types of population policies pro-natalist / expansive anti-natalist / restrictive
TRANSCRIPT
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Types of Population Policies
Pro-natalist / Expansive
Anti-natalist / Restrictive
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U.S.S.R. - pro-natalist
Starting on July 8, 1944 the government of the U.S.S.R. began awarding medals to women in order to encourage a high fertility rate.
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Why did the government believe there was a need for a pro-natalist policy at this time ?
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Motherhood Medal 2nd Class
5 children 8,000,000 awarded
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Motherhood Medal 1st Class
6 children 4,000,000 awarded
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Order of Maternal Glory 3rd Class
7 children 2,000,000 awarded
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Order of Maternal Glory 2nd Class
8 children 1,000,000 awarded
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Order of Maternal Glory 1st Class
9 children 500,000 awarded
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Order Mother Heroine
10 children 200,000 awarded
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Germany Cross of Honor of the German Mother (Ehrenkreuz der deutschen Mutter)
1938 - 1944http://www.nobeliefs.com/mementoes.htm
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Bronze 3rd Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 4, 5Silver 2nd Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 6, 7Gold 1st Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 8 or moreDiamond – 14 or more
http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-medals/nazi2.htm
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China - anti-natalist
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One Child Policy 1979
- rewards start once 1 child contract is signed
Rewards
•free medical care •free daycare and schooling•guaranteed job for child•bonuses for parents•extra maternity leave•better housing•bigger old age pension
Penalties
•must repay financial benefits•educational, medical benefits, & guaranteed jobs are withdrawn•parents’ wages reduced
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Millions of dollars have been spent on education and on advertising.
http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html
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http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.htmlhttp://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html
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http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html
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Do a good job in family planning to promote economic development
http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html
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The anti-natalist policies worked so well, now China is promoting births again
http://static.flickr.com/56/133361262_16edfe9ada_m.jpg
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Bolivia
http://info.k4health.org/pr/j50/p5.jpg
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Ethiopia
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Vietnam: Two children are enough!
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3206/3150039863_cb3ba3359d.jpg?v=0
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Why do you believe that mostposters show a girl rather than a boy ?
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What do you notice about this population pyramid? Note two things.
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India
Wait until the 1st child is 3 before having your 2nd
www.ecoworld.com/waters/indias-population.html
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What do you notice about India’s pyramid?
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Egypt
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United States
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Why would a country want an anti-natalist policy ?
http://www.upiasia.com/thumbnails/63232c7d88b2a81dfa3c881741f3ac7a.jpg
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Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
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Current world population: 7.1 billion
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From Plan B 2.0• Per capita income in China will equal that of the US
by 2031 if China’s economy grows at current pace.• With a projected population of 1.4 billion at the time,
a China as prosperous as the US would:– Burn 99 million barrels of oil a day, 18% more
than is now produced globally– Consume 2/3 of world’s current grain harvest– Use twice as much paper as the world currently
produces– Drive 1.1 billion cars, more than the world’s 2005
fleet of 800 million--forcing China to pave roads, highways, and parking lots equal to the area it now plants in rice.
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Why would a country want a pro-natalist policy ?
http://www.aishbaltimore.com/zz/family/rebbitzen/The_Joys_of_A_Large_Family.asp
http://www.imb.org/southern-africa/images/Malagasy_children.jpg
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Problem is not resources, but allocation of resources…
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Costs of Population Decline/Aging Population:
1. Dependency ratio, currently 3:1, will become 1.5:1 by 2050.
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Costs of Population Decline/Aging Population:
2. ‘Graying Means Paying’: the rise of the ‘old,old’ (85+ yrs old) will require care…Expensive care. Who will pay? Greece,
Italy, Portugal, and Ireland already on verge of bankruptcy.
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Costs of Population Decline/Aging Population:
3. In Germany, foreign workers (mostly Turkish) will constitute 30% of population.
What problems might that entail?
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Costs of Population Decline/Aging Population:
4. Fewer soldiers. Thus, ignore some international problems, over-react to others.
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In recent years China has relaxed the rules, and in some cases have even started encouraging two children.
In many cases, parents are not takingadvantage of this opportunity.
Why ?
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Quebec - Pro-natalist
1950’s - one of the highest Fertility Rates in the developed world (Catholic & rural)
1987 - FR of 1.4 (1.7 Canada) & Quebec’s share of Canadian population was decreasing
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1st set of incentives
•$500 for each of 1st 2 children•$3000 for each subsequent child•child care facilities improved & expanded •tax free family allowance if 2 or more children•interest free housing loans (up to $7000)
1987
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1992
2nd set of incentives
•$500 for 1st child•$1000 for 2nd child•$6000 for each subsequent child•other benefits remained the same
1997
Program ended after 10 yrs. of minimal success
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Greek debt crisis: Retirement age 58