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The Wonderful World of Poetry…

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The Wonderful World of Poetry…

Varieties of Poetry…

An overview

Narrative poetry is poetry that tells a story. Narrative poetry has a plot. The poems that make up this genre may be short or long, and the story it relates to may be simple or complex. It is usually nondramatic, with objective regular scheme and meter.

Out, Out! Robert Frost

The buzz saw snarled and rattled in the yard And made dust and dropped stove-length sticks of wood, Sweet-scented stuff when the breeze drew across it. And from there those that lifted eyes could count Five mountain ranges one behind the other Under the sunset far into Vermont. And the saw snarled and rattled, snarled and rattled, As it ran light, or had to bear a load. And nothing happened: day was all but done. Call it a day, I wish they might have said To please the boy by giving him the half hour That a boy counts so much when saved from work. His sister stood beside him in her apron To tell them "Supper." At the word, the saw, As if it meant to prove saws know what supper meant, Leaped out at the boy's hand, or seemed to leap - He must have given the hand. However it was, Neither refused the meeting. But the hand! Half in appeal, but half as if to keep The life from spilling. Then the boy saw all - Since he was old enough to know, big boy Doing a man's work, though a child at heart - He saw all was spoiled. "Don't let him cut my hand off - The doctor, when he comes. Don't let him, sister!" So. The hand was gone already. The doctor put him in the dark of ether. He lay and puffed his lips out with his breath. And then - the watcher at his pulse took a fright. No one believed. They listened to his heart. Little - less - nothing! - and that ended it. No more to build on there. And they, since they Were not the one dead, turned to their affairs.

HJH ZAMRUDAH HJ AHMAD RASHIDI

Here bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunterbury

Here begins the Bookof the Tales of Canterbury

1: Whan that aprill with his shoures soote2: The droghte of march hath perced to the roote,3: And bathed every veyne in swich licour4: Of which vertu engendred is the flour;5: Whan zephirus eek with his sweete breeth6: Inspired hath in every holt and heeth7: Tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne8: Hath in the ram his halve cours yronne,9: And smale foweles maken melodye,10: That slepen al the nyght with open ye11: (so priketh hem nature in hir corages);12: Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages,13: And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes,14: To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;15: And specially from every shires ende16: Of engelond to caunterbury they wende,17: The hooly blisful martir for to seke,18: That hem hath holpen whan that they were seeke.

When April with his showers sweet with fruitThe drought of March has pierced unto the rootAnd bathed each vein with liquor that has powerTo generate therein and sire the flower;When Zephyr also has, with his sweet breath,Quickened again, in every holt and heath,The tender shoots and buds, and the young sunInto the Ram one half his course has run,And many little birds make melodyThat sleep through all the night with open eye(So Nature pricks them on to ramp and rage)-Then do folk long to go on pilgrimage,And palmers to go seeking out strange strands,To distant shrines well known in sundry lands.And specially from every shire's endOf England they to Canterbury wend,The holy blessed martyr there to seekWho helped them when they lay so ill and weal

19: Bifil that in that seson on a day,20: In southwerk at the tabard as I lay21: Redy to wenden on my pilgrymage22: To caunterbury with ful devout corage,23: At nyght was come into that hostelrye24: Wel nyne and twenty in a compaignye,25: Of sondry folk, by aventure yfalle26: In felaweshipe, and pilgrimes were they alle,27: That toward caunterbury wolden ryde.28: The chambres and the stables weren wyde,29: And wel we weren esed atte beste.30: And shortly, whan the sonne was to reste,31: So hadde I spoken with hem everichon32: That I was of hir felaweshipe anon,33: And made forward erly for to ryse,34: To take oure wey ther as I yow devyse.

Befell that, in that season, on a dayIn Southwark, at the Tabard, as I layReady to start upon my pilgrimageTo Canterbury, full of devout homage,There came at nightfall to that hostelrySome nine and twenty in a companyOf sundry persons who had chanced to fallIn fellowship, and pilgrims were they allThat toward Canterbury town would ride.The rooms and stables spacious were and wide,And well we there were eased, and of the best.And briefly, when the sun had gone to rest,So had I spoken with them, every one,That I was of their fellowship anon,And made agreement that we'd early riseTo take the road, as you I will apprise.

35: But nathelees, whil I have tyme and space,36: Er that I ferther in this tale pace,37: Me thynketh it acordaunt to resoun38: To telle yow al the condicioun39: Of ech of hem, so as it semed me,40: And whiche they weren, and of what degree,41: And eek in what array that they were inne;42: And at a knyght than wol I first bigynne.

But none the less, whilst I have time and space,Before yet farther in this tale I pace,It seems to me accordant with reasonTo inform you of the state of every oneOf all of these, as it appeared to me,And who they were, and what was their degree,And even how arrayed there at the inn;And with a knight thus will I first begin.

Dramatic Poetry : dramatizes action though dialogue or monologue.It can be a narrative poem consisting of the thoughts or spoken statements (or both) of one or more characters other than the poet himself in a particular life situation.

He may be thinking (or talking) to himself or recording his thoughts or speech to himself (a soliloquy).

A character may also be speaking to one or more other characters in a given situation.

Some examples of dramatic poems include:

Paradise Lost - John Milton

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner - Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Ulysses - Alfred Tennyson

The TygerWilliam Blake

I sat all morning in the college sick bayCounting bells knelling classes to a close.At two o'clock our neighbors drove me home.

In the porch I met my father crying--He had always taken funerals in his stride--And Big Jim Evans saying it was a hard blow.

The baby cooed and laughed and rocked the pramWhen I came in, and I was embarrassedBy old men standing up to shake my hand

And tell me they were "sorry for my trouble,"Whispers informed strangers I was the eldest,Away at school, as my mother held my hand

In hers and coughed out angry tearless sighs.At ten o'clock the ambulance arrivedWith the corpse, stanched and bandaged by the nurses.

Next morning I went up into the room. SnowdropsAnd candles soothed the bedside; I saw himFor the first time in six weeks. Paler now,

Wearing a poppy bruise on his left temple,He lay in the four foot box as in his cot.No gaudy scars, the bumper knocked him clear.

A four foot box, a foot for every year.

Mid-Term BreakSeamus Heaney

Lyric PoetryLyric Poetry consists of a poem, such as a sonnet, ballad or an ode, that expresses personal thoughts and feelings of the poet.

The term lyric is also now commonly referred to as the words to a song.

Lyric poetry does not tell a story which portrays characters and actions. The lyric poet addresses the reader directly, portraying his or her own feeling, state of mind, and perceptions.

SONNET 18

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd;But thy eternal summer shall not fadeNor lose possession of that fair thou owest;Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growest: So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this and this gives life to thee.

William Shakespeare

I heard a fly buzz when I died; The stillness round my formWas like the stillness in the air Between the heaves of storm.

The eyes beside had wrung them dry, And breaths were gathering sureFor that last onset, when the king Be witnessed in his power.

I willed my keepsakes, signed away What portion of me ICould make assignable,-and then There interposed a fly,

With blue, uncertain, stumbling buzz, Between the light and me;And then the windows failed, and then I could not see to see.

I Heard a Fly Buzz

Emily Dickinson

Epic Poems are long, serious poems that tells the story of a heroic figure. It was orally told from one generation to the next.

Some of the most famous epic poems are the Iliad and The Odyssey by Homer and the epic poem of The Song of Hiawatha by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ( 1807 - 1882 ) .

Hiawatha's Departure from The Song of Hiawatha by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

By the shore of Gitchie Gumee, By the shining Big-Sea-Water, At the doorway of his wigwam, In the pleasant Summer morning, Hiawatha stood and waited. All the air was full of freshness, All the earth was bright and joyous, And before him through the sunshine, Westward toward the neighboring forest Passed in golden swarms the Ahmo, Passed the bees, the honey-makers, Burning, singing in the sunshine. Bright above him shown the heavens, Level spread the lake before him; From its bosom leaped the sturgeon, Sparkling, flashing in the sunshine; On its margin the great forest Stood reflected in the water, Every tree-top had its shadow, Motionless beneath the water. From the brow of Hiawatha Gone was every trace of sorrow, As the fog from off the water, And the mist from off the meadow. With a smile of joy and triumph, With a look of exultation, As of one who in a vision Sees what is to be, but is not, Stood and waited Hiawatha.

THE ILIAD (Homer)This, together with the Odyssey, is one of two ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. The poem is commonly dated to the late 9th or to the 8th century BC and many scholars believe it is the oldest extant work of literature in the ancient Greek language, making it the first work of European literature. The poem concerns events during the tenth and final year in the siege of the city of Ilion or Troy, by the Greeks.

THE ODYSSEYThis poem was probably written near the end of the 8th century BC, somewhere along the Greek-controlled western Turkey seaside Ionia. The poem is, in part, a sequel to Homer’s Iliad and centers on the Greek hero Odysseus and his long journey home to Ithaca following the fall of Troy. It takes Odysseus ten years to reach his kingdom of Ithica after the ten-year Trojan War. During this absence, his son Telemachus and wife Penelope must deal with a group of unruly suitors, called Proci, to compete for Penelope’s hand in marriage, since most have assumed that Odysseus has died.

BEOWULF

This is an Old English language heroic epic poem of anonymous authorship, dating as recorded in the Nowell Codex manuscript from between the 8th to the 11th century and relates events described as having occurred in what is now Denmark and Sweden. Commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon Literature, Beowulf has been the subject of much scholarly study, theory, speculation, discourse and, at 3183 lines, it has been noted for its length. In the poem, Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, battles three antagonists: Grendel, who has been attacking the mead hall in Denmark called Heorot and its inhabitants; Grendel’s mother and, later in life after returning to Geatland (modern southern Sweden) and becoming a king, he fights an unnamed dragon. Beowulf is fatally wounded in the final battle, and after his death he is buried in a barrow in Geatland by his retainers.

Hwæt! We Gardena in geardagum, þeodcyninga, þrym gefrunon, hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon. Oft Scyld Scefing sceaþena þreatum,

5monegum mægþum, meodosetla ofteah, egsode eorlas. Syððan ærest wearð feasceaft funden, he þæs frofre gebad, weox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þah, oðþæt him æghwylc þara ymbsittendra

10ofer hronrade hyran scolde, gomban gyldan. þæt wæs god cyning! ðæm eafera wæs æfter cenned, geong in geardum, þone god sende folce to frofre; fyrenðearfe ongeat

15þe hie ær drugon aldorlease lange hwile. Him þæs liffrea, wuldres wealdend, woroldare forgeaf; Beowulf wæs breme (blæd wide sprang), Scyldes eafera Scedelandum in.

Lo! the Spear-Danes’ glory through splendid achievementsThe folk-kings’ former fame we have heard of,How princes displayed then their prowess-in-battle.Scyld, their mighty king, in honor of whom they are often called Scyldings. He is the great-grandfather of Hrothgar, so prominent in the poem.Oft Scyld the Scefing from scathers in numbers5From many a people their mead-benches tore.Since first he found him friendless and wretched,The earl had had terror: comfort he got for it,Waxed ’neath the welkin, world-honor gained,Till all his neighbors o’er sea were compelled to10Bow to his bidding and bring him their tribute:An excellent atheling! After was borne himA son is born to him, who receives the name of Beowulf—a name afterwards made so famous by the hero of the poem.A son and heir, young in his dwelling,Whom God-Father sent to solace the people.He had marked the misery malice had caused them,15That reaved of their rulers they wretched had erstwhile2

Long been afflicted. The Lord, in requital,Wielder of Glory, with world-honor blessed him.Famed was Beowulf, far spread the gloryOf Scyld’s great son in the lands of the Danemen.

With more than 74,000 verses, long prose passages, and about 1.8 million words in total, the Mahābhārata is one of the longest epic poems in the world. Including the HarivaM’sa the Mahabharata has a total length of more than 90,000 verses. It is of immense importance to the culture of the Indian subcontinent and is a major text of Hinduism. Its discussion of human goals (artha or purpose, kama or pleasure, dharma or duty and moksha or liberation) takes place in a long-standing tradition, attempting to explain the relationship of the individual to society and the world (the nature of the ‘Self’) and the workings of karma.

TYPES OF POETRY THAT WILL BE LOOKED AT IN LECTURES TO COME:

• Lyrical poems• Ballads• Sonnets• Epics• Haiku• Limericks

TUTORIAL TASKS

• Work in groups of 4

• Choose one narrative or lyric poem

• Discuss the subject matter and the theme(s) of the poem. Elaborate and justify with examples from the text.

• Identify the features of the selected text that makes it qualify to fall under the category that you have been assigned to.