types of dosage

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TYPES OF DOSAGE

FORMS

Types of dosage forms:

Definition: Dosage forms are the means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action

within the body.

They are classified according to:

Route of administration Physical form

Oral Solid

Topical Semisolid

Rectal Liquid

Parenteral

Vaginal

Inhaled

Ophthalmic

Otic

Text Box: Types of dosage forms

Types of dosage forms



DRUGS FOR INTERNAL

ROUTE OF

ADMINISTRATION

LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS

Oral solution POTIONE

oral solution clear liquid preparation for oral use containing one clear liquid preparation for oral use

containing one or more active or more active substances substances dissolved in dissolved in distilled

distilled waterwater==excipientexcipientTo correct flavor it is added To correct flavor it is added 20%

syrup20% syrup(except for (except for potions given to relieve nausea and vomiting or to potions

given to relieve nausea and vomiting or to stimulate appetite).stimulate appetite). If the potion

contains irritants of the If the potion contains irritants of the gastrointestinal tract, it is added

gastrointestinal tract, it is added mucilage 20%.mucilage 20%. It is added preservative It is added

preservative nipaginnipagin0.05%.0.05%. It is administered by It is administered by teaspoonful or

tablespoonfulteaspoonful or tablespoonful.



SYRUP

is obtained by dissolving one or more active ingredients in excipient syrup (= content 2/3

sugar and 1/3 water). It is added preservative nipagin0.1%. This form drug is contraindicated in

patients with diabetes and those who are vomiting. It is administered by teaspoonful or

tablespoonful.

MACERATE PRODUCTS result from

mixing plant, (dried and chopped), with the

necessary amount of solvent (water or

water-alcohol mixture)

kept at room temperature for a certain

period of time.

It is an advantageous method to use

active principles that aresensitive to heat

is a preliminary operation in the

preparation of other drug types (infusion,

decoction).



INFUSION(TEA)

contains active thermolabileingredients,

poorly soluble in coldsolvents, obtained from

soft fragments of plants (leaves,

flowers),which areboiled inwater for 5

minutes

The infusion is left 30 minutes at room

temperature, then it is filtered.

It is added 20%syrup (*with the exceptions

from the oral solutions)

It is prepared for 1-2 days.

DECOCTION

is prepared as infusion with the difference that

hard parts of plants (roots, stems)are used.

Contains thermostableactive principles

Hardparts of plants are boiled in water bath is

made for 30 minutes

The filtration is performed when the solution is

hot.

It is added 20%syrup

the volume of evaporated water is added

It is preparedfor 1-2 days.



Is a dispersion system consisting of two or

more non-miscible liquids(o/w or w/o) which

are mixed under certain conditions together

with emulsifiers (gums, mucilage, starch)

Milky, cloudy/homogeneous appearance

Nipagin0.05% is added as a preservative

Taste and smell correctives are added

The label will mention "shake well before

use"

EMULSIONS

oral emulsion



oral suspension2

ORAL SUSPENSION:ORAL SUSPENSION:

-- Oral suspensions area a dispersion system dispersion system

where solidwhere solid, insoluble, fine, insoluble, fineparticles (dispersed particles (dispersed

phase) are dispersed in liquid phasephase) are dispersed in liquid phase= excipient = excipient

waterwater(dispersion medium)(dispersion medium)

--may show a sediment which is readily may show a sediment which is readily

dispersed on shaking to give a uniform dispersed on shaking to give a uniform

suspension which remains sufficiently stable to suspension which remains sufficiently stable to

enable the correct dose to be deliveredenable the correct dose to be delivered--Not intended for

systemic administration of Not intended for systemic administration of

drugs with high potencydrugs with high potency



Intermediate products used in

compounding

Spirits:They are alcoholic or aqueous

alcoholic solutions of volatile

substances used as flavouringagents.

Aromatic waters:These are aqueous

solutions, usually saturated of volatile

oils or other volatile substances. Used

as flavoring agents.



Intermediate products used in compoundingTINCTURES

are alcoholic preparations

containsthe active principals of vegetable

drugs obtained by macerating or dissolving

the plant fragments with alcohol 700.

they are relatively weak compared to extracts.

the proportion of active substance and solvent

is either 2:8 or 3:7 depending of drugs

can be stored for 1-3 years

it is given as drops



Intermediate products used in compounding:EXTRACTS

These are concentrated preparations containing the

active principals of vegetable or animal drugs which have

been extracted with suitable solvents(alcohol, water,

ether or various mixtures)and concentrated to form

liquid, soft or dry extract.

Extraction process involves two times:

* Time I -drug dissolution in the solvent;

* Time II -evaporation and concentration until it gets a

certain consistancy.

Store in dark bottles, sealed and protected from heat.In

these conditions can be kept from one year to several

years (eg China fluid extract, dry extract beladona).



DRUGS FOR INTERNAL

ROUTE OF

ADMINISTRATION

SOLID DOSAGE FORMS



TABLET

SOLID DOSAGE FORM OBTAINED

THROUGH COMPRESSING ACTIVE

SUBSTANCES TOGETHER WITH

COLORANTS, FLAVORANTS,

ANTIOXIDANTS, PRESERVATIVES AND

EXCIPIENTS

CAN BE PRODUCED IN A VARIETY OF

SIZES, SHAPES, SURFACE MARKINGS

VERY POPULAR DOSAGE FORM



TABLET

coated tablet1

A coating may be applied to:A coating may be applied to:

11--hide the taste of the tablet's components. hide the taste of the tablet's components.

22--make the tablet smoother and easier to make the tablet smoother and easier to

swallow .swallow .33--make it more resistant to the make it more resistant to the

environment. environment.

44--extending its shelf life.extending its shelf life.



Film coated tablets

latin-Film tabulettae(film tab.)

..The tablet is coated with a

membrane of polymeric substances

that improves physicochemical stability

of the drug and delays the rate of drug

absorption.

..e.g. Augmentin



Enteric coated tablets

latin-Tabulettaeenterosolventes

(tab. enterosolv.)

..The tablet is coated with an acid-

resistant substance that will dissolve

only in the less acidic portions of the

intestines

..e.g. Voltaren, Ospen



EFFERVESCENT

TABLET:

Effervescenttabletsare uncoated tablets that

generally contain acid substances (citric and

tartaric acids) and carbonates or bicarbonates

and which react rapidly in the presence of water

by releasing carbon dioxide.

-They are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in

water before use providing:

A-Very rapid tablet dispersion and dissolution.

B-pleasant tasting carbonated drink.

effervescent tablet



Text Box: Sugar coated tablets

latin – dragee (drag.)

The tablet that contains active ingradient(s) of unpleasant taste may be covered with colored sugar

to make it more palatable.

This type of tablet should be administered in whole form.

Example: Vitaf

Sugar coated tablets

latin –dragee(drag.)

..The tablet that contains active

ingradient(s) of unpleasant taste may

be covered with colored sugar to make

it more palatable.

..This type of tablet should be

administered in whole form.

..Example: Vitaferro, Quinine.



THERE ARE MULTI-LAYERS

DRAGEES

•contain active ingredients, each one with its own excipient, separated

by layers of sugar in order to avoid the interaction between ingredients

•(eg Mexase, layered dregeescontaining digestive enzymes, is indicated

as replacement therapy in various types of digestive disorders).



CACHETS

consists of two covers of wafer which are

coupled to form a box that contains active

ingredients.

Excipient= lactoseis added if the sum of active

substances is less than 0.25g

this dosage form is used to administrate

substances with unpleasant taste or odor.

since cachets disintegrate in the stomach,

hygroscopic drugs or irritating substances

should not be given in this dosage form.



CAPSULE

A capsuleis a medication in a gelatin container and

methylcellulose, calcium alginate.

-Advantage: mask the unpleasant taste of its contentsand

are easier to swallow.Hygroscopic drugs or irritating

substances can be administrated like this.

-The two main types of capsules are:

1-hard-shelled capsules, which are normally used for dry,

powdered ingredients,

2-soft-shelled capsules, primarily used for oils and for active

ingredients that are dissolved or suspended in oil.

180px-Codliveroilcapsules

Text Box: Soft gelatin capsule

Soft gelatin capsule

hard capsule

Hard gelatin capsule



SPANSULES

are hard-shelled capsulesthat include

microdragees, some soluble in the stomach,

others in the gut.

May contain a single active ingredient which is

released at different times/at different levels, or

more substances that are released at the same

level or different levels of the gastrointestinal

tract.



POWDER

1-Bulk Powdersare multidosepreparations

consisting of solid, loose, dry particles of

varying degrees of fineness. They contain one

or more active ingredients, with or without

excipientsand, if necessary, coloring matter

and flavoring substances.

-usually contain non-potent medicaments such

as antacids since the patient measures a

dose by volume using a 5ml medicine spoon.

The powder is then usually dispersed in water

or, in the case of effervescent powders,

dissolved before taking.



2-Divided Powdersare single-dose

presentations of powder (for example, a

small sachet) that are intended to be

issued to the patient as such, to be taken

in or with water.

EXCIPIENT=LACTOSE AD 0.5G IF THE

SUM OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IS

BELOW 0.5G



GRANULES

-They are consisting of solid, dry, vermicular,

cylindrical or spherical aggregates of powder

particles often supplied in single-dose sachets.

-Some granules are swallowed with water, others are

intended to be dissolved in water before taking.

-Effervescent granules evolve carbon dioxide when

added to water.

granules



PILLS

-Pills are oral Pills are oral small spherical or ovoid dosage forms

which consist of spherical masses prepared from

one or more medicaments incorporated with inert

excipients(PILULAR EXCIPIENT).

-Pills are now rarely used.



DRUGS FOR EXTERNAL

ROUTE OF

ADMINISTRATION

ORAL MUCOSA



LIQUID

DOSAGE

FORMS



gargle1

GARGLES:GARGLES:

--They are aqueous solutions used in the They are aqueous solutions used in the

prevention or treatment of throat infections.prevention or treatment of throat infections.

--Usually they are prepared in a concentrated Usually they are prepared in a concentrated

solution with directions for the patient to solution with directions for the patient to

dilute with warm water before use.dilute with warm water before use.

MOUTHWASHESMOUTHWASHES: :

These are similar to gargles but are used for These are similar to gargles but are used for

oral hygiene and to treat infections of the oral hygiene and to treat infections of the

mouth.mouth.



BUCO-PHARYNGEAL SHOWERS are

aqueous solution administered under pressure

using a suitable device (big syringe or rubber

device).

Solutions can be administrated to the mouth

mucosa using a SPRAY

–The solution covers quickly, easily and uniformly

the entire surface of the mouth



Solutions with glycerin as excipient

which are administrated at oral mucosa

(fr.COLLUTOIRE)

are consistent viscous solutions used for the

anointing ( french= badigeonner)the mouth

mucosawith acotton padsoaked inthe

solution

to treat mouth, gums, throat

the solution forms a protective coating that

favors the prolonged contact of drug

substances with mucosa (eg Glycerin 10%

borax preparation).



SEMI-SOLID

DOSAGE

FORMS



Gel

A gel which can be injected directly into the

pocket.

The gel hardens quickly and then slowly

dissolves over the next 7 days releasing

doxycycline.

This gel fills the entire pocket which may not be

the case with fibers or chips.

2 syringes (1 with polymer + 1with antibiotic) –

interlocked together so the content is mixed



TOOTHPASTE

Used for maintenance of oral hygiene and teeth

Contains

–Abrasive substances(calcium carbonate,

magnesium, aluminum hydroxide)

–Anti-caries agent:sodium fluoride is the most

commonly used fluoride.

–Whitening ingredient:sodium perborate.

–Agglutinative ingredients(starch)

–Flavoring substances (menthol, spearmint,

peppermint, cinnamon,clove, caraway,coriander,

eucalyptus)

–Preservatives(p-hydrozybenzoate)

–Antiseptics



Foaming agentslower the surface tension of

water so that bubbles are formed.

Foaming agents help in removing particles from

teeth.

Common foaming agents are sodium

laurylsulfate, sodium lauryl

sulfoacetate,sulfolaurate, sodium lauryl

sarcosinate, sodium stearylfumarate, and

sodium stearyllactate.



SOLID

DOSAGE FORMS



Sublingual tablet:

-Sublingual tablets are administered by placing

them in the mouth, under the tongue

-The medications dissolve rapidly, are absorbed

and enter into the bloodstream.

-Avoid the acid and enzymatic environment of

the stomach and the drug metabolizing

enzymes of the liver.

-Examples : nitroglicerina, buprenorfina,

isoprenalina.

buccal



LOZENGEOR TROCHE

-is a solid preparation consisting of active

substances included in an excipient of

sugar and gum, the latter giving strength

and cohesiveness to the lozenge and

facilitating slow release of the

medicament.

-It has topical effect and it is used to

medicate diseases of mouth and throat.

-Not tobe swallowed !!!

lozenges



DENTAL FIBRES

PolyvinylacetatePolyvinylacetatefibresfibresimpregnated with impregnated with

tetraciclinetetraciclineFibresFibresare packed in layer into the pocket and are packed in layer into the

pocket and

kept in place by means of kept in place by means of cyanoacrylatecyanoacrylateadhesive and

removed after 10 days of adhesive and removed after 10 days of

sustained release of tetracyclinesustained release of tetracycline



Treatment of adult

periodontitis; as an adjunct to

scaling and root planingfor the

reduction of pocket depth and

bleeding on probing in selected

patients with adult periodontitis

Eg. Actisite®



Containespecially antibacterial and

antifungaldrugs.

Advantage:can achievehigh concentrations of

antibiotics at infection site which is of

particularimportance because bacteria

areprotectedby thebiofilm.

MIC(minimum inhibitory concentration) of

antibioticis sometimesa hundredtimeshigher

forbiofilmbacteriathan forthe

sameoutside thebiofilm.



DENTAL CONES

--A dosage form intended to be placed in the A dosage form intended to be placed in the

empty socketempty socketfollowing a tooth extraction, for following a tooth extraction, for

preventing the local multiplication of preventing the local multiplication of

pathogenic bacteria associated with tooth pathogenic bacteria associated with tooth

extractions.extractions.



Have aconical, elongatedshapewith a

lengthof 0.8cmand abasediameter of2-

4mm.

May contain antiseptic,

antiinflammatory,anestheticsand

substancesthat stimulatetissuerecovery.

Depending ontheircomposition, somedental

conesare solubleintooth sockets.

egApernil, Neocones.



PerioChipis indicated as an adjunct to scaling

and root planning procedures for reduction of

pocket depth in patients with adult periodontitis.

One PerioChipis inserted into a periodontal

pocket with probing pocket depth (PD) ..5 mm. 5 mm.

Up to 8 Up to 8 PerioChipsPerioChipsmay be inserted in a single may be inserted in a single

visit. Treatment is recommended to be visit. Treatment is recommended to be

administered once every three months in administered once every three months in

pockets with PD remaining pockets with PD remaining ..5 mm. 5 mm.

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PERIODONTAL CHIPS



PERIODONTAL CHIPS

PERIOCHIP®

biodegradable chip

contains chlorhexidinewhich is active against

a broad spectrum of microbes.

slow release of active drug which has been

shown, in vitro, to fights bacteria for a period

of 7 to 10 days.

it maintains clinical effectiveness and has not

been associated with changes in bacterial

resistance in the oral cavity.

indications: gum disease (a chronic disease),

requiring long-term therapy



The PerioChipshould be grasped using

forceps (such that the rounded end points

away from the forceps) and inserted into the

periodontal pocket to its maximum depth. If

necessary, the PerioChipcan be further

maneuvered into position using the tips of the

forceps or a flat instrument.

The PerioChipdoes not need to be removed

since it biodegrades completely.



Drugs in solution may be instilled into the nose from a

dropper or from a plastic squeeze bottle.

The drug may have a local effect, e.g. antihistamine,

decongestant.

Alternatively the drug may be absorbed through the

nasal mucosa to exert a systemic effect.

The use of oily nasal drops should be avoided because

of possible damage to the cilia of the nasal mucosa.

Nasal Solution (Drops) and Sprays:

nasal drops

nasal 2



DRUGS FOR EXTERNAL

ROUTE OF

ADMINISTRATION

RESPIRATORY MUCOSA



Inhalations

arearemedicinalmedicinalsolutions usedsolutions usedto to

treattreatupperupperairway diseases, whichairway diseases, whichare are

obtained byobtained bydissolvingdissolvingactive substancesactive substancesin hot in hot

waterwater(70(7000C) C) volatilizationvolatilizationof of

activeactiveprinciplesprinciplesintointowater vapors thatwater vapors thatare are

inhaledinhaled



Nebulizer or (atomizer):

Text Box: A nebulizer is a device used to administer medication to people in forms of a liquid mist to

the airways.

- It is commonly used in treating asthma, and other respiratory diseases.

- It pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it in

A nebulizeris a device used to administer medication to people in forms ofa liquid mist to the

airways.

-It is commonly used in treating asthma, and other respiratory diseases.

-It pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor,

which is then inhaled by the patient.

Nebulizers, for that reason, are usually reserved only for serious cases of

respiratory disease, or severe attacks.

250px-CFnebulizer



-Inhalers are solutions of drugs in a mixture of inert propellants

held under pressure in an aerosol dispenser.

-Release of a dose of the medicament in the form of droplets

of 5 micrometerdiameter from the container through a

spring-loaded valve incorporating a metering device.

-The patient then inhales the released drug through a

mouthpiece.

-It is commonly used to treat asthma and other respiratory

problems.

Aerosols Inhaler:



In the lasttwodecadesit is also used a

dosage form containing

micronizedpowderswithvery small sizeof

1-5micronsadministratedwith

aturboinhaler.

Thedrugformitselfdoes not fallinto the

category ofaerosolsbutsome



DRUGS FOR EXTERNAL

ROUTE OF

ADMINISTRATION

CONJUNCTIVAL MUCOSA



eye drops1

Ophthalmic dosage forms:Ophthalmic dosage forms:

Eye drops:Eye drops:

••ophtalmicophtalmicsollutionsollution(eye drops) are liquid(eye drops) are liquid

dosage forms used to administer medicationdosage forms used to administer medication

in the eye. in the eye.

••Depending on the condition being treated,Depending on the condition being treated,

they may contain steroids, antihistamines orthey may contain steroids, antihistamines or

topical anesthetics. topical anesthetics.

••Eye drops sometimes do not haveEye drops sometimes do not have

medications in them and are only lubricatingmedications in them and are only lubricating

and tearand tear--replacing solutions.replacing solutions.



Excipient -distilled water

–pHclose to that of tearsecretion

–notirritant

–do notcontain impurities

–sterile!!!!

Typically,ophtalmic solution is

preparedin small quantities (5-20g)

for amaximum period of30 days



OPHTHALMIC OINTMENT & GEL:

These are sterile semi-solid

Preparations intended for application to

the conjunctiva or eyelid margin.

It meltsquickly and diffuses easily on the

surfaceofthe eyebyblinking.

Must adhereto the lining ofthe eye,

Must not beirritant.

eye gel

eye oint1



THERAPEUTIC CONTACT LENS

is apharmaceutical formcontaining active

substances embedded ingelatin andwhichis

appliedlikecontactlens.



OCULAR MINI TABLETS

small (diameter of3 mmand weightofa

fewcentigrams)

appliedeyeon liningandis quicklysolublein

ocular secretion.

jelly, transparent, slightlycolored,sterile.It I

may be administeredto treat

conjunctivitisand other eye pathology.



DRUGS FOR EXTERNAL

ROUTE OF

ADMINISTRATION

NASAL MUCOSA



DRUGS FOR EXTERNAL

ROUTE OF

ADMINISTRATION

OTIC MUCOSA



-Ear drops are solutions, suspensions or

emulsions of drugs that are instilled into the ear

with a dropper.

-It is used to treat or prevent ear infections,

especially infections of the outer ear and ear

canal.

EAR DROPS:

ear drops1

ear drops2



DRUGS FOR EXTERNAL

(TOPICAL) ROUTE OF

ADMINISTRATION

SKIN -CUTANEOUS



LIQUID

DOSAGE

FORMS



Lotions:

-These are fluid preparations (aqueous) for

external application without friction.

-They are either dabbed on the skin or applied on

a suitable dressing and covered with a

waterproof dressing to reduce evaporation.

lotion



Liniments:

-Liniments are fluid, semi-fluid or, occasionally,

semi-solid preparations intended for application

to the skin.

-They may be alcoholic or oily solutions or

emulsions.

-Most are massaged into the skin (e.g. counter-

irritant).

-Liniments should not be applied to broken skin.

liniment



SEMI-SOLID

DOSAGE

FORMS



OINTMENTS

Text Box: Ointments are semi-solid preparations for application to the skin that contain 20% active

ingredients included in a excipient (lanolin or vaseline)

Ointments are semi-solid preparations for

application to the skin that contain 20% active

ingredients included in a excipient(lanolin or

vaseline)

ointment1

ointment



CREAMS:

cream

--Semisolid preparations containing one or more medicinal Semisolid preparations containing one or

more medicinal

agents dissolved in either an agents dissolved in either an o/wo/wor w/o emulsion or w/o emulsion

ContaisContaisat at

least 20% waterleast 20% water--They are divided into two types:They are divided into two types:

AA--oiloil--inin--water (O/W) creams:water (O/W) creams:which are composed of small which are

composed of small

droplets of oil dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase. droplets of oil dispersed in a continuous

aqueous phase.

OilOil--inin--water creams are more comfortable and cosmetically water creams are more

comfortable and cosmetically

acceptable as they are less greasy and more easily washed acceptable as they are less greasy and

more easily washed

off using water. off using water.

BB--waterwater--inin--oil (W/O) creams:oil (W/O) creams:which are composed of small which are

composed of small

droplets of water dispersed in a continuous oily phase. droplets of water dispersed in a continuous

oily phase.

WaterWater--inin--oil creams are more difficult to handle but many drugs oil creams are more

difficult to handle but many drugs

which are incorporated into creams are hydrophobic and will which are incorporated into creams are

hydrophobic and will

be released more readily from a waterbe released more readily from a water--inin--oil cream than an

oil cream than an

oiloil--inin--water cream. water cream.



Text Box:

GELS:

semisolids consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered

jelly-like through the addition of a gelling agent.

Contain water soluble bases prepared from natural gums such as tragcanth, pectin

GELS:

semisolids consisting of dispersions of small or large

molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jelly-like

through the addition of a gelling agent.

Contain water soluble bases prepared from natural gums

such as tragcanth, pectin, alginates, or from synthetic

derivatives of natural substances such as methylcellulose.

POULTICE:

It is soft, viscous, pasty preparation for external use. They are applied to skin

while they are hot. Poultice must retain heat for a considerabletime because

they are intended to supply warmth to inflamed parts of body.

E.g. Kaolin poultice (B.P.C.)



PASTA

is avariety ofointmentthat has

aharderconsistency,because it containsa

large amount ofinsolubledrugparticles.

The excipientmaybewater, water-alcohol,

possiblya small amountof fat.

Does not meltat body temperature

Forms aprotective layer(egwaterpaste

containinglarge amountsof zinc oxide).



Text Box: 5- Pastes :

- Pastes are basically ointments into which a high percentage of insoluble solid has been added

-The extraordinary amount of particulate matter stiffens the system.

-Pastes are less penetrating and less macerating and less heating t

55--Pastes :Pastes :

--Pastes are basically ointments into which a high Pastes are basically ointments into which a high

percentage of insoluble solid has been added percentage of insoluble solid has been added

--The extraordinary amount of particulate matter stiffens the The extraordinary amount of

particulate matter stiffens the

system.system.

--Pastes are less penetrating and less macerating and less Pastes are less penetrating and less

macerating and less

heating than ointment.heating than ointment.

--Pastes make particularly good protective barrier when Pastes make particularly good protective

barrier when

placed on the skin, the solid they contain can absorb and placed on the skin, the solid they contain

can absorb and

thereby neutralize certain noxious chemicals before they thereby neutralize certain noxious

chemicals before they

ever reach the skin. ever reach the skin.

--Like ointments, paste forms an unbroken relatively water Like ointments, paste forms an unbroken

relatively water

––impermeable film unlike ointments the film is opaque impermeable film unlike ointments the film

is opaque

and therefore can be used as an effective sun block and therefore can be used as an effective sun

block

accordingly. accordingly.

--Pastes are less greasy because of the absorption of the Pastes are less greasy because of the

absorption of the

fluid hydrocarbon fraction to the particulates. fluid hydrocarbon fraction to the particulates.

Semisolid contains a larger proportion of solid materials than ointments.



Stiffer than ointmentGood protective barriersOpague, water impermeable, prevent

dehydrationGood absorbent



Pomade

variant ofointmentused especially to anoint

thehair

it contains activesubstancesembedded

inexcipientsaslanolin(egfluocinoloneN,

pomade).



Soapsare madeofsoftor

hardconsistencyobtained

fromalkalinesaltsof fattyacidsmixed

withactive substances(egsulfursoap).



MEDICINAL VINEGAR

excipientisan aqueous solution

ofaceticacid6%

If theactivesubstanceis

theessential oilit is

calledaromaticvinegar.

It is administered through

rubbing

RUBBING ALCOHOL



SOLID

DOSAGE FORMS



dusting powder1

Dusting powders:Dusting powders:

--These are free flowing very fine powders for These are free flowing very fine powders for

external use.external use.

-Are sprinkled onto the intact skin (Not for use Not for use

on open wounds unless the powders are on open wounds unless the powders are

sterilized).sterilized).

-Consist of talc, magnesium stearate, silicon

dioxide (silica), or starch. They adhere to the

skin, forming a low-friction film that attenuates

mechanical irritation. Powders exert a drying



CAUSTICCAUSTICPENCILSPENCILS••solidsolidpreparationspreparationscontainingcontainingcausticca

usticsubstancessubstances••Cylindrical shape, 5cm length Cylindrical shape, 5cm length andand33--

5 mm5

mmdiameterdiameter••Eg.Eg.silversilvernitratenitratepencilspencilstotocauterizecauterizewoundsw

oundsor to treat warts and or to treat warts and verrucaverruca). ).



Plasters:

Plasters are solid dosage forms that adhere to

the skin when spread upon cotton felt line or

muslin as a backing material

Afford protection and mechanical support.

Bring medication into close contact with the

surface of the skin.

plaster1



Transdermalpatch:

Text Box: A transdermal patch or skin patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin

to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream.

An advantage of a transdermal drug delivery route over other types s

-A transdermalpatchor skin patchis a medicated

adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a

specific dose of medication through the skin and into the

bloodstream.

-An advantage of a transdermaldrug delivery route over

other types such as oral, topical, etc is that it provides a

controlled release of the medicament into the patient.

-The first commercially available patch was scopolamine

for motion sickness.

transdermal patch



Other examples TTS :Other examples TTS :

ClonidineClonidineLidocaineLidocaineHClHCland epinephrineand

epinephrineLidocaine/TetracaineLidocaine/TetracaineNicotine Nicotine

Testosterone Testosterone

FentanylFentanylMethyl Methyl SalicylateSalicylate/Menthol/Menthol



DRUGS FOR EXTERNAL

ROUTE OF

ADMINISTRATION

RECTAL MUCOSA



SUPPOSITORY:

It is a solid medicated mass, usually

cone-shaped ,that is inserted into the

rectum (rectal suppository), where it

melts at body temperature .

300px-Suppository_casting_mould_2



aresolid,brittle,fusibleat body

temperature

conicalshape orcylindricalshape

finishedwith acone like shape

Weight:foradult3g,for children

2gandfor babies 1g

Excipent: cocoa butteror glycero-

gelatinorsyntheticderivatives.

Egglycerinesuppository,

phenylbutazonesuppositories).



enema

ENEMA:ENEMA:

An An enemaenemais the procedure of introducing is the procedure of introducing

liquids into the rectum and colon via the liquids into the rectum and colon via the

anus.anus.

Types of enema:Types of enema:

EVACUATOR ENEMA:EVACUATOR ENEMA:usedusedas a bowel as a bowel

stimulant to treat constipation. E.g. soft stimulant to treat constipation. E.g. soft

soap enema & Mgsosoap enema & Mgso44enemaenema--The volume of The volume of

evacuantevacuantenemas may reach enemas may reach

up to 1.5 liters.up to 1.5 liters.

--They should be warmed to body They should be warmed to body

temperature before administration. temperature before administration.



DRUG MEDICINAL ENEMA

has a volume of100-150mland

toberetainedcontains5 dropsof

opiumtinctureorbenzylalcohol in order to

decrease intestinal movementsand

favorsretention).

Ifit containsirritants 20% mucilage it is added

Enemasare administrated usinganirrigator.

Themedicinalenemasare always

administered afterevacuatorenema.



150px-Combination_enema_and_douche_syringe

Retention (drug medicinal) enema:Retention (drug medicinal) enema:

--No warming needed.No warming needed.

--May exert:May exert:

AA--Local effect: Local effect: e.g. a barium enema is used e.g. a barium enema is used

as a contrast substance in the radiological as a contrast substance in the radiological

imaging of the bowel. imaging of the bowel.

BB--Systemic effect:Systemic effect:

e.g. the administration of substances into e.g. the administration of substances into

the bloodstream. This may be done in the bloodstream. This may be done in

situations where it is impossible to deliver situations where it is impossible to deliver

a medication by moutha medication by mouth



DRUGS FOR EXTERNAL

ROUTE OF

ADMINISTRATION

VAGINAL MUCOSA



Vaginal Douche:

Text Box: a device is used to introduce a stream of solution into the vagina for medical or hygienic

reasons.

a device is used to introduce a stream of

solution into the vagina for medical or

hygienic reasons.



Vaginal gelVaginal gel



Vaginal cream



Vaginal Foam



VAGINAL SUPPOSITORY

(PESSARIES)

Aresoliddosageforms,ovalshaped, weight

of 2-4g

Excipient: cocoa butter or glycero-gelatin

Under the action ofbody

temperatureandvaginal secretions, the

pessaries meltreleasing

theactivesubstances(egestrogen).

Are administrated profoundly into vagina,

preferablyafter avaginal lavagewith antiseptic

solution(oran infusion ofchamomile flowers).



Vaginaltablets

areovoidorcylindricalsolid forms

sometimesslightlyeffervescent

whichdisintegraterapidlyreleasing

the active ingredientinvaginal

environment

(egmetronidazole vaginaltablets).



VAGINAL RING:

vaginal ring2

Vaginal ringsVaginal ringsare 'doughnutare 'doughnut--shaped' polymeric drug shaped' polymeric

drug

delivery devices designed to provide controlled delivery devices designed to provide controlled

release of drugs to the vagina over extended periods release of drugs to the vagina over extended

periods

of time. of time.

Several vaginal ring products are currently available, Several vaginal ring products are currently

available,

including:including:

FemringFemring::

a lowa low--dose dose estradiolestradiol--acetate releasing ring, acetate releasing ring,

manufactured from silicone manufactured from silicone elastomerelastomer, for the relief of , for

the relief of

hot flashes and vaginal atrophy associated with hot flashes and vaginal atrophy associated with

menopause. menopause.

NuvaRingNuvaRing::

a lowa low--dose contraceptive vaginal ring, releasing dose contraceptive vaginal ring, releasing

progesterone and estrogen. progesterone and estrogen.



DRUGS FOR PARENTERAL

ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION



PARENTERAL

The term parenteral

derived from the Greek words:

para(outside) and

enteron,(intestine)

denotes routes of administration other than oral

route.

refers to the injectableroutes administration.

Pure,sterileand pyrogenfree preparations

intended to be administered parenterally.



ParenteralRoutes of

Administration

1. Intra-articular

– joints

2. Intraspinal

–spinal column

3. Intra-arterial

–arteries

4. Intravenous

–veins

5. Intradermal

–skin

6. Intrasynovial

– joint fluid



7. Intrathecal

–spinal fluid

8. Intracardiac

–heart

9. Intramuscular

–muscles

10. Subcutaneous

–under the skin



ROUTES



Parenteraldosage forms:

Aninjectionis an infusion method of

putting liquid into the body, usually

with a hollow needle and a syringe

which is pierced through the skin to a

sufficient depth for the material to be

forced into the body.

intravenous



AN INTRAVENOUS INJECTION:

It is a liquid administered

directly into the bloodstream

via a vein.

intravenous



Intravenous Route

Advantage:

May be a life-saving procedure because of

the placement of the drug directly into the

circulation and the prompt actions which

ensues.

Disadvantage:

Once the drug administered, it cannot be

retrieved.

In the case of adverse reaction to the drug,

for instance, the drug cannot be easily

removed from the circulation.



Intravenous Route

Precautions:

Strict aseptic precautions must be taken at

all times to avoid risk of infection.

The syringes and needles used must be

sterilized and to the point of entrance must

be disinfected to reduce chance of

carrying bacteria from the skin into the

blood via the needle



Intravenous Route (IV)



INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION:

Text Box: It is the injection of a substance directly into a muscle.

Many vaccines are administered intramuscularly.

Depending on the chemical properties of the drug, the medication may either be absorbed fairly

quickly or more gradually.

Injection f

-It is the injection of a substance directly into a

muscle.

-Many vaccines are administered

intramuscularly.

-Depending on the chemical properties of the

drug, the medication may either be absorbed

fairly quickly or more gradually.

-Injection fibrosis is a complication that may

occur if the injections are delivered with great

frequency or with improper technique.

intramuscular injection

intramuscular2



Volume of Administration:

limited :

–5 mLin the glutealregion

–2 mLin the deltoid of the arm.

Injection is 2 to 3 inches deep

20 to 22 gauge needle.

Intramuscular (IM)



Such injuries include:

1. Paralysis resulting from neural

damage

2. Abscesses

3. Cysts

4. Embolism

5. Hematoma

6. Scar formation

Intramuscular



Subcutaneous injection:

Text Box: Subcutaneous injections are given by injecting a fluid into the subcutis, the

layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis.

Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering vaccines and such medications as

insulin.

Subcutaneousinjections are given by injecting a fluid into the subcutis, the

layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis.

Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering vaccines and

such medications as insulin.

subcutaneous injection



PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS

•are sterile preparations intended for

administration by injections, infusion or

implantation into the body

•Supplied in glass ampoules, vials, plastic

containers or prefilled syringes.



INJECTION

a solutionwhich must be pure,sterileand non-

pyrogenic.

–Filtering-impurities removal

–Sterilizing-microorganisms removal

–Depyrogenation-fever-producing

substancesremovalusingvariousphysico-

chemicalmethods



Oilysolutionscan be injectedonly

intramuscularly.

Solutionsfor intramuscular or subcutaneous

administrationshould beisotonicas

possibleand at pH7.3.

Intravenouslycan be

administeredslightlyalkalineandhypertonic

solutions(hypertonic

givenimorscproduceinflammatory

reactions,necrosis).

Nooilysolution can be

administratedintravenously.



AMPOULES

PREFILLED SYRINGES

VIALS

PELLET



AmpoulesAmpoules



Containers for infusion solutions



Prefilled syringe



Vials may be designated forsingle-

doseormulti-doseuse.

Single-dose vialsdo not contain preservatives

and should be discarded after one use.

Multidosevialscontain a preservative to inhibit

bacterial contamination once the vial has been

used.



Ready-to-mix

systems

Consist of a specially designed

minibagwith an adapter for attaching

a drug vial.

The admixingtakes place just prior to

administration.



•PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS

•Injections (suspension, emulsions)

•Infusions

•Concentrates for injections or infusions

•Powders for injections

•Lyophilisatedpowders

•Implants

liquid

solid



Injectableemulsions

Must meet the sameconditions

asinjectablesolutions(purity,

sterility,non-pyrogenicity)

By stirringmust exhibit a

ahomogeneousappearance.

May be administerednutritionalpurposes.



Intravenous fat emulsions

–Intralipid, 10,20,30%

–Clintec

–Liposyn11,10, 20%

–AbottLiposyn111, 10,20,30%

as a source of calories and essential

fatty acids for patients requiring

parenteralnutrition for extended period,

usually more than 5 days.



INJECTABLESUSPENSIONS

areaqueous oroilysolutionfor

injectionwhichmust bepreparedinaseptic

conditions.

Activesubstancemust be

veryfinelypulverized(about 10microns)to

pass throughthe syringeneedleNo.16.

Must be shaken1-2 minutes before

injectiontoget ahomogeneousappearance

and withoutresidueat the bottom ofthe

vialorcontainer(egEfitard).



Drug InjectableSuspension

-Liquid preparations of solids suspended in a

suitable liquid medium

Example: MethylprednisoloneAcetate

Suspension

-Dry solids that, upon the preparations

conforming in all respects to the requirements

for InjectableSuspensions

Example: Imipenem;

Cilastatinfor Injection Suspension



Lyophilisation

also known asfreeze-dryingis

adehydrationprocess typically used

topreservea perishable material.

Freeze-drying works byfreezingthe material

(at minus 75 degrees) and then reducing the

surroundingpressureto allow the frozen water

in the material tosublimatedirectly from the

solid phase to the gas phase.



Lyophilization

is the mostbeneficialconditioning

andmanagement ofunstable productsin

solution

–organextracts,

–serums,

–vaccines,

–antibiotics,

–bloodpreparations,

–some anesthetics.



LYOPHILIZATION allows:

–Lyophilizationinlayersofincompatible

substances

–Lyophilizationthedryemulsionswhich,mixing withdistilled watertogivethe

correspondingemulsion.

–Dehydrationofthermolabileproductsthat

ordinarydryingbyheatingwoulddegrade

;



Lyophilisingbiopharmaceuticals maintains its

potency over time, extending its shelf-life for

prolonged storage.

Lyophilisedproducts require an additional

preparation step prior to administration. This

process, known as reconstitution, entails

mixing the dry drug with a liquid to create an

injectablesolution.



Implants (pellets)

..A small tablet that is prepared for insertion under the

skin by giving a small surgical cut into the skin which is

stitched after the insertion of tablets. The tablet must be

sterile one.

..Contraceptive tablets are formulated as implant.



Specialized Access

Devices that provide continued access

and reduce pain associated with

administration (Repeated injections over

time)

Several catheters of central venousare used for a variety of parenteralmedications.

Example: cancer chemotherapy,

long term antibiotic therapy

types of dosage

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