types of sociality
TRANSCRIPT
By Mr. Arvin M. Montiveros
Socialityand
TYPES OF SOCIALITY
By Mr. Arvin M. Montiveros
3. Biological Differentiation
Males and females are characterized by the possession of different anatomical structures
for reproduction and overall body size.
3. Biological Differentiation
They also engage in a division of labor.
Some tasks being typically performed by males and others by females.
3. Biological Differentiation Groups engaged in
division of labor have a greater degree of sociality.
This tends to make the individuals of a group dependent on one another for food, protection, etc.
3. Biological Differentiation
A group that practices it can indeed achieve something that its members could not achieve as individuals.
3. Biological Differentiation Biological differences and division of
labor among ants
3. Biological Differentiation
Queen Ant
Specialized egg-producing entity, incapable of doing any other task
3. Biological Differentiation
Soldier ants
So specialized for their role that they cannot even feed them-selves.
3. Biological Differentiation
3. Biological DifferentiationWorker ants There are a number
of subcategories, biolo-gically differentiated so as to perform different tasks—food-gathering, nest-making and house-keeping
3. Biological DifferentiationWorker ants Some biologists
believe that they are evolving in the direction of greater morphological differentiation.
3. Biological Differentiation An ant colony is a highly organized
social system. The individual ant is helpless without
the services provided by other members of the colony.
Some biologists suggest that the ant colony should be regarded as the basic biological entity, not the individual ants.
3. Biological Differentiation Some social scientists and social philosophers
take a similar view of humans and their societies.
3. Biological Differentiation
Prior to the mid-18th century, it was thought that groups of humans are biologically different.
3. Biological Differentiation It was widely believed that such biological
differences exist even within the population of a particular geographic area.
This is India’s most extreme example.
3. Biological Differentiation
3. Biological Differentiation
3. Biological Differentiation
3. Biological Differentiation
The persistent belief in the existence of biological differences requires a great deal of study, since it leads to much conflict and animosity that is dysfunctional to human social organization.
3. Biological DifferentiationGender differences
3. Biological Differentiation
Male and female occupational roles
3. Biological Differentiation Differentiating
occupational roles is economically inefficient, since it does not make the best use of human resources of the society.
Viewed as unjust discrimination and an invalid basis for hierarchical ordering, leading to conflict, animosities and tension that threatens co-operation.
3. Biological Differentiation Categorical differences-biological differentiation
Statistical differences- secondary sex charac-
teristics
3. Biological Differentiation
Interpreting statistical differences as if they were categorical differences is the source of a great many social problems.
4. Functional Specialization Most humans live in societies
characterized by functional specialization of a very high order, the distinct ‘occupation’ or ‘roles’ being very numerous.
4. Functional Specialization
THEN:
A farmer’s task was the production of food.
4. Functional Specialization
NOW:
A farmer specializes in the production of specific commodity.
4. Functional Specialization A person’s occupation consists of
providing something for use by other persons.
A poultry farmer provides eggs for the consumption of other people.
4. Functional Specialization The poultry
farmer, who supplies eggs in the market, consumes thousands of other goods produced by similarly specialized persons.
4. Functional Specialization
Man lives in a social system that is very elaborate, and virtually worldwide in certain respects.
4. Functional Specialization It is a co-operative system in the sense
that the individuals serve one another’s wants and needs.
4. Functional Specialization The fundamental task of social
science is to analyse how this system works, in order to understand its defects and deficiencies.
There are many species of animals that live in social groups where co-operation is not based upon biological differentiation or functional specialization of the members.
5. Altruism
An example is the African elephant
Adult males live as solitary individuals.
5. Altruism
Females and their young form small groups and forge together, defend themselves collectively, and raise their young collectively.
5. Altruism
5. Altruism
5. Altruism
The basis of this highly effective social organization seems to be the propensity of the female to engage in altruistic behavior toward other members of the group.
5. Altruism
5. Altruism
5. Altruism
Volunteers packing relief goods
5. Altruism
Donating to typhoon victims
5. Altruism
5. Altruism
Saving people’s lives
5. Altruism
All modern societies have systems of organized altruism.
An example is that which is organized through government.
5. Altruism
5. Altruism
Social scientists find altruism a very difficult phenomenon to analyze.
They have not had much success in attempting to incorporate altruism in a general analytical model of social behavior.
5. Altruism
The classification of five types of sociality is very useful in scientific investigation but it may be seriously misleading.
We cannot use these categories to differentiate animal species in a rigid way.
CONCLUSION
Not only is man a highly social species but his sociality is exceedingly varied since his behavior displays all five types.
Man is gregarious Forms hierarchies Biologically differentiated Practices functional specialization Altruistic towards his fellows
CONCLUSION
Human sociality is ‘multisocial’ while that of all other species is ‘monosocial’.
Human society in general is a complex network, some of which are local while others are virtually worldwide in their scope.
CONCLUSION
The central task of the social sciences is to:
a. Investigate how the various modes of social organization work
b. Identify the problems that result from the fact that they do not work perfectly.
CONCLUSION