types of chemical reactions. objective distinguish between the 5 different types of reactions...
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Types Of Chemical Reactions
Objective
Distinguish between the 5 different types
of reactions
Predict the products of a reaction
Predict the physical states of products
5 Types of Reactions
Composition/Synthesis
Decomposition
Single Replacement
Double Replacement
Combustion
Composition Reactions aka synthesis rxn
When two or more substances react to form a single
product
2 reactants → 1 product
A + X → AX
H2 + O2 →
MgO + CO2 → 2 H2O
MgCO3
Decomposition
Occurs when a compound is broken down into
simpler substances
Single reactant yields two or more products
(1 reactant → 2 products)
forms a common gas as one of the products; CO2,
O2, SO2, H2O
Decomposition Examples
AX → A+ X
HgO →
CaCO3 →
Hg + O2
CaO + CO2
Single Replacement
One substance replaces another
A metal replaces a metal, if it is more active
A non-metal replaces a non-metal, if it is more
active
Single Replacement Examples
A and B are metals; X and Y are non-metals
A + BX → AX + B OR Y + BX → BY + X
Mg + Zn(NO3)2 →
Cl2 + KBr →
Mg (NO3)2 + Zn
KCl + Br2
Double Replacement
An exchange of partners
The metal replaces the metal and the non-metal
replaces the non-metal
AX + BY → AY + BX
Na2S + Cd(NO3)2 →
BaCl2 + K2CO3 →
NaNO3 + CdS
BaCO3 + KCl
Composition
Two elements or compounds combine to form a
single substance
A + X →
Fe + O2 →
H2O + SO3 →
AX
FeO
H2 SO4
5 Kinds of Decomposition Reactions
Metallic Carbonates
Metallic Hydroxides
Metallic Chlorates
Oxy Acids
Oxides
Metallic Carbonates
CaCO3 →
Metal oxide and carbon dioxide formed
CaO + CO2
Metallic Hydroxides
Many metallic hydroxides (OH-), when heated,
decompose into metallic oxides and water.
Ca(OH)2 →
Metal oxide and water formed
Exceptions to the rule: NaOH and KOH
CaO + H20
Metallic Chlorates
(ClO3-), when heated, decompose into
metallic chlorides and oxygen
2KClO3 →
metal chloride and oxygen formed
2KCl + 3O2
Oxy Acids
Some oxy acids, when heated, decompose
into nonmetallic oxides and water Seltzer Water
H2CO3 →
Acid Rain H2SO3 →
CO2 + H2O
SO2 + H2O
Oxides
Some oxides, when heated, decompose.
2HgO →
2Pb O2 →
2Hg + O2
2PbO + O2
4 Kinds of Single Replacement Reactions
Metal w/ more active metal
Hydrogen in acids w/ more active metal
Hydrogen in water w/ by most active metals
Halogen w/ more active halogen
Metal w/ more active Metal
Replacement of a metal in a compound by a
more active metal (PCS Mazintl)
Zn + CuSO4 →
Zinc replaces the copper, therefore zinc is
more active
ZnSO4 + Cu (s)
Hydrogen in acids w/ more active metals
Replacement of hydrogen, in acids, by metals
more active than hydrogen (PCS Mazintl)
Zn + H2SO4 →
The corresponding metallic compound and
hydrogen gas are formed
Zn SO4 + H2 (g)
Hydrogen in water w/ most active metals
Replacement of hydrogen, in water, by the
most active metals. Which Metals?
All Group I and some of Group II
Ca + 2 H2O →
A hydroxide and hydrogen gas are formed
Ca(OH)2 + H2 (g)
Halogen w/ more active halogen Replacement of a halogen by a more active halogen
Cl2 + 2 KBr →
Br2 + 2 KI →
MgBr2 + I2 →
The corresponding metallic compound and elemental halogen
are formed
2 KCl + Br2
2 KBr + I2
no reaction because Br is more active than I, so I will not replace Br
Activity Series of the elements
A + BX → AX + B
If A replaces B, then A is more active than B
If an element is above another element on the chart, then
it is more active, and will replace the lower positioned
element
All metals above hydrogen displace hydrogen from
hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid.
P.C.S. Mazintl Activity of HalogensP potassium FluorineC calcium ChlorineS sodium BromineM magnesium Iodinea aluminumz zinci ironn nickelt tinl leadHYDROGENCopperMercurySilver
More Active
Example
Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq)→
P.C.S. Mazintl Activity of HalogensP potassium FluorineC calcium ChlorineS sodium BromineM magnesium Iodinea aluminumz zinci ironn nickelt tinl leadHYDROGENCopperMercurySilver
More Active
Example
Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq)→
Mg (s) + Zn(NO3)2 (aq) →
ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
Mg (NO3)2 (aq) + Zn (s)
Double Replacement AX + BY → AY + BX
usually takes place in a solution of water…all reactant solutions are aqueous
2 compounds → 2 different compounds
1 of these will not be soluble in water…solid (s)
The soluble (dissolved) compound is aqueous…(aq)
In order for you to know if the reaction has occurred, a solid or gas must form
1 product will typically be:
solid: precipitate
gas: CO2 SO2 NH3
Solubility Rules for Double Dis(RE)placement Reactions How to determine which product is the
precipitate
Na+
K+
NH4+
NO3-
[ Will always be soluble in water.
Tells you what won’t precipitate, so assume the other one will
Examples
CaCO3 + 2 HCl →
Pb(NO3)2 + KI →
NaOH + KI → →
CaCl2 + H2CO3
H2O + CO2
PbI2 + 2 KNO3
NaI + KOHno reaction because
both products are
soluble
Combustion
An element or compound reacts with oxygen
Usually produces heat → Exothermic
Combustion of a hydrocarbon always produces carbon
dioxide and water
2 Mg + O2 →
2 CH3OH + 3 O2 →2 MgO + heat
2 CO2 + 4 H20 + heat
Writing Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations Molecular Equations: an equation
showing the complete neutral formulas for every compound in the reaction.
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq)→ AgCl(s) + NaNO3 (aq)
Complete Ionic Equations: equations that show reactants and products as they are actually present in solution.
Ionic compounds dissociate (dissolve) in water, so they are written as individual ions…if the compound is soluble…check your solubility rules
Complete Ionic Equation of : AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq)→ AgCl(s) + NaNO3 (aq)
Spectator Ions: ions in solution that appear unchanged on both sides of the equation
Net Ionic Equation: equations which show only the species that actually participate in the reactionSpectator ions are omitted from the net ionic
equation
Write the Net Ionic Equation for:
Ag+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → AgCl(s) + Na+ (aq) + NO3
-(aq)
Write the molecular, complete ionic and net ionic equations for the following:
lead (II) nitrate reacts with lithium chloride.
Write the molecular, complete ionic and net ionic equations for the following:Hydrobromic acid reacts with calcium hydroxide
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