+/≅#%+!3!−3>∋.∋#3#/0!0/.%Κ!
ϑ∃%!>∋0>.%!0%≅0%&%,#&!3,!∋#%03#∋:%!>;>.%!3,+!#∃%!0%&%30>∃!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!#∃3#!3,!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!/−#%,!0%1(∋0%&!
&%:%03.! &∗3..Μ&>3.%! ∋#%03#∋/,&! /−! +%&∋4,%0! 3,+! >/,&(∗%0! ∋,#%03>#∋/,&! )%−/0%! #∃%! 34%,>;! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3,;!
158
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!∃3&!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.!#/!)%!&>3.%+!(≅Κ!ϑ∃%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!%.%∗%,#!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!+∋3403∗!0%−%0&!
#/! #∃%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&7! #∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! #∃%! #%>∃,∋1(%&! &%.%>#%+!∃3:%!
)%%,!+%−∋,%+!#∃0/(4∃!3!./Μ−∋!3≅≅0/3>∃!#/!&(≅≅/0#!+%∗/>03#∋>!∋,,/:3#∋/,!3,+!3,!∋,>.(&∋:%!%#∃/&Κ!ϑ∃%0%!
∋&! ,/! &≅%>∋−∋>! #∋,4! ≅/∋,#! Φ∃%,! ∋,∋#∋3#∋,4! 3,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,7! Φ∋#∃∋,! ≅30#! #Φ/! /−! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! #∃%!
+%&∋4,%0!∋,∋#∋3#%+!3!>/,>%≅#!3,+!#∃%,!−/>(&%+!/,!∋+%,#∋−;∋,4!3!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!
Φ3&!≅∋./#%+!Φ∋#∃!3!&3∗≅.%!40/(≅!/−!>/,&(∗%0&!3,+!/,.∋,%!∗%+∋3!Φ3&!#∃%,!∋,#%403#%+!≅0∋/0!#/!∋,∋#∋3#%+!
3,/#∃%0!∋#%03#∋/,!/−!3>#∋/,Κ!Ε/Φ%:%07!#∃∋&!∗/+%.!∋..(#%&!#∃3#!>/,&(∗%0&!#∃%∗&%.:%&!3.&/!∃3:%!#∃%!
>3≅3>∋#;!#/!∋,∋#∋3#%!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!3>#∋/,&!3,+!∋+%,#∋−;!>/..3)/03#∋:%!0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅&!Φ∋#∃!+%&∋4,%0&Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!Φ3&!>/,>%≅#(3.∋&%+! #∃0/(4∃!3≅≅.;∋,4! Ο%Μ2/Μϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,Π! #%4∋>3..;! η&%%! 1()2,&!
ΠΞ! )%./ΦιΚ! ϑ∃∋&! >∃3≅#%0! 3≅≅.∋%+! #∃∋&! ∗/+%.! );! )%4∋,,∋,4! 3#! #∃%! Ο%Μ2/Π! "%! 3,+! #∃∋&! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3!
#∋,4! ≅/∋,#! ∋,! 3+:3,>%! /−! ∋+%,#∋−;∋,4! 3! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&Κ! ϑ∃%! 3>#∋/,! &≅3>%&!
Φ∋#∃∋,!3,;!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!30%!)/#∃!+∋4∋#3.!3,+!≅∃;&∋>3.Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!>/,>%≅#(3.∋&∋,4!#∃∋&!−∋,3.! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!
#∋#.%+!Ο2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃Π!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!3++0%&&%+!∃/Φ!)/#∃!∗∋4∃#!)%!>/,&∋+%0%+!#/!>/,&∋+%0!3!03,4%!/−!
∋,#%03>#∋/,&!#∃0/(4∃!>/∗)∋,∋,4!&/>∋3.!3,+!+∋4∋#3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&!Φ∃∋>∃!∗∋4∃#!∃3:%!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.!&(≅≅/0#!
&(∋,3).%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!−(#(0%&Κ!!
!
Ε)−<;∀!Ζ]!∃%.2∀Π(<3∗),).−!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Υ!
!
!
ϑ/! &(≅≅/0#! +%:%./≅∗%,#!/−! #∃%! ∋,,/:3#∋/,!/(#.∋,%+! ∋,! #∃∋&! −∋,3.! >∃3≅#%07! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! >/∗≅.%#%+!
#∃%!/,.∋,%!>/(0&%!ΟΕ3>Η!6%&∋4,Π!ηΑΒΧ∆ι!+%:%./≅%+!);!3!23.∋−/0,∋3!)3&%+!40/(≅!/−!∋,#%03>#∋/,!+%&∋4,%0&!
Φ∃/! ∃3:%! %Γ≅%0#∋&%! ∋,! #∃%! &(≅≅/0#! 3,+! +%:%./≅∗%,#! /−! +∋4∋#3.! #(≅&Κ! ϑ∃%! >/(0&%! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3,!
∋,&∋4∃#!∋,#/!(&%0!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!+%&∋4,7!+∋4∋#3.!≅0/#/#;≅∋,4!3,+!∋,#%0−3>%!+%&∋4,!3,+!+%:%./≅∗%,#Κ!!
!
!
159
∀++∋#∋/,3..;! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0! 3##%,+%+! 3!Ξ3Η%Μ3Μ#∃/,!∃/&#%+!);! Ν6ΤΨ! </,+/,! η=%)0(30;7! ΑΒΧ∆ιΚ! ϑ∃∋&!
%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,!Ν6ΤΨΠ&! Ο)(∋.+!#/!#∃∋,ΗΠ!≅∃∋./&/≅∃;!);!>/,,%>#∋,4!3!+∋:%0&%!40/(≅!/−!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!3,+!
≅0/:∋+∋,4! #∃%∗! Φ∋#∃! #//.&7! −3>∋.∋#∋%&! 3,+! 0%&/(0>%&! #/! >/..%>#∋:%.;! 3++0%&&! 3! +%&∋4,3#%+! +%&∋4,!
>∃3..%,4%Κ!Λ/#∃!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&!+%∗/,#%+!#∃%!:3.(%!/−!3!./Μ−∋+%.∋#;!3≅≅0/3>∃!#/!≅0/#/#;≅∋,4!3,+!(&%0!
#%&#∋,4! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! %30.;! "%&! /−! >/,>%≅#! +%:%./≅∗%,#Κ! Ν#! ∋&! ≅/&&∋).%! #/! ∗/>Η! (≅! +∋4∋#3.! #//.&7!
≅.3#−/0∗&! 3,+! ∋,#%03>#∋/,&! ∋,! 3! ./Μ−∋+%.∋#;! −/0∗! Φ∋#∃/(#! >/+∋,4! 3,+! ≅0/403∗∗∋,4! %Γ≅%0#∋&%Κ! =/0!
%Γ3∗≅.%7!#∃%!≅0∋,>∋≅3.!∗%>∃3,∋&∗&!/−!3!Φ%)≅34%!>3,!)%!∗/>Η%+!(≅!∋,!≅/Φ%0!≅/∋,#!/0!3,!∀≅≅!>3,!)%!
&Η%#>∃%+!∋,!≅%,>∋.!3,+!Φ∋0%!−03∗%+!#∃0/(4∃!3!:30∋%#;!/−!−0%%!+%:%./≅∗%,#!#//.&Κ!!
!
ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! ≅0/≅/&%&! )%#3! #%&#∋,4! 3,!∀≅≅! >/,>%≅#7! #∃3#!∗3;! )%! 3≅≅.∋%+!∗/0%! )0/3+.;! ∋,! −3&#!
−3&∃∋/,! >/,#%Γ#&Κ! ϑ∃%! ∀≅≅! >/,>%≅#! #∋#.%+! Ο2∋#∋ς%,! 2./#∃Π! −/>(&%&! /,! &>30:%&7! 3! &∋∗≅.%! (,∋:%0&3.!
3>>%&&/0;!3,+!>/,&∋+%0&!3..!"%&!/−!+%&∋4,7!≅0/+(>#∋/,!3,+!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!3∋∗!#/!+%∗;&#∋−;!#∃%!
+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&!);!&∃30∋,4!0%&/(0>%&7!#%>∃,∋1(%&!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!∗%#∃/+&!#/!3∗≅.∋−;!./>3.!34%,>;!/,!3!
4./)3.!&>3.%Κ!ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!>/,&∋+%0&!#∃%!>/∗≅.%#%!.∋−%>;>.%!/−!&>30:%&7!#∃%!≅0/>%&&!/−!≅0/+(>#∋/,!
∗3;!)%!/(#&/(0>%+!%Κ4Κ!:∋3!3!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#∋,4!)(0%3(Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!%Γ≅./0%&!∃/Φ!#/!%,3).%!
−3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! #/! 0%3+∋.;! 3>>%&&! &∋∗≅.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! ≅0/>%&&%&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ≅30#∋>(.30!
∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!≅0/≅/&%&!#∃3#!#∃%!∀≅≅!≅0/:∋+%!3,!/,.∋,%!&;&#%∗!#/!&(≅≅/0#!>0%3#∋:%!/−−.∋,%!∗%#∃/+&!−/0!
#∃%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0! #/! %,434%! ∋,7! ∗3∋,#3∋,7! ∗/+∋−;! 3,+! &∃30%7! (&∋,4! &>30:%&! ∋,∋#∋3..;! 3&! #∃%!
Φ%303).%!>/,+(∋#Κ!
!
ϑ∃∋&!%Γ≅./03#/0;!∗/+%.!#∋#.%+!Ο%Μ2/Μϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,Π!Φ3&!3≅≅.∋%+!#/!+%−∋,%7!+%&∋4,7!+%:%./≅!3,+!+%.∋:%0!
#∃∋&! −∋,3.! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! Ο%Π! >/∗≅/,%,#! Φ3&! 3++0%&&%+! (&∋,4! #∃%! ∀≅≅! >/,>%≅#7! #/!
>/,&∋+%0!∃/Φ!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!3>#∋/,!∗∋4∃#!)%!3∗≅.∋−∋%+!/,!3!.304%0!&>3.%Κ!ϑ∃%!Ο#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,Π!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!
≅0/>%&&%&!Φ∋#∃∋,! 3,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 0%1(∋0%! ∋,∋#∋3.! &(≅≅/0#! −0/∗!3!+%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0!Φ∋#∃! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,!
Η,/Φ.%+4%Κ!ϑ∃%!Ο>/Π!%.%∗%,#!Φ3&!&(≅≅/0#%+!−0/∗!#∃%!/(#&%#!#∃0/(4∃!3!≅0/>%&&!/−!>/Μ+%&∋4,7!∋,:∋#∋,4!
Ζ%,!Ρ!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!#/!∋+%3#%!3,+!>/,#0∋)(#%!#/!#∃%!>/,>%≅#(3.∋&3#∋/,!/−!#∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!∀!
,%Φ!%>/&;&#%∗!Φ3&!>/,&∋+%0%+!#/!≅0/≅/&%!∃/Φ!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#∋,4!∗∋4∃#!%:/.:%!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!−(#(0%7!
#∃0/(4∃!>/,&(∗%0!>0%3#∋/,!)%;/,+!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&7! −3>∋.∋#3#%+!);!3,!∀≅≅!>/,,%>#%+! #/! ./>3.!≅0/+(>#∋/,!
∗%#∃/+&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! >/,>%≅#! 3∋∗&! #/! %Γ#%,#! #∃%! .∋−%>;>.%! /−! &>30:%&! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! %>/&;&#%∗! );! ∋+%,#∋−;∋,4!
−(0#∃%0!/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&!#/!∗%+∋3#%!&∃30%+!/Φ,%0&∃∋≅!3,+!%,>/(034%!0%Μ(&%Κ!
!
ΖΚΥΚ[!Ι∀,∀3;29!Τ∀(9%4,!
!
ϑ∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! #//.Η∋#! Φ∋#∃∋,! =∋4(0%! εε! η)%./Φι! Φ3&! 0%−%0%,>%+! 3,+! %Γ≅3,+%+! (≅/,! 3,+!
&(≅≅/0#%+! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%! 3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃! ∗%#∃/+/./4;Κ! ϑ∃%! 0%&%30>∃! ∗%#∃/+&! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! +∋−−%0! #/!
&(≅≅/0#! (&%0! ∋,:/.:%∗%,#! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! %30.;! "%&! /−! >/,>%≅#(3.∋&∋,4! #∃%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,7! /≅≅/&%+! #/!
−3>∋.∋#3#∋,4! >/,&(∗%0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3! −∋,∋&∃%+! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ! Τ∗≅3#∃;! )(∋.+∋,4! ∗%#∃/+&! Φ%0%!
160
3≅≅.∋%+! #/! >3≅#(0%! ∋,&∋4∃#&! −0/∗! #∃%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! ≅%0&≅%>#∋:%Κ! ΤΓ≅3,+∋,4! (≅/,! Υ/.Η/&!
ηΑΒΧΧι!Φ/0Η!Φ∋#∃∋,!%∗≅3#∃;!)(∋.+∋,4!#%>∃,∋1(%&7!∃%!>.3∋∗&!#∃3#!3!∃∋4∃.;!0%−.%>#∋:%!≅0/>%&&!3,+!/−−%0&!
3,! ∋,#∋∗3#%! :∋%Φ! /−! ≅%/≅.%Π&! 3&≅∋03#∋/,&! 3,+! %∗/#∋/,&Κ! ϑ/! 43#∃%0! +3#37! #∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0!
+%:%./≅%+!%Γ≅%0∋∗%,#3.!%#∃,/403≅∃∋>!∗%#∃/+&7!∋+,&&+!∋+Μ0&! (∗+&,−(&Τ∋!3,+!3,!.∗0(∗&!+Τ(++&,!∋2,−&ΜΚ!
ϑ∃%! +/>(∗%,#3#∋/,! ∗%#∃/+&! /−! 95.+.),895Μς! .Γ∋&,−8+(.∗! ∋5&&+∋! 3./,4&∋+%! 3,! ∋,#%0:∋%Φ! #%∗≅.3#%!
Φ%0%!+%&∋4,%+!#/!%,3).%!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0&!#/!&∃30%!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!−%%+)3>Η7!!Ο∋+,&&+!∋+Μ0&!(∗+&,−(&Τ∋ΑΚ!
!
ϑΦ/! Τ.,>∋5.9∋! Φ%0%! +%.∋:%0%+! −/0! #∃%! ≅(0≅/&%! /−! ∋+%3#∋/,! 3,+! >/,>%≅#(3.∋ς3#∋/,Κ! =∋0&#.;7! ∋,! #∃%!!
∋+%3#∋/,!Τ.,>∋5.9ς! 3,! ∋+%3#∋/,!∗3≅!Φ3&!+%:%./≅%+!Φ∋#∃! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! #/!+%:%./≅!%&∋()∗!
9,.9.∋(+(.∗∋!−/0!Ο2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃ΠΚ!∴%>/,+.;7!#∃%!>/,>%≅#(3.∋&3#∋/,!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!Φ3&!"%+!∋,!#Φ/!≅30#&!#/!
≅∋./#! 3! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∗3Η∋,4! #//.Η∋#! >/,>%≅#! #∃0/(4∃! 0.ΡΒ(%&0(+Μ! 9,.+.+Μ9(∗)Κ! ϑ∃%! +∋4∋#3.!
#//.&!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%!3≅≅!Φ%0%!∗/>Η%+!(≅!3,+!≅0%&%,#%+!#/!+%:%./≅!3,!&/9&,(&∗=&!9,.+.+Μ9&∀!ϑ∃∋&!+3#3!
>3≅#(0%+! Φ3&! 0%−.%>#%+! (≅/,! #∃0/(4∃! 82+.Ρ&+5∗.),895Μ! 3,+! 82+.Ρ%.=2Λ&∗+8+(.∗! #/! %:3.(3#%! +3#3!
−0/∗!#∃%!≅%0&≅%>#∋:%!/−!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!3,+!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#Κ!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΖΖ!+∀,)−.!Ε32)∗)(3()%.!φ)(!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Υ!
!
ΖΚς!+∀,)−.!_!ϑ5Π∗∀5∀.(3()%.!
!ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!Φ3&!"%+!#∃0/(4∃!#∃0%%!∋#%03#∋/,3µ7!3,!/)&%0:3#∋/,3.!&#(+;7!3,!∋+%3#∋/,!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!
3,+!−∋,3..;!3!./Μ−∋+%.∋#;!2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃!(&%0!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!≅0/#/#;≅%Κ!∴∋Γ!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!−0/∗!3!Ζ%,!
Ρ!+%∗/403≅∃∋>!)%>3∗%!34%,#&!Φ∋#∃∋,!)/#∃!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&7!3,+!#∃%∋0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!≅0/:∋+%+!,%Φ!∋,&∋4∃#&!
#∃3#!0%−∋,%+!#∃%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∋∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,!/−!Ο2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃ΠΚ!!
!
161
&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Ε%<;!ϕ∃)()ι∀.!∃∗%(9γ!
Η<;Π%,∀/!ϑ/!+%:%./≅!3!≅0/+(>#!&%0:∋>%!&;&#%∗!30/(,+!&>30:%&7!#/!>/,&∋+%0!∃/Φ!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!>/(.+!)%!%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,!)%;/,+!3!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!λ%:%,#Κ!
Γ<,(3).38∗∀!+∀,)−.!Γ(;3(∀−Ν/!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&∗7!/≅%,!∋,,/:3#∋/,7!>/..3)/03#∋:%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!
&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!Τ36).−!Η;%2∀,,! ∆.∗).∀!Τ∀4)3!
ϑ∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/!Φ3&!3&&%∗).%+!(&∋,4!3!.3≅#/≅!
>/,,%>#%+!#/!3!+%&Η#/≅!≅0∋,#%0!λ!&>3,,%0Κ!∋?∃/,%!
3≅≅Π&!Φ%0%!(&%+!#/!+%&∋4,!3,+!+%:%./≅!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!
≅0∋,#&Κ!ϑ∃%!3≅≅Π&!(&%+!Φ%0%µ!
!
• >/./0<ΨϕΤ∴!
• ?3##%0,!ϑ//.!
• Υ3.%∋+/&>/≅%!
!
=3)0∋>!0%1(∋0%+!3+:3,>%+!#0%3#∗%,#!#/!%,3).%!∋#!#/!)%!
−%+!+∋0%>#.;!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!≅0∋,#%0Κ!∀!&/.(#∋/,!#∋#.%+!
Λ()).%!Ω%#!∴%#!Φ3&!&/(0>%+!#/!#0%3#!#∃%!−3)0∋>7!#∃%!
&3∗%!)03,+!/−!0%#3∋.!)3>Η∋,4!≅3≅%0!(&%+!−/0!#∃%!−3)0∋>Κ!
ϑ∃∋&!,%%+&!#/!)%!−∋Γ%+!(&∋,4!3,!∋0/,Κ!?30>∃∗%,#!≅3≅%0!
(&%+!−/0!∃/∗%!)3Η∋,4!≅0/:∋+%&!3!>∃%3≅%0!3.#%0,3#∋:%!
)(#!#∃%!Φ∋+#∃!,%%+&!#/!)%!>(#!#/!#∃%!&∋ς%!/−!ΑΒ>∗Κ!
!
∴(0:%;!Ξ/,Η%;!
!
ϑΦ∋##%0!
!
Ν,ോ∗!
∃3∗∗!=%;!Η3;()2)Π3()%.! Μ%;6,9%Π!Ε32)∗)()∀,!
?30#∋>∋≅3,#&!Φ%0%!0%>0(∋#%+!−/0!#∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!(&∋,4!
&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!,%#Φ/0Η&!Μ!=3>%)//Η!3,+!#Φ∋##%0Κ!
ϑ∃%!∋+%3#∋/,!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!3,+!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!≅0/#/#;≅%!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!Φ%0%!)/#∃!∃/&#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!&∗3..!0//∗!
Φ∋#∃∋,!6(,>3,!/−!Ω/0+3,&#/,%!η6Ω2∀6ι7!9,∋:%0&∋#;!
/−!6(,+%%Κ!!
!
!
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀(3)∗,! Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀,2;)Π()%.! Η3;()2)Π3.(! Τ! Ε! 3−∀!
−;%<Π!
∆<(2%5∀!
=3&#!=3&∃∋/,!
Ψ)&%0:3#∋/,3.!∴#(+;!
+3(∀/!ΧΒ#∃!Ξ30>∃!ΑΒΧ∆!
&)5∀!_!+<;3()%./!Χ!
+3;!
Ω∀.<∀!_!Β%23()%./!
ΨΓ−/0+!∴#0%%#7!</,+/,!
ϑ∃%!%Γ≅./03#/0;!
∗%#∃/+!/−!#∃%!Ο∴#0%%#!
&#;.%!∋,#%0:∋%Φ&Π!Φ%0%!
/0>∃%#%+!(&∋,4!3!
?/.30/∋+!3≅≅!/,!3,!
∋?∃/,%Κ!∀,!∋,#%0:∋%Φ!
#%∗≅.3#%!Φ3&!+%&∋4,%+!
∋,!3+:3,>%!#/!>3≅#(0%!
Αχ!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ?30#∋>∋≅3,#!
−%%+)3>Η!
&(≅≅/0#%+!);!
0%&%30>∃%0!
/)&%0:3#∋/,&!
162
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀(3)∗,! Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀,2;)Π()%.! Η3;()2)Π3.(! Τ! Ε! 3−∀!
−;%<Π!
∆<(2%5∀!
∋,−/0∗3#∋/,Κ!
!
ϑ∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!&≅%,#!3!
+3;!/,!ΨΓ−/0+!∴#0%%#7!
</,+/,!3≅≅0/3>∃∋,4!
−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!
Φ∃/!3≅≅%30%+!#/!)%!
Φ∋#∃∋,!3!Ζ%,!Ρ!
+%∗/403≅∃∋>!3,+!
Φ%30∋,4!3!&>30−Κ!
!
ϑ∃%!%Γ≅./03#/0;!
∗%#∃/+!/−!#∃%!ΟϑΦ∋##%0!
&(0:%;Π!Φ3&!+%.∋:%0∋,4!
(&∋,4!&(0:%;!∗/,Η%;!
>/∗)∋,%+!Φ∋#∃!#Φ∋##%0Κ!
ϑ∃∋&!4%,%03#%+!!
0%&≅/,&%&!∋,!#/#3.!)(#!
/,.;!∃3.−!>/(.+!)%!
+%−∋,%+!3&!0%&≅/,&%&!
−0/∗!3!Ζ%,!Ρ!>/,&(∗%0!
+%∗/403≅∃∋>Κ!
!0%&≅/,&%&!∋,!
#/#3.!
!
ΑΑ!−0/∗!−%∗3.%!
Ζ%,!Ρ!
>/,&(∗%0!
+%∗/403≅∃∋>!
! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ?30#∋>∋≅3,#!
−%%+)3>Η!
&(≅≅/0#%+!);!
0%&%30>∃%0!
/)&%0:3#∋/,&!
! ! ! ! ! ! !
8/0Η&∃/≅!Χδ!Ν+%3#∋/,!
8/0Η&∃/≅!
!
+3(∀/!Α∆0+!∀≅0∋.!ΑΒΧ∆!
&)5∀!_!+<;3()%./!ΧΒΜ
ΧΑ!
Ω∀.<∀!_!Β%23()%./!
9,∋:%0&∋#;!/−!6(,+%%7!
6(,+%%!
∀,!∋+%3#∋/,!∗3#0∋Γ!Φ3&!
+%−∋,%+!∋,!3+:3,>%!/−!
#∃∋&!Φ/0Η&∃/≅Κ!
!
!
Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ?30#∋>∋≅3,#!
∋,≅(#!∋,#/!3,!
∋+%3#∋/,!
∗3#0∋Γ!Α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ!
∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ!
! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ!
α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ!
]! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ!
!
!
8/0Η&∃/≅!Αδ!
ΤΓ≅γ0∋%,>%!?0/#/#;≅%!
∀!>∋#∋ς%,!>./#∃!(&%0!
%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!≅0/#/#;≅%!
Φ3&!∗/>Η%+!(≅!∋,!
Χ! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! ?30#∋>∋≅3,#!
−%%+)3>Η!/,!
#∃%!3≅≅!Α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ!
163
+%2<5∀.(3()%.!%=!Χ329!ϑ(∀;3()%.!%=!Α2()%.!Ι∀,∀3;29!
Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀(3)∗,! Μ%;6,9%Π!+∀,2;)Π()%.! Η3;()2)Π3.(! Τ! Ε! 3−∀!
−;%<Π!
∆<(2%5∀!
8/0Η&∃/≅!
!
+3(∀/!
&)5∀!_!+<;3()%./!
Ω∀.<∀!_!Β%23()%./!
3+:3,>%!/−!#∃∋&!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅Κ!
∆! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%!
≅0/#/#;≅%Κ!
!
Σ%&%30>∃%0!
/)&%0:3#∋/,&!
! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ!
α! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ!
]! ! Γ! Ζ%,!Ρ!
!
&∆&ΑΒ! ! ! αΑ!
ζ]!
! !
Ε)−<;∀!ΖΟ!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!Υ!&∀5Π∗3(∀!
!
!
ΖΚςΚΛ!Ε3,(!Ε3,9)%.!∃%.,<5∀;!∆8,∀;:3()%.!Γ(<4Ν!
!ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/0!/0>∃%#%+!3,!/)&%0:3#∋/,3.!&#(+;!#/!+%:%./≅!3!+%%≅%0!(,+%0,+∋,4!/−!#∃%!
−3&#! −3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0Κ!Τ∗≅3#∃;!Φ3&!3≅≅.∋%+!#∃0/(4∃!%#∃,/403≅∃∋>!∗%#∃/+&!3+/≅#%+!);! #∃%!+%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#/07!Φ∃/!&≅%,#!3!+3;!#3.Η∋,4!#/!>/,&(∗%0&!3#!/,%!/−!#∃%!)(&∋%&#!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!./>3#∋/,&!∋,!#∃%!9Υ7!
ΨΓ−/0+!2∋0>(&7!</,+/,Κ!∴>30:%&!Φ%0%!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!3&!#∃%!>/,+(∋#7!3,+!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!%Γ≅./0%+!∃/Φ!#∃%;!
Φ%0%!≅(0>∃3&%+7!∗3∋,#3∋,%+7!(&%+!3,+!>30%+!−/0Κ!ϑ∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!3≅≅0/3>∃%+!#∃/&%!Φ%30∋,4!&>30:%&7!
Φ∃∋>∃!≅0/:∋+%+!3!≅∃;&∋>3.!≅0/∗≅#!−/0!>/,:%0&3#∋/,!3,+!#∃3#!>3≅#(0%+!0%.%:3,#!≅%0&/,3.!∋,&∋4∃#&!−0/∗!
Φ∋..∋,4!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&Κ!∀! Β&&%Γ8=>! ∋5&&+!Φ3&!+%&∋4,%+! ∋,!3+:3,>%! #/!43#∃%0!+3#3! −0/∗! #∃%!∋+,&&+! ∋+Μ0&!
(∗+&,−(&Τ∋Κ!ϑ∃/&%! 3≅≅0/3>∃%+!Φ%0%!,/#! Η%%,! #/! )%!≅∃/#/403≅∃%+!)(#!Φ%0%!∃3≅≅;! #/! &∃30%! &#/0∋%&!
3)/(#!#∃%∋0!&>30:%&7!Φ∃∋>∃!)%>3∗%!3,! ∋,#%403.! ∋,#%0−3>%!)%#Φ%%,!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!3,+!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0Κ!
ϑ∃%!&>30:%&!#∃%∗&%.:%&!Φ%0%!≅∃/#/403≅∃%+Κ!ϑ∃%!+3#3!43#∃%0%+!≅0/:∋+%+!3,! ∋,+∋>3#∋/,!/−!>/,&(∗%0!
∋,#%0%&#!3,+!∗/#∋:3#∋/,!#/Φ30+&!3.#%0,3#∋:%!&;&#%∗&!/−!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!3,+!3!+%&∋0%!#/!)%>/∗%!
∗/0%! 3Φ30%! /−! ≅%0&/,3.∋&3#∋/,7! &#;.∋,4! 3,+! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! +%&∋4,! &%0:∋>%&Κ! ϑ∃%;! Φ%0%! /≅%,! #/! ,%Φ!
/,.∋,%! 3,+! /−−.∋,%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%&! 3,+! ∋∗≅/0#3,#.;! #∃%! ≅0/≅/&3.! −/0! 3! ,%Φ! ∀≅≅! >/,>%≅#!
3≅≅%3.%+!#/!#∃∋&!3(+∋%,>%Κ!!
!
164
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΟΡ!Γ(;∀∀(!Γ(Ν∗∀!ϑ.(∀;:)∀1!Β%23()%.!
!ϑ∃%&%! ∋+,&&+! ∋+Μ0&! (∗+&,−(&Τ∋! Φ%0%! %Γ≅3,+%+! (≅/,! #∃0/(4∃! 3,! .∗0(∗&! +Τ(++&,! ∋2,−&ΜΚ! ϑ∃%! 0%&%30>∃!
>/∗)∋,%+!+Τ(++&,!3,+!∋2,−&Μ!Λ.∗>&Μ!#/!>3≅#(0%!−%%+)3>Η!−0/∗!−∋:%!&∋∗≅.%!1(%&#∋/,&Κ!ϑ∃%&%!∗%#∃/+&!
43#∃%0%+!+3#3!+∋−−%0%,#.;7!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!3∋∗!/−!+∋&>/:%0∋,4!#∃%!∗/&#!%−−%>#∋:%!3≅≅0/3>∃!−/0!%,434∋,4!−3&#!
−3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&Κ! ϑ∃%! /,.∋,%! &(0:%;! ∃3+! 3! ∃∋4∃%0! 0%&≅/,&%! 03#%! )(#! 0∋>∃%0! +3#3! Φ3&! >3≅#(0%+!
#∃0/(4∃! −3>%! #/! −3>%! >/,:%0&3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%!∗%#∃/+&!Φ%0%! #3∋./0%+! #/! >3≅#(0%! 1(3.∋#3#∋:%! +3#3! 3,+! #∃%!
∋,&∋4∃#&!43#∃%0%+!−0/∗!#∃%!∋,#%0:∋%Φ&!3,+!/,.∋,%!&(0:%;!Φ3&!>/∗)∋,%+!3,+!0%:∋%Φ%+!#/!∋+%,#∋−;!−∋:%!
∗3∋,!#∃%∗%&δ!
!
ΧΚ Η∀;,%.3∗),3()%.! Μ! 3,! ∋,#%0%&#! 3,+!∗/#∋:3#∋/,! #/! ∃3:%! ∋,≅(#! ∋,! #∃%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&! )(#! >/!
#∋∗%!3,+!&Η∋..&!Φ%0%!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#%+!3&!)300∋%0&!
ΑΚ Χ∋Π∀;)∀.()3∗!2%.,<5Π()%.! Μ! #∃%!∗3_/0∋#;! ∋,+∋>3#%+!#∃3#!#∃%;!%,_/;%+!≅(0>∃3&∋,4!,%Φ!∋#%∗&!
)(#!/−#%,! −/(,+! #∃%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%! �%&&−(.Κ! ϑ∃%!∃∋4∃! �%%#! &#/0%&!30%!
>0/Φ+%+7!/:%0&#/>Η%+!3,+!>(&#/∗%0!&%0:∋>%!∋&!.∋∗∋#%+!+(%!#/!∋,>0%3&%+!>/,&(∗%0!+%∗3,+Κ!!
∆Κ Γ(Ν∗).−!,<ΠΠ%;(!Μ!#∃%!−%%+)3>Η!&(44%&#&!#∃3#!3!0%3.!#∋∗%!&#;.∋,4!&%0:∋>%!/0!#//.!Φ/(.+!&(≅≅/0#!
#∃%!(&%0!)%;/,+! #∃%!≅/∋,#!/−!≅(0>∃3&%Κ!ϑ∃%0%!Φ3&!3,! ∋,#%0%&#!%Γ≅0%&&%+! −/0! &%0:∋>%&! #/!4/!
)%;/,+!≅0/∗/#∋,4!≅(0>∃3&%&!3,+!>/,&∋+%0∋,4!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0&Π!%Γ∋&#∋,4!Φ30+0/)%!
Κ Γ%2)3∗!5∀4)3!_!,93;).−!2<∗(<;∀!Μ!%Γ≅0%&&%+!Φ3&!3!+%&∋0%!−/0!∗/0%!∗%>∃3,∋&∗&!#/!&∃30%!#∃%!
−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%Κ!ϑ∃%0%!Φ3&!3!&#∋4∗3!3##3>∃%+!#/!&Φ3≅≅∋,4!%Γ∋&#∋,4!>./#∃∋,4!
3,+! 3>>%&&/0∋%&! Φ∋#∃! ,4%0&Κ! Ψ,%! >/,&(∗%0! &(44%&#%+! 3! .∋−%#∋∗%Π&! &;&#%∗! #/! ∃∋4∃.∋4∃#!
&∃/0#!.∋−%!430∗%,#&7!Φ∃∋>∃!∃3+!,/#!)%%,!Φ/0,!∗/0%!#∃3,!ΧΜ∆!#∋∗%&Κ!
αΚ Ε3,(!=3,9)%.!,∀;:)2∀,!ϖ!3..!/−!#∃/&%!3≅≅0/3>∃%&!%Γ≅0%&&%+!3!−0(#∋/,!3#!#∃%!.3>Η!/−!&%0:∋>%&!
#/! ∗3∋,#3∋,! 3,+! 0%≅3∋0! >./#∃∋,4Κ! ϑ∃%&%! >/,&(∗%0&! Φ%0%! /≅%,! #/! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! 3,+!
%Γ≅%0∋%,#∋3.!>/,>%≅#&!#∃3#!3.&/!%,3).%+!#∃%∗!#/!&/>∋3.∋&%!Φ∋#∃!#∃%∋0!−0∋%,+&Κ!
165
ΖΚςΚΘ!ϑ4∀3()%.!Μ%;6,9%Π!
ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/0!&(≅≅/0#%+!&∋Γ!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#/!∋+%3#%!&%0:∋>%!≅0/:∋&∋/,&!−/0!
Ο2∋#∋ς%,! 2./#∃Π∀! ϑ∃∋&! −∋,3.! +&/+(0&! %&∋()∗! (∗+&,−&∗+(.∗! +∋−−%0%+! );! 3≅≅.;∋,4! 3! (&%0! >%,#%0%+! +%&∋4,!
3≅≅0/3>∃! 3,+! ∋,:/.:∋,4! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! ≅0/>%&&! /−! >/,>%≅#! +%:%./≅∗%,#Κ! ϑ∃%!
∋+%3#∋/,! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! ∋,:∋#%+! &∋Γ! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! #/! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#%Κ! 9&∋,4! 3,! ∋+%3#∋/,! ∗3≅! #/!
−3>∋.∋#3#%!)03∋,&#/0∗∋,4! 3! ≅0/+(>#! &%0:∋>%! &;&#%∗! η?∴∴ι! 30/(,+! #∃%! .∋−%>;>.%! /−! 3! &>30−Κ! ϑ∃%! (%&8+(.∗!
Λ89! −/>(&%+!/,! −/(0! &%>#∋/,&7! −3>∋.∋#3#%+! >/,&(∗%0! >0%3#∋/,7!+∋4∋#3..;!∗%+∋3#%+! >/,&(∗%0! >0%3#∋/,7!
≅0/+(>#∋/,! 3,+! (&%Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3! �(>#(0%! #/! &(≅≅/0#! #∃%! −./Φ! /−! >/,:%0&3#∋/,! 3,+! >3≅#(0%!
−%%+)3>Η!3&!∋#!%∗%04%+∀!!
3Κ 6Τ∴ΝΖΘ!ϖ!−3>∋.∋#3#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!≅∃;&∋>3.!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!/0!%:%,#!
)Κ 6Τ∴ΝΖΘ!ϖ!+∋4∋#3..;!∗%+∋3#%+!3,+!−3>∋.∋#3#%+!);!3,!∀≅≅!3,+!+∋4∋#3.!#//.&!
>Κ ?ΣΨ692ϑΝΨΘ!Μ!./>3.!&%0:∋>%!≅0/:∋&∋/,!:∋3!3!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!≅0∋,#!)%(0/!/0!∃()!
+Κ 9∴Τ!?Ε∀∴Τ!Μ!&#;.∋,4!#(#/0∋3.&7!#%>∃,∋1(%&!3,+!%Γ>∃3,4%!&%0:∋>%&!
!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΟΛ/!ϑ4∀3()%.!Τ3Π!
ϑ∃%! ∋+%3#∋/,! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! %Γ≅3,+%+! (≅/,! #∃%! #∃%∗%&! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! /)&%0:3#∋/,3.! &#(+;Κ! ϑ∃%!
+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/0!>.(&#%0%+!,%Φ!∋+%3&!3&!#∃%;!%∗%04%+Κ!=/(0!−/>(&%+!1(%&#∋/,&!Φ%0%!(&%+!#/!≅0/∗≅#!
+∋&>(&&∋/,!3,+!%Γ≅3,+!+∋3./4(%7!Φ∃∋>∃!−3>∋.∋#3#%+!∋+%3#∋/,µ!
ΧΚ Ε/Φ!∗∋4∃#!2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃!%,3).%!−3&∃∋/,!Π∀;,%.3∗),3()%.!#∃0/(4∃!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,Ι!
ΑΚ Ε/Φ!∗∋4∃#!2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃!&(≅≅/0#!∗/0%!∀∋Π∀;)∀.()3∗!2%.,<5Π()%.Ι!
∆Κ Ε/Φ!∗∋4∃#!2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃!/−−%0!,(Ν∗).−!,<ΠΠ%;(Ι!
Κ Ε/Φ!∗∋4∃#!2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃!(#∋.∋&%!,%2)3∗!5∀4)3!>∃3,,%.&!#/!,93;∀Ι!
166
ϑ∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!Φ%0%!≅0/∗≅#%+! #/! >/,&∋+%0! #∃%&%!1(%&#∋/,!3,+! #∃%∋0! 0%&≅/,&%&!Φ%0%!+/>(∗%,#%+!
Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! ∋+%3#∋/,! ∗3≅! η&%%! 1()2,&! ∃3! 3)/:%! 5! ∃Χ! )%./ΦιΚ! ∀! &(∗∗30;! /−! %3>∃! 1(3+03,#! /−! #∃%!
∋+%3#∋/,!∗3≅!∋&!+/>(∗%,#%+!)%./ΦΚ!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΟΘ/!ϑ4∀3()%.!Τ3Π!∃%.(∀.(!
ΖΚςΚΘ!β3χ!+ΧΓϑ∴Φ!ϑ+ΧΑ&ϑ∆Φ/!∃%.,<5∀;!∃;∀3()%.!1)(9).!3!Η9Ν,)23∗!Μ%;6,9%Π!%;!Χ:∀.(!
!Ν+%,#∋−;∋,4!3!,%Φ!3>#∋/,!&≅3>%!#/!+%.∋:%0!3!≅∃;&∋>3.!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!/0!%:%,#7!>/(.+!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!−∋0&#!"%!/−!
#∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! Φ/(.+! 0%1(∋0%! ∋+%,#∋−∋>3#∋/,! /−! 3,! ∋,>.(&∋:%! #%Γ#∋.%! ∗3Η∋,4!
≅0/>%&&7!−/../Φ∋,4!#∃%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∋∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,!/−!#∃%!≅0%:∋/(&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&Κ!ϑ∃%!40/(≅!%Γ≅3,+%+!
(≅/,! ≅%0&/,3.∋&3#∋/,! 3,+! %Γ≅%0∋%,#∋3.! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%∋0! ∋+%3&! %Γ≅./0%+! ∃/Φ! #∃%! ≅∃;&∋>3.! %:%,#&!
>/(.+!)%!"%+!#/!+%:%./≅!>/,#%,#!Φ∃∋>∃!>/(.+!−%%+!+∋0%>#.;!)3>Η!#/!#∃%! Ο2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃Π!∀≅≅Κ!8∃∋.%!
#∃%! ∀≅≅! >/(.+! ≅0/:∋+%! +∋4∋#3.! +%&∋4,! #//.&7! 3&≅%>#&! /−! 0%&(.#∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&! >/(.+! 3.&/! )%! 3≅≅.∋%+! );!
∃3,+Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! 3! &%0∋%&! /−! .∋:%! %:%,#&! Φ∋#∃! ,%Φ.;! %).∋&∃%+! 3,+! %∗%04∋,4! #%Γ#∋.%! /0! −3&∃∋/,!
167
+%&∋4,%0&7! #∃%! ∀≅≅! >/(.+! ∋,∋#∋3#%! 34%,>;! 3,+! ≅0/∗/#%! (≅Μ&Η∋..∋,4! );! >/∗)∋,∋,4! +∋4∋#3.! +%&∋4,!
≅0/>%&&%&!Φ∋#∃!#03+∋#∋/,3.!∗3Η∋,4Κ!!
ΖΚςΚΘ!β8χ!+ΧΓϑ∴Φ!ϑ+ΧΑ&ϑ∆Φ/!∃%.,<5∀;!∃;∀3()%.!Ε32)∗)(3(∀4!8Ν!3!+)−)(3∗!ΑΠΠ!!
!
∀&!Φ%..!3&!#∃%!∀≅≅!∋,>/0≅/03#∋,4!+∋4∋#3.!∋∗34∋,4!#//.&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#%Γ#∋.%!∗3Η∋,4!#∃0/(4∃!3!≅0/>%&&!/−!
∋+%3#∋/,7! #∃%! 40/(≅! %Γ≅3,+%+! (≅/,! ≅%0&/,3.∋&3#∋/,7! &#;.∋,4! 3,+! &∃30∋,4Κ! ϑ∃%! Ν,ോ∗! ∀≅≅! Φ3&!
+%∗/,#%+!#/!∋,&≅∋0%!#∃%!40/(≅!#/!>/,&∋+%0!∃/Φ!&∋∗∋.30!−%3#(0%&!>/(.+!)%!∋,#%403#%+!/0!3+3≅#%+Κ!
ϑ∃%!40/(≅!−%+!)3>Η!#∃3#!#∃%!Ο2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃Π!3≅≅!&∃/(.+!3.&/!∋,>.(+%!∋,&≅∋03#∋/,3.!>/,#%,#!#/!∋,−/0∗!3,+!
∋,−.(%,>%!,%Φ!#0%,+&7!#∃%∗%&!3,+!#%>∃,∋1(%&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∗3;!)%!∋,!#∃%!−/0∗!/−!3!ΟΣ∋≅!3,+!Ξ∋ΓΠ!−%3#(0%!#∃3#!
>/(.+!>/∗)∋,%!%Γ∋&#∋,4!+∋4∋#3.!>/,#%,#Κ!
ϑ∃0/(4∃!3!)03∋,&#/0∗∋,4!&%&&∋/,!#∃%!40/(≅&!%Γ≅./0%+!,%Φ!∋+%3&!−/0!%:%,#&!3,+!&%0:∋>%!≅0/:∋&∋/,&!#/!
&(≅≅/0#!3,!/,.∋,%!3,+!/−−.∋,%!>/∗∗(,∋#;!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!∀≅≅Κ!ϑ∃%!40/(≅!%Γ≅./0%+!∃/Φ!#∃∋&!>/(.+!!≅0/:∋+%!
3!+∋4∋#3.!&≅3>%!−/0!./>3.!>∋#∋ς%,&!#/!>/,,%>#!3,+!>/..3)/03#%!/,!3!./>3.!&>3.%!4./)3..;Κ!ϑ∃%!#%>∃,/./4;!/−!
4%/Μ#344∋,4!Φ3&!+∋&>(&&%+!#/!%Γ≅./0%!∃/Φ!/,.∋,%!(&%0&!>/(.+!∗3≅!#∃%∋0! ./>3.!4%/403≅∃;!&/!#∃3#!3,;!
+%&∋4,! >/(.+! )%! ∗3≅≅%+! #/! &∃30%! (&%0! ∋,#%03>#∋/,! 3,+! %,>/(034%! >∋#∋ς%,&! #/! &∃30%! &#/0∋%&! /−! #∃%!
&>30:%&!≅0%!3,+!≅/&#!≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ!!
!
ΖΚςΚΘ!β2χ!ΗΙ∆+Σ∃&ϑ∆Φ!ϑ+ΧΑ&ϑ∆Φ/!Β%23∗!Γ∀;:)2∀!Η;%:),)%.!
!ϑ∃%! Ο2∋#∋ς%,! 2./#∃Π! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 0%1(∋0%&! 3! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! 3,+! +∋�∋)(#∋/,! ∗%#∃/+! #/! +%:%./≅! ∋,#/! 3,!
3.#%0,3#∋:%!−3&∃∋/,!&;&#%∗Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!>/(.+!≅0/∗/#%!&∗3..!&>3.%7!./>3.!≅0/+(>#∋/,!);!(≅>;>.∋,4!
&>30:%&! 03#∃%0! #∃3,! >0%3#∋,4! ∗/0%! ,%Φ! ≅0/+(>#&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! >/(.+! )%! 3>∃∋%:%+! #∃0/(4∃! %).∋&∃∋,4!
≅30#,%0&∃∋≅&!Φ∋#∃!+∋4∋#3.! −3)0∋>!≅0∋,#∋,4!)(0%3(&!Φ∋#∃∋,!ΕΤ! η∃∋4∃%0!%+(>3#∋/,ι!/0!30#! &>∃//.! &%##∋,4&7!
Φ∃∋>∃!30%!∗/0%!>/&#!%−−%>#∋:%!#∃3,!∗3∋,�%3∗!>/∗∗%0>∋3.!)(0%3(&Κ!Ω(&#!3&!#∃%!/≅%,!&/(0>%!+%&∋4,!
∗/:%∗%,#! ∋&! %∗≅/Φ%0∋,4! 4./)3.! ,%#Φ/0Η&7! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! 3,+! >/,&%1(%,#.;! ∋,,/:3#∋/,!
/,.∋,%Κ!?0/+(>#∋/,!≅0/>%&&%&!0%1(∋0%!−(0#∃%0!>/,&∋+%03#∋/,!∋,!/0+%0!#/!&(≅≅/0#!:∋3).%!3.#%0,3#∋:%&!#/!3!
−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!−(#(0%Κ!=(0#∃%0!0%&%30>∃!∋&!0%1(∋0%+!#/!%Γ≅./0%!∃/Φ!#/!&;,>!#∃%!∀≅≅!#/!3!+∋4∋#3.!&%0:∋>%!#/!
≅0/:∋+%!/,!+%∗3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!>/,:%0&3#∋/,!−/>(&%+!/,!3!≅0/+(>#∋/,!∗/+%.!−/0!#∃%!&>30:%&7!3,+!
∃∋4∃.∋4∃#%+!∋#!Φ/(.+!,/#!)%!3≅≅0/≅0∋3#%!#/!≅∃;&∋>3..;!≅0/+(>%!%3>∃!+∋4∋#3.!/(#≅(#!Φ∃∋>∃!Φ/(.+!Φ/0Η!
343∋,&#!#∃%!&(∋,3).%!34%,+3!/−!#∃∋&!0%&%30>∃Κ!Ε/Φ%:%0!3!&%0∋%&!/−!"%+!∋,#%03>#∋/,&!>/(.+!&(≅≅/0#!
+%&∋4,!+%:%./≅∗%,#!#/!%,&(0%!/,.;!#∃%!#/≅!03#%+!+%&∋4,&!4/!∋,#/!≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ!=(0#∃%0!0%&%30>∃!>/(.+!
>/,&∋+%0!#∃%!∋∗≅3>#!/−!:∋0#(3.!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!#/!∋+%,#∋−;!∋−!#∃%!≅0/>%&&!/−!/,.∋,%!/0!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!
3,+!∗3Η∋,4!∋,!&/∗%!−/0∗!>/(.+!&3#∋&−;!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0Π&!,%%+7!%:%,!−/0!3!#%∗≅/030;!≅%0∋/+!/−!#∋∗%Κ!ϑ∃%!
40/(≅! 3.&/! %Γ≅0%&&%+! 3,! ∋,#%0%&#! −/0! ∗/0%! %Γ≅%0∋%,#∋3.! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,7! 3! "%! #∃3#! >/(.+! 3.&/! )%!
∋,>/0≅/03#%+!∋,#/!3!−(#(0%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!%:%,#&!&%0∋%&Κ!
!
168
ΖΚςΚΘ!β4χ!ΣΓΧ!Η0ΑΓΧ!ϑ+ΧΑ&ϑ∆Φ/!Γ(Ν∗).−!!
ϑ∃%! ∋+%3#∋/,! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! >/,>.(+%+! );! >/,&∋+%0∋,4! ∃/Φ! Ο2∋#∋ς%,! 2./#∃Π! ∗∋4∃#! +%:%./≅! +∋4∋#3.! #/(>∃!
≅/∋,#&! /0! ≅∃;&∋>3.! #//.&! #/! &(≅≅/0#! >/,&(∗%0! ∋,#%03>#∋/,! ≅/&#! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! &>30:%&!
Φ/(.+!)%!+%&∋4,%+!#∃0/(4∃!&/∗%!−/0∗!/−!>/..3)/03#∋/,7! #∃(&!%Γ#%,+∋,4!#∃%!&>/≅%!−/0!,3003#∋:%!3,+!
,%Φ! ≅%0&/,3.! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%&! #/! %∗%04%Κ! ϑ∃%! ∀≅≅! >/(.+! %,>/(034%! Ο�%%#! &#;.∋,4Π! 3,+! Ο&Φ3≅≅∋,4Π!
#∃0/(4∃!≅0/∗/#∋/,&Κ!∀!.3&#∋,4!%∗/#∋/,3.!3,+!∗%3,∋,4−(.!>/,,%>#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!&>30:%&!∋,!#∃∋&!>3&%!/0!
/#∃%0! >0%3#∋:%! /(#≅(#7! 0%1(∋0%&! ≅%0&/,3.! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%&7! Φ∃∋>∃! 30%! )%;/,+! #∃%! ∋,−.(%,>%! /0! +∋0%>#!
>/,#0/.! /−! #∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0Κ! Λ(#! #∃%! ∀≅≅! >/(.+! +%:%./≅! >/,#%,#! #∃0/(4∃! /,.∋,%! &#;.%!
+%∗/,#∋/,&! #/! ≅0/∗/#%! 0%Μ(&%Κ! ϑ∃%0%! ∋&! 3.&/! ≅/#%,#∋3.! #/! +%:%./≅! ≅∃;&∋>3.! #/(>∃! ≅/∋,#&! #/!
−3>∋.∋#3#%! ,%Φ! ∋,#%03>#∋/,&Κ! ϑ∃%! 40/(≅! +∋&>(&&%+! Ο403ς%&! )/Γ%&Π7! 3! &()&>0∋≅#∋/,! )3&%+! &%0:∋>%! Φ∃∋>∃!
+∋�∋)(#%&!&3∗≅.%&!Φ%%Η.;!#/!∗/,#∃.;Κ!8∋#∃∋,!#∃%!)%3(#;!∋,+(�7!&∋∗∋.30!&%0:∋>%&!30%!)%4∋,,∋,4!#/!
%∗%04%!)(#! #∃%0%! ∋&!,/!%1(∋:3.%,#!Φ∋#∃∋,!3! −3&∃∋/,!>/,#%Γ#!Φ∃∋>∃! Ο:%&Π!/−−!>(00%,#!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!
ϑ∃%0%! ∋&! ≅/#%,#∋3.! ∃%0%! #/! +%:%./≅! 3! &%0:∋>%!Φ∃∋>∃! &%,+&! /(#! 3! ≅3>Η34%!∗/,#∃.;! /0! )∋!∗/,#∃.;7! #/!
&(∋,!#∃%!(&%!≅∃3&%Κ!
ΖΚςΚ[ ∃)()ι∀.!∃∗%(9!+∀,)−.!Η;%Π%,)()%.,!=;%5!ϑ4∀3()%.!Μ%;6,9%Π!
!ΧΚ ∃)()ι∀.! ∃∗%(9! 0326! Χ:∀.(,/! >/(.+! )%! ∃/&#%+! 3,,(3..;! #/! +%∗/,#%! 3,+! +%∗;&#∋−;! #∃%! #%Γ#∋.%!
∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! %:%,#! >/(.+! >/,,%>#!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!+%&∋4,%0&!Φ∋#∃! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&7!
≅0/:∋+∋,4! #∃%∗! Φ∋#∃! #∃%! /≅≅/0#(,∋#;! #/! Φ/0Η! >/..3)/03#∋:%.;! /:%0! 3,! ∋,#%,&%! ≅%0∋/+! /−! #∋∗%Κ!
8∋#∃∋,! /#∃%0! +%&∋4,! +∋&>∋≅.∋,%&! 3,+! ∋,+(�! &%>#/0&7! +%&∋4,! _3∗&! 3,+! ∗3Η%Μ3Μ#∃/,&! 30%! 3! ,%Φ!
3≅≅0/3>∃! #/! >/,#%∗≅/030;! >0%3#∋:%! ≅03>#∋>%&! Φ∃∋>∃! &(≅≅/0#&! >/..%>#∋:%! 3>#∋/,! );! 3++0%&&∋,4! 3!
&∃30%+!>∃3..%,4%!ηΝ6ΤΨ!∗3Η%Μ3Μ#∃/,7!∴%0:∋>%!6%&∋4,!Ω3∗7!ΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!ϑ∃%&%!%:%,#&!30%!3.&/!�%3∗%+!
/,.∋,%!#/!&;,>!./>3.!3>#∋/,!4./)3..;Κ!ϑ∃∋&!#∃%0%−/0%!≅0/:∋+%&!#∃%!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!#/!�%3∗!%:%,#&!.∋:%!
/,.∋,%!#/!&;,>!#%Γ#∋.%!∗3Η∋,4!&%&&∋/,&Κ!!
ΑΚ ∃)()ι∀.!∃∗%(9!Φ∀(1%;6/!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.!#/!)(∋.+!3!4./)3.!&/>∋3.!,%#Φ/0Η!/,.∋,%!#∃%0%!∋&!−(0#∃%0!
≅/#%,#∋3.! #/!&(≅≅/0#!3!:30∋%#;!/−!+∋−−%0%,#! ./>3.!>/∗∗(,∋#∋%&7!4./)3..;7!/−−.∋,%!#∃0/(4∃!3!&%0∋%&!/−!
&3#%..∋#%!≅0/_%>#&Κ!=/>(&∋,4!&≅%>∋−∋>3..;!/,!Ζ%,!Ρ!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&7!≅%0∃3≅&!∋,!>/..3)/03#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!3!Ζ%,!Ρ!
−3&∃∋/,! )./44%07! ./>3.! &%0:∋>%&! >3,! 3.&/! )%! >∃3∗≅∋/,%+Κ! </>3..;! &/(0>%+! #03+∋#∋/,3.! /0! /#∃%0!
∋+%,#∋−∋3).%! #%Γ#∋.%! &Η∋..&! ∗3;! 3.&/! )%! ∋,#%403#%+! ∋,#/! #∃%! >0%3#∋:%! ≅0/>%&&7! &∃30%+! 3,+! ≅0/−∋.%+!
/,.∋,%Κ! ∴∗3..! >/..%>#∋/,&! /−! #%Γ#∋.%! ≅0∋,#&! −/0! &>30:%&! 3,+! /#∃%0! 430∗%,#&! >/(.+! )%! >0%3#%+! 3,+!
≅0/+(>%+!#∃0/(4∃/(#!#∃∋&!≅0/>%&&Κ!
∆Κ ∃)()ι∀.!∃∗%(9!Η%Π!ΣΠγ,/!∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/&! >/(.+! #03:%.! 30/(,+! #/! %,434%!≅%/≅.%! #∃0/(4∃! 0%3.! #∋∗%!
%:%,#&7!3>#∋:∋#∋%&!3,+!&Η∋..&!%Γ>∃3,4%Κ!ϑ∃∋&!>/(.+!)%!&(≅≅/0#%+!);!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!≅30#,%0&∃∋≅&!Φ∋#∃!
−3&∃∋/,! )03,+&! &%%Η∋,4! ,%Φ! #;≅%&! /−! %,434%∗%,#! 3,+! ≅0/−∋.∋,4! 3&! Ο∗3#%0∋3.! 0%&/(0>%Π! 3,+!
&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!∋&&(%&!∋,>0%3&%Κ!Λ03,+&!)%4∋,!#/!&%%Η!,%Φ!Φ3;&!#/!%,434%!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0Κ!!
169
Κ ∃)()ι∀.! ∃∗%(9! 0%1#&%! &<(%;)3∗,/! 3,! /≅%,! &/(0>%! .∋)030;! /−! +/Φ,./3+3).%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! #//.Η∋#&!
>/(.+!)%!3&&%∗).%+!3,+!3:3∋.3).%!−/0!/#∃%0&!#/!3>>%&&Κ!ϑ∃%;!>/(.+!)%!+%∗/,#%+!#∃0/(4∃!−∋.∗!
η/,.∋,%ι!3,+!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!η/−−.∋,%ι!!
αΚ ∃)()ι∀.!∃∗%(9!Γ13Π!Γ9%Π/! 3! .∋∗∋#%+!%+∋#∋/,! >/..%>#∋/,! >/(.+!)%! 0%#3∋.%+!:∋3!∀∴Ψ∴!∗30Η%#≅.3>%! #/!
≅0/∗/#%!#∃%!≅.3#−/0∗Κ!ϑ∃∋&!>/(.+!/−−%0!−∋,∋&∃%+!>/..%>#∋/,&!3&!Φ%..!3&!≅0/∗/#%!#∃%!≅%0&/,3.∋&3#∋/,!
&%0:∋>%!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!+/Φ,./3+!/−!#∃%!3≅≅Κ!
!
ΖΚςΚΥ!∃)()ι∀.!∃∗%(9!Σ,∀;!Χ∋Π∀;)∀.2∀!Η;%(%(ΝΠ∀!Μ%;6,9%Π!
!ϑ∃%! −∋,3.! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! 3≅≅.∋%+! ./Μ−∋+%.∋#;! ≅0/#/#;≅∋,4! #/! ∗/>Η! (≅! 3! Ο2∋#∋ς%,! 2./#∃Π! (&%0! &/9&,(&∗=&!
9,.+.+Μ9&∀!ϑ∃∋&!%,3).%+!#∃%!&3∗%!40/(≅!/−!&∋Γ!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!#/!∋,#%03>#!Φ∋#∃!≅∃;&∋>3.7!:∋&(3.!
3,+!#3,4∋).%!∗3#%0∋3.&!#/!+%:%./≅!3!+%%≅%0!(,+%0,+∋,4!/−!Ο2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃ΠΚ!ϑ∃%!∀≅≅!Φ3&!≅0/#/#;≅%+!
∋,! )%#3! −/0∗µ! −∋0&#.;7! #∃0/(4∃! ≅3≅%0! ≅0/#/#;≅∋,47! )%−/0%! 0%−∋,∋,4! 3! &%0∋%&! /−! &∋∗≅.%! #03,&∋#∋/,&! #/!
+%:%./≅!3!+∋4∋#3.!+%∗/,#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!∋,#%0−3>%!#%∗≅.3#%&!Φ%0%!+∋4∋#3..;!>0%3#%+!3,+!Φ∋0%!−03∗%+!(&∋,4!
Ψ∗,∋Ζ03−−.%!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!ϑ∃∋&!≅0/:∋+%+!>/,#%,#!#/!+%∗/,#%!#∃%!∀≅≅!>/,>%≅#!/,!3!#3).%#!+%:∋>%Κ!ϑ∃%!./Μ
−∋+%.∋#;!≅0/#/#;≅%!>/(.+!,/#! &(≅≅/0#!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!,3:∋43#∋/,!)(#!Φ3&!3!(&%−(.!≅0/≅! #/!&(≅≅/0#!+%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! 3,+! +%∗/,#%! ≅/#%,#∋3.! −(,>#∋/,3.∋#;Κ! ϑ∃%! ∗/>Η! (≅! ≅0/:∋+%+! #∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! Φ∋#∃!
#3,4∋).%! ≅0/≅&! #/! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! #∃%! ∋,#%0−3>%! −∋0&#! ∃3,+! 3,+! ≅0%:∋%Φ! #∃%! ∗%,(! /−! 3:3∋.3).%! /≅#∋/,&7!
%&&%,#∋3..;!3!#%&#!∋,#%0−3>%!#/!%,3).%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#/!∋∗34∋,%!∃/Φ!#∃%!∀≅≅!>/,>%≅#!∗∋4∃#!≅%0−/0∗!3,+!
>/,&%1(%,#.;!&∃30%!−%%+)3>Η!/,!#∃%!−%3#(0%&Κ!!
!
Ε)−<;∀!ΟΘ!Χ∋Π∀;)∀.2∀!Η;%(%(ΝΠ∀!∃)()ι∀.!∃∗%(9!ΑΠΠ!
∀! +∋4∋#3.! ∗3Η∋,4! ≅0/>%&&! Φ3&! −3>∋.∋#3#%+! #/! %,3).%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! #/! >0%3#%! #∃%∋0! /Φ,! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,!
>/,>%≅#&Κ! ϑ∃%! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+!∗3Η∋,4!∗%#∃/+&! −0/∗! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! Ο∴∃30%+! ∴>30:%&Π!
&(≅≅/0#%+! #∃∋&! ≅0/>%&&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! Φ3&! #∋#.%+! Ο?ΣΝΘϑ! Ξ∀∴Ε! 9?Π! 3,+! ≅0/∗/#%+! #∃%! ∋+%3! /−!
_(Γ#3≅/&∋,47! >/∗)∋,∋,4! 3,+! >/..34∋,4! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! ≅0∋,#! 3,+! ≅3##%0,! #/! 3>∃∋%:%! ,%Φ! >/,>%≅#&Κ! ∀!
∗//+! )/30+! 3,+! 0%&/(0>%! Φ3&! >0%3#%+! /,! +∋4∋#3.! ≅.3#−/0∗! ?∋,#%0%&#! #/! ∋,&≅∋0%! +%&∋4,! 3,+!
170
+%:%./≅∗%,#Κ!!∀!+∋4∋#3.!%+∋#∋,4!≅0/>%&&!Φ3&!≅0/:∋+%+!(&∋,4!#∃%!3≅≅&!#/!0%−∋,%!%3>∃!>/,>%≅#!∋,!#%0∗&!
/−!&>3.%7!≅3##%0,!0%≅%3#!/0!>/∗≅/&∋#∋/,!)%−/0%!&%.%>#∋,4!>/./(0!(&∋,4!#/,3.!≅3.%##%&Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#!#∃∋&!
∋,#%03>#∋:%!+%∗/,#∋/,7!≅0/#/#;≅%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&!%∗%04%+Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!#03∋.∋,4!
3,+!#%&#∋,4!%Γ∋&#∋,4!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,&!Η%;!%).∋&∃%+!−%3#(0%&!3,+!>/∗≅/,%,#&!Φ%0%!3.&/! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+Κ!ϑ∃∋&!
>/,#%,#!>/(.+!)%!%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!,%Γ#!∋#%03#∋/,!/−!#∃%!!Ο2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃Π!∀≅≅!+%∗/,#/0Κ!
!
ΖΚςΚς!Ι∀=∗∀2()%.!%.!Τ∀(9%4,!
!ϑ∃0/(4∃!#∃%!3>#∋/,!0%&%30>∃!∗%#∃/+/./4;!3,!∋#%03#∋:%!3≅≅0/3>∃!Φ3&!3+/≅#%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!%3>∃!>;>.%!/−!
%Γ≅%0∋∗%,#3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! /)&%0:3#∋/,3.! &#(+;! >3≅#(0%+! −0%&∃! ∋,&∋4∃#&! −0/∗! #∃%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&!
≅%0&≅%>#∋:%! #/! >/,&∋+%0! #∃%∋0! 3##∋#(+%&!3,+!≅%0>%≅#∋/,&!/−! &(∋,3)∋.∋#;Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! #∃%!/)&%0:3#∋/,3.!
&#(+;! #∃%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! ≅%0>%≅#∋/,&! /−! &(∋,3)∋.∋#;! Φ3&! 3++0%&&%+Κ! =(.#/,! ∴(0∋! ηΑΒΒχι!
304(%&!#∃%!:3.(%!/−!/)&%0:∋,4!+%&∋4,%+!30#∋−3>#&7!∋,!>/,#%Γ#&!/−!(&%Κ!Θ%Φ!∋,&∋4∃#&!>3,!)%4∋,!#/!%∗%04%!
#/! ∋+%,#∋−;! #0%,+&7! )%∃3:∋/(0! 3,+! %:%,! ≅0/).%∗&! 3,+! ,%%+&! #∃3#! ∃3:%! 4/,%! (,Μ,/#∋>%+! /0! (,Μ
3++0%&&%+!+(%!#/!#∃%!/0+∋,30∋,%&&Κ!ϑ∃%!/)&%0:3#∋/,3.!∗%#∃/+&!≅0/:∋+%+!3,!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!#/!.%30,!∗/0%!
3)/(#!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0Π&!,%%+&7!Φ3,#&7!∃/≅%&!3,+!3&≅∋03#∋/,&!3&!#∃%;!Φ%,#!3)/(#!#∃%∋0!%:%0;+3;!
.∋:%&! /,! #∃%! ∃∋4∃! �%%#Κ! ϑ∃%! %Γ≅./03#/0;! ∗%#∃/+&! /−! +Τ(++&,! ∋2,−&Μ∋! 3,+! ∋+,&&+! ∋+Μ0&! (∗+&,−(&Τ∋!
&(≅≅/0#!%∗≅3#∃;!)(∋.+∋,4!#∃0/(4∃/(#!#∃%!%30.;!"%&!/−!+%&∋4,∋,4!3,+!+%:%./≅∋,4!#∃%!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!
ϑ∃%! #Φ∋##%0! &(0:%;! Φ3&! >∃3∗≅∋/,%+! );! ≅0/−%&&∋/,3.! )./44%0&! &(>∃! 3&! =∋,3.! =3&∃∋/,! 3,+! ϕ3,∋..3! Ν,Η!
ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ! ϑ∃%&%! ∋,+∋:∋+(3.&! Φ%0%! 3.0%3+;! &(>>%&&−(..;! 3+/≅#∋,4! +∋4∋#3.! #//.&! #/! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ∋∗≅.%∗%,#!
#∃%∋0!/Φ,!/,.∋,%!∗30Η%#≅.3>%Κ!ϑ∃%!∋+,&&+! ∋+Μ0&! (∗+&,−(&Τ! 0%−%0%,>%+!3,!3≅≅0/3>∃!3≅≅.∋%+!);! &%0:∋>%!
+%&∋4,!34%,>;!∴,//Η!ηΑΒΧ∆ι!Φ∃/!3+:/>3#%!)/##/∗!(≅!∗30Η%#!0%&%30>∃!);!4/∋,4!/(#!/,#/!#∃%!�%%#!#/!
#3.Η!+∋0%>#.;!Φ∋#∃!%,+!(&%0&Κ!Ν,∋#∋3#∋,4!−3>%!#/!−3>%!>/,:%0&3#∋/,!Φ3&!>∃3..%,4∋,4!)(#!&/∗%!/−!#∃%!∗/&#!
:3.(3).%!1(3.∋#3#∋:%!+3#3!Φ3&!>3≅#(0%+!3,+!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!Φ/(.+!3≅≅.;!#∃∋&!∗%#∃/+!343∋,!#/!>/..3#%!
≅0∋∗30;!+3#3!−/0!−(#(0%!0%&%30>∃Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#! (%&8+(.∗! Λ89! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3! #//.! #/! −3>∋.∋#3#%! >/,:%0&3#∋/,! 3,+! >3≅#(0%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!
−%%+)3>ΗΚ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!)03∋,&#/0∗∋,47!,%Φ!∋+%3&!Φ%0%!>3≅#(0%+!3,+!>.(&#%0%+!#/!%Γ≅3,+!(≅/,!#∃%!∗3≅!);!
≅0/:∋+∋,4! 3! −(#(0%! >/,#%Γ#Κ! ϑ∃%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! ≅.3;%+! 3,! 3>#∋:%! 0/.%! ∋,! +%−∋,∋,4! #∃%! ∗3∋,!
&%0:∋>%! −%3#(0%&! #3∋./0%+! #/! ∗%%#! #∃%∋0! &≅%>∋−∋>! ,%%+&! 3,+! ∋,#%0%&#&Κ! ϑ∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%!
≅0/#/#;≅%! ∋,−/0∗%+!+%:%./≅∗%,#!/−! #∃%!2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃!∀≅≅! >/,>%≅#! 3,+! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+! 0%.%:3,#! −%3#(0%&!
−0/∗!%Γ∋&#∋,4!∀≅≅Π&Κ!Ψ:%03..!#∃%!≅0/#/#;≅%!0%1(∋0%+!3!&∋4,∋−∋>3,#!.%:%.!/−!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!∋,!/0+%0!#/!
+%∗/,#%!(&%0!∋,#%03>#∋/,Κ!!
171
ΖΚςΚδ!∆<(2%5∀,!
!ϑ∃%!/(#>/∗%&!/−! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!+∋−−%0! #/! #∃%!≅0%:∋/(&!3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃!≅0/_%>#&7!3&! #∃%!≅0/>%&&!/−!
+%&∋4,∋,4! 3,+! +%:%./≅∋,4! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! ∃3&! )%%,! .%−#! /≅%,! 3,+!Φ∋..! 0%1(∋0%! −(0#∃%0! 0%−∋,%∗%,#Κ!
ϑ∃%! /)&%0:3#∋/,3.! &#(+;! 3≅≅.∋%+! %∗≅3#∃;! )(∋.+∋,4! ∗%#∃/+&! #/! (,+%0#3Η%! ∗30Η%#! 0%&%30>∃! /,! 3!
&3∗≅.%! 40/(≅! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&Κ! ϑ∃%∋0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! ∃3&! )%%,! +%#3∋.%+!Φ∋#∃∋,! ! >/∗≅.%#%!
#Φ∋##%0!&(0:%;&!3,+!Αχ!�%%#!&#;.%!∋,#%0:∋%Φ&!+/>(∗%,#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!∀≅≅%,+∋Γ!6Κ!ϑ∃%!(%&8+(.∗!Τ.,>∋5.9!
0%&(.#%+! ∋,!3!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#! (%&8+(.∗!Λ89! #/!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#!≅/#%,#∋3.! &%0:∋>%!+%&∋4,! −%3#(0%&!3,+! #∃%&%!Φ%0%!
%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,!∋,!40%3#%0!+%#3∋.!3,+!0%−∋,%+!#∃0/(4∃!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!3,+!−%%+)3>ΗΚ!∀!≅∃;&∋>3.!)/+;!/−!
Φ/0Η!%∗%04%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!&/9&,(&∗=&!9,.+.+Μ9&!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!∀≅≅!+%∗/,#∋/,Κ!!
!
ΖΚδ!Χ:3∗<3()%.!
!
ΖΚδΚΛ!Ι∀=∗∀2()%.!%.!Ε32)∗)(3()%.!
!ϑ∃%!0/.%!/−!#∃%!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/0!Φ3&!%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,!#∃0/(4∃!#∃∋&!−∋,3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!);!
3≅≅.;∋,4!(&%0!>%,#0%+!+%&∋4,Κ!6%&∋4,!∗%#∃/+&!Φ%0%!∋∗≅.%∗%,#%+!#/!>3≅#(0%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!−%%+)3>Η!3,+!
%,3).%! >/,#0∋)(#∋/,&! #∃0/(4∃! ∋+%3#∋/,! 3,+! >/,>%≅#(3.∋&3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0! ∋#%03#%+! 3,+!
0%−∋,%+!#∃%!>/,>%≅#!#∃0/(4∃!)/#∃!≅∃;&∋>3.!3,+!+∋4∋#3.!≅0/#/#;≅∋,4Κ!ϑ∃%!≅0/#/#;≅%&!≅0/:∋+%+!≅0/≅&!#/!
&(≅≅/0#! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃! ≅0/>%&&! 3,+! ≅0/:∋+%+! 3! �(>#(0%! #/! +∋0%>#! #∃%! ≅3>%! 3,+! −./Φ! /−! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#!
∋,≅(#Κ!!
ϑ∃%!/)&%0:3#∋/,3.!&#(+;!Φ3&!%Γ≅./03#/0;!3,+!0%1(∋0%+!3!+∋0%>#!3≅≅0/3>∃!−0/∗!#∃%!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/0Κ!
ϑ∃%! �%%#! &#;.%! ∋,#%0:∋%Φ&! Φ%0%! #∃%! ∗/&#! >∃3..%,4∋,4! −%3#(0%! #/! +%.∋:%07! 3&! #∃%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!
>/,&(∗%0&!Φ%0%!,/#!/−#%,!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%+! ∋,! &∃30∋,4! ∋,&∋4∃#&! 3,+!/)&%0:3#∋/,&Κ!∀≅≅0/3>∃∋,4!≅/#%,#∋3.!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! +∋0%>#.;! /,! #∃%! ∃∋4∃! �%%#! Φ∃∋.%! #∃%;! Φ%0%! ∋∗∗%0&%+! ∋,! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0∋&∗!
3>#∋:∋#∋%&!≅0/:%+!%−−%>#∋:%Κ!Ε/Φ%:%0! ∋,!/(#.∋,∋,4!>/,#%Γ#&!/−!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;7! #∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!∃3+!#/!)%!
&%,&∋#∋:%Κ! ϑ∃∋&! Φ3&! ,/#! 3,! %Γ%0>∋&%! #/! ≅0%3>∃7! +%∗3,+! /0! >/,:%0#! )(#! 03#∃%0! #/! >3≅#(0%! 3,!
(,+%0,+∋,4! /−! #∃%! >/,&(∗%0Π&! ∗/#∋:3#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! ≅03>#∋>3.! #3&Η! /−! 3≅≅0/3>∃∋,47! 1(%&#∋/,∋,4! 3,+!
≅∃/#/403≅∃∋,4! >/,&(∗%0&! /,! #∃%! ∃∋4∃! �%%#! ∋∗≅0/:%+! #∃0/(4∃/(#! #∃%! >/(0&%! /−! #∃%! +3;Κ! Ψ,!
0%−.%>#∋/,!#∃∋&!>/(.+!∃3:%!)%%,!∋∗≅0/:%+!);!∋,#%403#∋,4!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#/!&∃30%!−%%+)3>Η!3,+!0%&≅/,&%&!
∋,! 0%3.! #∋∗%7! /0! #/! 0(,! #∃%! #Φ∋##%0! &(0:%;! ∋,! ≅303..%.! #/! #∃%! �%%#! &#;.%! ∋,#%0:∋%Φ&Κ! ϑ∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!
>/(.+!∃3:%!#∃%,!3>>%&&%+!#∃%!+3#3!3,+!%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,!#∃%∋0!−%%+)3>Η!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!0%−.%>#∋/,Κ!
ϑ∃∋&!∗3;!∃3:%!≅0/:∋+%+!3!0∋>∃%0!>/,#%Γ#!−/0!≅%/≅.%!#/!&∃30%!#∃%∋0!∋,≅(#Κ!
=/0! #∃%! +%&∋4,! 0%&%30>∃%07! )/#∃! #∃%! (%&8+(.∗! Τ.,>∋5.9! 3,+! &/9&,(&∗=&! 9,.+.+Μ9&! Φ%0%! %Γ>∋#∋,4!
∗%#∃/+&!#/! −3>∋.∋#3#%Κ!ϑ∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#! ∋+%3#∋/,!∗3≅!Φ3&!+%&∋4,%+! ∋,!3+:3,>%!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!−./Φ!/−!
>/,:%0&3#∋/,Κ! Ν+%3&! Φ%0%! 0%−∋,%+! ∋,! #∃%! −∋,3.! "%&! /−! #∃%! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! Φ∋#∃! 3! :∋%Φ! #/! Φ∃3#! Φ3&!
172
>(00%,#.;! #%>∃,∋>3..;! ≅/&&∋).%! #/! +%.∋:%0! 3,+!Φ∃3#! ∗∋4∃#! %∗%04%! ∋,! #∃%! −(#(0%Κ! ∴∋Γ! −(#(0%! &>%,30∋/&!
%∗%04%+!3&!3!0%&(.#Κ!ϑ∃%!−∋,3.!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!−/>(&%+!/,!+%:%./≅∋,4!3,!&/9&,(&∗=&!9,.+.+Μ9&!#/!∋∗≅.%∗%,#!
3! ≅∃;&∋>3.! ≅0%&%,#3#∋/,! /−! #∃%! "%&! /−! +%&∋4,7! ≅0/+(>#∋/,7! +∋�∋)(#∋/,! 3,+! (&%Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ∋,:/.:%+! 3!
+%∗/,#∋/,!/−!3!≅∃;&∋>3.!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!#/!+%∗/,#%!∃/Φ!Ο2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃Π!∗∋4∃#!%∗%04%!);!∗/>Η∋,4!
(≅!#∃%!3≅≅7!&∃/Φ>3&∋,4!+∋4∋#3.!≅0/+(>#∋/,!3,+!−∋,3..;!≅0%&%,#∋,4!3!−∋,∋&∃%+!−3&∃∋/,!3>>%&&/0;Κ!!
ΖΚδΚΘ!Ι∀=∗∀2()%.!%.!Η3;()2)Π3()%.!
!ϑ∃%! �%%#! &#;.%! ∋,#%0:∋%Φ&! >3≅#(0%+! ∗(.#∋≅.%! ∋,&∋4∃#&! 30/(,+! ≅%0&/,3.∋&3#∋/,7! %Γ≅%0∋%,#∋3.!
>/,&(∗≅#∋/,7! &#;.∋,4! &(≅≅/0#! #∃0/(4∃! &∃30∋,47! 3,+! #∃%! 3+:3,>%∗%,#! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! &%0:∋>%!
≅0/:∋&∋/,&Κ! Ε∋4∃.∋4∃#∋,4! #∃3#! >/! #∋∗%! 3,+! 3>>%&&∋)∋.∋#;!Φ/(.+! −/0%:%0! )%! 3! >∃3..%,4%Κ! =3&#! −3&∃∋/,!
>/,&(∗%0&!∃3:%!)%>/∗%!3>>(&#/∗%+!#/!/)#3∋,∋,4!>∃%3≅!>./#∃∋,4!3,+!#∃%∋0! −%%+)3>Η! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+!#∃3#!
3.#%0,3#∋:%! ≅0/≅/&∋#∋/,&!Φ/(.+! 0%1(∋0%! 3! ∃∋4∃.;! (,∋1(%! &%..∋,4! ≅/∋,#! #/! 3≅≅%3.! #/! 3!∗3&&! >/,&(∗%0!
3(+∋%,>%Κ! ϑ∃∋&! >/,&(∗%0! ∗∋,+! &%#! ≅0%&%,#&! /,%! /−! #∃%! )∋44%&#! >∃3..%,4%&! #/Φ30+! 3>∃∋%:∋,4! ∗/0%!
&(∋,3).%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!Ε/Φ%:%0!#∃%!+3#3!3>1(∋0%+!∃%.≅%+!#/!∋+%,#∋−;!−∋:%!#∃%∗%&!#∃3#!∗3;!&(≅≅/0#!
,%Φ!Φ3;&!/−!Φ/0Η∋,4Κ!=/0!%Γ3∗≅.%7! #∃%!≅().∋>&! ∋,#%0%&#! ∋,! #∃%! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&Κ!
ϑ∃%;!Φ%0%! >(0∋/(&! 3)/(#! #∃%∋0! ≅/#%,#∋3.! 0/.%! ∋,! ∋,−.(%,>∋,4! /0! >/,#0∋)(#∋,4! #/! 3! +%&∋4,! 3,+!∗3Η∋,4!
≅0/>%&&! #∃3#! .%3+&! #/! #∃%! %,∃3,>%∗%,#! /−! %Γ∋&#∋,4! ≅0/+(>#&Κ! ϑ∃%! &3∗%! &3∗≅.%! 40/(≅! /−! &∋Γ! −3&#!
−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!Φ∃/!≅30#∋>∋≅3#%+!∋,!#∃%!(%&8+(.∗!3,+!&/9&,(&∗=&!9,.+.+Μ9&!Τ.,>∋5.97!#∃3#!−/>(&%+!
/,!+%:%./≅∋,4!3!>/∗≅.%#%!.∋−%>;>.%!−/0!&>30:%&7!%Γ≅0%&&%+!−%%.∋,4&!/−!>0%3#∋:%!%∗≅/Φ%0∗%,#!3,+!Φ%0%!
%Γ>∋#%+! #/! )%! %,434%+! ∋,! +%:%./≅∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&! #∃3#! Φ%0%! #03+∋#∋/,3..;! )%;/,+! #∃%∋0! >/,#0/.Κ! ϑ∃%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! >/,#0∋)(#%+! #/Φ30+&! ∋+%3#∋/,! 3,+! Φ%0%! %Γ>∋#%+! #/! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%! #∃%! ≅0/#/#;≅%&Κ! ϑ∃%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!Φ%0%! %,>/(034%+! #/! )%! /≅%,! 3,+! ∃/,%&#! 3)/(#! #∃%∋0! /Φ,! ≅%0>%≅#∋/,&! /−! #∃%∋0! /:%03..!
%Γ≅%0∋%,>%Κ!
ΖΚδΚ[!Ι∀=∗∀2()%.!%.!(9∀!ϑ.(∀;:∀.()%.!
!ϑ∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!+/%&!,/#!+∋&>/,,%>#! ∋#&%.−! −0/∗!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!)(#! ∋#!3≅≅.∋%&!#∃%!%Μ2/Μϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,!
∗/+%.7!Φ∃∋>∃!304(%&!3!∗/0%!∗∋,+−(.!3≅≅0/3>∃!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!>%.%)03#∋/,!/−!./>3.!0%&/(0>%&7!&Η∋..&7!3,+!
≅%/≅.%Κ! ?0/#/#;≅∋,4! 3! 03,4%! /−! &%0:∋>%! −%3#(0%&! #∃0/(4∃! +%&∋4,! ∋,#%03>#∋/,&7! ∋,#%0−3>%&! 3,+! %:%,#&!
%,3).%+! )0/3+%0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! 3,+! _(Γ#3≅/&%+! #∃%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%Κ! ϑ∃∋&! Φ3&! &(≅≅/0#%+!
#∃0/(4∃!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,!/−!#∃%!%Γ≅./03#/0;!Ο%Μ2/Μϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,Π!∗/+%.!#/!≅0/∗/#%!3,!∋,>.(&∋:%!3≅≅0/3>∃!
#/!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,47!>/∗)∋,%+!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!(&%!/−!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&!:∋3!3,!∀≅≅!>/,>%≅#Κ!8∃∋.%!
#∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! +∋+! ,/#! %:/.:%! )%;/,+! #∃%! >/,>%≅#(3.∋ς3#∋/,! "%! /−! #∃%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&7! #∃%!
/)&%0:3#∋/,3.! &#(+;! 3,+! ∋+%3#∋/,! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! 3≅≅.∋%+! 3! (&%0! >%,#%0%+! 3≅≅0/3>∃7! #/! ∋+%,#∋−;! 3! ,%Φ!
∗/+%.!#∃0/(4∃!%∗≅3#∃;!)(∋.+∋,4!3,+!Φ/0Η∋,4!+∋0%>#.;!Φ∋#∃!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&Κ!ϑ∃%!∋+%3#∋/,!∗3≅!
3,+!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!≅0/#/#;≅%7!≅0%&%,#%+! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!Φ∋#∃!≅∃;&∋>3.!≅0/≅&!3,+!≅0/#/#;≅%&! #/!
%,434%! Φ∋#∃! #∃%! >/,>%≅#! +%&∋4,! −%3#(0%&7! #∃0/(4∃! 3! ≅0/>%&&! /−! >/Μ+%&∋4,7! +%:%./≅∗%,#! 3,+!
+%∗/,#∋/,Κ!
173
!
ϑ∃∋&! −∋,3.! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! 0%1(∋0%&! 0%−∋,%∗%,#! /−! #∃%! ∀≅≅! #∃0/(4∃! 3! ≅30#,%0&∃∋≅! /0!
>/..3)/03#∋/,! Φ∋#∃! 3! +%:%./≅%0Κ! ϑ∃%! ./Μ−∋+%.∋#;! ≅0/#/#;≅%&7! Φ∃∋>∃! %∗%04%+! #∃0/(4∃! ∋+%3#∋/,! 3,+!
>/,>%≅#(3.∋&3#∋/,!≅0/:∋+%!≅0/≅&7!−%%+)3>Η!3,+!∋,&∋4∃#&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!∀≅≅!+%:%./≅∗%,#Κ!!
!
ΖΚ]!∃%.2∗<,)%.!!
!ϑ∃∋&!>∃3≅#%0!>/,&∋+%0%+!∃/Φ!3,!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!∗∋4∃#!4/!)%;/,+!∋,#%403#∋,4!%Γ∋&#∋,4!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&!
#/! +%:%./≅! 3! ≅0/≅/&3.! −/0! 3! ,%Φ! ∀≅≅! >/,>%≅#Κ! ϑ∃%! ∀≅≅! +%:%./≅∗%,#! %Γ≅./0%+! ∃/Φ! >/,&(∗%0!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! ∗∋4∃#! )%! %Γ≅3,+%+! (≅/,! );! ≅0/:∋+∋,4! #∃%∗! Φ∋#∃! 3)∋.∋#;! #/! >0%3#%! )%;/,+! 3! /,%! /−−!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅!/0!%:%,#Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!+∋4∋#3.!≅0/#/#;≅∋,4!3,+!%#∃,/403≅∃∋>!0%&%30>∃7!#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!%Γ≅./0%+!
∃/Φ!/−−.∋,%!∋,#%03>#∋/,!∗∋4∃#!)%!&(∋,%+!/,.∋,%Κ!ϑ∃%!Ο2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃Π!>/,>%≅#!+∋+!,/#!≅0/40%&&!)%;/,+!
∋+%3#∋/,!3,+!./Μ−∋!≅0/#/#;≅∋,4!3,+!>/,&(∗%0&!≅.3;%+!3,!3>#∋:%!0/.%!#∃0/(4∃/(#!#∃%!≅0/>%&&!/−!∋+%3#∋/,!
Φ∃∋>∃! 0%&(.#%+! ∋,! #∃%∋0! 0%1(%&#! −/0! ./>3.! &3#%..∋#%! ≅0/_%>#&7! Φ/0Η&∃/≅&! 3,+! %:%,#&Κ! ϑ∃%! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!
∋+%,#∋−∋%+!3!43≅!Φ∋#∃∋,!/−−.∋,%!%,434%∗%,#!3,+!#∃%0%!30%!:%0;!−%Φ!/≅#∋/,&!−/0!#∃%∗!#/!%,434%!Φ∋#∃!
&/>∋3.! ∋,#%03>#∋/,! /(#&∋+%! #∃%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! &;&#%∗Κ! ϑ∃/&%! Φ∃/! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#%+! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! Φ/0Η&∃/≅&!
≅0/≅/&%+! #∃3#!/−−.∋,%!>/∗∗(,∋#;! ∋,#%03>#∋/,!>/(.+!)%! −%+!+∋0%>#.;! ∋,#/! #∃%!3≅≅Κ!∀!&%0∋%&!/−! &3#%..∋#%!
≅0/_%>#&!/0!3!Φ/0Η&∃/≅!%:%,#!&%0∋%&!>/(.+!≅/#%,#∋3..;!%,434%!3,+!%∗≅/Φ%0!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!∋,!
#∃%!+%:%./≅∗%,#!/−!/,.∋,%!>/,#%,#7!>/∗∗(,∋#;!%,434%∗%,#!3,+!&/>∋3.!∋,#%03>#∋/,7!0%&(.#∋,4!∋,!∗/0%!
&(∋,3).%! 3>#∋:∋#∋%&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! >/,>%≅#! ∃3&! #∃%! >3≅3)∋.∋#;! #/! &(≅≅/0#! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! ∋,! #∃%∋0!
#03,&∋#∋/,! #/! )%>/∗∋,4! ∗/0%! ∋,:/.:%+! 3,+! >0%3#∋:%! 3,+! ∗/0%! &(∋,3).%! >/,&(∗%0&! 3,+!
>/∗∗(,∋#∋%&Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!/−! Ο2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃Π!3&!3,!3.#%0,3#∋:%!−3&∃∋/,!&;&#%∗!+%≅%,+&!/,!#∃%!3)∋.∋#;!#/!+∋0%>#!
0%:%,(%! −./Φ! −0/∗! #∃%! &%0:∋>%&! ∋#! ∗∋4∃#! /−−%0Κ! =(#(0%! 0%&%30>∃! ∗3;! ,%>%&&∋#3#%! +%:%./≅∗%,#! /−! 3!
)(&∋,%&&!∗/+%.!#/!3&&∋4,!3!>/&#!/−!>0%3#∋,47!+%.∋:%0∋,4!3,+!∗3∋,#3∋,∋,4!%3>∃!"%!/−!#∃%!∀≅≅!+%&∋4,!
≅0/>%&&Κ!Ο2∋#∋ς%,!2./#∃Π!Φ/(.+!3.&/!,%%+!#/!%∗%04%!3&!3!)03,+Κ!Ζ(%+%&!3,+!Σ/,>∃3!ηΑΒΧΑι!#%!#∃∋&!∋&!
/,%!/−! #∃%!∗/&#!≅/Φ%0−(.! 3&&%#&!/−! 3,;!)(&∋,%&&!∗/+%.! 3&! #∃%!)03,+!%:/.:%&! ∋,#/! 3,!%−−%>#∋:%! 3,+!
%−−∋>∋%,#! .∋,Η!)%#Φ%%,!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0Π&!,%%+&!3,+! #∃%!/043,∋&3#∋/,&!:3.(%!≅0/≅/&∋#∋/,&7! 0%≅0%&%,#∋,4!
#∃%! −(,>#∋/,3.! 3,+! %∗/#∋/,3.! 3+:3,#34%&! /−! #∃%! >/,>%≅#7! Φ∃∋>∃! >3≅∋#3.∋&%&! /,! #∃%! 3∗)∋#∋/,&! 3,+!
3&≅∋03#∋/,&!/−!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0Κ!!
!
ϑ∃0/(4∃! %,434∋,4! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&%&! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃!
∋+%,#∋−∋%+!3!+%%≅%0!(,+%0,+∋,4!/−!#∃%∋0!,%%+&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!>/(.+!)%!%Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,!/,!3!∗/0%!3(#∃%,#∋>!
.%:%.! #/! &(≅≅/0#! #∃%! +%&∋4,! /−! 3.#%0,3#∋:%! &;&#%∗&! /−! >0%3#∋:%! Ο>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Π! (&∋,4! %∗%04∋,4! &/>∋3.!
∗%+∋3!#//.&7!≅0%&%,#!,%Φ!3,+!∗/0%!&(∋,3).%!∗/+%&!/−!>/,&(∗%0!%,434%∗%,#7!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!−∋Γ%&Κ!!
ϑ∃%!∀≅≅!≅0%&%,#&!3,!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;!#/!3>∃∋%:%!3!&(∋,3).%!/,.∋,%!3.#%0,3#∋:%!#∃0/(4∃!3,!%>/Μ>/,&(∗%0!
174
&;&#%∗!−/0!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!/,.∋,%!34%,>;!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!3,+!>/∗∗(,∋#∋%&!>3,!&∃3≅%!3,+!−/0∗!#∃%∋0!
/Φ,!,3003#∋:%&!3,+!%>/./4∋%&Κ!
!!
175
∃0ΑΗ&ΧΙ!ΦϑΦΧ/!∃%.2∗<,)%.!
ΟΚΛ!&9∀,),!Γ<553;Ν!
!ϑ∃%! 0%&%30>∃! ≅03>#∋>%! 3∋∗%+! #/! >/(,#%03>#! #∃%! (,&(∋,3).%! ∋∗≅3>#! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%!
%Γ≅./03#/0;!∗%#∃/+!/−! +&/+(0&!%&∋()∗! (∗+&,−&∗+(.∗∋∀!ϑ∃%!3>#∋/,!0%&%30>∃!∗%#∃/+/./4;!&(≅≅/0#%+!#∃%!
∋#%03#∋:%!≅0/>%&&!/−! .%30,∋,4! #∃0/(4∃!+/∋,47!3>∃∋%:∋,4!&(>>%&&! #∃0/(4∃! ∋,−/0∗%+!#0∋3.!3,+!%00/0Κ!ϑ∃%!
3>#∋/,!0%&%30>∃!∗%#∃/+/./4;!3.&/!&(≅≅/0#%+!#∃%!+%&∋4,!+%:%./≅∗%,#!/−!3!6%&∋4,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!ϑ//.Η∋#7!
+/>(∗%,#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!∀≅≅%,+∋Γ!ΛΚ!ϑ∃%!#//.Η∋#!Φ3&!3≅≅.∋%+!#/!&(≅≅/0#! #∃%!+%:%./≅∗%,#!/−! −/(0!3>#∋/,!
0%&%30>∃!≅0/_%>#&7!%3>∃!+%.∋:%0∋,4!3!+∋−−%0%,#!3≅≅0/3>∃!)(#!>/,,%>#%+!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!/:%030>∃∋,4!3∋∗!/−!
+%∗;&#∋−;∋,4! #∃%!≅03>#∋>%!/−! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,47! #/!%,3).%!>/,&(∗%0! ∋,:/.:%∗%,#!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%!
+%&∋4,7! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! 3,+! ∗3∋,#%,3,>%! /−! #∃%∋0! >./#∃∋,4Κ! =/0! #∃%! ≅(0≅/&%&! /−! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! #∃%!
0%&%30>∃%0!3+/≅#%+!3!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#/0!0/.%!#/!+%&∋4,7!+%:%./≅!3,+!+%.∋:%0!%3>∃!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ!
!
ϑ/! 3##3∋,! &(∋,3).%! ∋∗≅0/:%∗%,#&! ∋,! #∃%! 0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅! )%#Φ%%,! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! 3,+! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! 3!
03+∋>3.! ,%Φ! ∗∋,+&%#! 3∗/,4! +%&∋4,%0&7! ∗3,(−3>#(0%0&! 3,+! >/,&(∗%0&! ∋&! %&&%,#∋3.! ∋,! /0+%0! #/! −∋,+!
∗/0%!&(∋,3).%!Φ3;&!#/!−(.−∋..!>/,&(∗%0!,%%+&Κ!=3&#!−3&∃∋/,7!/,.;!0%≅0%&%,#&!/,%!:%0;!+∋0%>#!∗/+%.!
/−!∗3#%0∋3.!∋,#%03>#∋/,!3,+!∋#!∋&!>.%30.;!−3∋.∋,4!#/!−(.−∋..!>/,&(∗%0!,%%+&!./,4!#%0∗Κ!∀≅≅0/Γ∋∗3#%.;!Α!≅%0!
>%,#! /−! 3,! 3:%034%! >./#∃∋,4! )(+4%#! >/:%0&! 0%≅3∋0! /0! .%,4#∃%,&! #∃%! .∋−%&≅3,! /−! 430∗%,#&! 3,+!
3>>%&&/0∋%&!η<%%7!ΑΒΒειΚ!ϑ∃%!0∋&%!∋,!>∃%3≅!.3)/(0!∋,!#∃%!#∃∋0+!Φ/0.+7!∃3&!0%&(.#%+!∋,!&∃/0#Μ.∋−%!430∗%,#&!
#∃3#!4%,%03..;!%,+!(≅!−(.−∋..∋,4!(,&3#∋&−;∋,4!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!−∋Γ%&Κ!ϑ∃%!.∋−%>;>.%!/−!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!430∗%,#&!
30%!&∃/0#%,∋,4!3,+!/(#&∋+%!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!∋&!(04%,#.;!0%1(∋0%+Κ!Ν,!/0+%0!#/!∗/:%!)%;/,+!3!#∃0/Φ!3Φ3;!
&/>∋%#;7! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,! >/,&(∗%0&! ,%%+! #/! )%! %,>/(034%+! 3,+! &(≅≅/0#%+! #/! 0%4(.30.;! 0%Μ%,434%!Φ∋#∃!
#∃%∋0!430∗%,#&!)%;/,+!#∃%!≅/∋,#!/−!≅(0>∃3&%Κ!
!
ϑ∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!3>Η,/Φ.%+4%+! −0/∗!#∃%!/(#&%#! #∃3#! ∋#!Φ/(.+!)%!3! −/0∗∋+3).%!>∃3..%,4%! #/!≅%0&(3+%!
∋,+∋:∋+(3.&! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3! >/,&(∗%0! &/>∋%#;! #/! &./Φ! +/Φ,! 3,+! 0%+(>%! #∃%∋0! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&! #∃%&∋&!
3++0%&&%&! &(∋,3)∋.∋#;! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%! >/,�(>#! /−! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,7! )(#! +/%&! &/! −0/∗! #∃%! +%&∋4,%0Π&!
≅%0&≅%>#∋:%Κ! 6%&∋4,%0&! >3,! .//Η! −/0! /≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&! #/! +%&∋4,! );!−3>∋.∋#3#∋,4! >∃3,4%7! /0! #/! +%&∋4,! );!
%+(>3#∋,4!≅%/≅.%Κ!Σ3#∃%0!#∃3,!(&∋,4!+%&∋4,!&Η∋..&!#/!>0%3#%!∗/0%!≅0/+(>#&Κ!Ν#!∃3&!)%%,!304(%+!#∃3#!#∃%!
∋∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,! /−! >/..3)/03#∋:%! ∗%#∃/+&! ∋,! +%&∋4,! ≅03>#∋>%! ∗∋4∃#! %,&(0%! ≅0/+(>#&! 3.∋4,! Φ∋#∃! #∃%!
4/3.&! /−! &(∋,3).%! +%&∋4,7! −/0! ./Φ! ∋∗≅3>#! 3,+! %,+(0∋,4! .∋−%! &≅3,&! η=.%#>∃%07! ΑΒΒειΚ! 8∋#∃∋,! #∃%!
+∋&>∋≅.∋,%! /−! #%Γ#∋.%! /0! −3&∃∋/,! +%&∋4,7! ∗%#∃/+/./4;! ∋&! 030%.;! +∋&>(&&%+Κ! ϑ∃%0%! 30%! −%Φ! 3>3+%∗∋>!
≅().∋>3#∋/,&!#∃3#!&≅%>∋−∋>3..;!3++0%&&!−3&∃∋/,!/0!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∗%#∃/+/./4;!∋,!#∃%!&3∗%!Φ3;!#∃3#!∋#!∋&!
3++0%&&%+!3,+!3,3.;&%+!∋,!/#∃%0!+%&∋4,!+∋&>∋≅.∋,%&! η=.;,,!5!=/&#%07!ΑΒΒχιΚ!ϑ∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!304(%&!#∃3#!
)/#∃! −3&∃∋/,! 3,+! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! +∋&>∋≅.∋,%&! Φ/(.+! )%,%−∋#! −0/∗! ,%Φ! +%&∋4,! #//.&! 3,+! ∗%#∃/+&7! #/!
&(≅≅/0#!>/,,%>#%+!3,+!_/∋,%+!(≅!≅03>#∋>%Κ!!
!
176
8∃∋.%!∋#!∃3&!)%%,!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#%+!#∃3#!Ζ%,%03#∋/,!Ρ!30%!∋,!+3,4%0!/−!)%>/∗∋,4!+%Μ&Η∋..%+!#∃0/(4∃!≅3&&∋:%!
>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!η=.%#>∃%0!5!Ζ0/&%7!ΑΒΧΑι7!;%#!#∃%;!30%!)%>/∗∋,4!∗/0%!3>#∋:%!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&7!
#/!+%∗/,#%!3! 03,4%!/−!,%Φ!&Η∋..&!3,+!3)∋.∋#∋%&! #∃0/(4∃!#∃%∋0!3+:3,>%+!+∋4∋#3.!%Γ≅%0#∋&%Κ!6∋4∋#3..;!
&3::;!>/,&(∗%0&!30%!3.0%3+;!(#∋.∋&∋,4!#∃%∋0!>/,,%>#∋:∋#;!#/!&∃30%!0%&/(0>%&!3,+!&Η∋..&!#/!&(≅≅/0#!3!,%Φ!
0%,3∋&&3,>%! /−! ∗3Η∋,47! );! &∃30∋,4! /−−.∋,%! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%&! /,.∋,%Κ! 2/,&%1(%,#.;7! #∃%0%! ∋&! 3! ,%Φ! 0∋&%! ∋,!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&!−/0!#∃%!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0Κ!ϑ∃%!−./Φ!/−!+%&∋4,7!≅0/+(>#∋/,!3,+!+∋�∋)(#∋/,!∋&!
,/!./,4%0!+∋0%>#.;!∋,−.(%,>%+!/0!>/,#0/..%+!);!∋,+(�Κ!Θ%Φ!∗/+%.&!30%!%:/.:∋,4!Φ∃∋>∃!&(≅≅/0#!/≅%,7!
>/,,%>#%+!3,+!)/##/∗!(≅!∋,,/:3#∋/,Κ!
!
Τ∗≅/Φ%0∋,4! >/,&(∗%0&! #/! )%>/∗%! 34%,#&! 3,+! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#%!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! +%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&!Φ3&! 3>∃∋%:%+!
#∃0/(4∃!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&∗Κ!ϑ∃0/(4∃!3≅≅.;∋,4! +&/+(0&!%&∋()∗! (∗+&,−&∗+(.∗∋!3&!3!∗%#∃/+!#/! ∋,#%0>%≅#! #∃%!
.∋−%>;>.%! /−! &∃/0#! .∋−%! 430∗%,#&! ≅/&#! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,7! #∃%! 3∋∗!Φ3&! #/! %Γ#%,+! #∃%! .∋−%>;>.%! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%!
∋∗≅.%∗%,#3#∋/,!/−!&(∋,3).%!+%&∋4,!#%4∋%&Κ!ϑ∃%!−3&#! −3&∃∋/,!&;&#%∗!≅0/:∋+%&! ∋,,#!>/,&(∗%0!
403#∋−∋>3#∋/,! #∃0/(4∃! #%∗≅/030;! Ο1(∋>Η! −∋Γ%&ΠΚ! ϑ∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! +%:%./≅%+! 3.#%0,3#∋:%! Ο−3&∃∋/,! −∋Γ%&Π! #/!
%Γ≅./0%!∃/Φ!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&!∗∋4∃#!%,434%!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!≅0/>%&&!/−!∗3Η∋,4!#/!%,∃3,>%7!#03,&−/0∗!
3,+! +%&∋4,! 430∗%,#&! 3,+! 3>>%&&/0∋%&7! 3,+! #∃(&! 0%+(>%! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0!
/0>∃%#%+!+∋−−%0%,#!3>#∋/,!&≅3>%&!#∃0/(4∃!3!&%0∋%&!/−!Τ.,>∋5.9∋Κ!ϑ∃%&%!Τ.,>∋5.9∋!+∋+!,/#!≅0%3>∃!
/0!+%∗3,+! &/>∋3.! 0%&≅/,&∋)∋.∋#;! )(#! 03#∃%0! &%#! #∃%! &>%,%! −/0!≅%/≅.%! #/!+%:∋&%! #∃%∋0! /Φ,!3>#∋/,! 3,+!
0%3.∋&%! #∃%∋0! /Φ,! ≅0∋,>∋≅.%&! #∃0/(4∃! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ! ∀&! 3! 0%&(.#7! ≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&! )%43,! #/! Ο0%>.3∋∗!
/Φ,%0&∃∋≅Π! /−! #∃%∋0! >./#∃∋,4! 3,+! #∃%! .∋−%>;>.%! /−! #∃%! >∃/&%,! 430∗%,#!Φ3&! %Γ#%,+%+Κ! ϑ∃%! ./,4Μ#%0∗!
∋∗≅3>#!>3,,/#!)%!1(3,#∋−∋%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!?∃6!0%&%30>∃!3,+!0%1(∋0%&!3!./,4∋#(+∋,3.!&#(+;!#∃3#!/)&%0:%&!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!3,+!#∃%∋0!∋,#%03>#∋/,&!/:%0!3!./,4%0!≅%0∋/+!/−!#∋∗%Κ!!
!
ϑ∃%!+&/+(0&!%&∋()∗!(∗+&,−&∗+(.∗∋!30%!3∋∗%+!3#!+∋&0(≅#∋,4!#∃%!&≅%%+;!−./Φ!/−!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,7!#/!≅0/∗/#%!3!
∗/0%!&(∋,3).%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!−(#(0%Κ!=.%#>∃%0!3,+!Ζ0/&%!ηΑΒΧΑι!3,+!:/,!Λ(&>∃!ηΑΒΧΧι!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#!#∃3#!
,%Φ! ∗/+%.&! 30%! 0%1(∋0%+7! 3&! #∃%! ∋∗≅3>#! ∋,∋#∋3#%+! );! +%&∋4,%+! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&! Φ∋..! 3.Φ3;&! )%! .∋∗∋#%+!
Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!%Γ∋&#∋,4!≅303+∋4∗!/−!−3&#! −3&∃∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!−∋,3.!"%!/−!#∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!+%:%./≅%+!Ο%Μ2/Μϑ%Γ#∋.%!
6%&∋4,Π7! 3,!%Γ≅./03#/0;!∗/+%.7! 3,+! #∃%!/:%03..! #∋#.%!/−! #∃∋&! #∃%&∋&Κ! ϑ∃∋&!∃3&!)%%,!+%∗/,#%+!3,+!
#%&#%+! #∃0/(4∃! 3! −∋,3.! +&/+(0&! %&∋()∗! (∗+&,−&∗+(.∗! ∋,! /0+%0! #/! &(≅≅/0#! /#∃%0! +%&∋4,%0&! Φ∃/! Φ∋&∃! #/!
+%−∋,%7! +%&∋4,7! +%:%./≅! 3,+! +%.∋:%0! +%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&! #∃%∗&%.:%&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ∗/+%.! &(≅≅/0#&! #∃%!
∋,#%403#∋/,!/−!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&!Φ∋#∃∋,!+%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&!#/!3∗≅.∋−;!3,+!%,>/(034%!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!
>/,&(∗%0!3>#∋/,!/,!3!.304%0!&>3.%Κ!!
!
&%! (;<∗Ν! ∀.−3−∀! ).! 329)∀:).−! 3! 5%;∀! ,<,(3).38∗∀! =3,(! =3,9)%.! =<(<;∀! ;∀µ<);∀,! 3! .∀1! 6).4! %=!
3∗(∀;.3():∀!,Ν,(∀5!−∀3;∀4!(%!5∀∀().−!(9∀!.∀∀4,!%=!(9∀!=3,(!=3,9)%.!2%.,<5∀;Κ!!
!
!
177
ΟΚΘ!∆8α∀2():∀!Λ!
()!∗+,!−)./0∗12!,+234−4,+34).!352)065!+!74312+3021!+.8!,2+−34−1!21941:!);!351!,+234−4,+3)2<!81/46.!
7+.8/−+,1!:4354.!351!−).31=3!);!;+/54).!+.8!31=3471!81/46.!
!
ϑ∃%!≅0∋∗30;!"%!/−!#∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!>/,+(>#%+!3!≅03>#∋>%!3,+!.∋#%03#(0%!0%:∋%Φ!#/!∗3≅!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!
.3,+&>3≅%! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3! −3&∃∋/,! 3,+! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! >/,#%Γ#Κ! ϑ∃∋&! 0%:∋%Φ! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+! ,%Φ! 3≅≅0/3>∃%&! #∃3#!
&(≅≅/0#! >/,&(∗%0! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! );! >/∗)∋,∋,4! &/>∋3.! 3,+! +∋4∋#3.! ∗%+∋3! #//.&Κ! ϑ∃%&%! −∋,+∋,4&! Φ%0%!
(≅./3+%+! /,.∋,%! #/! &∃30%! #∃%! −∋,+∋,4&! /−! Ο2/ΜΤ:%0;#∃∋,4Π! −/0! /#∃%0&! #/! 3>>%&&7! 0%:∋%Φ! 3,+! %Γ≅3,+!
(≅/,7! #∃∋&! ∃3&! )%%,! %Γ≅3,+%+!(≅/,!Φ∋#∃∋,! &%>#∋/,! ∆Κ∆! 3,+! ∋&! +/>(∗%,#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!∀≅≅%,+∋Γ!∀Κ! ϑ∃%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;! +%&∋4,! .3,+&>3≅%!Φ3&! ∋..(#%+! #/! ≅0/+(>%! 3! +∋3403∗! #/!∗3≅! %Γ∋&#∋,4! 3,+! %∗%04∋,4!
≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!);!/)&%0:∋,4!∃/Φ!/,.∋,%!∗%+∋3!Φ3&!∋,−.(%,>∋,4!3!,%Φ!0%,3∋&&3,>%!30/(,+!∗3Η∋,4Κ!ϑ∃∋&!
0%:∋%Φ!3.&/! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+!#∃3#!/,.∋,%!&/>∋3.!3,+!+∋4∋#3.!∗%+∋3!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,&!≅0/:∋+%!3,! ∋,−03�(>#(0%!3,+!
+∋0%>#! 0/(#%! #/!)0∋,4!3!,%Φ!&%0:∋>%! #/!∗30Η%#Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃!,/:%.!%,#0%≅0%,%(0∋3.! 3≅≅0/3>∃%&7!)(&∋,%&&!
∗/+%.&! 30%! %∗%04∋,4! +%∗/,#∋,4! >/,#%∗≅/030;! %Γ3∗≅.%&! /−! 3! ,%Φ! 03,4%!/−! >/##34%! ∋,+(�∋%&Κ!
ϑ∃%&%!+%∗/,#%!∃/Φ!#∃%!≅0/>%&&!/−!∗3Η∋,47!>/∗)∋,%+!Φ∋#∃!/,.∋,%!∗%+∋3!∋&!∋,−.(%,>∋,4!3!,%Φ!≅/&#!
∋,+(�∋3.!0%:/.(#∋/,!η∀,+%0&/,7!ΑΒΧΑιΚ!ϑ∃%&%!≅03>#∋>3.!>3&%!&#(+∋%&!Φ%0%!40/(≅%+!);!#∃%∋0!3≅≅0/3>∃!
∋,#/! −∋:%! #∃%∗%&! 3,+! &(≅≅/0#%+! );! 0%−%0%,>∋,4! #∃%/0;! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! .∋#%03#(0%! 0%:∋%ΦΚ! ϑ∃∋&! 0%:∋%Φ!
∋+%,#∋−∋%+! .∋∗∋#%+! 3>3+%∗∋>! .∋#%03#(0%! 0%−%0%,>∋,4! #∃%&%! 3≅≅0/3>∃%&! Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! >/,#%Γ#! /−! −3&∃∋/,7!
#%Γ#∋.%! /0! &(∋,3).%! +%&∋4,Κ! 8∋#∃∋,! #∃∋&! 0%:∋%Φ! #∃%! +∋&>∋≅.∋,%! 3,+! ∋,+(�! /−! &(∋,3).%! #%Γ#∋.%!
+%&∋4,! ∋&! 3.&/! (,+%0Μ0%≅0%&%,#%+! ∋,! >/,#03&#! #/! −3&∃∋/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ≅0%&%,#3#∋/,! +∋+! ,/#! >/,#0∋)(#%! 3!
≅03>#∋>3.!/(#>/∗%!#/Φ30+&!#∃%!0%&%30>∃!≅03>#∋>%7!∃/Φ%:%07!#∃%!+%>∋&∋/,!#/!&∃30%!#∃%&%!−∋,+∋,4&!/,.∋,%!
≅0/:∋+%+! 3! :3.(3).%! >/,#0∋)(#∋/,! 3&! ,%Φ! >/,,%>#∋/,&! Φ%0%! %).∋&∃%+7! 3./,4&∋+%! ∋,:∋#3#∋/,&! #/!
+%.∋:%0! #∃%! ≅0%&%,#3#∋/,! 3,+! Φ/0Η&∃/≅&! ∋,#%0,3#∋/,3..;Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ∃∋4∃.∋4∃#%+! #∃%! &∋4,∋−∋>3,>%! /−!
∋,#%403#∋,4!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!0%&%30>∃!≅0/>%&&7!3./,4&∋+%!#∃%!0%&%30>∃!≅03>#∋>%Κ!
!
&9;%<−9!%.∗).∀!3−∀.2Ν!).4):)4<3∗,!3.4!2%55<.)()∀,!23.!,93Π∀!3.4!=%;5!(9∀);!%1.!.3;;3():∀,!3.4!
∀2%∗%−)∀,Κ!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
178
ΟΚ[!∆8α∀2():∀!Θ!
()!1/3+>74/5!351!1;;1−3!);!+!81/46.!;+−4743+34).!2)71!+/!+!∗1+./!);!>2)+81.4.6!351!1=,1241.−1!);!351!
;+/3!;+/54).!−)./0∗12!,+234−4,+34).!352)065!4.−70/491!31=3471!81/46.!+.8!∗+?4.6!,2)−1//1/!
!
ϑ∃%! 3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃! ∗%#∃/+/./4;! &(≅≅/0#%+! 3,! ∋#%03#∋:%! 3≅≅0/3>∃! #/! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃! ≅03>#∋>%Κ!
ϑ∃0/(4∃/(#! %3>∃! ∋#%03#∋/,! ,%Φ! ∋,&∋4∃#&! %∗%04%+! #/! &(≅≅/0#! #∃%! ,%Γ#! "%! /−! 0%&%30>∃! 3,+!
+%:%./≅∗%,#Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ∗%#∃/+! /−! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&! %∗%04%+! 3&! 3! ,%Φ! %Γ≅./03#/0;! 0%&%30>∃!
3≅≅0/3>∃Κ! Ε/Φ%:%07! #∃%;! 0%1(∋0%+! >30%−(.! >/,�(>#∋/,! #/! Η,∋#! #/4%#∃%0! 3! &%0∋%&! /−! #%>∃,∋1(%&! #/!
+%:%./≅! #∃%∋0!/Φ,! ∋,>.(&∋:%!≅0/>%&&!/−!∗3Η∋,4Κ! ϑ∃%! 3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃!∗%#∃/+/./4;! &(≅≅/0#%+!+%&∋4,!
−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!3,+!#∃0/(4∃!%3>∃!∋#%03#∋:%!>;>.%!3!≅3#>∃Φ/0Η!/−!∗%#∃/+&!Φ3&!3&&%∗).%+Κ!ϑ∃%!/(#>/∗%!/−!
#∃∋&!Φ3&!#∃%!+%&∋4,!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!#//.Η∋#!+/>(∗%,#%+!Φ∋#∃∋,!∀≅≅%,+∋Γ!ΛΚ!
!
ϑ∃0/(4∃!#∃%!∗%#∃/+!/−!+&/+(0&!%&∋()∗!(∗+&,−&∗+(.∗∋!#∃∋&!0%&%30>∃%0!)0/3+%,%+!#∃%!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!/−!#∃%!
−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!);!+%:%./≅∋,4!∋,>.(&∋:%!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&Κ!∀+/≅#∋,4!#∃%!0/.%!
/−! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#/0! Φ3&! 0%1(∋0%+! #/! ≅(0&(%! #∃%! ∗%#∃/+! /−! 0%&%30>∃∋,4! #∃0/(4∃! +&/+(0&! %&∋()∗!
(∗+&,−&∗+(.∗∋∀!ϑ∃%!≅03>#∋>%!/−!−3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!∋&!,/#!#03+∋#∋/,3..;!#3(4∃#!Φ∋#∃∋,!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!%+(>3#∋/,!3,+!
#∃%!0%&%30>∃%0!3+:3,>%+!#∃∋&!&Η∋..Μ&%#!);!0%&%30>∃∋,4!3,+!3≅≅.;∋,4!,%Φ!3≅≅0/3>∃%&7!%Γ≅3,+∋,4!(≅/,!
≅0%:∋/(&!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&!3,+!%,434∋,4!Φ∋#∃!−(0#∃%0!#03∋,∋,4!ηΝ+%,Η7!ΑΒΧΒιΚ!ϑ∃∋&!Η,/Φ.%+4%!>/(.+!,/#!)%!
#03,&−%00%+! #∃0/(4∃! 3! #%Γ#)//Η! 3,+! 03#∃%0! 0%1(∋0%+! ∃3,+&! /,! %Γ≅%0∋%,#∋3.! .%30,∋,4! #/! 3+:3,>%Κ!
ϑ∃0/(4∃! ∋#%03#∋:%! >;>.%&! /−! 3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃7! ,%Φ! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! #//.&! 3,+! ∗%#∃/+&! )%43,! #/!
%∗%04%Κ! ∀&! #∃%! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! &Η∋..&! )%>3∗%! −(0#∃%0! 3+:3,>%+! #∃%! ≅3>%! 3,+! −./Φ! /−! %3>∃! Φ/0Η&∃/≅!
∋∗≅0/:%+Κ! ϑ03+∋#∋/,3..;! +%&∋4,%0&! 30%! ,/#! #03∋,%+! #/! −3>∋.∋#3#%! /0! +%&∋4,! −./Φ! ηϑ∃/0≅%7! ΑΒΧΧιΚ! ϑ∃%&%!
&Η∋..&! %∗%04%+! #∃0/(4∃! 0%∃%30&%+! /0>∃%#∋/,7! #∃(&! %,∃3,>∋,4! #∃%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! +%.∋:%0;! /−! %3>∃!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅! /0! %:%,#Κ! ϑ∃%!+%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! #//.Η∋#! %∗%04%+! 3&! #∃%! ≅03>#∋>%! %:/.:%+! #/! ∋,>.(+%! ,%Φ!
∗%#∃/+&! 3,+! #//.&7! −/../Φ∋,4! %3>∃! ∋#%03#∋/,! /−! #∃%! 3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! +%:%./≅∋,4! ∋,>.(&∋:%!
+%&∋4,! ≅0/>%&&%&! 3,+! +%&∋4,∋,4! #//.Η∋#&! #/! &(≅≅/0#! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! Μ! +%&∋4,! −3>∋.∋#3#∋/,! &Η∋..&! 3,+!
>3≅3)∋.∋#∋%&!)%>3∗%!∗/0%!3+:3,>%+7!%,3).∋,4!40%3#%0!%,434%∗%,#!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!3,+!&()_%>#!
∗3##%0Κ!ϑ∃%!6%&∋4,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!ϑ//.Η∋#!Φ3&!0%−%0%,>%+!#/!)0/3+%,!>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!
#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&7!∋#!3.&/!&(≅≅/0#%+!#∃%!∋,#%403#∋/,!/−!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&Κ!∀&!3!0%&(.#7!
,%Φ!>/,&(∗%0! 0%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅&!∃3:%!%:/.:%+!)%;/,+! #∃%!Φ/0Η&∃/≅&! −3>∋.∋#3#%+!);! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃%0Κ!ϑ∃%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!3.&/!&(≅≅/0#%+!#∃∋&!);!&∃30∋,4!#∃%∋0!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!≅.3#−/0∗&!
3,+!/,.∋,%!,%#Φ/0Η&Κ!!
!
!
+∀,)−.∀;,! 1),9).−! (%! 2%.(;)8<(∀! (%! 3! 5%;∀! ,<,(3).38∗∀! ).4<,(;Ν! 3.4! ∀.−3−∀! 2%.,<5∀;,! .∀∀4! (%!
∗∀3;.!9%1!(%!8∀!4∀,)−.!=32)∗)(3(%;,!Ξ!(9),!,9%<∗4!8∀!Π3;(!%=!(9∀);!∀4<23()%.!3.4!Π;%=∀,,)%.3∗!Π;32()2∀Κ!
!
179
ΟΚΥ!∆8α∀2():∀![!
()!,2),)/1!−21+3491!/32+31641/!;)2!81/46.4.6!+.8!81917),4.6!31=3471!81/46.!4.31291.34)./!3)!,2)80−1!
+!>)8<!);!:)2?!35+3!/0,,)23/!;+/3!;+/54).!−)./0∗12!1.6+61∗1.3!+.8!81917),/!.1:!,+2+846∗/!;)2!
;+/3!;+/54).!:435!216+28!3)!/0/3+4.+>4743<!
!
ϑ∃%! >/,�(>#! /−! 3! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,! >∃3..%,4%&! ∗3&&! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! #∃0/(4∃! /−−%0∋,4! 3,!
3.#%0,3#∋:%!≅0/≅/&∋#∋/,Κ!ϑ∃%!∗3∋,!>∃3..%,4%!Φ∃%,!+%&∋4,∋,4!%3>∃!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!Φ3&!#∃%!∋+%,#∋−∋>3#∋/,!
/−! #∃%! #%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&Κ!ϑ∃%!≅03>#∋>%!/−! #%Γ#∋.%!∗3Η∋,4! ∋,>.(+%&!3!+∋:%0&%! 03,4%!/−!
&Η∋..&7!#%>∃,∋1(%&!3,+!∗3#%0∋3.!Η,/Φ.%+4%Κ!Τ3>∃!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!0%1(∋0%+!3,!∋,>.(&∋:%!3≅≅0/3>∃!#/!%,3).%!
≅30#∋>∋≅3,#&!#/!3>#∋:%.;!%,434%!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!≅0/>%&&!/−!∗3Η∋,4!3,+!#/!3≅≅.;!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!>0%3#∋:∋#;!#/!3>∃∋%:%!
3! −∋,∋&∃%+!/(#>/∗%Κ!?∋./#∋,4!%3>∃!≅0/>%&&! ∋,!3+:3,>%7! &(≅≅/0#%+! #∃%!(&3)∋.∋#;! 3,+! #03,&−%03)∋.∋#;!/−!
+∋4∋#3.!3,+!≅∃;&∋>3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!≅0/>%&&%&!);!+%:%./≅∋,4!≅0/#/#;≅%&!3,+!≅03>#∋>3.!+%∗/,#∋/,&Κ!
!
ϑ∃0/(4∃! +%∗/,#∋/,&! 3,+! Φ/0Η&∃/≅&! #∃%! ∗/)∋.%! &#(+∋/! +%∗;&#∋−∋%+! #∃%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ≅0/+(>#∋/,!
≅0/>%&&! −/0! +∋4∋#3.! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! 3,+! ≅0/+(>#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃∋&! Φ3&! ,/#! 3! ≅0/−%&&∋/,3.! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! (,∋#! )(#!
03#∃%0!3!&3∗≅.∋,4!#//.Κ!Λ(#!#∃%0%!∋&!≅/#%,#∋3.!−/0!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!&#(+∋/!#/!&(≅≅/0#!>/,&(∗%0&!Φ∃/!Φ∋&∃!#/!
+%&∋4,!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,&!3,+!∗3Η%!#∃%∗!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%∋0!/Φ,!∃/∗%Κ!ϑ∃%0%!∋&!3.&/!≅/#%,#∋3.!−/0!∋#!#/!)%!
&(∋,%+!∋,!≅30#,%0&∃∋≅!Φ∋#∃!3!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!)03,+!/0!0%#3∋.%0Κ!ϑ∃%!∀≅≅.%!)03,+!∋&!/−#%,!3>>0%+∋#%+!−/0!
+%&∋4,∋,4!3,+!+%.∋:%0∋,4!/,%!/−!#∃%!∗/&#!&(>>%&&−(.!>/,&(∗%0!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&!−0/∗!3!≅0/+(>#!3,+!&%0:∋>%!
+%&∋4,!≅%0&≅%>#∋:%Κ!∀≅≅.%Π&!∋,&#/0%!Ζ%,∋(&!)30!&%0:∋>%!≅0/:∋+%&!3>>%&&!#/!%Γ≅%0#!∋,+∋:∋+(3.&!Φ∃/!/−−%0!
#%>∃,∋>3.! &(≅≅/0#! #∃0/(4∃! >.3&&%&7! +%∗/,#∋/,&! 3,+! +0/≅! ∋,! &%&&∋/,&Κ! 8∋#∃∋,! ∃∋4∃! #/! ./Φ! %,+!
−3&∃∋/,!0%#3∋.!#∃%0%!∋&!,/!%1(∋:3.%,#7!3&!Φ∃∋.&#!>/,&(∗%0&!30%!&/.+!430∗%,#&!);!#∃%&%!0%#3∋.%0&7!#∃%;!+/!
,/#!/−−%0!&%0:∋>%&!#/!%∗≅/Φ%0!3,+!%+(>3#%!>/,&(∗%0&!#/Φ30+&!#∃%!≅/&&∋)∋.∋#∋%&!/−!3!03,4%!/−!(&%!/0!
%,+!/−!.∋−%!≅∃3&%!∋,#%03>#∋/,&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!0%−%0%,>%&!#∃∋&!%Γ3∗≅.%!#/!>/,&∋+%0!∃/Φ!#∃%!∗/)∋.%!
+%&∋4,! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! &#(+∋/!∗∋4∃#! %:/.:%!Φ∋#∃∋,! #∃%! −(#(0%Κ! 2/(.+! ∋#! )%! ≅3>Η34%+! 3,+! 0%#3∋.%+! 3&! 3!
+/∗%&#∋>!+∋4∋#3.!0%&/(0>%!&∋∗∋.30!#/!3!.3≅#/≅!/0!+%&Η#/≅!>/∗≅(#%0Ι!2/(.+!3,!∋,Μ&#/0%!.3)!&#;.%!&%0:∋>%!
)%!≅0/:∋+%+!∋,!≅30#,%0&∃∋≅!Φ∋#∃!3!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!0%#3∋.%0Ι!∀#!≅0%&%,#7!#∃%!∃∋4∃!>/&#!/−!≅0/−%&&∋/,3.!+∋4∋#3.!
#%Γ#∋.%! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! &%0:∋>%&! >∃3..%,4%! #∃%! ∋,>.(&∋:%! 3,+! +%∗/>03#∋>! %#∃/&! /−! #∃∋&! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,Κ! ϑ∃%!
+%&∋4,!3,+!≅0/+(>#∋/,!/−!+∋4∋#3.!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!0%∗3∋,&!%Γ>.(&∋:%!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!0%�∋>#%+!3>>%&&!#/!−3>∋.∋#∋%&Κ!
ϑ∃%0%!30%!3!&%0∋%&!/−!./>3.!∃()&7!.3)&!3,+!)(0%3(&!%∗%04∋,47!)(#!#∃%;!+/!,/#!≅0/:∋+%!/≅%,!3>>%&&!#/!
#∃%∋0!−3>∋.∋#∋%&!#/!≅.3;7!≅0/#/#;≅%!/0!%Γ≅%0∋∗%,#!Φ∋#∃!#∃%!#//.&!/0!#%>∃,/./4∋%&!#∃3#!=3)!<3)&!3,+!∆6!
≅0∋,#∋,4!∃()&!≅0/:∋+%Κ!Λ/Φ.%&!ηΑΒΧΑι!304(%&!#∃3#!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!,%30!−(#(0%7!,%Φ!&>%,30∋/&!−/0!#∃∋&!Φ3;!/−!
Φ/0Η∋,4!Φ∋..!)%4∋,!#/!%∗%04%!3,+!);!≅0%+∋>#∋,4!3!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!−(#(0%7!#∃%&%!&%0:∋>%&!Φ∋..!%Γ∋&#!/,!#∃%!
∃∋4∃!�%%#!3./,4&∋+%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!0%#3∋.%0&Κ!ϑ∃%!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!/−!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&!#/!%:/.:%!
3&!,%Φ!∗/+%.&!Φ∋#∃∋,!3,!3.#%0,3#∋:%!−3&∃∋/,!&;&#%∗!+%≅%,+&!/,!∋#&!3)∋.∋#;!#/!+∋0%>#!0%:%,(%!−./Φ!−0/∗!
#∃%! &%0:∋>%&! ∋#! ∗∋4∃#! /−−%0Κ! =(#(0%! 0%&%30>∃! ∗3;! ,%>%&&∋#3#%! +%:%./≅∗%,#! /−! 3! )(&∋,%&&! ∗/+%.! #/!
3&&∋4,!3!>/&#!/−!>0%3#∋,47!+%.∋:%0∋,4!3,+!∗3∋,#3∋,∋,4!&(>∃!3!&%0:∋>%Κ!
180
!
ϑ∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!3≅≅.∋%+!3!./ΦΜ−∋+%.∋#;!3≅≅0/3>∃!#/!+%∗/,#%!#∃3#!3!./#!>3,!)%!3>∃∋%:%+!);!∋+%,#∋−;∋,4!
%Γ∋&#∋,4!#//.&!3,+!3≅≅.;∋,4!#∃%∗!+∋−−%0%,#.;! Μ! #∃%!/0∋4∋,3.!>/,#0∋)(#∋/,&!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!%:/.:%+!
);! >/∗)∋,∋,4! ≅0/>%&&%&! /−! ∗3Η∋,47! Φ∋#∃! %Γ∋&#∋,4! &/>∋3.! ∗%+∋3! #//.&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! (#∋.∋&%+! /,.∋,%!
∗%+∋3! )%>3(&%! ∋#! /−−%0&! 3,! 3>>%&&∋).%7! ./Φ! >/&#! 3,+! &/>∋3.! ∗%+∋(∗! #/! >/,,%>#! +∋0%>#.;! #/! Η%;!
Η%∃/.+%0&!Μ!∋,!#∃∋&!∋,,>%7!Ζ%,!ΡΚ!ϑ∃%!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&!≅0/:∋+%!3!,%Φ!∋,−03�(>#(0%!#/!&(≅≅/0#!
>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!Φ∋#∃∋,!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&Κ!ϑ∃%&%!∋,#%0−3>%&!>3,!)%!3+/≅#%+!
#/!∗%+∋3#%!,%Φ!&/>∋3.! ∋,#%03>#∋/,&!3,+!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&!−/0!#∃%!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%07!3,+!
304(%&! 3! >3&%! −/0! >/,&∋+%0∋,4! ∃(∗3,! ∋,#%03>#∋/,! 3&! 3! Η%;! ∋∗≅%03#∋:%! −/0! #∃%! &(∋,3)∋.∋#;! 34%,+3Κ!
8∃∋.%! ∋,! #∃%! ≅0∋∗30;! "%&! /−! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃7! ∋#! Φ3&! %,:∋&∋/,%+! #∃3#! #∃%! ≅03>#∋>%! ∗∋4∃#! )%! "%+!
/,.∋,%!/0! %:%,! −3>∋.∋#3#%+! 0%∗/#%.;7! 3! +∋−−%0%,#! ≅0/≅/&∋#∋/,! %∗%04%+! #∃0/(4∃!≅03>#∋>%Κ! ϑ∃%!≅∃;&∋>3.!
∋,#%03>#∋/,!Φ∋#∃!∗3#%0∋3.&!3,+!≅%/≅.%!>/(.+!,/#!)%!0%≅.∋>3#%+!/,.∋,%!3,+!0%1(∋0%&!#∃%!>/∗)∋,3#∋/,!/−!
/−−.∋,%!3,+!/,.∋,%!3>#∋/,! &≅3>%&Κ!Λ(#! #∃%!∗%>∃3,∋&∗&! #/! &∃30%!≅∃;&∋>3.! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%&!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!+∋4∋#3.!
0%3.∗!/−−%0%+!3!,%Φ!+∋∗%,&∋/,!#/!%3>∃!Φ/0Η&∃/≅7!3,+!#∃0/(4∃!%3>∃!∋#%03#∋/,!3,!3.#%0,3#∋:%!−3&∃∋/,!
&;&#%∗!%∗%04%+Κ!ϑ∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!304(%&!#∃3#!#∃%!34%,>;!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!∋,#%0:%,#∋/,!,%%+&!#/!4/!
)%;/,+! ≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,! Φ∋#∃∋,! 3! Φ/0Η&∃/≅! /0! /,%Μ/−−! %:%,#Κ! ϑ∃0/(4∃! −/(0! +∋−−%0%,#! 3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃!
≅0/_%>#&!∀#∃%#&∀∋()∗∀!+∀,)−.!%∗%04%+!3&!3!,%Φ!∗/+%.Κ!!
!
ϑ∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!∃3&!−/>(&%+!/,!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!Φ∋#∃∋,!3!Ζ%,!Ρ!+%∗/403≅∃∋>!3&!#∃∋&!
∋,+∋:∋+(3.!∃3&!)%%,!∋+%,#∋−∋%+!3&!#∃%!∗/&#!∋,−.(%,#∋3.!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!ηΖ3../Φ3;7!ΑΒΧΧιΚ!8∃∋.&#!
#∃%;!30%!#∃%!.304%&#!>/,&(∗%0!40/(≅!/−!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,7!#∃%;!∃3+!+∋−−%0%,#!>∃303>#%0∋&#∋>&!#/!Ζ%,!κΚ!8∋#∃!
#∃∋&! ∋,!∗∋,+! ∋#φ&!Φ/0#∃!∃∋4∃.∋4∃#∋,4!Ζ%,!θ!Φ∋..!∃3:%!%:%,!40%3#%0!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%!/−!+∋4∋#3.! ∋,#%0−3>∋,47! ∋,!
≅30#! +(%! #/! #∃%! ∋,>0%3&%! ∋,! +∋4∋#3.! 0%&/(0>%&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! ∋&! %,∃3,>%+! #∃0/(4∃! #∃%∋0! +3∋.;! ∋,#%03>#∋/,! Φ∋#∃!
&/>∋3.! ∗%+∋3! #//.&7! 3,+! #∃%! 0%&%30>∃! ∋+%,#∋−∋%+! #∃3#! Ζ%,! θ! Φ%0%! 3.0%3+;! 3>#∋:%.;! >/Μ>0%3#∋,4! 3,+!
>(03#∋,4!>/,#%,#!Φ∋#∃∋,!+∋4∋#3.!3≅≅.∋>3#∋/,&!3,+!≅.3#−/0∗&Κ!ϑ∃∋&!/≅%,&!(≅!,%Φ!0%&%30>∃!/≅≅/0#(,∋#∋%&!
3,+! ≅0/:∋+%&! 3! &(∋#%! /−! +∋4∋#3.! 3,+! /,.∋,%! #//.&! #∃3#! >/(.+! )%! )/00/Φ%+! 3,+! >/∗)∋,%+!Φ∋#∃! #%Γ#∋.%!
+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!≅0/>%&&%&Κ! ϑ∃%!+∋−−(&∋/,!/−!+∋4∋#3.!+%&∋4,! #//.&!+%∗/>03#∋&%+! #∃%!/≅≅/0#(,∋#;! #/!
>0%3#%! 3,+! ∃3&! #∃%! ≅/#%,#∋3.! #/! +%−∋,%! ,%Φ! /≅%,! ≅0/+(>#∋/,! ∗/+%.&! 3,+! ∗%#∃/+&! −/0! −3&∃∋/,Κ!
ϑ∃0/(4∃! 3>#∋/,! 0%&%30>∃7! 0%−.%>#∋/,! 3,+! /)&%0:3#∋/,! #∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! ≅0/:∋+%+! +/>(∗%,#3#∋/,7! #/!
&(≅≅/0#!3!>3&%!−/0!#∃∋&!,%Φ!Φ3;!/−!Φ/0Η∋,4Κ!
!
ϑ.! =<(<;∀7! ∴∀.! ν! 2%.,<5∀;,! 3.4! (9∀! 13Ν! (9∀Ν! <,∀! ,%2)3∗! 5∀4)3! 3.4! %.∗).∀! (%%∗,! 1)∗∗! −<)4∀!
,<,(3).38∗∀!4∀,)−.∀;,! 3.4! ;∀,∀3;29∀;,! (%13;4,! 3! ;3.−∀!%=! Π%,,)8∗∀! ,%∗<()%.,! #!19∀;∀! =3,(! =3,9)%.!
53Ν!−3).! 3! −;∀3(∀;!<.4∀;,(3.4).−7! 3ΠΠ;∀2)3()%.!3.4!3!.∀1! ,∀.,∀!%=! :3∗<∀!53Ν!8∀!∀∋Π∀;)∀.2∀4!Ξ!
∗∀34).−! (%! 2%.,<5Π()%.! 4∀2),)%.,! (93(! ,∀∀6! 5%4∀∗,! (93(! 1)∗∗! 4∀∗):∀;! Π;%4<2(,! 1)(9! ∀∋(∀.4∀4!
∗)=∀,Π3.,Κ!
!
181
!
ΟΚς!∃%.(;)8<()%.,!(%!φ.%1∗∀4−∀!
!
ϑ∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! 3++0%&&%&! #∃%! ≅0/).%∗! /−! ≅0/.∋−∋>! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! #/! >/,&∋+%0! ∃/Φ! Φ%! ∗∋4∃#! 3>∃∋%:%! 3!
∗/0%!&(∋,3).%!−3&#! −3&∃∋/,!−(#(0%Κ!Λ;!+%∗/,#∋,4!3.#%0,3#∋:%!−3&#! −3&∃∋/,!%Γ≅%0∋%,>%&!#∃0/(4∃!
≅03>#∋>3.!+%∗/,#∋/,&7!#∃%&%!/(#>/∗%&!&(≅≅/0#!#∃%!/0∋4∋,3.!>/,#0∋)(#∋/,!);!≅0/:∋+∋,4!3!≅/0#−/.∋/!/−!
−/(0!3>#∋/,!0%&%30>∃!≅0/_%>#&Κ!
!
ϑ∃%!/0∋4∋,3.!>/,#0∋)(#∋/,!/−!#∃∋&!0%&%30>∃!%∗%04%+!#∃0/(4∃!∗3Η∋,4!3!&;,#∃%&∋&!/−!#∃∋,4&!#∃3#!∃3:%!,/#!
)%%,!≅(#!#/4%#∃%0Κ!ϑ∃∋&!Φ3&!3>∃∋%:%+!);!>/∗)∋,∋,4!#%Γ#∋.%!+%&∋4,!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!Φ∋#∃!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋3!#//.&Κ!
ϑ∃%! &;,#∃%&∋&!Φ3&! &(≅≅/0#%+!);!3≅≅.;∋,4!%Γ∋&#∋,4!≅30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!3≅≅0/3>∃%&! &(>∃!3&!+%&∋4,!3>#∋:∋&∗7!
+%∗/>03#∋>! ∋,,/:3#∋/,7! /≅%,! ∋,,/:3#∋/,! 3,+! >/..3)/03#∋:%! >/,&(∗≅#∋/,! −0/∗! #∃%! )0/3+%0! −∋%.+! /−!
+%&∋4,!3,+!0%Μ3≅≅.;∋,4!#∃%∗!#∃0/(4∃!#∃%!%Γ≅./03#/0;!∗%#∃/+!/−!+&/+(0&!%&∋()∗!(∗+&,−&∗+(.∗∋∀!ϑ∃∋&!,%Φ!
∗%#∃/+!Φ3&!3≅≅.∋%+! #/! #03∋.!+∋−−%0%,#!3≅≅0/3>∃%&! #/!%,>/(034%! −3&#! −3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0&! #/!∗3∋,#3∋,!
#∃%∋0! %Γ∋&#∋,4! Φ30+0/)%! #∃0/(4∃! ,%Φ−/(,+! &Η∋..&! 3,+! 0%&/(0>%&Κ! ϑ∃∋&! %,>/(034%+! 3! ≅0/>%&&! /−!
#03,&−/0∗3#∋/,! 3,+! ,%Φ! &/>∋3.! ∋,#%03>#∋/,&! Φ∋#∃! −3&∃∋/,! #/! %∗%04%! #∃3#! +∋&>/(034%+! &∃/0#! .∋−%!
430∗%,#&Κ! ϑ∃%&%! %Γ≅%0∋%,>%&! >/(.+! )%! &∃30%+! #∃0/(4∃! ∋,#%403#%+! &/>∋3.! ∗%+∋3! #//.&! #/! ≅0/∗/#%!
−(0#∃%0!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,Κ!!
!
ϑ∃∋&! #∃%&∋&!/−−%0&! 3,! ∋,&∋4∃#! ∋,#/!∃/Φ!3.#%0,3#∋:%! −3&∃∋/,! &;&#%∗&!∗∋4∃#!)%!+%&∋4,%+7!+%.∋:%0%+!3,+!
&(≅≅/0#%+Κ! ϑ∃∋&! 0%&%30>∃! ≅/&∋#∋/,&! #%Γ#∋.%! +%&∋4,! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&! /(#&∋+%! /−! #∃%! −3&∃∋/,! &;&#%∗! #/!
>/,&∋+%0! 3,! 3.#%0,3#∋:%! ,%Φ! ∗/+%.Κ! 8∃∋.%! #∃%&%! ∋,#%0:%,#∋/,&! ∃3:%! )%%,! #%&#%+! /,! 3! Ζ%,! Ρ! −3&#!
−3&∃∋/,!>/,&(∗%0!40/(≅7!∗3∋,.;!Φ∋#∃∋,!#∃%!9Υ7!#∃%0%!∋&!≅/#%,#∋3.!#/!>/,+(>#!−(0#∃%0!0%&%30>∃!Φ∋#∃!3!
)0/3+%0! >/,&(∗%0! 40/(≅! /0! >/,+(>#! 3! &%0∋%&! /−! &3#%..∋#%! ≅0/_%>#! Φ∋#∃∋,! +∋−−%0%,#! 4%/403≅∃∋>3.!
./>3#∋/,&Κ!=(#(0%!0%&%30>∃!0%1(∋0%&!3! ./,4∋#(+∋,3.!&#(+;!#/!%:3.(3#%!#∃%!∋∗≅3>#!−0/∗!#∃%!>/,&(∗%0&Π!
≅%0&≅%>#∋:%!3,+!<2∀!3,3.;&∋&!0%430+∋,4!#∃%!)%,%−∋#&!/−!≅0/./,4∋,4!#∃%!(&%!/−!−3&#!−3&∃∋/,!430∗%,#&Κ!!
!!
182
Ι∀=∀;∀.2∀,!!
≅%%6,!
∀.%Γ3,+%07!2Κ!Σ%,/7!ΩΚ!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!Τ>/,/∗∋%&!/−!Σ%>;>.∋,4δ!ϑ∃%!Ζ./)3.!#03,&−/0∗3#∋/,!/−!∗3#%0∋3.&7!:3.(%&!
3,+!&/>∋3.!0%.3#∋/,&!η≅Κ!ΑιΚ!θ%+!Λ//Η&Κ!
∀,+%0&/,7!2Κ!ηΑΒΧΑιΚ!78>&,∋β!45&!Σ&Τ!Ω∗%2∋+,(80!]&−.02+(.∗!η≅Κ!ΑαβιΚ!Σ3,+/∗!Ε/(&%!Λ(&∋,%&&!Λ//Η&Κ!!
∀#Η∋,&/,7!?Κ!ηΑΒΧΧ7!=%)0(30;!ειΚ!Ψ0>∃%.!∗3,/%(:0%&!∋,!+%&∋4,Κ!ΛΝ∴!?().∋&∃%0&Κ!
Λ30#∃%&7!ΣΚ!ηΧχεΒιΚ!45&!18∋5(.∗!?Μ∋+&Λ!η≅Κ!∆ΑΒιΚ!Λ%0Η%.%;!23.∋−/0,∋3δ!</,+/,δ!9,∋:%0&∋#;!/−!23.∋−/0,∋3!
?0%&&Κ!
Λ.3>Η7!∴Κ7!5!∀.%Γ3,+%07!ΕΚ!ηΑΒΧΑιΚ!45&!?2∋+8(∗8Γ0&!18∋5(.∗!χ8∗%Γ..>!η≅Κ!∆αΑιΚ!ϑ∃3∗%&!5!Ε(+&/,Κ!!
Λ/#&∗3,7!Σ3>∃%.7!Σ/4%0&7!ΣΚ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!δ58+Α∋!Λ(∗&!(∋!Μ.2,∋β!5.Τ!=.008Γ.,8+(−&!=.∗∋2Λ9+(.∗!(∋!=58∗)(∗)!
+5&!Τ8Μ!Τ&!0(−&Κ!</,+/,δ!Ε30≅%0!2/..∋,&Κ!
Λ/Φ.%&7!Ξ%.3,∋%7!Ν&33>7!ΥΚ!ηΑΒΒχιΚ!6∋4∋#3.!ϑ%Γ#∋.%!6%&∋4,Κ!</,+/,δ!<3(0%,>%!Υ∋,4Κ!
Λ03(,430#7!ΞΚ7!5!Ξ>6/,/(4∃7!8Κ!ηΑΒΒχιΚ!6,8%0&!+.!6,8%0&∀!]&Λ8>(∗)!+5&!δ8Μ!δ&!78>&!45(∗)∋!η≅Κ!
ΑΒειΚ!ϕ∋,#34%Κ!!
2∃3≅∗3,7!ΩΚ!ηΑΒΒαιΚ!∴()_%>#!Ψ)_%>#!Σ%.3#∋/,&∃∋≅&!3,+!Τ∗/#∋/,3..;!6(03).%!6%&∋4,Κ!Ν,!Θ.∗)&,!Θ8∋+(∗)!
?.02+(.∗∋β!:%8−8∗=(∗)!?2∋+8(∗8Γ0&!<&−&0.9Λ&∗+!45,.2)5!Ω∗=,&8∋&%!≅,.%2=+!<2,8Γ(0(+ΜΚ!</,+/,δ!
∀&∃43#%Κ!
2∃3≅∗3,7!ΩΚ7!5!Ζ3,#7!ΘΚ!ηΑΒΒβιΚ!<&∋()∗&,∋!ε(∋(.∗8,(&∋!8∗%!φ+5&,!?+.,(&∋β!:!6.00&=+(.∗!.Β!?2∋+8(∗8Γ0&!
<&∋()∗!Κ∋∋8Μ∋!η≅Κ!ΧιΚ!Σ/(#.%+4%Κ!!
2/4∃.3,7!67!Λ03,,∋>Η7!ϑΚ!ηΑΒΒχιΚ!<.(∗)!:=+(.∗!]&∋&8,=5!(∗!γ.2,!φΤ∗!φ,)8∗(∋8+(.∗!η#∃∋0+!%+∋#ΚιΚ!∴∀ΖΤΚ!
20/&&7!ΘΚ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!<&∋()∗!45(∗>(∗)β!η∗%&,∋+8∗%(∗)!χ.Τ!<&∋()∗&,∋!45(∗>!8∗%!δ.,>!η≅Κ!ΧχΑιΚ!Λ%04!
?().∋&∃%0&Κ!!
63:∋&7!∴Κ!ηΧχεβιΚ!12+2,&!≅&,Β&=+Κ!∀++∋&/,!8%&.%;!</,4∗3,!?().∋&∃∋,4!2/Κ!!
6/∗%&%Η7!ΤΚ!ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!≅∀?∀Ρ!Ω!78%&!45(∋β!Ω!?&&!(+∀!Ω!Θ(>&!(+∀!Ω!78>&!(+β!:∗!Ω∗∋9(,&%![2(%&!+.!<&∋()∗&,!<Ωγ!
18∋5(.∗!8∗%!?+Μ0&!ι≅89&,Γ8=>ϕ!η≅Κ!Χ]ΒιΚ!</,+/,δ!Ε300;!ΘΚ!∀)03∗&7!Ν,>Κ!!
Τ:%.%4∃7!ϑΚ!ηΑΒΧιΚ!;;6!4Τ.!Ρ!45&![,&8+!;,(+(∋5!?&Τ(∗)!;&&Κ!</,+/,δ!⊥(3+0∋..%!?().∋&∃∋,4!<#+Κ!!
=.%#>∃%07!ΥΚ!ηΑΒΒειΚ!?2∋+8(∗8Γ0&!18∋5(.∗!8∗%!4&/+(0&∋β!<&∋()∗!κ.2,∗&Μ∋!η≅Κ!ΑΧΑιΚ!Σ/(#.%+4%Κ!!
=.%#>∃%07!ΥΚ7!5!Ζ0/&%7!<Κ!ηΑΒΧΑιΚ!18∋5(.∗!Ψ!?2∋+8(∗8Γ(0(+Μβ!<&∋()∗!Β.,!658∗)&!η≅Κ!ΧχΑιΚ!<3(0%,>%!Υ∋,4Κ!!
=.;,,7!ΩΚ!θΚ7!5!=/&#%07!ΝΚ!ΞΚ!ηΑΒΒχιΚ!]&∋&8,=5!7&+5.%∋!Β.,!+5&!18∋5(.∗!Ω∗%2∋+,Μ!η≅Κ!∆αΑιΚ!=∀ΝΣ2ΕΝ<6Κ!!
=(3+Μ<(Η%7!∀Κ!ηΑΒΒχιΚ!<&∋()∗!:=+(−(∋Λβ!;&82+(Β20!?+,8∗)&∗&∋∋!Β.,!8!?2∋+8(∗8Γ0&!δ.,0%!η≅Κ!ΑβΑιΚ!
Σ/(#.%+4%Κ!!
Ζ3(,#.%##7!6Κ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!78>(∗)!(∋!6.∗∗&=+(∗)Κ!78>(∗)!(∋!6.∗∗&=+(∗)!η≅≅Κ!ΧϖΧαιΚ!!
Ν..∋>∃7!ΝΚ7!ΧχβΒΚ!4..0∋!Β.,!6.∗−(−(80(+Μ∀!Θ%Φ!Ρ/0Ηδ!Ξ30∋/,!Λ/;30&Κ!
Ω3>Η&/,7!ϑΚ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!≅,.∋9&,(+Μ!Τ(+5.2+![,.Τ+5β!Κ=.∗.Λ(=∋!Β.,!8!1(∗(+&!≅08∗&+!η≅Κ!ΑεειΚ!Σ/(#.%+4%Κ!!
Υ/.Η/7!ΩΚ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!Κ/9.∋(∗)!+5&!78)(=!.Β!<&∋()∗β!:!≅,8=+(+(.∗&,Α∋![2(%&!+.!+5&!7&+5.%∋!8∗%!45&.,Μ!.Β!
?Μ∗+5&∋(∋!η≅Κ!ΑΒειΚ!Θ%Φ!Ρ/0Η7!Θ%Φ!Ρ/0Η7!9∴∀δ!Ψ9?!9∴∀Κ!
!Υ/&Η∋,%,7!ΝΚ7!θ∋∗∗%0∗3,7!ΩΚ7!Λ∋,+%07!ϑΚ7!Σ%+�/∗7!ΩΚ7!5!8%,&:%%,7!∴Κ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!<&∋()∗!]&∋&8,=5!
45,.2)5!≅,8=+(=&β!1,.Λ!+5&!Θ8Γς!1(&0%ς!8∗%!?5.Τ,..Λ!η≅Κ!ΑΑιΚ!Ξ/043,!Υ3(−∗3,,Κ!!
<%%7!ΞΚ!ηΑΒΒβιΚ!Κ=.!65(=β!45&!?8−−Μ!?5.99&,∋![2(%&!+.!Κ+5(=80!18∋5(.∗!ι≅89&,Γ8=>ϕ!η≅Κ!ΑεειΚ!Ζ3∋3!
Λ//Η&!<#+Κ!!
<%Φ∋,7!ΥΚ!ηΧχβιΚ!=0/,#∋%0&!∋,!Ζ0/(≅!6;,3∗∋>&δ!ΝΝΚ!2∃3,,%.&!/−!Ζ0/(≅!<∋−%µ!∴/>∋3.!?.3,,∋,4!3,+!∀>#∋/,!
Σ%&%30>∃Κ!χ2Λ8∗!]&08+(.∗∋Κ!!
Ξ3,ς∋,∋7!ΤΚ!ηΑΒΒβιΚ!6%&∋4,!0%&%30>∃!−/0!&(∋,3).%!&/>∋3.!∋,,/:3#∋/,Κ!?=&∗8,(.7!6%&∋4,!Σ%&%30>∃!Θ/Φ!
Λ/30+!/−!Ν,#%0,3#∋/,3.!Σ%&%30>∃!∋,!6%&∋4,!ΑΒΒβ7!≅≅!Α∆∆ΜΑαΚ!
Ξ/440∋+4%7!ΛΚ!ηΑΒΒ]ιΚ!<&∋()∗(∗)!Ω∗+&,8=+(.∗∋!η≅Κ!εΧ]ιΚ!ΞΝϑ!?0%&&Κ!!
Ξ(,>%;7!ϑΚ!ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!6,&8+(∗)!:2+.&+5∗.),895(&∋!η≅Κ!Χ]ειΚ!∴∀ΖΤ!?().∋>3#∋/,&!<#+Κ!
Θ(&&)3(∗7!ΛΚ!ηΑΒΧ∆3ιΚ!6,&8+(−&!Ω∗+&00()&∗=&β!χ8,∗&∋∋(∗)!+5&!≅.Τ&,!+.!6,&8+&ς!6.∗∗&=+ς!8∗%!Ω∗∋9(,&!η≅Κ!
∆]ειΚ!Ε30≅%0Λ(&∋,%&&Κ!!
?%00%.&7!∀+0∋33,7!Ε∋∗3,%,7!ϕ%∋.Κ!<%%ΜΖ/&&%.∋,7!ΞΚ!ηΑΒΒειΚ!Λ(∋.+∋,4!Λ./>Η&!−/0!∴(∋,3).%!ϑ03,&≅/0#δ!
Ψ)>.%&7!ϑ0%,+&7!∴/.(#∋/,&!ηΖ//4.%!%Λ//ΗιΚ!Ν,!ΞΚ!?%00%.&7!∀+0∋33,7!Ε∋∗3,%,7!ϕ%∋.Κ!<%%ΜΖ/&&%.∋,!
183
ηΤ+Κι7!;2(0%(∗)!;0.=>∋!Β.,!?2∋+8(∗8Γ0&!4,8∗∋9.,+β!φΓ∋+8=0&∋ς!4,&∗%∋ς!?.02+(.∗∋!η≅Κ!ΑβειΚ!Τ∗%03.+!
Ζ0/(≅!?().∋&∃∋,4Κ!!
Σ%3&/,7!?Κ7!5!Λ03+)(0;7!ΕΚ!ηΑΒΒ]ιΚ!χ8∗%Γ..>!.Β!:=+(.∗!]&∋&8,=5Κ!≅8,+(=(98+(−&!Ω∗⊥2(,Μ!8∗%!≅,8=+(=&!
Θ.∗%.∗!η≅Κ!]ειΚ!!
∴∃%+0/−−7!ΘΚ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!<&∋()∗!Ω∋!45&!≅,.Γ0&ΛΚ!Σ/&%,−%.+!Ξ%+∋3Κ!!
∴∋%4.%7!<Κ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!4.!<(&!1.,β!Ω∋!18∋5(.∗!δ&8,(∗)!φ2+!+5&!δ.,0%∴!η≅Κ!∆αΑιΚ!=/(0#∃!Τ#%Κ!!
ϑ∃3>Η3037!ΩΚ!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!=/0%Φ30+Κ!Ν,!ΩΚ!83.Η%07!∴#(30#7!Ζ∋30+!ηΤ+Κι7!45&!58∗%Γ..>!.Β!<&∋()∗!Β.,!
?2∋+8(∗8Γ(0(+Μ!η≅Κ!ΓΓ:ιΚ!Θ%Φ!Ρ/0Η7!Θ%Φ!Ρ/0Η7!9∴∀δ!Λ.//∗&)(0;Κ!
83#%0∃/(&%7!ΩΚ!ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!Ω∗%(&!6,8Β+!η≅Κ!ΧΑειΚ!<3(0%,>%!Υ∋,4Κ!!
8∋..∋3∗&7!ΣΚ!ΕΚ!ηΧχχΧιΚ!<,&8Λ!δ.,0%∋β!78∋∋!6.∗∋2Λ9+(.∗!(∗!Θ8+&!Σ(∗&+&&∗+5Ρ=&∗+2,Μ!1,8∗=&!η≅Κ!αΧιΚ!
9,∋:%0&∋#;!/−!23.∋−/0,∋3!?0%&&Κ!!
!
!
?%<;.3∗!_!∃%.=∀;∀.2∀!Η3Π∀;,!∀..Φ//+7!ΩΚ!ΞΚ7!∀&∃);7!ΞΚ!=Κ7!Ζ(#/Φ&Η∋7!ϑΚ!ΖΚ7!5!8/00%..7!ΤΚ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!Ξ3#%0∋3.!%−−∋>∋%,>;δ!∀!Φ∃∋#%!≅3≅%0Κ!
]&∋.2,=&∋ς!6.∗∋&,−8+(.∗!8∗%!]&=Μ=0(∗)7!ΕΕη∆ι7!∆]Αϖ∆εΧΚ!!
Λ30,%&7!<Κ7!5!<%3ΜΖ0%%,Φ//+7!ΖΚ!ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!=3&#!−3&∃∋/,!∋,!#∃%!0%#3∋.!&#/0%!%,:∋0/,∗%,#Κ!Ω∗+&,∗8+(.∗80!
κ.2,∗80!.Β!]&+8(0!Ψ!<(∋+,(Γ2+(.∗!78∗8)&Λ&∗+7!#ΠηΧΒι7!β]ΒϖββΑΚ!!
Λ%0#∃/,7!?Κ!ΣΚ7!?∋##7!<Κ!=Κ7!?.3,44%07!ΥΚ7!5!∴∃3≅∋0/7!6Κ!ηΑΒΧΑιΚ!Ξ30Η%#∋,4!∗%%#&!8%)!ΑΚΒ7!&/>∋3.!∗%+∋37!
3,+!>0%3#∋:%!>/,&(∗%0&δ!Ν∗≅.∋>3#∋/,&!−/0!∋,#%0,3#∋/,3.!∗30Η%#∋,4!#%4;Κ!;2∋(∗&∋∋!χ.,(λ.∗∋7!
ΕΕη∆ι7!Α]ΧϖΑβΧΚ!!
Λ∃30+Φ3_7!ϕΚ7!5!=3∋0∃(0!∀Κ!ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!=3&#!−3&∃∋/,δ!0%&≅/,&%!#/!>∃3,4%&!∋,!#∃%!−3&∃∋/,!∋,+(�Κ!45&!
Ω∗+&,∗8+(.∗80!]&−(&Τ!.Β!]&+8(0ς!<(∋+,(Γ2+(.∗!8∗%!6.∗∋2Λ&,!]&∋&8,=57!ΧΥηΧι7!Χ]αϖΧβ∆Κ!!
Λ/+;7!Ω7!ϑ%00%;7!Θ7!ϑ%043&7!<Κ!ηΑΒΒειΚ!6%&∋4,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!3&!3,!Τ∗%04∋,4!6%&∋4,!∴Η∋..δ!∀!?03>#∋>3.!
∀≅≅0/3>∃Κ!Ν,!≅,.=&&%(∗)∋!.Β!<&∋()∗!45(∗>(∗)!]&∋&8,=5!?ΜΛ9.∋(2Λ!Πβ!Ω∗+&,9,&+(∗)!<&∋()∗!
45(∗>(∗)Κ!
Λ03,+#7!ΤΚ7!Λ∋,+%07!ϑΚ7!∴3,+%0&7!ΤΚ7!ηΑΒΧΑιΚ!ϑ//.&!3,+!ϑ%>∃,∋1(%&δ!Φ3;&!#/!%,434%!#%..∋,47!∗3Η∋,4!3,+!
%,3>#∋,4Κ!Σ/(#.%+4%!Ν,#%0,3#∋/,3.!Ε3,+)//Η!/−!?30#∋>∋≅3#/0;!6%&∋4,δ!≅≅ΚΧαΜΧεΧΚ!Θ%Φ!Ρ/0Ηδ!
Σ/(#.%+4%Κ!
Λ0/4∋7!∴Κ7!23.3)0%&%7!∀Κ7!23∗≅∋&∋7!6Κ7!23≅%>%7!ΖΚ7!2/%!ΣΚ7!5!6∋7!=Κ!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!ϑ∃%!Τ−−%>#&!/−!Ψ,.∋,%!Λ03,+!
2/∗∗(,∋#∋%&!/,!Λ03,+!Τ1(∋#;!∋,!#∃%!<(Γ(0;!=3&∃∋/,!Ν,+(�Κ!Ω∗+&,∗8+(.∗80!κ.2,∗80!.Β!Κ∗)(∗&&,(∗)!
;2∋(∗&∋∋!78∗8)&Λ&∗+7!≅≅ΚΧΚ!!
Λ0(,&7!∀Κ!ηΑΒΧΑ7!∀≅0∋.!Α∆ιΚ!∀+!∃/>!∋,,/:3#∋/,!);!(&%0&!/−!&/>∋3.!,%#Φ/0Η& δ!#∃%!>3&%!/−!ϑΦ∋##%0Κ!ϑ?Ω!
<(∋=2∋∋(.∗!≅89&,Κ!θ%,#0(∗!−0!∴/ς∋3.%!Ν,,/:3#∋/,!ϖ!2%,#0%!−/0!∴/>∋3.!Ν,,/:3#∋/,Κ!!
2∃%&)0/(4∃7!ΕΚ!8Κ7!5!∀≅≅.%;30+7!ΞΚ!ΞΚ!ηΑΒΒβιΚ!Ψ≅%,!Ν,,/:3#∋/,!3,+!∴#03#%4;Κ!680(Β.,∗(8!
78∗8)&Λ&∗+!]&−(&Τ7!ΕΥ7!≅≅Κ!αβϖββΚ!!
20%Φ%7!<Κ!ηΑΒΧ∆7ιΚ!8∃%,!:∋0#(3.!3,+!∗3#%0∋3.!Φ/0.+&!>/..∋+%δ!+%∗/>03#∋>!−3&∃∋/,!∋,!#∃%!+∋4∋#3.!34%Κ!
Κ∗−(,.∗Λ&∗+!8∗%!≅08∗∗(∗)!:Κ!!
2&∋Η&ς%,#∗∋∃3.;∋7!ΞΚ7!5!Ε(,#%07!ΩΚ!ηΑΒΒ∆ιΚ!Ε3≅≅∋,%&&!∋,!Τ:%0;+3;!<∋−%δ!ϑ∃%!9&%&!/−!ΤΓ≅%0∋%,>%!
∴3∗≅.∋,4Κ!κ.2,∗80!.Β!χ899(∗&∋∋!?+2%(&∋7!∆ηΑι7!≅≅Κ!ΧεαϖΧχχΚ!!
=0∋>Η%7!ϕΚ7!5!∴>∃03+%07!9Κ!ηΑΒΧΑιΚ!?3#∃Φ3;&!#/!Σ%&≅/,&∋).%!<∋:∋,4!2/,−%0%,>%!?0/>%%+∋,4&Κ!Ν,!ϕΚ!=0∋>Η%!
5!9Κ!∴>∃03+%0!ηΤ+&Κι7!;&Μ.∗%!6.∗∋2Λ9+(.∗β!≅8+5Τ8Μ∋!+.!]&∋9.∗∋Γ(0&!Θ(−(∗)Κ!Λ%0.∋,Κ!!
=(3+Μ<(Η%7!∴#03(&&7!2Κ!ηΑΒΒειΚ!ϑ∃%!∴./Φ!6%&∋4,!?0∋,>∋≅3.&Κ!Ν,!658∗)(∗)!+5&!658∗)&∀!<&∋()∗!ε(∋.∗∋!
≅,.9.∋80∋!8∗%!4..0∋Κ!2/,−%0%,>%7!ϑ/0∋,/!ΧΒ#∃!Μ!ΧΧ#∃!Μ!ΧΑ#∃!Ω(.;!ΑΒΒεΚ!
Ζ3../Φ3;7!∴Κ!ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!:ΒΒ02&∗+∋ β!45&!Κ∗%!.Β!+5&!;&)(∗∗(∗)Κ!
Ζ3&&∗3,,7!ΨΚ7!Τ,Η%.7!ΤΚ7!5!2∃%&)0/(4∃7!ΕΚ!ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!ϑ∃%!−(#(0%!/−!/≅%,!∋,,/:3#∋/,Κ!]Ψ<!78∗8)&Λ&∗+7!
∆Υη∆ι7!≅≅Κ!ΑΧ∆ϖΑΑΧΚ!!
Ζ/Φ/0%Η7!ΕΚ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!∴/>∋3.!3,+!%,:∋0/,∗%,#3.!&(∋,3)∋.∋#;!∋,!#∃%!>./#∃∋,4!∋,+(�δ!3!>3&%!&#(+;!/−!3!
−3∋0!#03+%!0%#3∋.%0Κ!?.=(80!]&∋9.∗∋(Γ(0(+Μ!κ.2,∗807!β!ηΧι7!≅≅Κβ!Μ!ε]!
Ε3>Η,%;7!=Κ!ηΑΒΒ]ιΚ!9&%!Ρ/(0!Ε3,+&!−/0!Ε3≅≅∋,%&&δ!Ε/∗%!203−#!3,+!Ξ3Η%Μ+/Μ3,+ΜΞ%,+!∋,!Λ0∋#∋&∃!
8/∗%,Π&!Ξ343ς∋,%&!∋,!#∃%!ΧχΑΒ&!3,+!Χχ∆Β&Κ!κ.2,∗80!.Β!<&∋()∗!χ(∋+.,Μ7!3∃ηΧι7!≅≅Κ!Α∆ϖ∆εΚ!!
Ε3>Η,%;7!=Κ!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!⊥(∋%#!∀>#∋:∋&∗!3,+!#∃%!Θ%Φ!∀∗3#%(07!κ.2,∗80!.Β!6%&∋4,!3,+!2(.#(0%!α!ηΑι7!≅≅Κ!Χ]χΜ
Χχ∆Κ!
184
Ε∋%,%0#∃7!2Κ7!:/,!Ε∋≅≅%.7!ΤΚ!∀Κ7!5!Ω%,&%,7!ΞΚ!ΛΚ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!Ν,,/:3#∋/,!3&!2/,&(∗≅#∋/,δ!∀,3.;&∋&!/−!
2/,&(∗%0&Π!Ν,,/:3#∋/,!Τ−−∋>∋%,>;Κ!??]Σ!Κ0&=+,.∗(=!κ.2,∗80Κ!!
Ε∋0&>∃%07!∀Κ!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!Ω/;−(.!≅30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!∋,!,%Φ!Φ3;&!/−!+%&∋4,∋,4!3,+!∗3Η∋,4!>./#∃%&Κ!Μ!Τ,3).∋,4!
≅%0&/,Μ≅0/+(>#!3##3>∃∗%,#!#/!≅/#%,#∋3..;!0%+(>%!(,,%>%&&30;!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!Σ%#0∋%:%+!−0/∗!
∃##≅&δλλ33.#/+/>Κ33.#/Κ−∋δ∆λ∃3,+.%λΧΑ∆α]βεχλΧΒ∆εΧ7!≅≅!ΧΚ!∀>>%&&%+!ΧΧ#∃!Ω(.;!ΑΒΧΚ!
Ε/.#7!6Κ!ηΑΒΒΑιΚ!8∃;!+/!)03,+&!>3(&%!#0/().%Ι!∀!+∋3.%>#∋>3.!#∃%/0;!/−!>/,&(∗%0!>(.#(0%!3,+!)03,+∋,4Κ!
κ.2,∗80!.Β!6.∗∋2Λ&,!]&∋&8,=57!Χ∃7!≅≅Κ!βΒϖχΒΚ!
Ε0/,&ςΗ;7!ΝΚ7!5!Υ/:υ>&7!ΥΚ!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!Ν,#%03>#∋:%!ϕ3.(%!?0/+(>#∋/,!#∃0/(4∃!<∋:∋,4!<3)&!Ψ,!Ψ≅%,!
Ν,,/:3#∋/,!7!#∃%!∴(≅≅.;!∴∋+%7!3ΥηΑι7!≅≅Κ!εχϖΧΒεΚ!
Ε(07!ΤΚ7!5!Λ%:%0.%;7!ΥΚ!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!ϑ∃%!Σ/.%!/−!203−#!∋,!3!2/Μ6%&∋4,!∴;&#%∗!−/0!∴(∋,3).%!=3&∃∋/,Κ!Ξ3Η∋,4!
=(#(0%&!2/,−%0%,>%Κ!?.;∗/(#∃7!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Ν&/,7!ΣΚ!<Κ!ηΑΒΒε7!∀≅0∋.!ΧαιΚ!∴;&#%∗&!#∃∋,Η∋,4!3,+!≅03>#∋>%!−/0!3>#∋/,!0%&%30>∃Κ!∴34%!?().∋>3#∋/,&Κ!
Σ%#0∋%:%+!−0/∗!∃##≅δλλ/0/Κ/≅%,Κ3>Κ(ΗλΧΒαβ]λΧλΝ&/,Κ≅+−!3>>%&&%+!ΧΧ#∃!Ω(.;!ΑΒΧΚ!
Ω3>Η&/,7!ϑΚ!ηΑΒΒαιΚ!Ξ/#∋:3#∋,4!∴(∋,3).%!2/,&(∗≅#∋/,Κ!:!]&−(&Τ!.Β!Κ−(%&∗=&!.∗!6.∗∋2Λ&,!
;&58−(.2,!8∗%!;&58−(.2,80!658∗)&!Ω∗!:!]&9.,+!+.!+5&!?2∋+8(∗8Γ0&!<&−&0.9Λ&∗+!]&∋&8,=5!
Σ&+Τ.,>!8∋!≅8,+!.Β!+5&!Κ?]6!?2∋+8(∗8Γ0&!4&=5∗.0.)(&∋!≅,.),8ΛΛ&!6&∗+,&!Β.,!Κ∗−(,.∗Λ&∗+80!
?+,8+&)Μ!η∗(−&,∋(+Μ!.Β!?2,,&Μ![2(0%Β.,%7!3Ε7!≅≅Κ!ΧΒΑβϖΧΒαΧΚ!!
ΩΨΕ∀Θ∴∴ΨΘ7!ΤΚ!ηΑΒΧΒ7!Ψ>#/)%0!Χ∆ιΚ!∴./Φ!−3&∃∋/,!Μ!#∃%!3,&Φ%0!−/0!3!&(∋,3).%!−3&∃∋/,!∋,+(�Ι!
9,∋:%0&∋#;!/−!Λ/0|&λ∴Φ%+∋&∃!∴>∃//.!/−!ϑ%Γ#∋.%&Κ!Σ%#0∋%:%+!−0/∗!
∃##≅δλλ)3+3Κ∃)Κ&%δεΒλ∃3,+.%λΑ∆ΑΒλ]ββ]!3>>%&&%+!ΧΧ#∃!Ω(.;!ΑΒΧΚ!
Υ%007!ΩΚ7!5!=/&#%07!<Κ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!∴(∋,3).%!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!Μ!9Υ!Ζ/:%0,∗%,#!3>#∋:∋#;Κ!Σ2+,(+(.∗!;200&+(∗7!#Ο7!
≅≅Κ!ΑΑϖΑαΚ!!
Υ∋∗)%..7!<Κ!ηΑΒΒχιΚ!6%&∋4,!≅03>#∋>%&!∋,!+%&∋4,!#∃∋,Η∋,4Κ!<&∋()∗7!78Μ7!ΧϖΑΚ!Σ%#0∋%:%+!−0/∗!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ.(>;Η∋∗)%..Κ>/∗λ&#(−−λ6%&∋4,?03>#∋>%&Υ∋∗)%..Κ≅+−!3>>%&&%+!ΧΧ#∃!Ω(.;!ΑΒΧΚ!
Υ/ς∋,%#&7!ΣΚϕ7!Ε3,+.%∗3,7!ΩΚ!ηΑΒΒιΚ!∀+:%0&30∋%&!/−!>/,&(∗≅#∋/,δ!>/,&(∗%0!∗/:%∗%,#&7!3>#∋:∋&∗7!
3,+!∋+%/./4∋%&Κ!κ.2,∗80!.Β!6.∗∋2Λ&,!]&∋&8,=57!#3η∆ι7!≅≅Κ!]χΧϖβΒΚ!
<./;+7!∀Κ!ΤΚ7!5!<(Η7!∴Κ!ϑΚ!ΥΚ!ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!ϑ∃%!6%:∋.!8%30&!?03+3!/0!θ303δ!∀!Σ%:%.3#∋/,!∋,#/!2(&#/∗%0!
?%0>%∋:%+!ϕ3.(%!/−!<(Γ(0;!3,+!Ξ3&&!=3&∃∋/,!Λ03,+&Κ!κ.2,∗80!.Β![0.Γ80!18∋5(.∗!78,>&+(∗)7!3η∆ι7!
≅≅Κ!ΧΑχϖΧΧΚ!!
Ξ3,ς∋,∋7!ΤΚ!ηΑΒΒχιΚ!Θ%Φ!+%&∋4,!Η,/Φ.%+4%Κ!<&∋()∗!?+2%(&∋7!#Υ7!ϖΧΑΚ!!
Ξ3ΓΜΘ%%−7!ΞΚ!ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!ϑ∃%!8/0.+!/,!3!2/..∋&∋/,!2/(0&%!3,+!#∃%!Θ%%+!−/0!3!Θ%Φ!Τ>/,/∗;Κ!:7;Ωφ7!
#∃η∆ι7!ΑΒΒϖΑΧΒΚ!!
Ξ>6/,/(4∃7!8Κ7!5!Λ03(,430#7!ΞΚ!ηΑΒΒΑιΚ!6,8%0&!+.!6,8%0&Κ!65&Λ(=80!8∗%!Κ∗)(∗&&,(∗)!Σ&Τ∋!ϕ/.Κ!εΒ7!≅Κ!
ΑΒεΚ!
Ξ/4%,&%,7!?Κ!ΕΚ!ηΧχχΑ7!∀(4(&#!ΧιΚ!ϑ/Φ30+&!3!?0/#/#;≅∋,4!∀≅≅0/3>∃!∋,!∴;&#%∗&!6%:%./≅∗%,#Κ!<:Ω7Ω!
]&9.,+!?&,(&∋Κ!Σ%#0∋%:%+!−0/∗!
∃##≅δλλ/_&Κ#&)∋).∋/#%Η%#Κ+Ηλ∋,+%ΓΚ≅∃≅λ+3∋∗∋≅)λ30#∋>.%λ:∋%Φλ]βΑα!3>>%&&%+!ΧΧ#∃!Ω(.;!ΑΒΧΚ!
Ξ/0%..∋7!ΘΚ!ηΑΒΒΑιΚ!6%&∋4,∋,4!?0/+(>#λ∴%0:∋>%!∴;&#%∗&δ!∀!Ξ%#∃/+/./4∋>3.!ΤΓ≅./03#∋/,Κ!<&∋()∗!Ω∋∋2&∋7!
3Π7!≅≅Κ!∆ϖΧβΚ!!
Θ∋%&&%,7!ΛΚ!ηΑΒΒαιΚ!φ9&∗δ&8,∀!?2∋+8(∗8Γ(0(+Μς!φ9&∗∗&∋∋!8∗%!9Χ9!9,.%2=+(.∗!(∗!+5&!δ.,0%!φΒ!Β8∋5(.∗∀!
]&∋&8,=5!,&9.,+!.Β!+5&!Κ<ηΒ8∋5(.∗!9,._&=+Κ!δ.,0%!η≅≅Κ!Χϖα]ιΚ!
Θ∋∋,∋∗ρΗ∋!ΥΚ!ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!Τ>/Μ2./#∃∋,47!2/,&(∗%0!Ν+%,#∋#;!3,+!Ν+%/./4;Κ!?2∋+8(∗8Γ0&!<&−&0.9Λ&∗+Κ!ϕ/.(∗%δ!
Χε7!Ν&&(%δ!∆7!≅≅Κ!ΧαΒΜΧ]Α!
Θ∋∋,∋∗ρΗ∋7!ΥΚ7!5!Ε3&&∋7!<Κ!ηΑΒΧΧ)ιΚ!Τ∗%04∋,4!+%&∋4,!#%4∋%&!∋,!&(∋,3).%!≅0/+(>#∋/,!3,+!
>/,&(∗≅#∋/,!/−!#%Γ#∋.%&!3,+!>./#∃∋,4Κ!κ.2,∗80!.Β!60&8∗&,!≅,.%2=+(.∗7!3∃ηΧ]ι7!≅≅Κ!Χεβ]ϖΧεε∆Κ!!
?3;,%7!∀Κ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!ϑ∃%!<∋−%Μ>;>.%!/−!#∃%!=3&∃∋/,!Ζ30∗%,#!3,+!#∃%!Σ/.%!/−!∀(.∋3,!Ξ3&&!Ξ30Η%#!
6%&∋4,%0&7!Ξ7!≅≅Κ!Α∆βϖΑ]Κ!
?∋,%7!ΛΚ!ΩΚ7!5!Ζ∋.∗/0%7!ΩΚ!ΕΚ!ηΧχχχιΚ!45&!&/9&,(&∗=&!&=.∗.ΛΜβ!Τ.,>!(∋!+5&8+,&!Ψ!&−&,Μ!Γ2∋(∗&∋∋!8!∋+8)&Κ!
;2∋(∗&∋∋ςΚ!Β7!≅Κ!ΑαΚ!!
Σ3%.∋,7!ΩΚ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!=0/∗!.%3+%0&∃∋≅Μ3&Μ≅03>#∋>%!#/!.%3+%0−(.!≅03>#∋>%Κ!Θ&8%&,∋5(97!ΞηΑι7!≅≅Κ!ΧχαϖΑΧΧΚ!!
Σ%)%>>37!ΤΚ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!η9=Μ=0(∗)!4&/+20&∋β!8%%(∗)!−802&!+5,.2)5!%&∋()∗∀!ΥΤ∀φ&!ϑ/Φ30+&!∴(∋,3)∋.∋#;!∋,!
#∃%!=3&∃∋/,!3,+!ϑ%Γ#∋.%&!Ν,+(�7!Α]#∃!Μ!Αβ#∃!∀≅0∋.!ΑΒΧΧ7!2/≅%,∃34%,!
Σ∋&&3,%,7!ϑΚ!ηΑΒΒαιΚ!1,.Λ!3Εµ!+.!Υβ!Ω∗−&∋+()8+(∗)!+5&!=,&8+(.∗!.Β!Β8∋5(.∗!Τ(+5.2+!+5&!=,&8+(.∗!.Β!Β8Γ,(=!
Τ8∋+&Κ!6,&8+(−(+Μ!<&∋()∗&,!Λ&&+∋!4&=5∗.0.)Μ!Κ2,.9&Κ!≅≅Κ!ΧϖΧΒΚ!!
Σ∋#ς%07!ΖΚ7!5!Ω(04%,&/,7!ΘΚ!ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!?0/+(>#∋/,7!2/,&(∗≅#∋/,7!?0/&(∗≅#∋/,δ!ϑ∃%!,3#(0%!/−!>3≅∋#3.∋&∗!∋,!
#∃%!34%!/−!#∃%!+∋4∋#3.!ν≅0/&(∗%0Κο!κ.2,∗80!.Β!6.∗∋2Λ&,!620+2,&7!3ΥηΧι7!≅≅Κ!Χ∆ϖ∆]Κ!!
185
∴3,+%0&7!ΤΚ!ΛΚΜΘΚ!ηΑΒΒ]ιΚ!∴2∀==Ψ<6∴!=ΨΣ!Λ9Ν<6ΝΘΖ!ΤϕΤΣΡ6∀Ρ!2ΣΤ∀ϑΝϕΝϑΡΚ!Ω∗!<&∋()∗!Β.,!ΚΒΒ&=+(−&!
6.ΛΛ2∗(=8+(.∗∋β!6,&8+(∗)!6.∗+&/+∋!Β.,!608,(+Μ!8∗%!7&8∗(∗)∀!κ.,)&!1,8∋=8,8!ΦΚ%∀Η!:00Τ.,+5!≅,&∋∋ς!
Σ&Τ!γ.,>ςΚ!Σ%#0∋%:%+!−0/∗!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ∗3Η%#//.&Κ>/∗λ30#∋>.%&Μ
≅3≅%0&λ∴>3−−/.+&−/0Λ(∋.+∋,4Τ:%0;+3;20%3#∋:∋#;∴3,+%0&Β]Κ≅+−!3>>%&&%+!ΧΧ#∃!Ω(.;!ΑΒΧΚ!
∴3,+%0&7!ΤΚ!ΛΚΜΘΚ7!5!∴#3≅≅%0&7!?Κ!ΩΚ!ηΑΒΒειΚ!2/Μ>0%3#∋/,!3,+!#∃%!,%Φ!.3,+&>3≅%&!/−!+%&∋4,Κ!6.<&∋()∗7!
∆ηΧι7!≅≅Κ!αϖΧεΚ!!
∴#%3+7!<Κ7!Ζ/(.%:7!?Κ7!Τ:3,&7!2Κ7!5!Ξ3∗+3,∋7!ΤΚ!ηΑΒΒιΚ!ϑ∃%!Τ∗/#∋/,3.!830+0/)%Κ!≅&,∋.∗80!8∗%!
ηΓ(⊥2(+.2∋!6.Λ92+(∗)7!Πη∆Μι7!≅≅Κ!ΑεΑϖΑχΒΚ!!
ϑ3≅&>/##7!6Κ7!5!8∋..∋3∗&7!∀Κ!6Κ!ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!78=,.Τ(>(∗.Λ(=∋β!]&Γ..+(∗)!;2∋(∗&∋∋!8∗%!+5&!δ.,0%Κ!;2∋(∗&∋∋!
Ω∗∗.−8+(.∗!18=+.,Μ!Ω∗∗.−8+(.∗!?+.,Μ!?+2%(.!:,+(=0&∋Κ!ϕ/.Κ!α7!≅Κ!∆∆]Κ!!
ϑ∃3∗7!ΞΚ7!5!Ω/,%&7!ΕΚ!ηΑΒΒε7!Ω(.;!ΧΑιΚ!Ξ%#3+%&∋4,!ϑ//.&δ!6%&∋4,∋,4!#∃%!&%%+&!−/0!&∃30%+!≅0/>%&&%&!/−!
>∃3,4%Κ!∀..%∗3,+∋!2/,−%0%,>%!?0%&&Κ!Σ%#0∋%:%+!−0/∗!
∃##≅δλλ0%&%30>∃Κ4/.+Κ3>Κ(Ηλ]β]λΧλ]β]ϑ∃3∗Κ≅+−Κ!∀>>%&&%+!ΧΧ#∃!Ω(.;!ΑΒΧΚ!
ϑ∃/0≅%7!∀Κ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!6%−∋,∋,4!6%&∋4,!3&!∀>#∋:∋&∗Κ!κ.2,∗80!.Β!:,=5(+&=+2,80!Κ%2=8+(.∗7!ΧϖΧ]Κ!≅≅!∆]ΜΧΚ!
ϑ/Η3#.∋7!ΘΚ!ηΑΒΧΑιΚ!Ψ.+!−∋0∗&7!,%Φ!#0∋>Η&!3,+!#∃%!1(%&#!−/0!≅0/−∋#&δ!Λ(0)%00;Π&!_/(0,%;!−0/∗!&(>>%&&!#/!
−3∋.(0%!3,+!)3>Η!#/!&(>>%&&!343∋,Κ!κ.2,∗80!.Β!Κ=.∗.Λ(=![&.),895Μ7!3Χ7!≅≅Κ!ααϖββΚ!
ϑ/003,>%7!ΕΚ!ηΑΒΧΑιΚ!ϑ0∋3,4(.3#∋/,7!Σ%&≅/,+%,#!ϕ3.∋+3#∋/,7!3,+!6%∗/>03#∋>!?30#∋>∋≅3#∋/,!∋,!Ξ∋Γ%+!
Ξ%#∃/+&!Σ%&%30>∃Κ!κ.2,∗80!.Β!7(/&%!7&+5.%∋!]&∋&8,=57!ΟηΑι7!≅≅Κ!ΧΧΧϖΧΑ∆Κ!!
ϕ%ςς/.∋7!2Κ7!5!Ξ3,ς∋,∋7!ΤΚ!ηΑΒΒειΚ!=3>∋.∋#3#∋,4!6∋&3&&%∗).;Κ!<&∋()∗!Β.,!Κ∗−(,.∗Λ&∗+80!?2∋+8(∗8Γ(0(+Μ7!≅≅Κ!
ΧεΧϖΧχβΚ!!
ϕ/,!Λ(&>∃7!ΨΚ!ηΑΒΒειΚ!18∋5(.∗Ρ8Γ0&β!58=>+(−(∋Λ!8∗%!&∗)8)&%!Β8∋5(.∗!%&∋()∗Κ!6,(+(=80!Ω∗⊥2(,Μ!ϕ/.Κ!ΑΑ7!
≅≅Κ!ΑβΧΜΑεΒ!
ϕ/,!Λ(&>∃7!ΨΚ!ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!ΤΓ≅./0∋,4!,%#!≅/.∋#∋>3.!>03−#δ!=0/∗!>/..%>#∋:%!#/!>/,,%>#∋:%Κ!6,8Β+!]&∋&8,=57!3ηΧι7!
≅≅Κ!ΧΧ∆ϖΧΑΚ!!
ϕ/,!Ε∋≅≅%.7!ΤΚ!ηΑΒΒαιΚ!6%∗/>03#∋ς∋,4!∋,,/:3#∋/,δ!ϑ∃%!%:/.:∋,4!≅∃%,/∗%,/,!/−!(&%0!∋,,/:3#∋/,Κ!
κ.2,∗80!;&+,(&Γ∋Τ(,+∋=58Β+7!ΕΕηΧι7!≅≅Κ!]∆ϖβεΚ!!
83.Η%07!∴Κ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!</,4%0!<3&#∋,4!?0/+(>#&δ!∀.#%0,3#∋:%&!#/!#∃%!ϑ∃0/Φ3Φ3;!∴/>∋%#;Κ!45&!<&∋()∗!
κ.2,∗80Κ!ϕ/.(∗%δ!Χ7!Ν&&(%δ!∆7!≅≅Κ!∆βαΜ∆εΒ!
83..3>%7!ΩΚ!ηΑΒΒβιΚ!Τ∗/#∋/,3..;!>∃304%+δ!∀!≅03>#∋>%Μ>%,#0%+!%,1(∋0;!/−!+∋4∋#3.!_%Φ%..%0;!3,+!≅%0&/,3.!
%∗/#∋/,3.!&∋4,∋−∋>3,>%Κ!?∃6!ϑ∃%&∋&Κ!≅≅Κ!ΧϖΑΑεΚ!!
83#&/,7!ΞΚ!θΚ!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∀,!ΤΓ≅./03#/0;!∴#(+;!/−!#∃%!6%>∋&∋/,!?0/>%&&%&!/−!=3&#!:%0&(&!∴./Φ!=3&∃∋/,!
2/,&(∗%0&Κ!κ.2,∗80!.Β!18∋5(.∗!78,>&+(∗)!8∗%!78∗8)&Λ&∗+7!3Ξ7!ΧΚ!≅≅!ΧεΜΑ]Κ!
Ρ3∋07!ΥΚ7!5!∴>∃Φ30ς7!ΞΚ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!Ξ3Η∋,4!:3.(%δ!>03−#!∋,!>∃3,4∋,4!#∋∗%&Κ!620+2,80!4,&∗%∋7!ΧΥη∆Μι7!≅≅Κ!
∆Βχϖ∆Χ]Κ!!
θ∃3,47!⊥Κ7!ϕ/,+%0%∗)&%7!ΞΚ!∀Κ7!5!<∋∗7!ΩΚΜ∴Κ!ηΑΒΒΑιΚ!ϕ3.(%!>∃3∋,!−.%Γ∋)∋.∋#;δ!∀!+∋>∃/#/∗;!/−!
>/∗≅%#%,>%!3,+!>3≅3)∋.∋#;Κ!Ω∗+&,∗8+(.∗80!κ.2,∗80!.Β!≅,.%2=+(.∗!]&∋&8,=57!∆Υη∆ι7!≅≅Κ!α]Χϖαε∆Κ!!
!
+∀,)−.!&%%∗6)(,!
Ν6ΤΨΚ!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!χ2Λ8∗Ρ6&∗+&,&%!<&∋()∗!4..0>(+β!:∗!φ9&∗Ρ?.2,=&!4..0>(+!4.!Ω∗∋9(,&!Σ&Τ!?.02+(.∗∋!(∗!+5&!
<&−&0.9(∗)!δ.,0%Κ!≅≅Κ!ΧΜΑΒΒΚ!!
Υ∋∗)%..7!<Κ!Ω(.∋%07!ΩΚ!ηΑΒΧι!ϑ∃%!∴/>∋3.!6%&∋4,!Ξ%#∃/+&!Ξ%,(Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ.(>;Η∋∗)%..Κ>/∗λ&#(−−λ=∋%.+&#(+∋/∴/>∋3.6%&∋4,Ξ%#∃/+&Ξ%,(Κ≅+−!∼3>>%&&%+!ΧΧ#∃!Ω(.;!
ΑΒΧΒ!
Ψ≅%,Ν6ΤΨ7!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!Ψ≅%,Ν6ΤΨ!Ξ%%#!9≅!ϑ//.Η∋#Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ/≅%,∋+%/Κ>/∗λ/≅%,λ∗3;/Μ>.∋,∋>λ43..%0;λ∗%%#(≅Μ#//.Η∋#Κ≅+−λ!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!χ!
∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
=0/4!2/..%>#∋:%!∀>#∋/,!ϑ//.Η∋#!
!
!
!
!
186
!
!
Μ∀8!Ι∀,%<;2∀,!
∀∴Ψ∴7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∀∴Ψ∴!Ξ30Η%#≅.3>%δ!8%.>/∗%!#/!#∃%!=3&∃∋/,!6%∗/>03>;Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅&δλλ∗30Η%#≅.3>%Κ3&/&Κ>/∗λ∃%.≅λΦ∃3#Μ∋&Μ3&/&Μ∗30Η%#≅.3>%!∼3>>%&&%+!∆!∀(4(&#!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
∀!Ξ3##%0!/−!∴#;.%7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλ∗3##%0/−&#;.%Κ)./4&≅/#Κ>/Κ(Η!∼3>>%&&%+!ΧΑ!
∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
∀!?3∋0!3,+!3!∴≅30%7!ηΑΒΧ∆ι!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλ3≅3∋03,+3&≅30%+∋;Κ>/∗!∼3>>%&&%+!ΧΑ!
∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Λ.3>Η7!∴Κ7!ηΑΒΧΑιΚ!45&!?2∋+8(∗8Γ0&!18∋5(.∗!χ8∗%Γ..>∀!</,+/,δ!Λ.3>Η!6/4!?().∋&∃∋,4Κ!Λ(>∃%,3(7!ΞΚ7!
=(.#/,!∴(0∋7!ΩΚ7!ηΑΒΒΒιΚ!ΤΓ≅%0∋%,>%!?0/#/#;≅∋,4Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλ∋+%/+%&∋4,Κ>/∗Κ3(λ∋∗34%&λ(≅./3+&λ,%Φ&λ≅+−&λ=(.#/,∴(0∋Λ(>∃%,3(Μ
ΤΓ≅%0∋%,>%?0/#/#;≅∋,4∀2ΞεΜΒΒΚ≅+−!∼3>>%&&%+!α!∀(4(&#!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!Λ%#3!=3&∃∋/,7!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!∼/,.∋,%!
∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ)%#3−3&∃∋/,Κ>/∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!α!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Λ34!Λ/00/Φ!/0!∴#%3.7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ)34)/00/Φ/0&#%3.Κ>/∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!
α!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
!Λ/+;7!ΩΚ7!ϑ%00%;7!ΘΚ7!ϑ%043&Κ7!<Κ7!ηΑΒΧΑιΚ!6%&∋4,!=3>∋.∋#3#∋/,!3&!3,!Τ∗%04∋,4!∴Η∋..δ!∀!?03>#∋>3.!∀≅≅0/3>∃Κ!
∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλ+3)Κ(#&Κ%+(Κ3(λ0%&%30>∃λ>/,−%0%,>%&λ+#0&ελ+/>&λ6ϑΣ∴εΜΛ/+;Κ≅+−!
∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!α!∀≅0∋.!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Λ(0+3!∴#;.%7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ)(0+3&#;.%Κ>/∗!∼3>>%&&%+!α!∀(4(&#!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
2(,,∋,4∃3∗7!ΝΚ7!ΑΒΧΧΚ!6Τ∴ΝΖΘ!ΡΨ9Σ!Ψ8Θ!?ΣΝΘϑ!8ΝϑΕ!Λ∀∴∴Ψ!5!ΛΣΨΨΥΤ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ∃30≅%0&)3ς330Κ>/Κ(Ηλ.3#%&#Μ,%Φ&λ+%&∋4,Μ;/(0Μ/Φ,Μ≅0∋,#ΜΦ∋#∃Μ)3&&/Μ3,+Μ)0//Η%ΜΒΒΑ!!
∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!β!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆!
2/,#∋,((∗!=3&∃∋/,7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ>/,#∋,((∗−3&∃∋/,Κ>/∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!
ΧΒ!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
2/./(0!</:%0&7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ>/./(0./:%0&Κ>/∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!ΧΒ!
∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
2∃∋>#/≅∋37!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ>∃∋>#/≅∋3Κ>/∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!ΧΒ!∴%≅#%∗)%0!
ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
6ΝΡ!2/(#(0%7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλ+∋;Μ>/(#(0%Κ>/Κ(Η!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!ΧΒ!∴%≅#%∗)%0!
ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
63:∋&7!ϑΚ7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!?(∗3!∋&!)3>Η!∋,!#∃%!>(&#/∗∋&3#∋/,!43∗%Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλ∗3&&Μ
>(&#/∗∋ς3#∋/,Κ∋,−/λ≅/&#λαΧααεε∆ΒΑαλ≅(∗3Μ∋&Μ)3>ΗΜ∋,Μ#∃%Μ>(&#/∗∋ς3#∋/,Μ43∗%!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!ΧΒ!
∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
6%−037!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∴(∋,3).%!2./#∃∋,4!∀>#∋/,!?.3,Κ!∀!0%≅/0#!#/!#∃%!6%≅30#∗%,#!−/0!Τ,:∋0/,∗%,#7!=//+!
3,+!Σ(03.!∀−−3∋0&!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅&δλλΦΦΦΚ4/:Κ(Ηλ4/:%0,∗%,#λ(≅./3+&λ&;&#%∗λ(≅./3+&λ3##3>∃∗%,#+3#3λ−∋.%λ]χΧχ∆λ≅)Χ∆ΑΒ]Μ
>./#∃∋,4Μ3>#∋/,Μ≅.3,ΜΧΒΒΑΧ]Κ≅+−!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!ΧΒ!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Τ30.%;7!ΣΚ7!=.%#>∃%07!ΥΚ7!ηΑΒΒαιΚ!ϑ∃%!=∋:%!83;&!?0/_%>#Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚαΦ3;&Κ∋,−/λ+/>&λ∋,#0/λ∋,#0/Κ∃#∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!ΧΒ!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Τ30.%;7!ΣΚ7!3,+!?/.∋#/Φ∋>ς7!ΥΚ7!ηΑΒΧΧΜΑΒΧιΚ!ϑΤ6Π&!ϑΤΘΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ#%Γ#∋.%#//.)/ΓΚ>/∗λ3)/(#Μ#%Γ#∋.%Μ#//.)/Γλ!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!α!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
187
=.%#>∃%07!ΥΚ7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!</>3.!8∋&+/∗Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ./>3.Φ∋&+/∗Κ∋,−/!∼∀>>%&&%+!
/,!Χ!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
!
=3>%∃(,#%07!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!=3>%∃(,#%0Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ−3>%∃(,#%0Κ>/∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!Χ!
∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
=∋,3.!=3&∃∋/,7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!=∋,3.!=3&∃∋/,!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ−∋,3.−3&∃∋/,Κ>/∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!
Χ!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
=0/47!ηΑΒΧΑιΚ!6%&∋4,!∴≅0∋,#!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλ#∃∋,Η∋,Κ−0/4+%&∋4,Κ>/∗λ%,%04;Μ
#∃∋,Η∋,λ)./4λ+%&∋4,Μ&≅0∋,#Κ∃#∗.!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!Χ!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Ζ//+/,%7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ4//+/,%Κ>/Κ(Η!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!χ!Ξ30>∃!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!!
Ζ∋0.!Ξ%%#&!60%&&7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ4∋0.∗%%#&+0%&&Κ>/∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!χ!
Ξ30>∃!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!!
Ζ(%+%&7!ΞΚ7!3,+!Σ/,>∃37!∀Κ7!ηΑΒΧΑιΚ!∴9∴ϑ∀ΝΘ∀ΛΝ<ΝϑΡ!∀∴!∀!ΥΤΡ!∀∴∴Τϑ!ΝΘ!Τ∴ϑ∀Λ<Ν∴ΕΝΘΖ!∴ϑΣ∀ϑΤΖΝΤ∴!
=ΨΣ!=∀∴ΕΝΨΘ!ΛΣ∀Θ6ΝΘΖΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλ#∋,;(0.Κ>/∗λ1ς∃%4],!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!]!
∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Ζ3../Φ3;7∴Κ7!ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!Ζ%,!Ρ!∀−−.(%,#&δ!Ξ%+∋3!∴(0:%;Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλ#∋,;(0.Κ>/∗λΗ)Φβ>%/!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!ε!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧΒΚ!
Ε3.%7!ΘΚ7!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!Ω/;!Θ%:3+3!Ν..(#∋/,Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!!∃##≅δλλ_/;,%:3+3Κ>/∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!
α!∀(4(&#!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Ε5Ξ7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!Σ%+(>%7!Σ%(&%7!Σ%>;>.%Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλ3)/(#Κ∃∗Κ>/∗λ∀)/(#∴%>#∋/,λ%,λ∀)/(#λ∴(∋,3)∋.∋#;λ2/∗∗∋#∗%,#&λΣ%+(>%ΜΣ%(&%Μ
Σ%>;>.%Κ∃#∗.!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!α!∀(4(&#!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Ε3>Η!6%&∋4,Κ7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλ∃3>Η+%&∋4,Κ/04!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!α!∀(4(&#!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Ε3∗∋.#/,7!ΣΚ7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!Τ:%0;#∃∋,4!Ν!Υ,/ΦΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλ%:%0;#∃∋,4∋Η,/ΦΚ&1(30%&≅3>%Κ>/∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!α!∀(4(&#!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Ν6ΤΨ7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!Ν6ΤΨ!</,+/,!Ξ3Η%Μ3Μ#∃/,Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλ∗3Η%Μ3Μ#∃/,Κ/04!∼∀>>%&&%+!
/,!ΧΑ!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Ν,�(>#3).%&7!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!6ΝΡ!Ν,�(>#3).%&δ!∴∃30%!8∃3#!Ρ/(!Ξ3Η%!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ∋,�(>#3).%&Κ>/∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!α!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Ν!∴≅;!6ΝΡ7!ηΑΒΧ∆Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ∋&≅;+∋;Κ>/∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!α!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Υ∋∗)%..7!<Κ!ηΑΒΧιΚ!∴/>∋3.!6%&∋4,!ϑ3.Η!Χ]δ!6%&∋4,∋,4!&/>∋3.!+%&∋4,!#//.Η∋#&Κ!
∃##≅δλλ&/>∋3.+%&∋4,#3.Η&Κ/04λΑΒΧλΒ∆λΧ]λ&/>∋3.Μ+%&∋4,Μ#3.ΗΜΧ]Μ+%&∋4,∋,4Μ&/>∋3.Μ+%&∋4,Μ#//.Η∋#&λ!
3>>%&&%+!ΧΧ#∃!Ω(.;!ΑΒΧΚ!
<%Λ.3,>7!∴(&3,,%7!ΑΒΧΑΚ!∴(∋,3).%!=3&∃∋/,!6%&∋4,δ!ΨΓ;∗/0/,!Θ/!Ξ/0%Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ)&0Κ/04λ0%≅/0#&λΛ∴Σ∴(∋,3).%=3&∃∋/,6%&∋4,Κ≅+−!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!α!∀≅0∋.!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
</∋7!6Κ7!ηΑΒΒιΚ!∀!&(∋#>3&%!3&!3!?∃6Ι!ΤΓ≅./0∋,4!#∃%!≅/#%,#∋3.!/−!#03:%..∋,4!>/,#3∋,%0&!#/!30#∋>(.3#%!#∃%!
∗(.#∋≅.%!−3>%#&!/−!3!0%&%30>∃!#∃%&∋&Κ!8/0Η∋,4!?3≅%0&!∋,!∀0#!3,+!6%&∋4,Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλ&∋#%∗Κ∃%0#&Κ3>Κ(Ηλ30#+%&0%&%30>∃λ≅3≅%0&λΦ≅3+%&λ:/.∆λ+.3)&Κ∃#∗.!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!∆!
∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
!Ξ3#∃%∋Η%,7!∴Κ7!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλ#∃%(,∋−/0∗≅0/_%>#)./4Κ>/∗λ≅0%&&λ&∃%%,3Μ
&≅%3Η&Μ3#Μ#%+Γ+()3∋!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!α!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
188
Ξ30Η&!3,+!∴≅%,+%0Κ7!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!∴∃Φ/≅!23∗≅3∋4,Κ∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ∗30Η&3,+&≅%,>%0Κ>/∗λ∴∃Φ/≅λ)λΧ]βΑΧεεΒ∆Χ!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!ΧΒ!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
!
Θ%()%047!ΤΚ7!ηΑΒΧΒΜ/,4/∋,4ιΚ!ϑ∃%!∴./Φ!ϑ%Γ#∋.%&!Ζ0/(≅!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλ&./Φ#%Γ#∋.%&Κ)./4&≅/#Κ>/Κ(Η!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,Χ∆!∴%≅!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Θ(&&)3(∗7!ΛΚ7!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!6%&∋4,!ϑ∃∋,Η∋,4!∋&!3!−3∋.%+!%Γ≅%0∋∗%,#!&/!Φ∃3#Π&!,%Γ#Ι!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
5++9βννΤΤΤ∀Β8∋+=.%&∋()∗∀!=.Λν3ΟΟ#ΕΕΠ!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!α!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Ψ&>30!+%!.3!Σ%,#37!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ≅&−ΗΚ>/∗λΑΒΧΑλΒΑλ/&>30Μ+%Μ.3Μ0%,#3Μ∋&Μ
>0/Φ+&/(0>∋,4Μ∃∋&Μ,%Γ#Μ>/..%>#∋/,Κ∃#∗.!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!α!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Ψ≅%,!8%30!?0/_%>#7!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλ/≅%,Φ%30Κ/04!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!α!∴%≅#%∗)%0!
ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
?/.∋#/Φ∋>ς7!ΥΚ7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!6%&∋4,!<∋−%#∋∗%&δ!∀!Ξ3,∋−%&#/!−/0!∴#03#%4∋>!2∃3,4%Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλ∋&&((Κ>/∗λ(3.0%&%30>∃λ+/>&λΗ3;≅∋.#/Φ∋>ς≅().∋>3#∋/,&>0%%,3ΦλΧ!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!Χχ!
∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
?.3#−/0∗!ΑΧ!Σ%≅3∋0!Ξ3,∋−%&#/7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!ϑ∃%!Σ%≅3∋0!Ξ3,∋−%&#/Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ≅.3#−/0∗ΑΧΚ,.λ≅34%λ∆βαλ%,!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!ΧΑ!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
?9Ξ∀!∴9∴ϑ∀ΝΘ∀Λ<Τ!6Τ∴ΝΖΘ!2Ψ<<Τ2ϑΝϕΤ!ϖ!ναΒ!83;&!/−!8/0Η∋,4!∴(∋,3).;οΚ!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!
∃##≅δλλ:∋∗%/Κ>/∗λχβα]]]!3>>%&&%+!ΧΧ#∃!Ω(.;!ΑΒΧΚ!
?(−−!3,+!=./>Η!2/..%>#∋:%7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλ≅(−−3,+−./>ΗΚ)./4&≅/#Κ>/Κ(ΗλΑΒΧΧλΒχλ≅(−−Μ−./>ΗΜΦ/0Η&∃/≅&Μ−/0Μ+%&∋4,%0&)./>ΗΚ∃#∗.!
∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!ΧΑ!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
?03+37!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!?03+3!Ξ3+%!#/!Ξ%3&(0%!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ≅03+3Κ>/∗λ%,λ∗3+%Μ#/Μ
∗%3&(0%!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!ΧΑ!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Σ%,#!ϑ∃%!Σ(,Φ3;7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ0%,##∃%0(,Φ3;Κ>/∗λ0#0∃/∗%!
∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!ΧΑ!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
∴>3,./,7!ΩΚ7!ηΑΒΒιΚ!∴%3∗.%&&δ!Ν&&%;!Ξ∋;3Η%!&3Φ!#∃%!−(#(0%!/−!−3&∃∋/,Κ!∴/!∃%!43:%!(≅!∃3(#%!>/(#(0%!#/!
)%>/∗%!3!&/−#Φ%30!%,4∋,%%0Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚΦ∋0%+Κ>/∗λΦ∋0%+λ30>∃∋:%λΧΑΚΒλ∗∋;3Η%≅0Κ∃#∗.!∼3>>%&&%+!ΧΑ!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!!
∴/,,%7!?Κ7!ηΑΒΧΧιΚ!Ξ∋,Η!/0!=/ΓΙ!ϑ∃%!ϑ0%,>∃!Ζ%#&!2/∗≅.∋>3#%+Κ!Λ(0)%00;!ϑ0∋%&!#/!∴%..!<(Γ(0;!∴∃/≅≅%0&!
/,!∀!2∃//&%ΜΡ/(0ΜΨΦ,!∀+:%,#(0%!2/3#Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#!
∃##≅δλλ/,.∋,%ΚΦ&_Κ>/∗λ30#∋>.%λ∴ΛΧΒΒΒΧΑΒαΑχβΒΑΒ∆εΒΑΒαββΒΧ∆εΑεΒΧΧεβΒβΒΚ∃#∗.!∼∀>>%&&%+!α!
∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
∴#%3+7!<Κ7!ηΑΒΒαιΚ!ϑ∃%!Τ∗/#∋/,3.!830+0/)%Κ!?∃6!ϑ∃%&∋&Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ%∗/#∋/,3.Φ30+0/)%Κ>/∗λ≅%/≅.%.∋&3&Κ∃#∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!α!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
ϑ∃%!∀∗3ς∋,4φ&7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅&δλλΦΦΦΚ#∃%3∗3ς∋,4&Κ>/∗!∼3>>%&&%+!ΧΑ!
∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!!
ϑ/#3..;!</:%!Ν#7!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!∆ε!∀,#∃0/≅/./4∋%!6ΝΡ!Ε3>Η&Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλ#/#3..;./:%∋#Κ>/∗λ∆εΜ
3,#∃0/≅/./4∋%Μ+∋;Μ∃3>Η&λ!∼3>>%&&%+!∆!∀(4(&#!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
∴Η∋..&∃30%7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ&Η∋..&∃30%Κ>/∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!β!∴%≅#%∗)%0!
ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
∴≅//,!=./Φ%07!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ&≅//,−./Φ%0Κ>/∗λΦ%.>/∗%!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!β!
∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
∴ΕΨ8&#(+∋/7!ηΑΒΒχΜ/,4/∋,4ιΚ!6%&∋4,6/Φ,./3+!?0/_%>#!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλ&∃/Φ&#(+∋/Κ>/∗λ≅0/_%>#λ+%&∋4,+/Φ,./3+4∋.%&+%3>/,!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!β!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
∴.%44Κ!ΩΚ7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!?∋,#%0%&#!ϑ/≅&!βΒ∗∋..∋/,!9&%0&Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
189
∃##≅δλλ&%30>∃%,4∋,%Φ3#>∃Κ>/∗λ30#∋>.%λΑΑεΑε∆αλ?∋,#%0%&#Μϑ/≅&ΜβΒΜΞ∋..∋/,Μ9&%0&Μ∆ΒΜ?∋,,%+Μ
Σ%≅∋,,%+Μ/0Μ<∋Η%+Μ∋,ΜΩ(,%Μ∴#(+;!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!∆!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
∴#∋#>∃!2/..%>#∋:%7!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!!∃##≅δλλ&#∋#>∃>/..%>#∋:%Κ>/∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!β!∴%≅#%∗)%0!
ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
!∴30#/0∋.3∋!ηΑΒΧΑιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ#∃%&30#/0∋3.∋&#Κ>/∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!β!
∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
ϑ/≅∴∃/≅7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∴ϑΝ2Υ!ΟΤΞ!ΨΘΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλ∋,&∋+%/(#Κ#/≅&∃/≅Κ>/∗λΑΒΒχλΒβλ+∋;!
∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!∆!∀(4(&#!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
ϑ/≅∴∃/≅7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!6ΝΡΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλ∋,&∋+%/(#Κ#/≅&∃/≅Κ>/∗λΑΒΒχλΒβλ+∋;!∼∀>>%&&%+!
/,!∆!∀(4(&#!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
ϑ∃%!?%/≅.%&!?0∋,#7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ#∃%≅%/≅.%&≅0∋,#Κ>/∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!β!
∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
90)3,!Ψ(#−∋##%0&7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλ)./4Κ(0)3,/(#−∋##%0&Κ>/∗λ−%3#(0%&λ+∋;/0+∋%3#(/!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!β!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
ϑ∃∋,4∋:%0&%7!ηΑΒΧ∆ιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ#∃∋,4∋:%0&%Κ>/∗!∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!β!∴%≅#%∗)%0!
ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
!ϑ∃%!9,∋−/0∗!?0/_%>#7!ηΑΒΒχΜΧΒιΚ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ#∃%(,∋−/0∗≅0/_%>#Κ>/∗!
∼∀>>%&&%+!/,!β!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
8Σ∀?7!ηΑΒΧΑι!∼/,.∋,%!ϑ/4%#∃%0!−/0!3!Φ/0.+!Φ∋#∃/(#!Φ3&#%Κ!ε802(∗)!.2,!=0.+5&∋!Ρ!+5&!+2,&!=.∋+!.Β!5.Τ!
Τ&!%&∋()∗ς!2∋&!8∗%!%(∋9.∋&!.Β!=0.+5(∗)!(∗!+5&!ηΘΚ!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!ΦΦΦΚΦ03≅Κ/04Κ(Ηλ>./#∃∋,4!∼∀>>%&&%+!
/,!β!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
!
!
Χ∋9)8)()%.,!!
Υ,∋4∃#7!ΘΚ!ηΑΒΒχιΚ!∴ΕΨ8&#(+∋/δ!=3&∃∋/,!Σ%:/.(#∋/,Κ!Ν,!18∋5(.∗!]&−.02+(.∗ς!Χβ!∴%≅!Μ!Α∆!6%>!ΑΒΒχΚ!
∴/∗%0&%#!Ε/(&%7!</,+/,Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!
∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ&/∗%0&%#∃/(&%Κ/04Κ(Ηλ−3&∃∋/,λ&∃/Φ&#(+∋/!∼∀>>%&&%+!∆!∀(4(&#!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!
Ξ304%.∋37!ηΑΒΧΒιΚ!Ξ3∋&/,!Ξ30#∋,!Ξ304%.∋3!ΑΒ!Οϑ∃%!ΤΓ∃∋)∋#∋/,ΠΚ!∆!Ω(,%!ϖ!α!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧΒ7!∴/∗∗%0&%#!
Ε/(0&%7!</,+/,Κ!
!
∆(9∀;!Μ%;6,9%Π,!Τ30.%;Κ!ΣΚ!ηΑΒΧΧι!ϑΤ6Π&!ϑΤΘ!8/0Η&∃/≅Κ!
Ζ./)3.!∴%0:∋>%!6%&∋4,!Ω3∗7!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!∼/,.∋,%!∀:3∋.3).%!3#δ!∃##≅δλλ≅.3,%#Κ4./)3.&%0:∋>%_3∗Κ/04!∼∀>>%&&%+!
/,!β!∴%≅#%∗)%0!ΑΒΧ∆Κ!!
Θ%()%047!ΤΚ!ηΑΒΒχιΚ!2/,:%0&3#∋/,&!/,!3!∴./Φ!203−#!8/0Η&∃/≅Κ!∀!Ω3≅3,%&%!∴3&∃∋Η/!%∗)0/∋+%0;!
Φ/0Η&∃/≅7!.%+!);!Τ∗∗3!Θ%()%04!/−!#∃%!∴./Φ!ϑ%Γ#∋.%&!Ζ0/(≅Κ!23∗+%,7!</,+/,Κ!∴%≅#%∗)%0!
ΑΒΒχΚ!∃##≅δλλΦΦΦΚ#%+0%&%30>∃Κ,%#λ0%&%30>∃λ+%#3∋.λ>/,:%0&3#∋/,&Μ&./ΦΜ>03−#λ!3>>%&&%+!Χ#∃!Ω(.;!
ΑΒΧΚ!
!
!