types of bone - univerzita karlova · architecture of femoral head and neck...
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Pavol Szabo
Introduction to macro- and microscopic
anatomy of the bones and joints
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Endo- vs exosceleton
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Long
Short
Flat
Pneumatic
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Long bone-schematic presentation
http://www.bu.edu/histology/p/02701ooa.htm
Grim et al. Základy anatomie, Galén, 2001
Epiphysis
Spongióza
Compact
Diaphysis
Spongiform
Epiphysis
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Architecture of femoral head and neck
hsc.unm.edu/…/histology/lab1/laboratory_1.html
Direction of trabecules as
reponse to forces – gothic arch
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Compact bone-concentric cylindric osteons,
superficial lamellas, periosteum
Facstaff.bloomu.edu/jhranitz/courses/APHNT/html
Grim et al. Základy anatomie, Galén, 2001
11
1. Cylidric osteon
2. Coat lamellas
3. Periosteum
12
23
3
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Compact bone-osteon
classroom.sdmesa.edu/…/connective.htm
Haversův kanál
Concentric bone
lamellas with
Haversian canal in
center. Osteocytes in
lacunas have long
branches
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Bone cells-osteoblasts
http://www.histologia.cm-uj.krakow.pl/Tk_podporowe/osteoblasty2.jpg
Osteoblasts are located
on surface of bone
trabecules and produce
new bone matrix
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Bone cells-osteocytes
www.bioengn.auckland.ac.nz
Osteocytes are originated from
osteoblasts. They are responsible
for bone metabolism and fine
exchange of bone matrix. They are
are also participating in the control
of calcemia
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Bone cells-osteoclasts
http://www.gcarlson.com/images3/osteoclast_activity.jpg
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Histo/HistoImages/hl4B-76.jpg
Osteoclasts are formed by fusion of mononuclear precursors similar
to monocytes. They resorb the bone matrix.
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Foreign body giant multinucleate cells
These cells are similar to osteoclasts. Theory of bone as depo
„toxic calcium?
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Bone extracellular matrix and minerals
http://mayoresearch.mayo.edu/mayo/research/bone_histo
morphometry_lab/images/tph1084206_08.jpg
http://133.100.213.46/photo/T-Collagen.jpeg
Collagen represents a site of
formation of crystals of
hyroxyapatite. Using pulse of
tetracycline we can
demonstrate a site of
mineralisation.
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Calcemia
2,25-2,75 nMol/L
Hypocalcemia: paresthesy, tetanism
Hypercalcemia: indispositing, vomitting, arrythmia
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Osteogenesis imperfecta
http://www.humpath.com/IMG/jpg/osteogenesis_impe
rfecta_type2__21w_07_3.jpg
Mutation of gene coding
collagen in chromosome 17
is responsible for failure of
mineralisation and
increased fragility of bones.
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Bone vessels
http://www.lcusd.net/lchs/mewoldsen/AP103-02.JPG
The most important
vessels pass to bone
via periosteum to
chanels of Volkman
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Bone remodelling
http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/gebs/faculty/Images/puzasimg.gif
The resorption and formation of
new bone must be ballanced. If
not, the risk of osteoporosis or
osteopetrosis is increased
http://www.parathyroid.com/images/boneD
ensity.gif
http://www.mef.hr/Patologija/ch_26/c26_s26.jpg
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Bone scan
www.med.harvard.edu/JPNM/TF99_00/April18/BoneScan.gif
Detection of bone metastases using
radioisotope
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Ossification chondrogenic
desmogenní
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Desmogenic
http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab
8/Images/CTL36.JPG
Osteo-progenitor cells are formed from mesenchym,
finally cells differentiated to osteocyts,
Matrix mineralisation
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Growth cartilage
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Reserve layer –margine between epiphisis and growth layer, spheroid cells, vessels direction to proliferation layerFunction: synthesis and storage of nutrition
Proliferation layer – formation of chondrocytes to column, mother cells on base of layer, lot of collagen fibres, cell proliferation, production of ECM
Hypertrofic layer – prepare of ECM to calcification
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http://www.szote.u-szeged.hu/radio/csont/csont4c.gif
http://7e.devbio.com/images/ch06/4cdysplasia.GIF
Chondrodystrophy
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Bone marrow
http://www-sdc.med.nagasaki-
u.ac.jp/n50/disaster/BMFum-b-big.gif http://nmf.jax.org/images/bone_marrow_normal_copy.jpg
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http://neurobio.mcphu.edu/FischerWeb/images/bone%20marrow%20stromal%20cells.jpg
Bone marrow- site of stem cells
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Conclusions
• Bone is the main supporting system of body
• Bone is highly metabolically active
• Bone is responsible fo the control of
calcemia
• Bone is in the regimenn of permanent
remodelling
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Common arthrology
Fibrous joint – syndesmosis, sutura, gomphosis
Cartilaginous joint – synchondrosis, symphysis
Oseous joint - synostosis
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Syndesmosis
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Sutura
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Synchondrosis
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Symphysis
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Synovial joint
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Development of synovial joint
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Hyaline cartilge
http://histologyolm.stevegallik.org
arthritis-research.com
http://www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf/english?co
ntent&nd=857170059
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netterimages.com
Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:1505–1515.
doi:10.1136/ard.2007.076430
Synovial membrane
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Types of joints
• numbers of elements:
- simple /art.simplices/ - 2 bones
- multiple /art. compositae/ more than 2 bones,
2 bones + discus or meniscus
• range of moving:
- amphiarthrosis
- movable
• shape of articulation area
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Joint movements
• movements by axis – 1axis, 2axis, 3axis
•basic pose – same like basic anatomical pose
• central pose – relax of joint sheath
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