Types of Learning

Habituation: simple type: progressive decrease in response.

Classical conditioning: classic S-R connective associations.

Operant conditioning: associations between response and reinforcement.

Observational learning: see and (may) do; Reinforcement secondary to learning.

Learning

Alteration in behavior/understanding as result of an encountered experience.

Excludes effects due to factors such as fatigue, drugs, maturation, disease, injury.

Habituation

Is a decrease in R (response) to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented.

A two step process: Orienting response— attention is

directed toward the object. Habituate— a decrease in the

orienting response.

Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning

Basic-- Unconditioned Response (reflex). UCS-- unconditioned stimulus (natural). UCR-- unconditioned response (elicited)

by UCS).

UCS---------------->UCR.

Classical Conditioning

Conditioned Response-- pair a “neutral” stimulus with UCS.

CS + UCS UCR Repeat pairing n times. CSCR It is now a learned response.

Associated Phenomena(Applies to Operant Conditioning As Well)

Extinction

Spontaneous Recovery

Stimulus Generalization

Stimulus Discrimination: additional learning

Arrangement Effects Acquisition

Delayed: UCS------------------>UCR CS------------------------

Trace: UCS ---------->UCRCS-------

Simultaneous: UCS------------------>UCRCS ------------------

Backward UCS------CS ---------->UCR

Operant Conditioning

First identified by Thorndike in law of effect-- responses which produce satisfying results strengthen stimulus-response (S-R) connections.

Puzzle box-- cats.

Operant Conditioning

B.F. Skinner

Skinner Box Operant-- an emitted response R

S(box) R-----> reinforcer R

repeat n times S-------->R (learned behavior)

Reinforcement-- a Stimulus Which Increases Probability of Response

Constant/continuous:behavior reinforced for every “correct” response

Leads to rapid acquisition

Partial/intermittent: Variation in

reinforcement for each “correct” response

Leads to increased resistance to extinction

Partial/Intermittent

Ratio-- based on number of responses

Interval- based on time between responses

Ratio or interval: either

schedule can be fixed or variable

Fixed-- constant pattern

Variable-- irregular pattern

Reinforcement: behavior is determined by its consequences

Positive reinforcement:

when added (by that R), strengthens occurrence of R.

Negative reinforcement:

when removed (by that R), strengthens the occurrence of R

Both have effect of increasing occurrence

of R Positive:

Praise Money Tokens (token

economy) candy/food

Negative:

Withdrawal ofshock

nagging anxiety

Punishment

-- Elimination of R (outcome of R is unfavorable).

Transient effect. Produces anxiety, stress, dislike of

punishing. Effects less predictable.

Reinforcement vs. Punishment

Reinforcement: acquisition. Punishment: elimination. The behavior results in:

1. Positive: add or introduce element.

2. Negative: element is withdrawn.

Reinforcement vs. Punishment

+ Reinforcement = behavior produces ST desirable. + Punishment = behavior produces ST undesirable. - Reinforcement = behavior produces ST desirable. - Punishment = behavior produces ST undesirable.

Reinforcement vs. Punishment

Positive:Rein = increased probability acquisition.

Pun = decreased probability of repetition.

Negative:

Rein = increased probability acquisition.

Pun = decreased probability of repetition.

Observational Learning

Model (acting) + observer = learned R. Occurs w/o reinforcement.

Reinforcement may facilitate performance (not learning).

Bobo doll: aggressive behavior.

Some watched, others did not; Later were frustrated in same room.

Observational Learning

Results:

Similar, but 3 IV conditionslive modelfilmed modelcartoon model

DVs: amount aggressive behavior; specificity of R

Processes

Attention Retention Motor reproduction Motivation

Reciprocal Determinism

Interaction cause-effect model of behavior

P (beliefs, motives, disposition) E (rewards, structure) B (behavior of P) Each interact with the other to

produce behavior