types of hardware & software

Prof. Sujata RaoSession 2

19 July 2006 2CPU , Gen & Current trends

Grid Computer

Super Computer

Mainframes

Mini Computer Microcomputer

Terminal Embedded Computer


◦Made by universities and the military Virginia Tech with 1100 Apple G5 dual processors

other clusters of less powerful machines with Linux special OSs for parallel processing.


CDC 6600 designed by Seymour Cray (First commercially successful supercomputer-speed of 9 megaflops)


Cray 1 - 1976 (courtesy Cray Inc.)

Cray Research-CRAY I vector architecture (designed by Seymour Cray, shaped the computer industry for years to come),


The Connection Machine, as this model is called, contains 64,000 CPUs


Few players in the supercomputing arena:◦ Cray ◦ Dell ◦ HP ◦ IBM ◦ NEC ◦ SGI ◦ Sun


IBM 3090 VPF.Evans Sutherland ES-1, Fujitsu VP-400E, NSFnet established Apollo, Ardent, and

Stellar Graphics Supercomputers, Hitachi S-820/80, Hypercube simulation

on a LAN at ORNL,CRAY Y-MP, Tim Berners-Lee: World Wide Web

project at CERN Seymour Cray: Founds Cray Computer

Corp.-Begins CRAY 3 using gallium arsenide chips

Bell Labs - Optical Processors Intell - Paralell Processors


Mainframe is an industry term for a large computer.

The name comes from the way the machine is build up

All units (processing, communication etc.) were hung into a frame. Thus the main computer is build into a frame, therefore: Mainframe


Mark I mainframe (1950's)

Eniac (1946) BINAC(1960's)


Mainframe Year

ENIAC 1942MarkI 1944BINAC 1949

Whirlwind 1960

UNIVAC 1952

IBM 701 1953

IBM 360 1963


Colossus - The British vacuum tube computer


Eniac (electronic numerical integrator and calculator )

thirty separate units, plus power supply and forced-air cooling, weighed over thirty tons. It had 19,000 vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, hundreds of thousands of resistors,

capacitors, and inductors which consumed almost 200 kilowatts of electrical power.


1st stored-program digital computer.


Harvard Mark II (Magnetic Drum Storage )


processed each digit serially.

But its much higher design speed permitted it to add two ten-digit numbers at a rate of almost 100,000 additions per second Internally.

It was the first mass-produced computer.

The central complex of the UNIVAC was about the size of a one-car garage: 14 feet by 8 feet by 8.5 feet high.


The vacuum tubes generated an enormous amount of heat, so a high capacity chilled water and blower air conditioning system was required to cool the unit.

The complete system had ◦ 5200 vacuum tubes,◦ weighed 29,000 pounds,◦ and consumed 125 kilowatts of electrical power.


It was the first large-scale commercially available computer system to employ fully automatic floating point arithmetic commands.

It was a large-scale, electronic digital computer used for solving◦ complex scientific, engineering and business

problems ◦ was the first IBM machine to use FORTRAN.

The 704 and the 705 were the first commercial machines with core memories.


Developed primarily to handle business data, it could multiply numbers as large as one

billion at a rate of over 400 per second. The 705 was credited with "Forty thousand or

twenty thousand characters of high-speed magnetic core storage;”

Any one of the characters in magnetic core storage can be located or transferred in 17 millionths of a second;

Any one of these characters was individually addressable.


The IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine was IBM's first commercially available scientific computer and the first IBM machine in which ◦ programs were stored in an internal- addressable

electronic memory.

◦ It was the first of the pioneering line of IBM 700 series mainframe computers, including the 702, 704, 705 and 709.


◦ two tape units (each with two tape drives),◦ a magnetic drum memory unit, ◦ a cathode-ray tube storage unit,◦ an L-shaped arithmetic and control unit with an

operator's panel,◦ a card reader, ◦ a printer,◦ a card punch and three power units. ◦ The 701 could perform more than 16,000 addition or

subtraction operations a second,◦ read 12,500 digits a second from tape, print 180

letters or numbers a second, and output 400 digits a second from punched-cards.


The IBM 1401 is called the Model T of the computer business, because it is the first mass-produced digital, all-transistorized, business computer that was afforded by many businesses worldwide.

The basic 1401 was about 5 feet high and 3 feet across.

It comes with 4,096 characters of memory( 4KB)

The memory is 6-bit (plus 1 parity bit) CORE memory,


made out of little metal donuts strung on a wire mesh at IBM factories.

The 1401 has an optional Storage Expansion Unit which expanded the core storage to an amazing 16K.

The 1401 processing unit can perform 193,300 additions of eight-digit numbers in one minute.

The monthly rental for a 1401 is $2,500 and up, depending on the configuration.

In the mid-1960s, more than 10,000 system were in the market and by 1971 IBM started withdrawing these system .


operating system which occupied about 8K of the 1107's 32K of memory.

The machine was intended to support true multiprogramming:

sharing CPU time among several batch runs.


Amdahl, Burroughs, CDC Cray, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Hewlett Packard, IBM, Intel, NEC, SGI, Sun, Texas Instruments, Thinking Machines Univac


A mainframe has 1 to 16 CPU's (modern machines more)

Memory ranges from 128 Mb over 8 Gigabyte on line RAM

Its processing power ranges from 80 over 550 Mips

It has often different cabinets for ◦ Storage ◦ I/O ◦ RAM


Separate processes (program) for ◦ task management ◦ program management ◦ job management ◦ serialization ◦ catalogs ◦ inter address space ◦ communication


centralized computing opposite from distributed computing. Meaning all computing takes (physically) place on the mainframe itself: the processor section .

main purpose is to run commercial applications of Fortune 1000 businesses and other large-scale computing purposes.


IBM 360, Burroughs B5000 , HP, CDC, GE

It used a hardware-managed stack for calculation

Extensive use of descriptors for data access. First computer to include virtual memory Supported multiprogramming and

multiprocessing. First GE Time-sharing operation Virtual memory capabilities - increased

speed 3 times


1940 - 1952 Operating Speed - very slow No O/s Limited Programming Capabilities Very Large in Size – difficult to maintain : Used Vaccum tubes : generated lot of

heat Not very economical :Short life span


1952 - 1964 Transistors replaced vacuum tubes Reduced heat since transistors very small

in size and required little power Increased reliability & speed Cost reduced


1964 - 1971 Advancement in semiconductor technology

resulted in Integrated circuits. Less human labour at assembly stage Reliability increased Processing speed increased, Arithmetic capability increased Improved means of instruction Ability to perform parallel operations


1971 onwards Usage of Large-Scale_Integrated Circuits Very small in size, portability was easy User Interface increased Network Technology introduced – LAN Commercial computing & online

application introduced Hardware cost and Maintenance was

affordable


Processor used VLIW- Very Long Instruction Word

Graphic Interface Wireless Technology introduced MAN, WAN technology Size reduced drastically Supported Two & three tier architecture COST reduced Reliability increased with storage &

communication technology advancement


System Software◦ System Management Program

Ex: O/s, Telecommunication Routines◦ System Support Program

Ex: System Utilities, Security Softwares◦ System Development program

Programming Languages, Editor Programs, Compilers Application Software

◦ Software which facilitates business operations & Management decision making

◦ Ex: Payroll, Inventory, Sales/Marketing, Production Planning


Application Software◦ General Purpose

WORD, EXCELL, POWERPOINT, ORACLE, MSSQL, ACCESS,

◦ Application Specific FOXPRO, VB, ABAP, ASP

Network Software◦ Software Synchronizing communication between

computers linked in a network LAN software Internet Software


Stored Program Concept - John Von Neumann EDVAC - First digital computer to have internal

programming capacity. Programs stored in the memory enabled the

computer to perform wide range of task. Sequential & intermittently. First Generation - No O/s Program Instructions were done using Machine

Language o Assembly Language which was machine dependent.


Mnemonic Codes: Assembly level Language

FORTRAN : Formula Translation - 1956 Pascal : Named after Blaise Pascal COBOL : Common Business Oriented

Language - 1960 BASIC : Beginers All-purpose Symbolic

Instruction Code C : 1972 Dennis Ritchie


APT ( Automatically Programmed Tool) used for developing numerical controls of Industrial machine tools

GPSS ( General Purpose Simulation System) used for constructing Simulation Models

LISP ( List processing ) used to manipulate Symbols & List in artificial Intelligence.

4GLs - FOCUS, SQL, dBase, Foxbase C++ & Small Talk - OOL


Source Program Object Program Executable program Compiler Translator ISAM Line Editors Page Editors

TerminologiesTerminologies


End of Lesson 4

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